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Alphabetical list of chemical elements. Alphabetical list of chemical elements Sn chemical element how to read

How to use the periodic table? For the uninitiated, reading the periodic table is like looking at the ancient runes of the elves from a gnome. And the periodic table can reveal even more about the world.

In addition, it will serve you well in the study, and it is simply irreplaceable given the sheer magnitude of chemical and physical tasks. How can I read it? Fortunately, today you can learn this mysticism. This statistic is similar to understanding the periodic table.

p align="justify"> The periodic system of chemical elements (periodical table) is a classification of chemical elements that determines the distribution of various elements depending on the charge of the atomic nucleus.

History of creation Tables

Dmitro Ivanovich Mendelev was not a simple chemist, as one might think. He is a chemist, physicist, geologist, metrologist, ecologist, economist, naphtha specialist, pilot, equipment operator and teacher. Over the course of my life, I have been able to conduct fundamentally rich research in different areas of knowledge. For example, the idea is broadened that Mendelev himself calculated the ideal value of the burner - 40 degrees.

We don’t know how Mendeleev put it to the burner, but we do know that his dissertation on the topic “Marching about mixing alcohol with water” is not small to the burner of water and looked at the concentration of alcohol at 70 degrees . For all his merits, the discovery of the periodic law of chemical elements - one of the fundamental laws of nature, brought him the widest popularity.

There is a legend where a scientist dreamed of a periodic system, after which he was unable to further investigate the idea that appeared. Ale, yakbi everything was so simple. This version of the creation of the periodic table, perhaps, is nothing more than a legend. When asked about how the table was opened, Dmitro Ivanovich himself said: “ I’ve been thinking about it for maybe twenty years, but you’re thinking: sit and drink... it’s done.”

In the mid-nineteenth century, attempts were made to arrange various chemical elements (63 elements were identified) and several parallel efforts were made. For example, in 1862, the birth of Alexander Emil Chancourt placed elements of the screw line and signified the cyclical repetition of chemical powers.

Chemist and musician John Alexander Newlands introduced his version of the periodic table in 1866. The great fact is that in the remixed elements of the teachings a mystical musical harmony can be revealed. Among the other tests was Mendelev's test, which had little success.

In 1869, the first chart of the table was published, and the first day of February 1869 is considered the day of the establishment of the periodic law. The essence of Mendelev’s theory is that the power of elements from the growth of atomic mass does not change monotonously, but periodically.

The first version of the table contains a total of 63 elements, and Mendelev developed a number of very non-standard solutions. Thus, you decided to remove space in the table for more critical elements, as well as changing the atomic masses of certain elements. The principled correctness of the law deduced by Mendelev was confirmed soon after the discovery of Galiya, Scandia and Germany, the foundation of which was transferred to the present.

Current view of the periodic table

Below we will bring the table itself

Today, for ordering elements, instead of atomic weight (atomic mass), we use the concept of atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus). The table contains 120 elements, which are arranged to the right in order of increasing atomic number (number of protons)

The columns of the table are called groups, and the rows are called periods. The table has 18 groups and 8 periods.

The metallic power of the elements will change during the period of the collapse to the right, and the turning direction will increase.
The dimensions of atoms change during different periods when they are moved to the right.
Under Russia, the beast will descend in a group of increasingly powerful metallic authorities.
Oxides and non-metallic power under Russia will increase to the right during the period of evil.

What do we know about a table element? For example, let’s take the third element in the table – summer, and let’s take a closer look.

Right in front of us is the very symbol of the element that I will name below it. The upper left corner contains the atomic number of the element, in the order of each element in the table. The atomic number, as stated, is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. The number of positive protons, as a rule, is equal to the number of negative electrons in an atom (due to isotopes).

Atomic mass is indicated under the atomic number (in this version of the table). When we round the atomic mass to the nearest whole number, we remove the so-called mass number. The difference between the mass number and the atomic number gives the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Thus, the number of neutrons in a helium nucleus is about two, and in a lithium nucleus it is almost two.

