Scho bulo chased in. Is Kriposne right a share of Russia? Hto viv kriposne right in Ukraine
3 birch (19 fierce according to the old style) 1861 fate - Oleksandr II signed the Manifest "About the all-merciful gift to the great people of the rights of the country of the great silks" At the presentation of these documents, the villagers conferred freedom and the right to order their own mine to the special officer.
The Manifest of the Buv to coincide with the great riches of the emperor's accession to the throne (1855).
Also, for the rule of Mikoli I, there was a great educational material for the implementation of the rural reform. Kriposne right in the rule of Mikoli I was deprived of non-ruinous, ala, in the development of rural food, there was a significant accumulation of significant dosages, such as Oleksandr II, who came to the throne in 1855.
In the ear of 1857, the fate of the preparation of the rural reform of the secret committee. Let the uryad vyryshiv know the suspension with their own names, and the Secret Committee of the Buv of renaming into the Head Committee. The nobility of all regions was guilty of setting up provincial committees for the implementation of rural reforms. In the ear of 1859, the fate of the revision of the projects of the reform of the noble committees, boules of the editorial committees. In the spring of 1860, the revision of the reform project was discussed by the deputies, nominated noble committees, and then by transmissions to other state organizations.
In the middle of the fierce 1861 fate, the POSITION about the villagers' zeal was seen and captured by the State Council. 3 birch (19 fierce according to the Art.) 1861 Oleksandr II signed the manifest "About the all-merciful gift to the great people of the rights of the camp of the Vilnius Silskoe upholstery". In the words of the historical Manifest Buli: "Fall on our own bad banners, Orthodox people, and blessings be with us, God bless you for your great happiness, the outpost of your home well-being and the blessings of the community." Manifest boom of denunciations in both capitals in the great religion is holy - Forgiven for a week, in some places - in the closest to a new generation.
Zgіdno Manіfestu, the villagers of the bully have appropriated huge rights - the freedom to enter into a relationship, the independent arrangement of agreements and the conduct of court rulings, the habit of the unkempt lane in his own name and in.
The land could be bought up as a huge, so we could be a peasant. The land, introduced to the community, passed into the collective koristuvanny, that with the transition to the first camp or the community of the peasant, having spent the right to the "worldly land" of his colish community.
The congestion, due to the design of the Manifest, was not bargained for by the rozcharuvannya. Colonial krypaks ochikuvali more will and bully unhappy with the transition camp of the "team-timers". Vvazhayuchi, scho from them prikhovoyuyut spravzhnє the meaning of the reform, the villagers rebelled, vimagayuchi zvіlnennya with the earth. For the smothering of the greatest vistups, for supervising the drowning of the land, like in the villages of Bezodnya (Kazan province) and Kandeevka (Penza province), bully vikoristani vіyska. More than two thousand entries were recorded in the whole bulo. However, until the summer of 1861, the rock music began to decline.
A lot of terms were transferred from a team to a knitted camp without any establishment, so the villagers were drawn to the transition to Wikup. Until 1881, about 15% of such villagers were deprived of rock. Todi buv adopted the law on the binding transition to the Wikup stretching two rockets. At the end of the lines, the right to the land was lost. In 1883, the category of timchasobov'yazanikh peasants grew up. A part of them designed a wikipn, please, a part of them wasted the land.
Selyanska reform of 1861 r is small, majesty, historical significance. Vona opened new perspectives before Russia, opening up the opportunity for wide development of rinkovyh vidnosin. Skasuvannya krіposnogo right paved the way for those who have found redevelopments, we will direct them to the root of the community support in Russia.
For the tsiu reform of Oleksandr II, they became the king Vizvolitel.
Material of preparations based on information on the basis of the critical dzherel
Oleksandr II
All in all, there is a large number of people in the pre-reform Russia in the country, in fact, the percentage of people in the population of the 8% is less than 45%. the part has sunk to 37%. Earlier in the census of the population of 1859 years, 23.1 million people (both articles) were transferred to the country from 62.5 million people who inhabited the Russian Empire. W 65 gubernіy i areas scho іsnuvali in Rosіyskіy іmperії at 1858 Year in troh vischenazvanih Ostsee gubernіyah in Zemlі Chornomorskogo vіyska in Primorskіy oblastі, Semipalatinskoї oblastі i oblastі Sibіrskih kirgizіv in Derbentsky gubernії (s Prikaspіyskim kraєm) i Erivanska gubernії krіpakіv not bulo zovsim; Yet in 4 administrative units (Arkhangelsk and Shemakhin provinces, Trans-Baikal and Yakutsk regions), there were also no kripaks, with the blame of dozens of courtyard people (servants). In 52 provinces and regions, a small part of the population in the size of the population became 1.17% (Bessarabsk region) to 69.07% (Smolensk province).
cause
In 1861, a reform was carried out in Russia, and the capitalist formations in the land were given up. The main reason for the given reforms is the bully: the crisis of the kriposnitskoy system, the village hvilyuvannya, which especially did their best for the hour of the Crimean war. Moreover, fundamentally, the law galvanized the development of the state and the formation of a new class - the bourgeoisie, which was interconnected in rights and did not have a chance to take part in the governing state. Bagato pomіshchiki respected, that the zhіlnennya villagers give a positive result in the development of the Silskoy state dignity. Not less important is the role of the skasuvanna kripatstva grave moral aspect - in the middle of the XIX century in Russia there was “slavery”.
preparation of reforms
The program for the row of Bula vicladen in the rescript of Emperor Oleksandr II 20 leaf fall (2 breast) Vilensky to Governor-General V. Nazimova. Vaughn handed over: the depletion of a special fallowness villagers while saving all the land at the power of the priests; nadannya to the villagers singing amount of land, for the stench of stubble, you will pay a rent or return to the landlord, and in an hour - the rights of the vicup of the village sadib (living room and hospital equipment). For the preparation of rural reforms, the provincial committees were approved, in the middle of which there was a struggle to enter and form an act between liberal and reactionary supporters. Fear of the All-Russian peasant revolt forced the squadron to take the place of the peasant reform programs, projects of which were repeatedly changed in conjunction with the pidyom or the decline of peasant ruin. A new program of peasant reform adopted at the breast: nadannya to the villagers the possibilities of the vikupu of the land supply and the establishment of the organs of the village community administration. For reviewing the projects of the provincial committees and the development of the rural reform, there were links in the birch editorial committee. The project, warehouses by the Editorial Committees in the Institute, as a result of the proponents of the provincial committees for changes in land requirements and changes in duties. The general dissatisfaction of the small nobility wicked, and in the project there was often a change in the need for a change of duty. Tsei directly at the change of the project was saved and when looking at it in the Head Committee on the village certificate in the country, and when it was discussed in the State Radio on the cob.
