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What is vibukh? Understand this classification of vibukhs. Vibukhov's speech and vibration-unsafe objects Parameters of vibukhov's speech

atomic nucleus. Nuclear vibration of foundations on the particularity of boundaries

They are isotones of important elements, uranium and luthonium to the point where the nuclei of the output speech are separated, creating nuclei of more light elements. When all the nuclei are divided into 50 g of uranium or plutonium, the same amount of energy is released as during the detonation of 1000 tons of trinitrotoluene.

Thermonuclear vibrations

There is another type of nuclear reaction - the reaction to the synthesis of light nuclei, which is accompanied by a large amount of energy.

ii. The forces of addition of identical electric charges (all nuclei carry an additional electric charge) do not interfere with the fusion reaction, so for effective nuclear wrapping of this type of nucleus it is necessary to have high energy. Such washes can be heated to very high temperatures. The synthesis process that results in high temperatures is called thermonuclear reaction. During the synthesis of nuclei, deuterium (isotone water 2H) produces almost three times more energy than the same mass of uranium. The temperature required for synthesis is reached during nuclear vibration of uranium or luthonium.

In this way, if you place in one and the same device the liquid that is divided, and the isotonic water, then a synthesis reaction can occur, the result of which will be a vibration of great force -

thermonuclear vibration.

2. 1.4. Vibukha at the middle

The vibrations disperse in different middles. It is important to note that the nerve energy of the vibrations is divided into:

vibration vibration - the vibration of the charge in the gas without breaking surfaces;

underground vibration - vibration of the charge in the ground;

nunderwater vibration - vibration of the charge near the water;

ground vibrator - vibrator charge on the surface of the ground (no

Verkhivkovy).

Dіya vibukha lie in the characteristics of the middle and minds of its development, such as depth (height) under or above the cordon

half of the phases

Section 2. Vibuhi in

Povitryani vibuhi

When there is a vibration in the wind, the products of the vibration collapse following the impact

hvilya,< nодпитывая >її. Then the nature of the shock wave means

with a reserve of energy transferred by the products to the vibration during the process

expanded

For the expansion of the over-excess vice, numerical values ​​are used

no methods,

What to insure a warehouse for firewood (individually

nya rechovina or sumish flammable rechovins), mistse vibuhu (vіdkrite

open or close the area) etc. As an illustrator

This is the method for selecting an over-excess vice for winding

them vibukhiv behind the formula M.A. Sadovsky:

0.084 - r - + 0.27

t – weight of TNT equivalent of vibukhovaya rech, kg;

r - stand up to the center of the vibration, m

We are more familiar with the methods of breaking up such vibrations.

in section 3.

Underground Vibukha

When there is an underground vibration, there is a transfer of external energy

The middle way is warming up with the warmth that is visible. There are roses all over the ground

marvel at the heat and shock power.

The peculiarity of the underground bulge is its great thickness

Soil, which is three orders of magnitude greater in thickness of the surface.

Shock ridge in the ground, at the edge of the shock ridge in the wind,

It is not stable, because it catches on the impact path

The soil has a varied structure (soil, rocks

Underground bulges and controlled bulges. For-

depending on the depth of placement of the charge in the ground, it is customary to separate:

camouflage underground vibukh;

underground vibration with a view to the ground.

The peculiarities of such vibrations lie in the attack:

with a camouflage vibration there is no cracking of the ground

channel (wikipedia into the atmosphere);

When there is an underground vibration, the soil is exposed to a crack

tion of the soil bath and the creation of the virvi vikidu.

Underwater vibrations

During an underwater vibration, at the moment of detonation, the shock wave begins to expand on the surface. Following

collapses like a shock between the floors and food products

this and water. When the water becomes empty with gas-like

detonation products that generate colossal energy.

de G R - mass of charge of the vibukhovaya speech (VR), kg; stand in front of the BP charge to the guarding point, m.m.

2.2. Vipadkovi vybukha

U Depending on the reasons why vibrations occur, a division has been made between controlled and uncontrolled vibrations.

Controlled vibrations use vicor for more economical

so many people. Most often, such vibrations are used to control hysterical problems, in seismic frosts, during underground activities

Forget it, for military purposes. The parameters of vibration control are strictly regulated in accordance with regulatory documents.

Uncontrolled vibrations are surprised, so they don't

they sound like crazy.

The term “various bulges” includes a wide range of bulges, and

The skin of newbies in some of its manifestations appears different from others.

