Noble lands under Peter 1. Nobility for the reign of Peter I. V. O. Klyuchevsky about the formation of the nobility for Peter I

The great state of Russia during the imperial era in the time of Peter I began to be called the nobility and since 1762 r. (from the manifesto about the liberties of the nobility) by the nobility.

How to add the remaining sprat.

The first way to recognize the people was that the legitimate children of nobles also became nobles. Another way to get involved is with whom a nobleman informs the nobility of his squad, no matter what kind of march was going on, but back. However, a noblewoman who marries a non-nobleman is not relieved of her nobility (Zhal. b. 1785 and decree of 8 June 1787). The third method was the visluga, installed by Peter the Way in 1722. Table of ranks. It has already been said that the significance of these legislative monuments in the history of Russian sovereign law has emerged in the history of the Russian nobility, especially because of their greatness, since Peter was able to conquer the powers Well, the service of the breed, give an idea of ​​the characteristics of the individual and the potential of the skin gifted person hang out. forward, as it would not be for your family and tribe. Professor Romanovich-Slavatinsky is entirely right * (192), it seems that in its spirit the report card was entirely democratic: the gatherings of 14 gatherings separated the skin plebeians from the first dignitaries of the state, and nothing protected the skin people who crossed the and gatherings, the status of the first steps of the state ; She opened doors widely, through which, with the additional rank of “under”, members of the marriage could “ennoble” and enter the ranks of the nobility. The legacy was that before the nobility, new forces were steadily pouring in from the people, and could not be locked into a special caste.

On the table, the first chief officer rank in the military service and the VIII class in the civil service were given the rank of nobility * (193). Before the landing, those below the VIII class (in the civil service), all of them were given the nobility. Moreover, the table only says about these ranks: “Other ranks, both civilians and courtiers, who are not in the ranks of nobles, their children are not nobles.” And already in the hour of Catherine II, this paragraph of the table began to loom in the sense that individuals who rank below the eighth class (that is, a wheel assessor) may be insured to the special nobility. So it was until the manifesto of 1845, when the creation of nobility was significantly more difficult, and after the manifesto in the military service, the first chief officer rank was given to the special nobility, the first staff officer rank was given to the spadkov. Before the civil service, ranks below the ninth class were given honorary enormity, those in the ninth class (titular radnik) were given osobiste, and those in the 5th class (state radnik) were given nobility. Nareshti, according to the decree of 1856. It was praised that the late nobility enjoyed the rank of colonel in military service, and in civilian service, the rank of active civil servant.

In the wake of the nobility, there was strong opposition on the side of the nobles. Already in 1780, when the nobility, when Empress Annie Ioanivna was enthroned, lost the ability to determine their needs and needs first, they asked their servants to the Supreme Chamber for the sake of projects about the division of nobles into two categories And, without mixing them with each other, itself: on the nobles, “reputable” and “tribal”, and on the “new” and “arty”, that is.