19 fierce (3 birch n.St.) In St. Petersburg, Oleksandr II signed the Manifest about the rule of law and the provisions about peasants, who go out of the big fallow, which have been accumulated from 17 legislative acts.
The main provisions of the rural reform
The main act - "The home for the villagers, for the fortune" - against the head and mind of the rural reform:
- the villagers gave the special officer freedom and the right to freely order their own mine;
- the people took possession of the power on all the land, the protests were knitted, and they were given to the peasants.
- For koristuvannya nadіnі land peasants guilty bully vіdbuvati panshchinu, or pay the rent and do not have the right to see it for 9 years.
- The rules of the poll nadіlu and duties of the blame were fixed in the statutory charters of 1861, which were stored by the dealers on the leather handles and were transformed by the middlemen.
- The villagers were given the right to vikupu sadibi and for the land with an assistant - a polish nadilu, until the stench came, they were named by the time-consuming villagers.
- Also, the structure, the rights and obligations of the authorities of the village community administration (Silsky and hair) to the court began.
At the chotiroh "Mistsevye Provisions", a range of land requirements and duties for corroborating them began in 44 provinces of European Russia. From the land, which was known in the peasants until 19 February 1861, there could have been overwhelming for the peasants, as the souls overwhelmed the peasants, the rulings for this town, anyway
Nadіli could change according to the special needs of the villagers with helpers, as well as when they rejected the gift of nadіlu. If the peasants are in need of a small size, the clerk will buy the land, or reduce the obligation. For a strong soul nadіl got up to a rent from 8 to 12 rubles. in rіk abo panshchina - 40 men and 30 women working days per rіk. As soon as I needed a little more, then the duties were changed, but not proportionally. Reshta "Mistsevi positennya" was mainly repeated "Great Russia", albeit with the urahuvannya of the specifics of their districts. Peculiarities of the rural reform for certain categories of peasants and specific districts were initiated by the "Adequate rules" peasants and workers who work robots at Perm private girsky factories and salt industries "," About peasants who work robots at household factories "," About villagers and households in Donetsk people " "," About the villagers and the household people in Siberia "," About the people who came from the crumbling fallowness in the Bessarabsk region. "
"Provisions about attracting courtyard people" conveyed the sound of people without land, however, with a stretch of 2 years, the stench was smelled in the presence of fallowness from the assistant.
The "Provisions on Wikup" began the order of wikkup by the villagers of land from the helpers, the organization of the wikup operation, the rights and obligations of the villagers-vlasniks. The vikup of the polovoy nadilu, having fallen asleep for the sake of an assistant, as a moment of zobov'yat the villagers vikuplyat land on their vimoga. The price of land was started by rent, capitalized from 6% of the population. At the time of the vikupu, for the voluntary welfare of the villagers, they are guilty of the bully to make an additional payment to the assistant. The main money was cut off from the power, which the villagers were guilty of repaying in a stretch of 49 rubles, in accordance with payment payments.
"Manifest" and "Provision" boules were opened from 7 birch to 2 april (in Petersburg and Moscow - 5 birch). Be afraid of the villagers' dissatisfaction with the minds of the reform, the district has taken a number of foreign visits (relocation of vіysk, vіdryadzhennya to the occasion of the special іmperatorskoy retinue, brutalization of the Synod, etc.). The peasantry, dissatisfied with the enslaving minds of the reforms, turned to them with mass zaorushennyi. The most common of them are the boules Bezdnensko vistup 1861 and Kandєєvskoє vistup 1861.
The implementation of the Peasant Reform began with the folding of statutory charters, as in the main bulo it was finished before the middle. On the 1st day of 1863, the villagers signed up close to 60% of the charters. The price of land, according to the Wikup, signifi- cantly perevischuvu її Rinkovu parti in that hour, in the surrounding areas in 2-3 times. As a result, in a number of districts in the region, there was a rejection of the gift of gifts and in the provinces (Saratov, Samarska, Katerinoslavska, Voronezka, etc.).
With the influx of the Polish Insurrection of 1863, there was a change in the minds of the Peasant Reforms in Lithuania, Bilorus and the Right-Bank Ukraine: the law of 1863 introduced a mandatory wikup; have changed by 20% in Wikipedia payments; peasants, landless from 1857 to 1861, trimmed their need more, landless before - chastkovo.
The villagers moved to Wikup, stretching out for ten years. Before the amount of time wasted, the number of times was 15%. Ale in the ranks of the provinces, there is a lot of buzz (Kursk 160 yew, 44%; Nizhegorodska 119 yew, 35%; Tulska 114 yew, 31%; Kostromska 87 yew, 31%). Shvidsheyeshov moved to Wikup in the Black Earth provinces, where they also volunteered to please over the obovyazkovy Wikup. The pomeshchiki, who are mali the great Borgs, more often than not, didn’t need to speed up the WEEKUP and do things voluntarily.
Skasuvannya kryposnogo right poked and pet peasants, such as "Regulations on the 26th worm of 1863" were transferred to the category of peasants-vlasniks with a lane of obovyazkogo wikupu on the minds of "Regulations 19 fierce". In general, they have significantly less bui than among the village peasants.
The law of 24 leaf fall in 1866 introduced the reform of the sovereign villagers. Behind them all the lands were taken up, which is to be found in their coristas. Surely, due to the law of 12 chervnya of 1886, the powers of the villagers of Buli were transferred to the Wikup.
The peasant reform of 1861 gave rise to the rule of law on the national outskirts of the Russian Empire.