The causes of such vibrations are most often the combustion process. Types of bulges are created:

when preparing, storing, transporting flammable materials, pouring out unsafe liquids;

disruption of technological regimes, breakdown of equipment.

Most often, vibrations occur in chemical and naphtha refining plants. noi industry, with the flow of natural gas, etc.

Classification of congenital bulges

Vibrant bulges are formed in the soil, the skin of which becomes wrinkled.

Types of bulges are divided into:

on vibrations of gases, steam and n or in closed spaces without excessive pressure;

bulges of vessels with gas under a vice;

bruises caused to mountain people;

bulges of containers with unbroken plains;

vibuhi neobmezhenih hmar para;

physical (natural) vibrations and etc.

2.2. 1. Vibuchi of steam and saw in closed

Such bumps, as a rule, are caused by inadequacy of possession. The bedroom flows into the fence, when it mixes with the winds and creates a flammable mixture, which comes into contact with the already looming fumes.

The vibuhi are trapped in the live booths when the gas is flowing. As a result, the flames become more and more accelerated, leading to overheating and significant damage.

The butt of the explosion of flammable gases and gases is a disaster that occurred on February 26, 2006. in the city of Angarska at the varnish and pharmaceutical production plant.

The widest bulge is the bulge. Vibrations or in a closed space may cause more serious problems than the vibrations of vapors and gases. This is explained by the fact that nari and gases are like toni

They started vikorism quite recently. Vibukhas are used to appear at boiler houses, at chemical industry enterprises,

in the pharmaceutical industry, coal mines, and mining enterprises.

A vibration or in a closed relationship can lead to catastrophic consequences.

Almost all organic or inorganic or metallic substances burn in the open air and can cause vibrations.

high concentration of sawdust in closed spaces (reactor areas, furnace units, pipelines, etc.);

spontaneously ignited the saw.

In order for the saw blade to swell, such a concentration of the saw is necessary, which is typical for the surface of the clay and

The dilution of the light becomes approximately 0.2 m. Similar glooms, like

As a rule, they are blind, and the concentration saw in them is more bearable for my people. Such washes can only be reached in the middle of the pipe.

carrying out and special possession, then in closed affairs. Vibuhi drank slowly until spontaneous engagement. Vospla

The change occurs as a result of combustion (spark, hot fire, etc.) at the lower or upper concentration limits.

butt. Let's take a look at the typical sequence of the saw. Initially, there is a slight bulge in the placement and installation part. Then the saw and vibration arise from the shock wave, which creates a vibration. This leads to the fact that the saw ball, which is located in the container, rises in the wind. This drank and burned for a strong other vibration, which calls for the main ruin.

In another typical situation, the saw blade begins to smolder or through spontaneous combustion, for example, when the saw ball covers a hot area of ​​the equipment (electric motor casing, electric lamp body). The roboticist, having identified the furnace's rot, tries to cure it either with a chemical igniter or with a jet of water. This leads to the fact that the saw is scattered and a cloud is created with a great amount of saw, part of which burns. Bring the furnace to the boil.

For vibrations of the saw in the area, as well as for vibrations of gases and vapors, it is typical to have two boundary drops. I'll close

Therefore, for small installations, adjust the diameter to the diameter (Ljd = \) to ensure that a simple vise is applied to the frame of the over-excess vice. In structures with high-performance Ljd, the acceleration of half-life can occur even to the point of detonation fluidity. In this case, the collapse is of a local nature and appears to be quite serious. The tricks can scatter as much as possible, and the outer vibukhova hvilya can be even stronger.

Vibukh is a broader physical phenomenon that has played a significant role in many people. They can destroy and destroy, and also carry destruction, protecting people from threats such as an asteroid attack. Vibukhs compete for their nature, and the nature of the process of the stench will become ruinous. This is the strength of her head.

The word "vibukh" is familiar to everyone. However, the nutrition about those who are vibrated can only be explained by the fact that this word is taken into account. Physically vibrated - this is a process of extremely liquid energy and gases in a relatively small space.

The force of expansion (thermal or mechanical) of gas or other substances, for example, when a grenade is released, creates an impact zone (high pressure zone), which can generate destructive force.

In biology, a rapid and large-scale biological process (for example, a fluctuation in numbers, a fluctuation in species creation) is at stake. Well, in the end, food about those who are also vibrated should be included in the subject of investigation. However, as a rule, the most classic vibulation is visible under him, which is what will happen in the future.