Our course “Periodic Table for Dummies” has ended. Finally, we encourage you to watch the thematic video, and we hope that learning about how to use the periodic table will make you more intelligent. We remember that it is more effective to learn a new subject not alone, but with the help of an experienced mentor. It’s also worthwhile to forget about the student service, which is happy to share its knowledge and evidence with you.

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Although Mendelev’s table seems difficult for you to understand, it’s not for you! If you want to understand these principles, it is difficult to work with them using the help of natural sciences. To begin with, take into account the structure of the table and the information that can be found from it about the skin chemical element. Then it is possible to diagnose the effects of the skin element. And, you will find that using the additional periodic table, you can calculate the number of neutrons in an atom or another chemical element.

Crocs

Part 1

Table structure

The periodic table, or the periodic system of chemical elements, begins in the upper left corner and ends at the end of the remaining row of the table (at the lower right corner). The elements in the table are arranged to the right according to the order of increasing their atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons there are in one atom. On the other hand, as the atomic number increases, the atomic mass also increases. In this way, by ranking this or that element in the periodic table, you can calculate its atomic mass.

Apparently, the skin of the front element has one more proton than the lower front element. This is obvious if you look at the atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase for one hour per hour as the evil moves to the right. The fragments of the elements are separated into groups, and the parts in the middle of the table are left empty.
- For example, the first row of the table contains water, which has atomic number 1, and helium, which has atomic number 2. However, the substances are spread out on the lower edges, and the fragments lie in different groups.
Learn about groups that include elements with similar physical and chemical effects. The elements of the skin group are arranged along the same vertical column. As a rule, odors are indicated by one color, which helps to identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and convey their behavior. All elements of the same group and other groups contain the same number of electrons on the outer shell.
- Hydrogen can be added both to the group of base metals and to the group of halogens. In these tables it is indicated in both groups.
- For most types, the groups are numbered 1 to 18, and the numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be entered in Roman (for example, IA) or Arabic (for example, 1A or 1) numerals.
- In Russia, the columns of the beast go down to say that you are looking at the group.
Find out why there are empty boxes in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also by group (elements of the same group may have similar physical and chemical properties). It is therefore easier to understand how this other element works. However, due to the increase in atomic number, elements that are lost in a subgroup are not always found, so empty parts are lost in the table.
- For example, the first 3 rows contain empty cores, and fragments of transition metals coalesce beyond atomic number 21.
- Elements with atomic numbers 57 to 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and are assigned to the same subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.
Each row of the table is a period. All elements of one period contain the same number of atomic orbitals, which contain electrons in atoms. The number of orbitals indicates the period number. The table contains 7 rows, so there are 7 periods.
- For example, atoms of elements of the first period contain one orbital, and atoms of elements of the current period contain 7 orbitals.
- As a rule, periods are indicated by numbers from 1 to 7 in the table.
- In Russia, it’s almost evil to say that you are looking at the period.
Start separating metals, metals and non-metals. You will better understand the power of one or another element as you can determine what type of wine you are related to. For clarity, the table of metals, metals and non-metals are indicated in different colors. Metals are on the left side, and non-metals are on the right side of the table. Metals are mixed between them.