Officials. The opposition of the nobles became even more pronounced during the drafting of the new Code by the Elizabethan Legislative Commission of 1754-1766, and there were also noble deputies. Behind this project were those who often rejected the legislative sanction in the manifesto of 1845, and that the recessionary nobility could only be removed from the military service by way of promotion to the first staff officer rank, especially the nobility - in the military service, the path of promotion first chief officer rank. With such a rank, in the civil service it was not possible to rise to the rank of the nobility. “Their children,” it reads in the project, “and their very special achievements given to nobles alone, so that our loyal subjects from the nobles, aware of their superiority, to jealousy, great diligence in sciences and to the merits of their fathers Yes, so do we (then the empresses) were eager." Apparently, this project did not receive legislative sanction. So the noble commission itself was born in 1763. In her testimony, submitted by Catherine II, the Table of Ranks was published and it was determined that non-nobles were deprived of the right to promote them to the nobility when they reached the first staff officer rank as a military y, so to the civil service and for the integrity of the rest (Art. .2). In 1767, with the convening of the Catherine Legislative Commission, the nobles also had their orders determined according to the “rank”. Thus, in the Yaroslavl order, the nobility asked: “Whether those who have reached the officer ranks of the nobility in the name of the nobility will not be allowed to claim other noble rights (as for the needs of excessive circumstances it was given), whichever rank is not small, so yes nobles, as if it were only the sovereign who owed money, having been served.” The project, compiled by the commission on the rights of the gentry (members of which, apparently, were elected to the joint commission), was respected by the nobles, and the project was praised: “the gentry understand all those who were the ancestors of that time And I will again be monarchs of these grievances." With such a rank, service as a way of serving the nobility is guilty of poverty. However, this project, without canceling the legislative sanction, cannot be removed through the civil misfortune of the views of Empress Catherine II from the desecration of the nobility. From her Order, the Empress lost all adherence to the principles of the Table of Ranks. “There are few such outbursts,” we read here, “that would have led more to the loss of honor (of the nobility), like military service.” “Although, military mysticism is the oldest way to achieve noble dignity. .. the protection of justice is no less required by the world, as is the case with war... and from this it emerges that it is not only fitting for the nobility, but that worth can be acquired through enormous honesty, as in the military." similar looks to the empress There is nothing surprising in the fact that the Zhaluvana charter to the nobility decreed: “the name of the nobility is long-standing, and in this way, the honor of the nobles became unemployed, and the service, as before, continued to be respected by one From the methods of acquiring nobility. It’s true, the draft of the supplementary law about the camp, put together by the committee, was born on the 6th anniversary of 1826 r. (the founding committee of Emperor Mikoloi I to discuss various projects that were lost after the death of Emperor Alexander I, and to review the rich aspects of the sovereign structure, for which he must submit his days in which life was recreated), service and service to the order , as a method of appropriation of the nobility, it was degraded ("from now on, - says Article 12 of the draft, - the dignity of the nobility will be no other way than in two ways: the right of the people and the hereditary titles of the vono, confirmed by the charter of the sovereign of the imperial majesty subscriptions"). However, this project, when discussed in the State Council, aroused great opposition against itself, in which there was Grand Duke Kostyantin Pavlovich, who presented to the sovereign two ground notes directly against the project. In other words, the Grand Duke was convicted of saving his service as a way to win back the nobility. , - to the current situation of the state is not attached, and on the other hand, it cannot serve as a driver for destruction, on the one hand, the rich have complaints and complaints that they will draw upon them unacceptable inheritances, and on the other hand, the service itself does not recognize this remarkable harm and"* ( 194) Considering this opposition, it is necessary to think that the project did not remove the sanctions from the side of the sovereign, but introduced a “novelty” with the force of the law.

The fourth method of obtaining the nobility was by giving it to the sovereign. Honor, as well as service, were not known in the Muscovite state ("from the townspeople, - like Kotoshikhin, - and from the priests, and from the village children, and from the boyar people, nobility is not given to anyone") and began to be practiced for only an hour at Peter I * (195). The request for a small place for the reign of Elizaveta Petrivna and Catherine II and sometimes became widespread. Thus, Elizabeth Petrivna, after the coup d’état, which delivered her throne to 1741, collected from the nobles all the soldiers of the Grenadier Company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, “just before the hour of our accession to the throne, the regiments of our Life Guards, and especially Grenadier company of the Preobrazhensky regiment, they showed us that they took the throne without bloodshed.”

In the fifth way, the nobility was given to the order, which began to be practiced at the time of the granting of the Granted Charter to the nobility * (196). Year after year, for Oleksandr I and Mykola I, it was precisely determined which orders were given to the lower and special nobility.

In the remaining way, we will become an indigenate of foreigners, about which we first speak Table of ranks, it is punishable to recognize the nobility of foreigners in no other way than with the permission of the sovereign for a skin crime ("no one can take rank according to character, - every report card - what kind of wine e." in other people's services, until they confirmed my character "). About the Indigenate of Foreigners, we speak about the testimony of the noble commission of 1763, Art. є diploma from the sovereign, Russian Empire Volodar , in the Russian nobility, and in addition to their noble advantages, they are legally profiting in Russia." The decisions of the Table on ranks of the indigenate were confirmed in the decree of 29 kvet. 1828 rub., which for the recognition of foreign nobles of Russia These nobles were required to present evidence of their noble exploits that retrieval of the High Charter * (197).