Classification of vibukhs

Vibes can cause changes in nature, tension. Available in various media (including vacuum). Based on their nature, vibrations can be divided into:

  • physical (bumped bag, burst, etc.);
  • chemicals (for example, vibing TNT);
  • nuclear and thermonuclear vibrations.

Chemical leaks can occur in solid, rare or gas-like substances, as well as in airy suspensions. The main reasons for such vibrations are oxidative reactions of the exothermic type, or exothermic reactions of the unfolded type. The butt of a chemical weapon hit a grenade.

Physical bulges occur whenever the seal of containers containing liquid gas or other liquids that are under pressure is damaged. They may also be caused by thermal expansion of liquids or gases in the storage of a solid body with further damage to the integrity of the crystalline structure, which leads to a sharp deterioration of the object and causes the bulging effect.

Pushing on the bulge

The strength of the bulges can vary: from the initial hump, through a blown bag or a firecracker that has burst, to the giant cosmic bulges of new stars.

The intensity of the vibration depends on the amount of energy and fluidity seen. The energy of a chemical vibration is assessed by such indicators as the amount of heat seen. The amount of energy during physical vibration is determined by the amount of kinetic energy of the adiabatic expansion of vapors and gases.

Technogenic vibrations

In the industrial industry, unsafe objects are not uncommon; such types of vibrations as wind, ground and internal (in the middle of technical disputes) can occur. When coal mines are formed, it is not uncommon for methane to leak out, especially in deep coal mines, for which reason there is a lack of ventilation. Moreover, various coal seams are produced in place of methane, which is why there is a lot of unsafety in the mines. Methane leaks are a big problem for the deep mines of Donbass, which will require increased control and monitoring of its emissions in the mines.

Vibration-unsafe objects - these are containers with liquefied gas or steam that are under pressure. Also military warehouses, containers with ammonium nitrate and many other objects.

The effects of vibration on the plant may be untreated, although tragic, among which the leading place is occupied by a possible type of chemicals.

Zastosuvannya vibukhіv

The effect of congestion has long been exploited by mankind for various purposes, which can be divided into peaceful and civil society. At the first episode, it is necessary to create straight vibukhs for the reconstruction of the waterways, which will contribute to the collapse of the rivers, with the appearance of a butt of brown copalins, in the city. This results in a significant reduction in labor costs and the necessary implementation of assigned tasks.

Vibuch's river is a chemical mixture, because under the influence of singing minds, which are easily accessible, it enters into a vigorous chemical reaction, which leads to a sudden increase in energy and high acidity of the gas. Due to its nature, the vibration of such a speech is similar to a mountain, but it flows through with great fluidity.

External actions that can provoke vibrations are as follows:

  • mechanical actions (for example, blow);
  • a chemical component that is added to the vibukhovy region of other warehouses, which provokes the cob of the vibukhov reaction;
  • temperature action (heating the vibrator or burning sparks on it);
  • detonation due to excessive vibration.

Stage of reaction to external actions

The stage of reaction of the vibukha speech to any influx of vinyakov is individual. Thus, all types of gunpowder easily burn when heated, but become inert under the influence of chemical and mechanical infusions. TNT vibrates due to the detonation of other vibrational substances, and is not very sensitive to other factors. Ominous mercury is present in all types of infusions, and the liquids of the vibrator can vibrate spontaneously, which makes such warehouses even unsafe and unsuitable for vigor.

How the Vibuch speech detonates

The different vibrated speeches vibrate in different ways. For example, gunpowder is characterized by a reaction of rapid engagement with the visible energy over a long period of time. Therefore, it is necessary to consult with the military authorities to give fluidity to cartridges and projectiles without rupturing their shells.

With another type of vibration (detonation), the vibration reaction expands along the line due to supersonic fluidity and is the cause. This leads to the fact that the energy is visible for a very short period of time and with great fluidity, so the metal capsules burst in the middle. This type of vibration is typical of such careless vibrations, such as hexogen, TNT, amonite, etc.

Tipi Vibukhova Rechovin

The peculiarities of sensitivity to external influxes and indicators of vomiting tension allow us to divide vomiting sounds into 3 main groups: metallic, inoculating and blasting. Various types of gunpowder are brought to the metal ones. This group includes low-pressure vibrator bags for firecrackers and fireworks. The military uses them for the production of illumination and signal flares, as a source of energy for cartridges and projectiles.