Part 2
Designation of elements
1. The skin element is designated by one or two Latin letters. As a rule, the symbol of the element is placed by great writers at the center of the main center. The symbol is a shortened name of the element, which is mostly avoided. When conducting experiments with chemical compounds, the symbols of the elements are changed, so it is important to remember them.
  - Refer to the symbols of the elements as shortcuts of their Latin names, so that for certain, especially recently discovered elements, the smell will be removed from the common name. For example, helium is indicated by the symbol He, which is close to the common name of the helium. That same hour is designated as Fe, which is the abbreviation of its Latin name.
2. Return attention to the name of the element as it appears in the table. This element's name is found in original texts. For example, “helium” and “coal” are the names of elements. Note, however, that the names of the elements are indicated under their chemical symbol.
  - In some tables, the names of elements are not indicated and their chemical symbols are indicated.
3. Find the atomic number. Calculate the atomic number of the element in the middle and in the center. It can also appear under the symbol or name of the element. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.
  - The atomic number is always a whole number.
4. Remember that the atomic number indicates the number of protons in an atom. All atoms and other elements contain the same number of protons. By replacing electrons, the number of protons in the atoms of an element becomes permanent. Otherwise, it is a very different chemical element!
  - The atomic number of an element can be used to determine the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom.
5. Calculate the number of electrons equal to the number of protons. This is the case if the atom is ionized. Protons carry a positive charge, and electrons carry a negative charge. The fragments of atoms are considered neutral, but they also contain a large number of electrons and protons. It is no less true that an atom can absorb electrons or waste them, in which case it becomes ionized.
  - They generate an electric charge. If an ion has more protons, it has a positive charge, and in this case a plus sign is placed after the element symbol. Because it holds more electrons, it carries a negative charge, which is indicated by a minus sign.
  - Plus and minus signs are not used, since an atom is not an ion.

Silicon(Lat. Silicium), Si, chemical element of group IV of the Mendelev periodic system; atomic number 14, atomic weight 28086. In nature, the element has three stable isotopes: 28 Si (92.27%), 29 Si (4.68%) and 30 Si (3.05%).

Historical background. Connected to Do., a widely spread land, was known to people from the Stone Age. Vikoristannaya stone shells worked and watered water for about a thousand years. Zastosuvannya spoluk K., connected with their processing, - preparation Sklo- It began around 3000 BC. e. (Old Egypt). The previously known compound K. is dioxide SiO 2 (silica). In the 18th century silica was respected in its simple form and brought to the “grounds” (which is what its name suggests). Foldability of the silica warehouse by installing I. I. Berzelius. But first, in 1825, he tore away the elementary Do. with silicon fluoride SiF 4 and the remaining potassium metal. The new element was named “silice” (from the Latin silex - silicon). Russian name for centuries G. I. Hess 1834.

Nature's breadth. For the width in the earth's crust Before. - another (after sour) element, whose average content in the lithosphere is 29.5% (by weight). At the earth's crust Before. plays the same important role as coal does in the world of creatures and plants. For geochemistry Before. Important, inclusively mіtsnyy connection yogo with sourness. About 12% of the lithosphere becomes silica SiO 2 in the form of mineral quartz and many different species. 75% of the lithosphere is carnage silicatesі aluminosilicates(Field spar, mica, amphibole, etc.). The total number of minerals that replace silica exceeds 400 (div. Silica minerals).

During magmatic processes, weak differentiation occurs: wine accumulates in granitoids (32.3%) and in ultrabasic rocks (19%). At high temperatures and under pressure, the depletion of SiO2 increases. Its migration with water vapor is possible, so pegmatites of hydrothermal veins are characterized by significant concentrations of quartz, which are often associated with ore elements (gold-quartz, quartz-casiterite, etc. veins) ).

Physical and chemical powers. creates a dark gray with a metallic sparkle of crystal, which creates a cubic face-centered lattice like a diamond with a period A= 5.431Å, thickness 2.33 g/cm 3 . With a very high vice, a new (perhaps hexagonal) modification with a thickness of 2.55 was cut g/cm 3 . melt at 1417°C, boil at 2600°C. Total heat capacity (at 20-100 ° C) 800 j/(kg× Before), or 0.191 cal/(G× hail); The thermal conductivity of the thread for clean colors is not constant and lies between (25°C) 84-126 Tue/(m× Before), or 0.20-0.30 cal/(cm× s_k× hail). Temperature coefficient of linear expansion 2.33×10 -6 -1 ; Below 120K it becomes negative. insight for dovgokhvilovyh ІЧ-promenіv; bend indicator (for l =6 µm) 3.42; dielectric penetration 11.7. diamagnetic, atomic magnetic sensitivity -0.13×10 -6. Hardness of K. Mohs 7.0, Brinell 2.4 Gn/m2 (240 kgf/mm 2), modulus of spring 109 Gn/m2 (10890 kgf/mm 2), consistency factor 0.325 10 -6 cm 2 /kg. creaky material; Significant plastic deformation begins at temperatures above 800°C.