On the 13th of July 1864, a decree was issued on the adoption of the capital law in the Tiflis governorate, through the broker of enlargements with deyakim changes to the Kutaisk governorate, and in 1866 - to Megrelia. In Abkhazia in general, law was established in 1870, in Svaneti in 1871. Reforms here took a large world of transcendental remnants, not according to the "Provisions of 19 Fierce". In the Republic of Azerbaijan, the rural reform was carried out in 1870-83 and was no less enslaving in nature, not in Georgia. In Bessarabia, the main mass of the peasant population was legally vilny landless peasants - tsaranas, who, according to the "Provision of 14 Linden 1868", hoped for the land in continually repenting for their duties. The Wikup of the land was built with steps on the basis of the "Provision of Wikup" 19 February 1861.
literature
- Zakharova L.G. Autocracy and the rule of law in Russia, 1856-1861. M., 1984.
posilannya
- All-merciful Manifest dated 19 fierce 1861 r About kasuvannya kriposnogo right (Hristianske chitannya. SPb, 1861. Part 1). On the site Spadshchina of Holy Russia
- Agrarian reform and development of the Russian economy - the statute of Doctor of Economics Adukova
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 rock.
Wonderful so also "Skasuvannya krіposnogo right" in the dictionaries:
Zharg. shk. Shuttle. Kanikuli. Bytic, 1999 2000 ... Great vocabulary of Russian orders
The rule of law is the supremacy of the legal norms of the feudal state, which closed the form of peasant fallowing. It included a fence for the villagers to have their own land supplies (i.e., N. Attaching the villagers to the land ...
Law of the Russian Federation- The step-by-step of the rule of law in Russia "Provisions of 19 Fierce 1861" about the villagers, only from the fortune, there were only the help of the great Russian, Ukrainian, Bilorussian and Lithuanian provinces ... All-day history. Encyclopedia
History of History in Russia of Criminal Law Encyclopedia of newsmakers
History of the history of the law in Russia- 3 birch (19 fierce for st. St.) 1861 fate - Oleksandr II signed Manifest About the all-merciful gift to the people of the world the rights of the great Silskoy upholstery and the position about the peasants, how to go out of the country, in the abundant wilderness ... Encyclopedia of newsmakers
Kilka stolit in Russia panuvala kryposna system. The history of the establishment of the peasant people on the cob in 1597. Todi Orthodox messages represented the general defense of state cordons and interests, protection against the attack of a gambler, do not guide the path of self-sacrifice. The sacrificed service of a hundred-year-old and a peasant, a nobleman, and a Tsar.
The origin of the critical law is indicative of the singing stage of the development of suspension-political indications. Some of the development of the new regions of Europe has gone from the old age (in the early days of the population, the population, the speed of the trade nobles, the most recent threats), that is, in the middle of the majority of the right in some
In the great European regions, the vast majority of fallow lands are in the 9th-10th centuries (England, France, the land of Nimechchina), in the past, in the 16th-17th centuries, in the 16th-17th centuries There is a large amount of fallowness, either in the middle of the world in the middle capital (the land of Nimechchin, England, France), or settling in the greater minority of the world until the 19th century, Poland, (Nimechchina). In some regions, the processes of peasants' development are due to special fallowing in parallel with the process of abnormal (England), or partial and general landlessness (privately-skidna Nimechchina, Dania); In those of them, it is not only not to get sick, but to navpaki, the growth and development of other rural power (France, chastkovo Nimechchina).
England
The process of feudalization, which appeared in the Anglo-Saxon period, step by step re-matched the number of the first villagers-communes (Curls), who volody and the communal land, and privately (from the Folkland and the Bokeland), in the people of ) in the range of duties and payments.
The process of life is more often than not, even in the 7th-8th centuries the number of civilized people began to change. Tsom took a bribe of foreign trade from other villagers, so that the need for shukati to get rid of strong people was needed. With a hold of X and XI capital, the part of the Curls passed into the category of fallow people, scho to sit on foreign lands. The patronage of the vlasnik became obov'yazkovim; the vlasnik has re-created in the mayzhe of the general pan of the pidvladny population. Yogo court rights over the villagers expanded; a police officer has been assigned to the new ball for the protection of the community's peace in order to order it.
The word "curl" itself is often replaced by viraz villan (kripak). After the hour of folding the "Book of the Last Judgment", having shown a number of gradations in the middle of the peasantry. The very bottom of the shchabel was occupied by the Villein; mayzhe povna fallowness of the lord, the lack of value of payments and duties, visibility, for nebatma vyatka, guard in the out-of-town courts of the kingship - the axis that characterizes the stationary class. Vіk krіposnogo lord, until the end of fate and one day, mav the right to turn back. Fortechny craws'yazany buli pratsyuvati on the senior round rik, for 2-5 days for a day, go to the field at work time with the homeland, or with recruited people.
Most of the villagers, who lived in the crown lands, also trimmed the land on the Villan rule (English In villenage) and took over the lordship and obligations. However, the development of commodity-penny payments has taken a step-by-step development of Villania as a result of a major obligation.
A serious blow to the kryposny right was shattered by the insurrection of Wat Tyler. In the XV century, practically everywhere in England, the village people were raised from a special large fallow land and the replacement of the land. Panshchina Bula was replaced by a penny rent, a liabilities bureau for registrations, and a Villanian trumannya was buo vitisneno kopigold, which gives a significantly larger guarantee to the villager.
In parallel with the process of development of crystals, the development of the process of relieving the English villagers їkh nadіlіv. Already in the first half of the 15th century, the transition from farming to the pastoral state was seen on the spot, so the capital began to go to the raising of sheep and to the expanded pasture for the rakhunok rilli. Great landowners vitisnated other vlasniks-villagers. Omezhuyutsya or just skasovyatsya rights of residents of the village on koristuvannya communal ugiddyami, which were taken into the hands of the great landowners. In the 16th century, the fenced-off of the pastoralists took up wide dimensions and reduced the appearance from the side of the judges and state administration. So, from the legislative acts of 1488 it is clear that 200 villagers lived there, 2-4 shepherds were deprived there.
The process of changing the rural land from the land ends, in the hundred rice, in the 16th century: the villagers' call from the earth was torn. The Persh villagers crumbled the earth with hair, like the stench they trimmed on the feudal rule; now the stench in the greatness of its bullets is extinguished from their needs and rights to the community's land. Great їх part of the brainwashed Bula will be reincarnated in the Silsk robots, hired. Immediately, the process of making it possible for the rural rural dignity, transferred to the capitalistic framework, was brought up to the approval of a significant share of the possible villagers-rent (Yeomen).