The peculiarity of the vocal cords that initiate is their sensitivity to external factors. At the same time, they have low Vibuch tension and thermal vision. Therefore, they are used as a detonator for blasting and metal vibrators. To turn off the self-propelling agent, it is important to pack them carefully.

Blazing vibukh speeches cause the greatest vibukh pressure. Stinks are used as fillings for bombs, shells, mines, rockets, etc. The most dangerous ones are hexogen, tetryl, ten. Mensh with a tight vibukh speech is TNT and plastid. Among the most pressing - ammonium nitrate. Blazing speeches with a high vibrating tension swell and are more sensitive to new infusions, which makes them even more unsafe. Therefore, they are used in combinations with less intense or other components, which lead to decreased sensitivity.

Parameters of Vibuch speech

It is necessary to evaluate the obligations and the fluidity of energy and gas distribution in all words based on such parameters as brisance and explosiveness. Brisiness characterizes the fluidity of energy that flows into the riverine sounds of the vibukhina.

Explosiveness means the amount of gases and energy released, and therefore the amount of work vibrating during an hour.

The leader in both parameters is hexogen, which is the most unsafe vodka.

Well, we tried some tips for food about those who also vomited. We also looked at the main types of vibukhs and methods of classifying vibukhs. We hope that, having read this article, you have rejected the secret statements about those who are also vibing.

Secret news about the vibration

Vibuh is a continuous process of physical and chemical transformations of substances, which is accompanied by a significant amount of energy in the interconnected relationship, as a result of which the shock wave is created and expanded, which gives shock mechanical infusion onto unnecessary objects.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBUKHA:

The speed of chemical transformation of vibukhovs is great;
a large number of gas-like products vibukha;
strong sound effect (gurkit, buzzing sound, noise, strong sound);
It's hard to crush what to crush.

Depends on the middle, in which vibrations arise and stench arises underground, above ground, above ground, underwater and above water.

The scale of the inheritance of vibrations depends on the severity of the environment in which the stench is generated. The radii of the storm zones during the hour of vibrations can cover many kilometers.

There are three zones of the vibration.

3won I- Zone of detonation action. It is characterized by an intense action that crushes, as a result of which the structure collapses on the edges, which scatter with great fluidity towards the center of the vibrator.

Zone II- Area where products are vibuhu. She has an outward growth of the buds and spores under the action of the products of the bulge, which expands. At the outer boundary of the shock zone, the structure that is being created is absorbed by the products of the bulge and collapses on its own towards the center of the bulge. Having absorbed their energy, the products of the vibuhu, expanding to a thickness that indicates atmospheric pressure, can no longer carry out a ruinous action.

Zone III- zone of the affected area - includes three zones: III a - strong damage, III b - medium damage, III c - weak damage. At the outer boundary of the 111 zone, the shock wave appears in the sound as it is felt at significant distances.

DIYA VIBUKHU ON BUDINKI, SPORUDI, OBLADNANNYA .

The most common products that suffer from vibration and shock are those of great size with light structures that can be carried, which significantly rise above the surface of the earth. Underground and buried in the ground, structures with rigid structures may be very supportive until they collapse.

The ruins are divided into high, strong, middle and weak.

Renovation. The ceilings of the vessels and vessels were collapsed and all the main supporting structures were destroyed. Renewal is impossible. Equipment, mechanization techniques and other equipment do not support modernization. In utility and energy lines there are ruptured cables, collapsed sections of pipelines, supports of overhead power lines, etc.

Severely ruined. In the buildings and structures there are significant deformations of the load-bearing structures, a large number of ceilings and walls have been constructed. Renewal is possible, but ineffective, the fragments can practically be reduced to a new everyday life with the help of other structures that have been preserved. Possession and mechanisms of greater construction and deformation.

Utility and energy lines have ruptures and deformations on adjacent plots of underground lines, deformations of overhead power lines and connections, and ruptures of process pipelines.

Middle ruins. In booths and spores, it is important not to construct the supports, but to other row structures (light walls, partitions, porches, windows, doors). There may have been cracks in the outer walls and in nearby areas. The refurbishment and cellars are not damaged, some of the spores are available before exploitation. Utility and energy lines have significant damage and deformation of elements that can be repaired by major repairs.

Weak ruins. In buildings and spores, part of the internal partitions, windows and doors were constructed. Installation may cause significant deformation. Utility and energy lines have minor damage and breakdowns of structural elements.

Secret news about pozhezhu

POZHEZHA TA YOGO VINIKNENNYA .