- the conductor, who knows more and more stagnation. Electric power before. lie just outside the house. The moisture volume of the electric power K. at room temperature is equal to 2.3 × 10 3 ohm× m(2.3×10 5 ohm× cm).

Napivdnikovyj K. with conductivity R-type (additives B, Al, In or Ga) n-Type (additives P, Bi, As or Sb) has significantly less support. The width of the fenced area behind the electric lights becomes 1.21 ev at 0 Before it decreases to 1.119 ev for 300 Before.

Correspondingly, to the position of K., Mendelev’s periodic system has 14 electrons of the K atom. Distribution behind three shells: the first (nucleus) has 2 electrons, the other 8, the third (valence) 4; electronic shell configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2(Div. atom). Last ionization potentials ( ev): 8.149; 16.34; 33.46 and 45.13. Atomic radius 1.33 Å, covalent radius 1.17 Å, ion radius Si 4+ 0.39 Å, Si 4- 1.98 Å.

U spolukakh Do. (similar to carbon) 4-valent. However, in front of the coal, Do. The order with the coordination number 4 reveals the coordination number 6, which is explained by the great complexity of the atom (an example of such compounds is silicofluoride, which replaces the group 2-).

The chemical bond of the K atom with other atoms is responsible for the exchange of hybrid sp 3 orbitals, and it is also possible to obtain two of the fifth (vacant) 3 d- orbitals, especially if K. is six-coordinate. Although the value of electronegativity is small, which is more than 1.8 (versus 2.5 for carbon; 3.0 for nitrogen, etc.), since those combined with non-metals are electropositive, and therefore have a polar character. The binding energy with Si-O acid is high, which is equivalent to 464 kJ/mol(111 kcal/mol), determines the resistance of sour compounds (SiO 2 and silicates). The energy of the Si-Si bond is low, 176 kJ/mol (42 kcal/mol); in the form of coal, for Before. It is not typical for the formation of long-lasting lancinates and a sub-link between Si atoms. On the wind before. The composition of the dry oxide melt is always resistant to elevated temperatures. Acid begins to oxidize at 400°C, soothing silicon dioxide SiO2. It also contains SiO monoxide, stable at high temperatures in the form of gas; As a result of sudden cooling, a solid product can be removed, which can easily be separated into a thin mixture of Si and SiO 2. resistant to acids and disintegrates in a mixture of nitric and fluorodic acids; easily breaks down in hot water meadows from the water seen. reacts with fluorine at room temperature, with other halogens - when heated with a semi-solid formula SiX 4 (div. Silicon halides). Voden does not react indifferently to Do., that flint(Silani) remove the layout of silicides (div. below). Vidomi silica in the form of SiH 4 to Si 8 H 18 (behind the warehouse similar to the border carbohydrates). Before. creates 2 groups of oxygenated silanes - siloxane ta siloxeni. With nitrogen Before. reacts at temperatures above 1000°C. Of more practical importance is the Si 3 N 4 nitride, which does not oxidize in the open air at 1200°C, is resistant to acids (other than nitric acid) and acids, as well as to molten metals and slags, which must be avoided This is a valuable material for the chemical industry. ignition generation and in. High hardness, as well as thermal and chemical resistance, are achieved by cutting carbon with carbon ( silicon carbide SiC) and boron (SiB 3 SiB 6 SiB 12). When heated, K. reacts (in the presence of metal catalysts, for example, copper) with organochlorine compounds (for example, with CH 3 Cl) with organohalosilane compounds [for example, Si (CH 3) 3 CI], which serves for the synthesis of numerical organosilicon semiconductors.