Spain
In Spain, the expansion of the law is not uniform. In Asturias, Leon and Castile, the service of nicholas was not local: even until the 10th century, the majority of the population in the lands of Leon and Castile belonged to the class of privately-owned chliborobivs - clever people in need of service, for the law However, the legal status of tsiy prozharku (hunyores, ako solaryegos) is due to a decree in every single state, but vimagalo of the Castilian kings pidtverzhuvati їh rights for the seizure of the seigneurial such XIII the moment an hour, I want and without the right of yogo alien to their reproach; Alfonso XI, Fair in the offensive capital, fencing landlords, be it for the landowners and their land plots for wishing the fixed viplates for the feudal lord. Remaining special rural villagers in the lands of the Castilian crown can be carried up to the first half of the XIV century.
In Aragon and Catalonia, the law is very important, as it is possible to change it to French, in which Frankish injection can be used. As a result of the hard-pressed popular uprising in Catalonia, the fifteenth century was the signing by King Ferdinand of the Guadalupe Sentence in 1486, which left the penny Wikupu in mind of all the forms of the peasant's special depletion from the feudal lord in all spheres of life.
Krіposne right in Central Europe
Having emerged in the early mid-nineties, the law in Central and Central Europe has become the most important element of social wisdom in the Silskoy state. The harmlessly political panuvannya of the nobility, enslaved in the unsecured non-promiscuous exploitation of the villagers, zoomed in on Comrade Sound. "Another vision of the landscape" in the Skhidniy Nimechchin, the Baltic states, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Ugorsk region.
In the Skhidniy (Zaelbskaya) Nimechchina, I will generally have the right to revoke especially after the development of the Thirty Years of 1618-1648 years and the most important form in Mecklenburz, Pomerania, Shidnoy Prussia.
"It is not necessary to lay down upon you, to lay down upon God, but your body, mine, and everything is in your mind, I am." - On the basis of the statute for the obligation of the villagers, Schleswig-Holstein, 1740 rik.
From the middle of the 17th century, the right to expand in Czechia. In the Ugorshchyna, the bulo is locked in the Ukladinny (Trіpartitum), which was seen by the suppression of the Djordya Dozhi rebellion in 1514. In Poland, the norms of statutory law, which had begun to take shape in the middle of the XIV century, were included in the Petrkovsky Statute of 1496. Kryposne right widened in the cich lands on the main mass of the villagers. Vono handed over a large amount of land (up to 6 days per week) to the landlord, relieved of the villagers' large, huge, and special rights, supervised by the fast peasant oranka, or to bring back to the power of the landowners who have no right to live.
In the Empire of Habsburgs, the peasant reform of 1848 made the “rustikal lands” public by private power of the peasants under the laws of Ferdinand I on April 17, 1848 (the law of the Kaiser Uryad of the Austro-Ugorsk region), for the period of 1848 spring of 1848 r, according to which they skasovuvali the differences in the Austro-Ugorshchyna.
Krіposne right in Pivnіchnіy Europe
In the Swedish and Norwegian laws, the yak did not have such a thing.
The camp of the villagers in the middle Dania will be closer to the Nimetsky eye.
Even in the end of the 15th century, close to 20% of all land was in the hands of the villagers. The empowerment of the nobility and the clergy gave the ear of a new serpent in the state of the villagers. Payments and duties began to multiply, hoping until the 16th century to continue to grow steadily; I felt the rapist's chance for the villagers-vlasniks at the team's rent.
In the world of growth in vigod from the Silskoy government, after a great drink for bread and thinness, the noblemen-pomizniks are all rather easy to push before the expansion of the help of the oranka by the gentry of the rural households. Panshchina, in the XIV-XV centuries, did not survive for 8 days in growth, and was put in the wilderness by the court of the assistant; the peasants are allowed to be deprived of the help of a friend. In the XVI century, a part of the villagers was re-transformed into spoken cities.
Under Frederick I, krypaks are not often sold without land, as thinness - the head rank in Zealand. Pislya revolution of 1660 to rock, vyroblenoi by the townspeople, the camp of the villagers is more pogershilos. Until then, ominously, it was now entered into the visions of Christian V Code of Laws. Pomishchiki became uryadovy agents for the part of handling taxes and supplies of recruits. Їх police-disciplinarna Vlad Bula is consistently supported by the mutual responsibility. As far as the villagers were covered with tribute, they lay on them, and they overcame them with a sieve on the ice. The peasants were znemagali by the hauler of overwhelming robots and payments; the whole country was outbursting. Liche laws of 1791 1793, 1795 and 1799 rulers of the Bula were surrounded; Then the order of the Wikupu Panchina and the translation into pennies was made by the decrees. In Zeeland, the panoply continued until 1848 until 1848. The law of 1850 gave the villagers the right to vikupu panshchina, which caused them to suffer more.
Кріпосне Pravda in Skhidniy Europe
From the Old Russian State and the Novgorod Republic, the villagers didn’t spend much time on smerds, bought and lackeys. For Rus'kiy Pravda, the stinks bulged by the fallow villagers, who judged the prince. The stench of volodіli land nadіlami, as they could transfer at the recession to the blues (if there was no blue, then it came to the prince). Penalty for driving in a smerd dorіvnyuvav fine for driving in a slave. The Novgorod Republic has a large number of smerds of bully by sovereign villagers (they crushed the land of the sovereign), I also want princely, episcopal and monastic smerds to be messed with. The smell of the earth was not right. Purchases were lost in the fallow of the feudal lord, the docks did not pay for their yomu ("purchase") equipment, because of which the stench became especially awesome. Serfs were slaves.
At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries, the Russian state developed a different system. The Grand Duke handed over the t-shirts to the service of the people, such as a booze-knit for the central service. Other than the noblemen, the victorious ones went to the endless warriors, like the state led against Lithuania, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, and in the defense of the near-Cordon regions, from the Crimean and Nogaysky battles: dozens of thousands of noblemen were called up to serve on the
The villager will be especially vilny and trimmed the land for a contract with the owner of the mattress. Win volodiv right to go or see; so that the right to go from the landowner. The landlord did not think of the peasant in front of the stubble, the peasant didn’t miss his dilyanka without rooting for the ruler of the end of the stubble. The Code of Law of Ivan III has set up a one-man term for a rural settlement, if the offenders of the parties could go one by one. The day is up to the Yur'ev day (26 leaves) and the day comes after the day.