It is also called the uncontrolled furnace that produces material surpluses for the life and health of the people, the interests of the kingdom and the state.

The essence of the mountain was closed 1756 rub. the great Russian scientist M.U. Lomonosov. Their evidence shows that the fire is a chemical reaction of the combination of burning liquid with the sourness of the wind. In order for the combustion process to proceed, there are necessary steps think about it:

The presence of combustible waste (in addition to combustible waste that accumulates in the production processes, and combustible materials that are exposed in the interior of residential and large buildings, means the number of combustible waste and combustible material and be placed in structures of budivel);
the presence of an oxidizer (cause of oxidation in the mountainous rivers there is a sourness in the air; in addition, oxidizers can be chemical agents that remove the sourness from the storage of molecules: saltpeter, perchlorate, nitric acid, nitrogen oxides and x Chemical elements: fluorine, bromine, chlorine);
the presence was interesting (the open fire of candles, sirens, igniters, a lot of sparks).

The star shows that you can probably get drunk if you turn off one of the first two minds from the fire zone.

The possibility of fire burning in the containers and spores and especially increased fire in them depends on any details, design and materials of Vikonian, their dimensions and layout. As can be seen from diagram 2, the groups of busyness of speech and materials are divided into:

on non-flammable words, unnatural fires;
on important flammable words, building fires under the influx of fire are fired, and non-building fires burn spontaneously after its release;
on flammable words, building fires after burning fire:
a) important occupiers, burn the buildings under the pressure of the fire;
b) easy-to-occupy buildings, burn them from a short-hour surge of low-energy ignition jets (sparks, sparks).

The impact of the shock injury to the bulge causes the destruction and deterioration of the salvage wheel, dry warehouse, waste water, bonding elements, signaling equipment, salvage water supply and other elements of the engineering and technical complex ( ITK)* health transport.

Yakisny Stan The construction of ITC elements in the areas of critical situations is assessed by the following stage of reconstruction: full, strong, averageі weak.

Renovation are characterized by collapses or collapses of all or most of the load-bearing structures, capital walls, severe deformation or collapses of inter-surface and pedestal slabs, bridge purlins. With this, the tricks were created and the ruins were created. The main elements of the salvage chain are constantly going out of tune. A dry warehouse, wheeled vehicles, station equipment and equipment do not support modernization.

The destruction of machine elements, the ruined warehouse and the construction of parts of spores is impossible.

Severely ruined are characterized by the collapse of part of the capital and most other walls of the building, deformation of the purlins of the bridges, most of the supports of the contact barrier and power lines. Renewal of the salivary colony and spores is possible, but ineffective, the fragments can practically be reduced to a new life with selected elements and structures that have been preserved. Technical and transport conditions do not allow for repairs, and further parts may be damaged during repairs.

Middle ruins are characterized by the collapse of other row elements (internal partitions, windows, windows), the appearance of cracks in the walls, collapse of the mountain slabs and adjacent sections of the upper surfaces. In the future, the rubble will not be cleared, but around the cracks the structure can be thrown up on a special stand. The salivary track eliminates deformation. Deformation around the elements of bridge purlins, around the power transmission line supports, contact lines and tie lines. Possible renewal of waste, spores, dry storage, transport and other technical means with vicors major and medium repairs.

Weak ruins will be characterized by the renovation of the smallest structures: window and door panels, light partitions, roofing. The product exhibits minor deformations of other row elements. Renewal of spores, spores, dry warehouses and equipment in-line repair.

In connection with this, in the case of repeated and strong ruins, disputes and technical features are not renewed, in pre-modern data and developments there are often only three stages of ruin - strong, medium and weak.

When these same shock parameters are injected into the bulge of various elements of the VTK, the stage of their destruction will be different due to their different physical resistance.

Under physical resistance It is important to understand the importance of resisting the influx of external pressures in a superordinate situation. This reality is dependent on the extent to which it depends on dimensions, design and other parameters, but not on any external factors. Such parameters, for example, include: rigidity of the structure, visibility of the foundation, fastening of elements and other values; material; mass and position in the center of gravity; dimensions of elements and configuration; support area; stand between the supporting parts and the other.

For example, in these very modern conditions, the greatest ruins are made up of large surface living buildings without a frame with walls, panels and blocks to carry them. The greatest importance is for massive industrial facilities with a metal frame and internal crane equipment of great importance, for which the columns are lashed, so that the structure will be more rigid no matter what.

