Biosphere, її structure and cordoni

The most prominent public in the complex of Earth sciences (geology, geography, geochemistry, biology) became a study about the biosphere, which was not developed by the Russian students of V.I. Vernadsky. Having honored his scientific expertise (as a geologist) in vivification of siege species of earth measles, V.I. Vernadsky has revealed the majestic role of living organisms in the folding geochemical processes of our planet. In 1926 the book "Biosphere" was published. In a whole lot of creatures, the foldable relationships between living organisms and inanimate nature of the Earth can be analyzed. The robot yogi had an hour before it. Only the other half of the twentieth century had a lot of problems, and there was a wide expansion about the biosphere.

An important element of V.I. Vernadsky about the biosphere є the idea of ​​a dense depletion of the biosphere as a result of human activity and protection as a result of the intelligent dedication of humans to nature. Vchenyi writing:

Take people in whole, become a straining geological force. In front of him, in front of his dummy and pracea, there is a training about overwhelming the biosphere in the interests of a really misery people like a single whole. The price of the biosphere, up to what is not possible, is close to the world, and the noosphere. 1

At this time, the day about the biosphere is a part of ecology, which is completely tied to the problems of regulating the relationship between people and nature.

Forward the term "biosphere" from the lives of JB Lamarck on the cob XIX cent. Piznishe guesses in the robotics of the Austrian geologist E. Süss in 1875. However, the priest was not detailed in detail by the nominated scholars, but rather a little for the designated area of ​​life on Earth. Lachey in robots V.I. Vernadsky is analyzed in detail and reliably, and for him to think about the "shell of life" on our planet.

biosphere I name the supremacy of all living organisms in our planet and the galusies of the geological shells of the Earth, which are populated by living organisms and were given through the geological history in the flow.

Between the biosphere. Alive organisms are constantly expanding in the geological envelopes of the Earth: lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere(Fig. 1). In addition, the biosphere at once includes the upper part of the lithosphere, the entire hydrosphere and the lower part of the atmosphere.

Small. 1.The area of ​​expanding organisms in the biosphere:1 - the level of the ozone ball, which I will overwhelm ultraviolet vipprominuvannya; 2 - border of snigiv; 3 - soil; 4 - creatures who linger in the stoves; 5 - bacteria in naphtha vertices

The lithosphere is the upper solid shell of the Earth. Її tovschina rises in the boundaries of 50-200 km. Expanded life in them is surrounded by and drastically changed from glybin. The number of species is important in the upper sphere, which is only a few dozen centimeters in size. Deyakі vidi penetrate into the depths of a few meters or tens of meters (creatures, scho ryut - moles, worms; bacteria; root of roslin). Naybilsha glibina, on the yaky boule of deyaki vidi bacteria, become 3-4 km (in underground waters and naphthonic horizons). Expansion of life in the depths of the lithosphere is transformed into the development of factories. The penetration of roslin is ill-advised through the visibility of the light. For all forms of life, to serve as thick membranes and growth with the depth of the middle and temperature. In the middle, the temperature rise becomes close to 3 ° С on the skin 100 m. The very bottom borderline broadened life in the lithosphere vvazhayut tricilometer glybin, (de the temperature reaches close to + 100 ° С).

hydrosphere- the aquatic envelope of the Earth, which is the supremacy of the oceans, seas, lakes and rychok. On the vidminu from the lithosphere and the atmosphere, overwhelmingly assimilated by living organisms. Navigate to the bottom of the Holy Ocean, on the depths of about 12 km, the boulevards have revealed different kinds of living things (creatures, bacteria). However, the main mass of species is alive in the hydrosphere between 150-200 m from the surface. Tse is tied with that, so light penetrates to such glibini. And then, in the lower horizons, it is not a matter of feeling the growths and bagatos of species to lie down in the harvesting of the roses. Enlargement of organisms on the great bays will take care of the rakhunka of permanent "board" of extras, surplus of dead organisms, which fall from the upper balls, as well as huts. Gidrobiyonti sluggish yak in the middle, so in the salt water and for the place of residence to be divided into 3 groups:

1) plankton are organisms that live on the surface with water and passively suck for water;

2) nekton - actively peresuvayutsya in your vodi;

3) benthos - organisms that live on the bottom with water or bury in a mule.

atmosphere- the gas shell of the Earth, which is a chemical warehouse: close to 78% nitrogen, 21 - acid, 1 - argon і 0.03% in carbon dioxide. The biosphere should not enter the very bottom sphere of the atmosphere. Life in them cannot be realized without an average connection with the lithosphere and hydrosphere. The great villages of the trees reach the height of dozens of meters at the top, lining up in their own order on the hill of their crown. Hundreds of meters are littered with creatures - komakhs, birds, kazans. Deyakі vidi hijikh ptahіv move 3-5 km above the surface of the Earth, watching their zdobich. Nareshty, with the hanging winds, it is passive to be brought in for tens of kilometers up the mountain of bacteria, argue with roslin, mushrooms, nasinnya. However, all of them are overhauled by lithium organisms, or if bacteria are introduced, it is not possible for them to be in the atmosphere for a long time. There are no organisms that constantly live in the twilight.

The upper boundary biosphere is taken up by an ozone ball, which is spread at a height of 30 to 50 km above the surface of the Earth. Winning everyone lives on our planet as a strenuous ultraviolet sleepy vypromynuvannya, a meaningful world of glaze and exchange. The ozone ball of life is ill-humored.

In such a rank, the main part of the species of living organisms is harvested on the cordons of the atmosphere and the lithosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, making the "thin splash of life" on the surface of our planet.

Budova and the function of the biosphere. biosphere - tse global ecological system It will be stored from the powerless ecosystems of the lower rank, biogeocenoses, in conjunction with one and the other, and amalgamated with the whole system. Actually, biogeocenoses are not isolated - between them there is no middle ring and no blue. For example, in water biogeocenoses it is vitro, planks, thalamic waters to wine from the terrestrial ecosystems of mineral and organic speech. There may be a shift of organisms from one biogeocenosis to one (for example, seasonal migration of twins). I nareshty, all the common atmosphere of the Earth, should serve as a backwater reservoir for living things. In her, she needs kissen (seen as dewlines in the process of photosynthesis) and carbon dioxide gas (statements in the process of changing aerobic organisms). From the atmosphere of the growing line of all ecosystems, they draw in carbon dioxide, which is necessary in the process of photosynthesis, and all dyhayuchі organisms get mussel.

Іsnuvannya biosphere is based on the uninterrupted circulation of speech, the energetic basis of such є dormant light (Fig. 2).

Small. 2.Scheme of biogeochemical cycling in the biosphere. on righton the diagrams of the growth of sod-pidzolic runts for conifers fox

The circle of words in nature between living and inanimate matter is one of the most characteristic features of the biosphere. Biological circulation is a biogenic migration of atoms from the navkolishny middle in the organisms and s organisms at the navkolishny middle. Biomas viconun and іnshі functions:

1) gas - continuous gas exchange due to the development of the environment for the development of living organisms and the photosynthesis of roslin;

2) concentration - post-biogenous migration of atoms in living organisms, and when they come to life - in non-living nature;

3) oxide-vidnovna - exchange of speech and energy from the call of the middle. With disimilation, organic speech is oxidized, with asymmetry, ATP energy is oxidized;

4) biochimic - chemical re-incarnation of speeches, which form the basis of life for the body.