Vilny Lyudina became a peasant because of this khvilina, as “instructing the plow” on a taxon dilyantsi (that is, having established the state of obedience to the soil) and having ceased being a peasant, as only being busy with farming for land.
Navіt Decree on the five-fold rozshuk of villagers from 24 leaf fall 1597 fate did not see the village “vikhoda” (so that the opportunity to go from the landowner) and didn’t bite the villagers to the ground. The whole act is deprived of the need to turn the peasant to the colic landlord, as soon as he looks into the five-year term until the 1st date of 1597. The decree speaks only about quiet villagers, who left their landowners "not in lines and without being informed" (not on Yur'ev's day and not paying off "letters").
I will deprive the Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich of the Soborne Settlement of 1649 to the fate that I will establish a stringless attachment to the ground (so that the villagers are not happy) and fortunate to the owner (so that Vlad the lord over the villager, how to be found).
However, it is not for the cathedral that the master has the right to swing at the life of the peasant and to let go of his land plot. The transfer of a peasant from one owner to another is allowed, however, in all cases, the peasant is guilty of being “planted” on the ground and overwhelmed by the necessary special mine (“bellies”).
Since 1741, the help of the villagers is assimilated by means of an oath, monopolization of power on the capital in the hands of the nobility is acquired, and the right to expand on all the ranks of the proprietary peasantry; The second half of the 18th century is the final stage in the development of sovereign legislation, which is aimed at making the most of the law in Russia.
However, in a significant part of the territory of the country, in the Hetman region (the main mass of the Silk population of the Bula became more politicized), in the Russian Pivnoch, in a large part of the Ural region, in the Siberian the expansion did not fill up.
Chronology of settlement of peasants in Russia
Briefly, the chronology of the settlement of peasants in Russia can be presented as follows:
RIK 1497 - the introduction of the interchange of the right to go from one assistant to the last - Yuriy day.
1581 rik - skasuvannya village vyhodu in singing rock - "zapovidnі lita".
Rik 1597 - the right of the pomp to rozshuk peasant stretching 5 rock and on the first turn to the owner - "pevnі lita".
1637 рік - Term of approval for the increase of up to 9 rockets.
1641 рік - Term in the case of increases up to 10 years, and forcibly those who were forced by the other pomps - up to 15 years.
1649 рік - The cathedral of the laying in 1649 skasuvav pebnі lіta, having sealed with such a rank a stringless rozshuk vіkachіv. At the same time, there was an obligation to pay for the illegal registration of someone else's crypt.
1718-1724 pp. - a complimentary reform, the residual cover of the villagers to the ground.
1747 rik - the assistant was given the right to sell his krypak in the recruitment of a person.
1760 rik - a pomizchik having taken away the right to dominate the villagers to Siberia.
1765 rik - a pomp, having renounced the right to dominate the villagers not only to Siberia, but to hard labor.
1767 rik - the villagers of Bulo Suvoro were hardened to supply chalobitni (skargi) to their assistants to a special empress or to the emperor.
1783 rik - expansion of the legal right to Liberation Ukraine.
Official dates
The official statement of the critical law does not mean that it really means that it’s more polished than the minds of the villagers.
- Voloschina: 1746
- Moldavian principality: 1749
- Vilna State Saxony: 12/19/1771
- Holy Roman Empire: 11/01/1781 (1 stage); 1848 (2 stages)
- Czech Republic (historical region): 11/01/1781 (1 stage); 1848 (2 stages)
- Baden: 23.7.1783
- Dania: 20.6.1788
- France: 3.11.1789
- Switzerland: 4.5.1798
- Schleswig-Holstein: 19.12.1804
- Pomerania (in the warehouse Flag of Sweden.svg Sweden): 4.7.1806
- Duchy of Warsaw (Poland): July 22, 1807
- Prussia: 9.10.1807 (in practice 1811-1823)
- Mecklenburg: September 1807 (in practice 1820)
- Bavaria: 31.8.1808
- Nassau (Duchy): 1.9.1812
- Württemberg: 11/18/1817
- Hanover: 1,831
- Saxony: 17.3.1832
- Serbia: 1835
- Ugorshchina: 11.4.1848 (first time), 2.3.1853 (suddenly)
- Croatia 8.5.1848
- Tsisleitanya: 7.9.1848
- Bulgaria: 1,858 (de jure part of the Ottoman Empire; de facto: 1880)
- Russian Empire: 19.2.1861
- Courland (Russian Empire): 25.8.1817
- Estlandia (Russian Empire): 23.3.1816
- Livonia (Russian Empire): 26.3.1819
- Ukraine (Russian Empire): 17.3.1861
- Georgia (Russian Empire): 1864-1871
- Kalmikia (Russian Empire): one thousand weight one hundred ninety two
- Tonga: one thousand weight sixty-two
- Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1918
- Afghanistan: 1,923
- Bhutan: one thousand nine hundred and fifty-six
Law of the Russian Federation
That moment, if they were skating on the right, by right, will be a turning point in the history of Russia. Reforms were carried out indifferently to the steps taken, the stench became a significant item in the development of the state. Most of the time, law emerged in Russia for two and a half centuries, from 1597 to 1861, in two different forms. Skіlіkі on Vkіtі publіkue wikrittіv from the th drive! In the main, with her efforts to Russian literature, as she always gave me a moral challenge to power and criticism with excess, but not embellished. However, it requires vrahuvati scho zakrіpachennya rosіyskih villagers vіdbulosya in most kіntsі XVI stolіttya in viglyadі їh prikrіplennya to zemlі (in 1597 rotsі skasuvali їh right zmіnyuvati robotodavtsya) i tse spriymalosya todі yak Chastina neobhіdnogo for vsіh Orthodox sluhnyanostі: OOO Russian Federation, oboronyayuchis od bezlіchі vorogіv, vihodila up to their life we are important geopolitical frontiers, and even to sacrifice to serve the state, the bullets of crops are tied to everyone, from the villagers to the noblemen (the stench for the service was rejected by the tsars themselves)
The greatest improvement in our fundamental law was accepted by the "great Europeanizer" Peter I, and especially by Katerina II. Maetku became declining, before that there was a change in the rule of law, since in 1762 it was by the decree of Peter III, and instead of the Katerinin’s grateful gratitude to the nobility (1785), the nobles blamed against the power of the civil servant, from justice. It has become the very inheritance of the Europeanization of Russia by our monarchs-conquerors, in such an unfair view of the fact that the right back to Russia was introduced from the world of exploitation of the territory of Russia before new viglyadі. (In the Nimetsian lands, the growth of the capital law was completed in the 1810-1820s, and ended in 1848 until 1848. Thousands of them were scattered from the ground.)