The high external vantagement is visible from the upper frame of the slide, which has a rigid structure (connection of the ballast ball, sleepers and slats), slightly raised above the surface of the ground and a small coefficient of aerodynamic support.

Among different types of moldy dry warehouse, the greatest resistance to the influx of new pressures in case of bulges may be due to the lack of platform (small size with significant weight), the impact of the tank (small factor of aerodynamic support) and locomotives. The least resistant are passenger cars and critical empty vans (large dimensions and relatively low weight).

An equal assessment of the durability (behind the stages of restoration) of the ITC elements under vibrations is carried out with additional assistance a single pressure indicator - the value of the excess pressure at the front of the impact blade


The primary factor in a collapsed spore is an extreme pressure at the front of the wounded shock spine. ΔР f, and the vice of the Swedish vice ΔР ck(subject to additional data about the stage of the collapse of disputes for certain values ΔР f), then the resistance of the spore is insured against the pressure of the Swedish pressure ΔР ck. Rozrahunkov's meanings ΔР ck follow the formula (3.1) or the graph (Fig. 3.3) ΔР f, which makes it possible to improve the resistance of spores and to determine the level of their destruction from the results of a single indicator ΔР f, (The levels of spore resistance are presented in section 8.)

The nature of the stowage stage of the spore structure depending on the size of the over-excess vice at the front of the shock spine ΔР f You can have views in the graph (Fig. 3.7).

To assess the supportability of the spores and the structures of the shock spine, it is necessary to know them between durability - the limiting value of the excess pressure at the front of the damaged shock spine, when any functioning of the spores and devices is transferred, it is impossible.

Small 3.7. The nature of the laying of the stage of rotation depending on the size of the over-excess vise at the front of the impact blade:

I – zone of weak Ruinuwan; II – zone of middle ruins; III – zone of strong ruins; IV – zone of rural areas; - between the resistance of the sporudi;

The radius of operation is the distance from the center of the bulge, at which the limit of resistance is numerically higher


Between stability elements of the VTK are accepted lower boundary between middle ruins(On the singing part in front of the center of the bulge) (Fig. 3.7).

The sense of the designated site is that, in zone I - weak ruins (Fig. 3.7), the situation requires continuous repairs, and timely repairs are possible due to significant demarcations.

Once there is a shift between the resistance of the sporud (it falls to zone II) and further vicorization of the sporud becomes impossible without major repairs.

Thus, between the stability and the stage of transformation of the elements of the ITK, they are often characterized by limiting values ΔР f, For the main spores and structures of the salivary transport, the values ​​are indicated in the table. 3.3.

Assigned in the table. 3.3 intervals with minimum and maximum values ​​of the overpressure that characterize the first stage of construction, there are possible changes in the structure of the spores and the position of the spores directly widening the front of the shock spine.

For wet and dry warehouses, see table. 3.3 is aimed at the fall, if the front of the shock spine expands perpendicular to the axis of the road and the side side of the dry warehouse (the highest option). With a wider impact pressure along the axis of the slick wheel, the dry warehouse is vitrified by an over-pressure vice (pressurized pressure) 1.5-2 times greater than the table values, and the slick wheel is squeezed out more strongly and further collapsed in mainly within the radius of the funnel.

In the table 3.3 the value of the vice at the front of the shock shaft, which triggers the first stage of destruction, aimed at nuclear vibration. It is important that the new stage of the shock hull from the nuclear vibhu and the VM vibukh, GVP and UVG is in place, since the pressure at the front of the shock hull of these vibukhno-safe vents is approximately 1.5 times greater than the vise at the front of the nuclear shock wave.(For VM, GVP and UVG, the tabular data will increase by 1.5 times).

In place of economic objects, which place, as a rule, elements of the same type - which were found at the objects of the health industry (transport containing various types of disputes and devices,

What ensures the movement of trains and may have unequal stability. Therefore, at salvage transport facilities in the zone of emergency vibrations, it is impossible to see the hidden zones of high, strong, medium and weak collapses. For cutaneous sporuds, these zones have their own dimensions.

    Enter

    Vibukh. Classification of vibukhs

    Features of vibrations

    Visnovok

    Vikorystuvana literature

Enter

Supernatural situation (NS) - the state or situation in the singing territory, which resulted from an accident, catastrophe, accident, natural disaster or other hardship that can cause or has already caused human casualties, harm the health of people or the natural environment , significant material expenses, destruction of the minds of the normal life of people.