creates half-life with all the metals - silicides(no connection was detected except with Bi, Tl, Pb, Hg). Over 250 silicides were extracted, the composition of which (MeSi, MeSi 2, Me 5 Si 3, Me 3 Si, Me 2 Si and so on) does not correspond to classical valences. Silicides vary in refractoriness and hardness; The most practical value is the use of ferrosilicium (a common product in the smelting of special alloys, div. Feroslavi) and molybdenum silicide MoSi 2 (electric furnace heaters, gas turbine blades, etc.).

Ottrimannya that zastosuvannya. of technical purity (95-98%) is extracted in an electric jet with renewed silica SiO 2 between graphite electrodes. In connection with the development of pipeline technology, methods for extracting pure and especially pure water have been separated. This promotes the forward synthesis of the purest outputs of the Do., s of the Do. draw a path of renewal or thermal decomposition.

Clean napіvpіdnikovy Do. have two types: polycrystalline (updated SiCI 4 or SiHCl 3 with zinc or water, thermal expansion of Sil 4 and SiH 4) and single-crystalline (crucible-free zone melting and “twisting” of a single crystal from molten K. -.

Specially alloyed Do. It is widely used as a material for the production of conductor devices (transistors, thermistors, power rectifiers, ceramic diodes - thyristors; solar photocells that are used in spacecraft, etc.). Remnants of K. insight for exchanges from the long life of the tree from 1 to 9 µm, yogo stand in infrared optics (div. also Quartz).

There are different areas of stagnation that are all expanding. In metallurgy Before. Vikorystov shows a variety of oxidation (reoxidation) that has been dissolved in melted metals. There is a warehouse of a large quantity of alloys and colored metals. Zazvichay Do. gives alloys increased resistance to corrosion, improves their liquid strength and promotes mechanical strength; Prote at high speed Before. You can call out the crunchiness. The most important are the contaminants, copper and aluminum alloys that must be placed before. More and more quantity until. We are going to synthesize organosilicon compounds and silicides. Silica and a variety of silicates (clay, feldspar, mica, talc, etc.) are processed into glass, cement, ceramic, electrical, etc. galusies of industry.

V. P. Barzakovsky.

Silicon in the body is found in various parts, which plays a major role in the formation of solid skeletal parts and tissues. Especially rich Do. Can accumulate seaweeds (for example, diatomaceous seaweed) and creatures (for example, siliceous sponges, radiolarians), which are created by pressing silicon dioxide when dying on the ocean floor. In cold seas and lakes, biogenic mules, rich in K., are preferred; in tropical seas, water mules with a low K. content are preferred. In the middle of terrestrial growths, cereals, sedges, palm trees, and horsetails are rich in K.. In ridge animals, instead of silicon dioxide in ash, there is 0.1-0.5%. In the greatest number of K. manifestations, thick fabrics, nylons, and sub-woven fabrics. People's daily diet is limited to 1 G When there is a high concentration of silicon dioxide in the air, it sinks into a person’s lungs and causes illness. silicosis.

V. V. Kovalsky.

Lit.: Berezhny A. S., Silicon and binary systems. Before., 1958; Krasyuk B. A., Gribov A. I., Napivprovidniki - germany and silicon, M., 1961; Renyan St. R., Technology of supercharged silicon, prov. z eng., M., 1969; Sally I. St, Falkevich E. S., Virobnitsvo napivodnikovogo silicon, M., 1970; Silicon and germanium. Zb. Art., for ed. E. S. Falkevich, D. I. Levinzon, Art. 1-2, M., 1969-70; Gladishevsky E. I., Crystal chemistry of silicides and germanides, M., 1971; Wolf N. F., Silicon semiconductor data, Oxf. - N.Y., 1965.

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