It is a show that the Russian visliv "kryposne right" means the very attachment to the ground; for example, for example, a common German term Leibeigenschaft maє zovsim іnshy zmist: "the power of tila." (It's a pity, in the lexical vocabularies of the understanding of the understanding it is given as equivocal.)
At the same hour in Russia, the kripaks of mali no more than 280 working days on the river, they could go to the promises, they were trading, they started factories, taverns, fish boats and they themselves were not very small. Zvychayno, the encampment їkh is rich in what lay from the ruler. Throughout the life of Saltychikha, ale tse bulo pathologichesky viklyuchennya; The assistant Bula was convicted to the point of imprisonment.
I would like, even from the ear of the 19th century, the right in Russia to be weakened and small-scale skasuvannya, which expanded until 1861 to deprive one third of the villagers, the conscience of the Russian noblemen is more and more nudguval; Razmovy about yogo skasuvannya went on the cob of the nineteenth century. The villagers also respected their fallowness of the time, transferred it to Christian patience and admiration, - having risen in price in Russia, English. On food, which threw the most into the Russian peasant, the English replies: “Yogo coolness, tyranny and freedom ... Look at the new one: how can you be more powerful than this beast! Chi є і tin slave humiliation in your step and move? "(Notes of a visit to the Russian Church by the late W. Palmer. London, 1882).
So, in 1812 Napoleon was able to win, so that the Russian criminals would be able to see themselves as a visitor, ale away from the popular opir and conceived of the majestic recesses of the partisan corrals spontaneously created by the villagers ...
In the 19th century, the settlement of the krypakiv began to be pollinated: in 1803, the population of the small towns was opened on the basis of the law on "vilny chliborobiv," I am great for preparing a robot for swallowing up the fortunes of the State Mykola
Vikoristannya term "kriposne pravo" by opponents of collegial policy in the USSR
Some of the terms "attachment of peasants to the earth" and "kriposne right" (first, mabut, having defeated one of the leaders of the right-wing communes of Bukhara in 1928) live and according to the history of Russia to the state of the right system in -і the rock of the XX century, interconnected by freedom, the transfer of peasants, as well as the obov'yazkovі Food delivery (to its kind "rent") from collectives and to the robot on the state land (to its kind "panshchin") in the radospahs.
Let's try it out: hto skasuvav kriposne right. Chi pam'yataєte Vi, who first skasuvav the forte law in Russia and the world? Has our land followed European trends in food, and how great has it been?
Law of the Russian Federation
Cripple law in Russia was channeled in 1861 by Tsar Oleksandr II by the Manifest of the 19th fierce. For tse Oleksandr II otrimav prіzvizko "vizolitel". Most of the time, they were right to the point of being economically ineffective, failures in Krymskiy viyny, as well as growing villagers. Bagato historians assess the reform as a formal one, but not a victorious social-economic institute of slavery. The point is that the capital law in 1861 served as a deprivation of the preparatory stage until the real capital law was passed, as it stretched for ten years. The villagers themselves were fucked up, but the noblemen defied the will of the emperor in the "Manifesta about kasuvannya krіposnoy right" and "Provisions about peasants who go out from the vast fallowness". Nibito the emperor gave him the will, ale vona bula was changed by the nobles.
Skasuvannya kryposnogo right in Europe
Often in the context of those persuasion of the great right to speak about Great Britain. Dawn, in England until the 15th century, it became not formal, but rather real. The reason was the epidemic of plague in the middle of the 14th century, which ruined half of the population of Europe, as a result of which there were few working hands, and rinok pratsi appeared. Panshchina, a robot against the ruler, practically knew it. The same is true for France and Zakhidnoy Nimachchina. The fence on the work of the introduction in England in the birch in 1807, and in its colony, the won expanded the law in 1833.
Formally, the skasuvannya of the kryposny right was revised in the serpentine of 1789 by the French gentry to accept the decree "On the Subjection of Feudal Rights and Privileges" by the Revolutionary Institutional Laws. The minds of the fallow land were not accepted by the villagers, so, according to France, there was a lot of peasant protests.
On the 19th of 1861, slavery ended in Russia: Oleksandr II signed a manifesto about the killing of kripos law. Meduza asked the educational project InLiberty, which is important that day one of seven key dates in the history of Russia, to tell us about the law on the law.
Is Kriposne right - the essence of slavery?
So, yak is the minimum for bagatokh participants in the law. At the famous "Road from St. Petersburg to Moscow" Radishchev wrote: "Khliborobi and doteper between us rabbi; we are not aware of the spivgromadians in them, but the people are in them. "
Chi bulo krіposne right is similar to an American slave class? Do not call. The law is formally (but far from being dependent on practice) having seized the capital from the overworldly battles and violence of the master. Fortechni, in the name of the slaves, who were in the middle of the power of the master, took revenge for themselves, giving a part of their income - a pittance with products - to the owners of the land, to what kind of bully was covered.
The word "slavery" will be replaced by "krіpak camp" in an hour, and then - "to the peasants' nourishment." However, the truth is not minus - if a person can be bought or programmed in a picture, to describe his status it is not necessary to use folding words.
In the basis of fundamental law, there was no one law, but the deed was formed as a result, so deeply rooted in the visibility and everyday life of people, so that we could think of the necessary speeches for the bagatokh bulo even more smoothly. In addition, yogo bulo is so important to skasuvati. You can say that there is a lot of the right to inherit a specific situation with power in Russia: all the land belonged to the prince and the lunala in the capacity of wine for the whole civil service. The villagers, who lived and practiced on the whole land, closed (the word "kripak" itself began to resemble) after the ruler. The rest of the right went down to the middle of the 17th century - according to the Cathedral structure in 1649, the landowners of the land rejected the right to bezstrokov rozshuk vіkachіv. So the gentlemen appeared at the villagers.