In most cases, man-made accidents are associated with an uncontrolled, fleeting release of speech or energy into too much space. Mimovilnaya energy can lead to industrial vibrations, and speech – to vibrations, burning and chemical congestion into excessive middle ground.

There are different classifications of superordinate situations. Most often, the nature of the origin (genesis) of the superordinate situation is chosen as the basis for the classification. Based on the nature (sphere) of guilt, all NS can be mentally divided into the following great groups:

    Technogenic NS related to incidents with technical objects or technological processes (radioactive leaks, accidents at chemical unsafe objects, fires and vibrations, collapse of building structures, transport accidents etc. what), that number anthropogenic NS caused by the negative influx of people themselves on the technosphere (Pomilkov and the unfortunate actions of operators, dispatchers, pilots, drivers, etc.)

    Natural NS, associated with the influx of natural phenomena of physical nature (again, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.) on people and dovkilla, as well as biological NS ta environmentally friendly NS.

    Social NS, associated with large-scale developments in the succession and power (wars, violent conflicts, conflicts on the inter-ethnic and inter-religious basis, etc.)

    Combined NS, which may reveal, initiate the nature of different types of knowledge groups of NS.

In these robots, we will only look at a small group that belongs to man-made NS.

Vibukh. Classification of vibukhs.

Vibukh - the process of a liquid, uncoated physical and chemical transformation of the system, which is accompanied by the transfer of potential energy to mechanical work. The mechanical work, which operates during the vibration, is equipped with liquid expanded gases or steam, regardless of whether the smell arose before the vibration or disappeared during the vibration. The vibration process can be based on both physical (ruin of the vessel with compressed gas or overheated medium) and chemical transformations (detonation of condensed liquid, or combustion of gas fumes). The most obvious sign of a bulge is a sharp squeeze in the middle, which indicates the creation of a shock wave that spreads throughout the deck in front of the bulge.

In case of chemical vibrations, the liquids can be solid, rare, gas-like, as well as aerial suspensions of combustible liquids (rare and solid) in the oxide medium (often in the air). Solid and rare vibukhovy rechubs are classified as condensed vibukhovy rechs (VR). When swelling occurs in these fluids, exothermic oxide-hydrogen reactions or thermal decomposition reactions with thermal energy proceed with great fluidity. Gas-like liquids are homogeneous mixtures of flammable gases (vapors) with gas-like oxidizers - water, acid, chlorine, etc.

Physical vibration is most often caused by uncontrolled release of potential energy of compressed gases from closed circuits of machines and devices. The force of the compressed or reduced gas lies in the internal vise, and the collapse is caused by the shock of the gas, which expands (steam), and fragments of the tank, which rupture.

The parameters that indicate the thickness of the bulge are the energy of the bulge and the fluidity of its appearance. The energy of a vibration is determined by the physico-chemical reactions that occur in different types of vibrations. For steam-gas media, the energy of vibration is represented by the heat of combustion of combustible streams from the heat of the wind; condensed explosives due to the heat that is seen during detonation (explosion reaction); during physical vibrations of systems with compressed gases and overheated cores - due to the energy of adiabatic expansion of steam-gas media and overheating of the core.

In the vibrator minds, the following main types of vibrations are possible: strong vibrations, ground vibrations, vibrations at the immediate vicinity of the object, as well as vibrations in the middle of the object (viral spores).

When there is a wind vibration, the impact spherical quill reaches the earth's surface and is knocked out of it. At the singing position in front of the epicenter of the bulge (the projection of the center of the bulge onto the earth's surface), the front of the broken spine merges with the front of the falling one, which is the result of which the so-called head of the spine is created, with a vertical front that widens in to the epicenter of the earth's surface.

The nature of the impact shock during a ground vibration (behind the boundaries of the field) is consistent with the far zone of the impact vibration. In this way, both in wind and ground vibrations, you can see the wind shock ridge, which is expanding towards the epicenter with a vertical front. When the impact wheel approaches the breaking point, it is knocked out and a galvanization of the wind mass is created, which collapses, which leads to the excess pressure being advanced 2 ... 8 times.

After the coarse interaction with the crossbar, the shock wheel begins to roll around it and, under the pressure, begins to wear down the side and the rear surfaces of the crossbar. There is nothing visible at the tight end from the sides, so that the greatest pressure is placed on the front part of the crossbar.