The practice of selling peasants without land Laying it down has not yet been fixed, but the power of that hour did not have any need, nor was it necessary to change it. Already in the end of the 17th century of sales, the exchange of the gift of people became a priestly right.
How many people in Russia are you going to be bullied? Crippacs will only buy Russian empires, or can you buy African slaves?
Until 1861, the rock in Russia is 23 million krіpakіv. Buli and іnshі - "powers", fastened to the ground, which lay the execution, or "pomit", which lay the imperial homeland. For the tribute of the Revolution of 1857 to the rock, there were 29 million choloviks, and in all, three more than 60 million lived in the land. In some provinces of the capital, there are 70% more, like in Smolensk and Tula, in some of them there are no big ones (in Siberia there are about 4 thousand people).
The law does not regulate the volodinnya of black slaves, I want it seems that in aristocratic families in the 18th century it was fashionable for mothers of black servants. However, the oskilki juridically institute of "slavery" in the empire did not disappear; In the meantime, deyakі vikіdіtsі from Africa mali and the status of vіlny people. I know everything about the great-grandfather of Pushkin, the "arap" of Peter I, Abram Petrovich Hannibal, who served the tsar as a secretary and valet, and then attained to one of the other general ranks.
You can beat a big one - but there won't be anything? And what about family distribution? What about gvaltuvati?
Bittya krіpakіv bulo shvidshe in the order of speeches. The law was formally zaboronyav zhorstok povodzhennya s krіpakami, ale uryad curled on the line.
For three hours in Alizaveti Petrivnya, the nobles denied the right to punish krіpakіv, they dominated until Siberia, and the practice was expanded. In 1827-1846, the pomizchiki sent a number of thousands of people to Siberia. They were sent for the recruits, so that the one who will help you to “cleanse” your volodinnya will be quiet, if you don’t get it, and you don’t get involved with anything.
Tіlesnі punishment krіpakіv (especially flogging) bully is a widespread practice. The stars of the laws of 1832-1845 were made for the future, but for the time they may have gone wrong, the following were needed for the helpers: riots - up to 40 strokes, palits - up to 15 strokes, up to 2 months in the future and in the future roti for terms up to 6 months, as well as in recruitment and visibility on the basis of a checklist in the order of the international sovereign administration.
The state punished the supporters for the evil of the Lord and the villagers for disobedience on approximately the same scale - in the 1834-1845 rock in all Russia, 0.13% of the villagers were condemned and 0.13% were condemned from the out-of-the-way number of quiet people in the land.
I don’t want to pererakhovuvati rіznomomanіtni ways - to finish the tales, but in the middle of them - zґvaltuvannya, home katіvnya, home shooting range with a bezpossrednoy lot of krypakiv, tskuvannya dogs and so far. A little bit of extravagance and sadism will soon turn into vinyat. Here the great "successes" were approached by the assistant Darina Saltikova, they tortured dozens of krіpakіv in different ways. In the middle of the loving ones, they have been punished by whipping, doused with sprinkles, hot curling tongs for curling hair, virivannya hair, and also beaten by polіnom.
Katerina II showed her zrobiti from the right of Saltik's butt. The celebration was conducted by 138 young killed and tormented villagers, as if they brought 38 deaths into the hands of Saltikova. Virok wrote the Empress herself - for the public punishment at the ganebny stoop, Saltikov was placed in a monasteries, and she died, having spent 33 rockets in the connection.
Fortechnyi mіg being a rich people? How can you describe the life of an average krіpak? Chi mig win to himself wikupiti and by the way, be a krіpak?
The history of knowledge, butt the rozbagatilikh villagers. One of them is the author of the krіpak Mykola Shipov, who wrote his memoirs for himself (there is a great rіdkіst). Shipov Mav, judging from usyogo, we chimal with his talent: together with the villagers from his settlement Shipov transferred to the rent and went to the Bashkir steppes, to cupuvati and to kill the flocks of sheep. Tse brought yom such a return, but wien - at once with the villagers - proponuvav to the companion of the wilderness. Pan saw. Shipov zgaduvav:
“One time a helpmate, and with a squad, having arrived in our settlement. Call the villagers, donated in the Yuletide style, presented themselves with a bow and gifts; there and then there were women and girls, all virginal and adorned with pearls. The barina looked at everything in tsіkavіstu and then, turning to her cholovіk, said: "Our villagers have such fancy cloth and embellishments; mau but, it stinks as much, and it’s not easy to pay us a rent." Nedovgo think, pomіshchiv immediately zbіlshiv bag dues. Then it went until 110 rubles fell on the skin of the revisionist soul at once with the worldly vitrats. ace<игнациями>quitrent ".
The Sloboda, in which Shipov lives, paid the assistant 105 thousand rubles in asignats for rik. The price of the sum is great - for the prices of the ear of the 19th century, in an hour, about what kind of distribution of Shipov, you can buy a big one for 200-400 rubles in hryvnia signals (for 125 rubles Pushchin in a single hour for 12 rubles fee).
At the booklet "Talk about Russian culture" Yuriy Lotman suggest an episode from Mikoly Shipov's prompts and write:
“Tsikavo, however, the pragmatist is not a pragmatic style to its own zagachennya, but to a rozorennya villagers. Їх wealth of yogo dramatuє, і vin ready to go to the beatings for the sake of his own lordship and tyranny. Formerly, if Shipov later and sooner his "odyssey" of mandates across all Russia, due to the dermal outcome with superb energy and talent, he will know new ways to develop comradely trade in the Caucasus from scratch in the comradeship of the army, trade Kalmiks, then in Constantinople, tenacious either without a passport, or for a fragmented passport, - pan will literally get frustrated, rosy in the effort of the agents and the majestic pennies of our ever more dwindling resources.
In 1803 signed by Oleksandr I to the Decree about agricultural crops, the villagers were denied the right to buy from the households in whole villages and at once from the land. For an hour the king of Oleksandr I, the bulwark was laid 161 pleasures and almost 47 thousand particular cholovich stati, or less than 0.5% of the entire village population. For 39 years, from 1816 to 1854, 957 thousand people were taken away from freedom. As the historian Boris Mironov writes, during the first half of the 19th century, close to 10% of rural residents have been collectively and individually, according to the laws of law. In 1842-1846, in the period of the new modest attempts to legally settle the life of the crypts, the villagers denied the right to buy at will for the sake of a friend, so without that zgodi, however, in that case, it was like the Pansy's puppets were sold in Ukraine.
To what did the part of the suspension respect, how did it stand in the order of speeches? How can you get arguments? And the bully vipadki, why the villagers want to zalishatisya krіpakami?
On the other hand, rozmova about those who, on the contrary, the right is immoral and ineffective, should try to finish up early. Katerina II added a thought that a man cannot be a man, with Oleksandr I the discussion took even more obvious turn, and until the hour of the reign of Oleksandr II, the need for a basic right to be discussed in the same way was not summarized in the same way. The insha on the right - a hundred years of discussion about the picture did not lead to any definite results. Arguments here bulo kilka: і woeful unpreparedness of people for freedom, і economical folding to the process (it’s unclear, it’s unclear, for the villagers to take a penny for wikup), і size of the empire.
Vypadki zvsym chimeric logic. In 1803, Dmitro Buturlin, diplomat and volunteer, wrote: “But it’s just like father and brother, in that hour, as soon as the ruler and the found servant are seen, I should be cleaned up. Vilny rynok - the price of exchanging services for my pennies, and, having paid ice, I know that I will increase the calls from be-like crops, I will see everything, having announced. A fast-paced pleasure, how to pass, do not go overboard. There is no way for one of the parties, no reason for the past, no hope for the future. Our call is to command to viznavati for children servants, given to them fathers, - the axis to you and passed. Bezpechuvati іsnuvannya to old servants, but not to work elsewhere, - the axis and maybutn. All the kudi are great people and kind, not just a penny market. "
Until the middle of the 19th century, until the discussion of the imperial house and the liberal nobility, the secret police would turn on. In 1827 Mykola I initiated a political police policy for the emperor to send a message about the country in the country. As you read it, it’s good to see, it’s good to see how it’s the speed of the “village food” that was changing in the middle of the high-rise Russian bureaucracy:
- Rik 1827. Among the villagers, there is a circle of prophets and prophets: the stench is checking its visitor, like the Heavenly Messiah, and they gave him the name of Metelkin. The stench seems to be like me: "Pugachov is lyakav panіv, and Metelkin is in place їkh."
- Rik 1839. Razmovy the head of one ti w: the king wants, so boyars resist. On the right it is not safe, і prikhovuvati tsyu not safe bulo b zochin. The common people are not the same as they were 25 years before the cim.<…>Vzagalі krіpаstvo є powdery lioh before power ...
- 1847 rik. ... The main subject of peace in all suspensions of the bule is nezosulya in the sense that your greatness is not unchallenged to give freedom to people. Tsia has settled in all the camps of the fight, which, in the form of a rapacious war of the current order of speeches, will not subdue, confuse and bring the very riot among the villagers.
- Rik 1857. The noblemen of the bereaved, the writers and the people of the ages ... all of them glorify the thought about the abolition of the law. The stench to bring - and it’s justly, - that the camp of the big people є the country is not natural, opposed to the mind and Christianity, that the people in slavery cease to be human and to be afraid of ricchu ...
The peasant reform is called "flawed" and one of the changes in the revolution is to be found. What is it in n_y bulo sbitkovy? Tse vzagali good reform chi nasty?
The Manifest and the "Provisions about the peasants" granted freedom to the special person, and they became compromising (and half-frequent) results of the more frequent work on the bill of the provincial committees, specially adopted by the Head Editing Committee for such regional and regional, but for the most part, the robot was included in one comic, which from the cob thought went down in many names).
The reform was respected for tsarist Russia, even if it was uncontrollable: the big men in the process were getting more and more people with bright, ideological views - Oleksandr II was very important, because the initiative of reforming the court was not coming from now So won and resigned: March 30, 1856 fate, standing in front of the provincial vatazhki of the Moscow nobility, Oleksandr vpervayutsya to infuse a thought: “Slightly rush about, how I want to give freedom to the villagers; it is unfair, if you can say everything to the right and to the left; Even more so than the villagers and their companions, dashingly, іsnu, and from all sorts of things - even a few vipadkіv will not subdue to pomіshchіv. I perekonnij, scho early to be guilty to come. I think, as you have one thought with me, it’s more beautiful, more beautifully, how it comes from above, below from below ”.
This is how the reform can be started - not all the way from below, just as much as possible: the role of reform initiators will be taken on by the Lithuanian noblemen, often by the emperor himself through the governor-general of Vilensk Volodymyr Nazimov. On the 20th of leaf fall, 1857, the emperor sent a rescript to Nazimov, allowing the nobility to start working on projects "about devices and polishing, I will beat the helpers of the villagers,"
The laws of the 19th fierce 1861 gave the villagers the basic civil rights and made them all of the humiliating special fallowness of the helpers. It’s a simple matter for the reformers to know about land allotment. Transferred, the villagers can wipe out the land, having lost 49 rockets from the state to 6% of the population. Ale, before the transition to the Wikup, the kolishny krypaks were respected by the "time-consuming workers", so that, by the day, they "rented" the land from the pomp and paid for it for a fee from the viglyadi of the landlady, or a quitrent. Moving to the Wikup land, occupying a total of more than 20 years - from 1883, the team lost their time, they were mainly transferred to the Wikup Primusovo.
The situation was given to me by those who, having come from the Manifesto of 1861, came from the peasants, the peasants were overwhelmed by the "deposits" from the village community, as it regulated the state's overpayment, often overpaying.
The ability to cut off the land for the sake of a special authority and to surrender it to your children during the recession has brought it even more - to the law of the 14th day of 1910. fate.
Chi Bula reform of "trash" or "good"? Singingly, it is possible to have a more correct process with a greater exact result, but one thing is obvious: after 19 fierce people, it is no longer possible to sell and buy - and at the same time a head bag. It seems that the remaining villagers were struck in 1974, since they were given passports for the first time, it seems that the reform and the disagreement were the changes of the revolution of 1917, but it’s all right, but it’s just a cob , if slavery was eaten away in Russia.
Meduza and InLiberty are consulted by Igor Khristoforov, professor of the All-Russian School of Economics and Senior Associates of the Prinstonian University, and the senior scientific adviser of NDU Higher School of Economics Olena Korchmin