The copying of technological objects without any risk of safety is carried out using the indicator values ​​Q = (16.534) -1 * E 1/3.

Energy equivalent of vibukh TNT W=E/4520 kg de E total energy of vibukh.

Based on these indicators, technological objects are divided into three categories:

A bulge in the middle of an object is characterized by the fact that gravity flows into the object in the middle. When there is a vibration in the middle of the object, which is partially filled, the local area of ​​the vibukhno-safe cloud is poured onto the remains of the bulge. In the final case of the heirs of the vibukhs in the middle there is a lot of placement, which means the maximum possible overpressure of the vibukh ∆p, which can be carried out in such a relationship:

∆р = WZ p0 H T 1/K H N 0 C B p B V C K ,

De W-mass of burning gas, vapor of PLHIV or a flammable saw, which is the most reliable in the volume of accommodation, kg; Z-coefficient of participation of fire in vibuhu; p 0 - atmospheric pressure, which is more than 101 kPa; N t - the warmth of the burning speech that has found its place; K n - the coefficient of insurance is the leakage of the location (accepted as an equal third); T 0 - temperature in the room (can be taken as 293K); Z - heat capacity of the wind (can be taken as equal to 1.01 kJ/(kg*K)); r in - thickness of the coating (can be taken equal to 1.2 kg/m 3); V s - free space, m 3; K=k B t+1-coefficient, which is the risk of emergency ventilation in the premises (k B -return rate in the premises, s -1; t-hour of detection of unsafe vents in the premises, s ).

Features of vibrations

The vibrations of the systems of the moved vise are accompanied by a spill of forces. Up to 60% of the expansion energy of gases is spent on the processes of kinetic energy, and 40% on the molded shock coil. In case of vibrations, most fragments (up to 80%) are scattered with a winder of 200 m, a minority (20%) with a winder of up to 1000 m, around the edges they can be scattered with a winder of up to 3 km. Directions to the distribution of valves for cylindrical vessels with reduced gases are characterized by the diagram shown in Fig. 9.4. For a safe environment for people, you can take a value that exceeds 1000 m-code.

Large gas leaks can be resolved by leaking or leaking sealed containers, pipelines, etc. The process of vibuhu and combustion of such gases has few specific features. Gas fumes that settle in the atmosphere most often have a cigar-like shape, drawn straight into the wind. The initiators of the mountain and the vibrations in seizures are most often of a seizure character. Moreover, sleeping rooms are not always accompanied by a vibration.

When gas-like substances are mixed properly with atmospheric air, there is no vibration. In this case, when the gas or steam mixture is ignited, the place of incineration expands, which is called “burning furnace”. The fragments of the widened half are removed from the level of low fluidity, then the fork pressure does not move. This process avoids the expansion of the furnace products due to its heating in the half-zone. The high regime of burning heat from the external surface with great visible alternating energy can lead to the creation of many cavities already at the industrial site.

When assessing the ruinous action, there will be a surge of gas haze in the open space, initially there will be a rapid onslaught at the front of the cavity. For half-marginal carbohydrates, the pressure in the open air can reach 26 kPa.

Visnovok

Over-the-top situation(NS) - this is the situation in the singing territory, which resulted from a catastrophe or natural disaster and caused human casualties, which means harm to the health of people or to the excessive natural environment.

Behind the sphere is guilt differentiate between technogenic, natural (physical, biological), social and combined NS.

Behind the scale of inheritance They are divided into local, municipal, territorial, regional, federal and transcordon.

Behind the structure there is a development The following main phases are present: accumulated waste, phases that initiate, active development, the presence of excess and secondary influencing factors, active elimination of inheritances.

The state system of advance and liquidation of the National Assembly (RSNS) has the following structural levels: federal, interregional, regional, municipal and object.

The main directions of the activity of the RSChS are the prevention and prevention of NS (basically and effectively reducing the build-up in the NS), emergency operations and elimination of NS residues.

Threat grading system NS, accepted into the RSNS, implies greater differentiation and the introduction of additional levels of threats.

Vikorystuvana literature

    Life safety. Handbook for students B 40/S.V. Belov, V.A. Devisilov, A.F. Kozyakov ta in; For zag. ed. S.V. Belova.

    Life safety: lecture notes.-M.: Yurayt-Izdat, 2008.191p.

    Ecology and life safety: a basic textbook for universities / D. A. Krivoshein, L. A. Murakha, N.M. Roeva ta in; Per ed. L.A. Murakha

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