The nobles, as seen in the Table of Ranks, were divided into two categories: the lower classes and the special ones. Individual nobles did not pass on the nobility to their children and were a special descendant class, according to Professor Romanovich-Slavatinsky, “not at all important in legal and social relations, between the hereditary nobles property and tax classes, which stand from the rest and do not join the first one" * (198). Individual nobles claimed certain rights until their descendants: they were granted corporal punishment, such as special taxes and conscription, then, the right to rule as rulers was reduced and they took part in the noble self-government, where they became One whole with hereditary nobles. Imp. Mikola I wanted to anger this huge class from the town's inhabitants, who punished the children of special nobles to enshrine them in honorable society, and gave them the right to enroll in the town's resident register. Behind the letter of specialty, we have a bunch of Bulo at the vipads of the vipads of Oddovati the rights of the spadge nobility, and the male: 1) Yakshcho DID, Fatherland I Sin Mali Chini, I give a special union, then the right of the Klopotati is the right of the nobility, I 2) sin mali chini, give the special nobility and were always in service, then he gave the right to fuss about the decline of the nobility * (199). This year (1815), the Senate approved another paragraph of the Complaint from the sense that it was only possible to bother about the decline of the nobility because their father and grandfather had served in the ranks for at least 20 years, and had spent many years in service before that. The State Rada confirmed this goal to the Senate, motivatingly insisting that “what is more important than the creation of the nobility, it will be more valuable for the state.” The sir was inspired by this thought.

Among the local nobles, titled nobles were seen in a special group: princes, counts and barons. The princely title of a long-standing Russian campaign, but in the Muscovite state, without squealing (and again the Moscow Tsar, - even Kotoshikhin, - from the boyars, from their neighbors, and from their other ranks, no one can be made a prince, so don’t It didn’t work out "), in the imperial era there were assignments from the sovereign. Among the princes there were the most illustrious princes, who had the right to Counts only refer to "lordship". The titles of count and baron of foreign affairs first introduced by Peter.

Noble names were entered in special books, of which there were six in each province (the names were introduced by the Charter to the nobility). Already long before this (after the impoverishment of the city in 1682), one clan book was opened (Oxamite Book), where all the noble canopies were entered. For Elizaveta Petrivna, it was supplemented by the contributions made before her by the nobles and boyars’ children, recorded in nearly dozens, apparently, that took shape in the era of the Moscow State according to the povits (decree of the 13th fall of the fall of 1758). The pro-nobility wanted to decentralize the management of noble books in 1730. In the projects presented to the Supreme Council, they asked for two books: one for the clan, the other for the official nobility. The project of the Elizabethan Commission, at the time of its discussion, apparently, there were present noble deputies, having agreed on several books and lists: princely, count, baronial and noble. Noble orders of 1767 (for example, Yaroslavl) ordered to “register” the nobility in places and in every place to create six registers of noble titles. This important punishment was felt by the imp. Catherine II, and in her Charter of Letters she ordered that six books of nobility be created in the province, and that the nobles be entered in them by the next rank: in the 1st book - those given by the sovereign, in the 2nd - they deprived the nobility in military service, in the 3rd - they seized the nobility for civil service, in 4 - foreign nobles, recognized as such in Russia, in 5 - titled nobles, and in 6 - "long-standing gentry canopies", which could bring the century of their nobility (until 1785). .

Under Peter, according to the Senate, a special post of king of arms was established, whose functions belonged to the appointed nobility, serving the camp, to the compiled lists of nobles * (200) and to supervising the enlightenment and entry into service of young nobles. With this rank, the herald master lost the competence of the Moscow rank. Under the division of the Senate under Catherine II, the departments of nobles' administration were concentrated in the first department, and since 1848 in the department of heraldry, from which the master of arms became the chief prosecutor. In the last era, following the spirit of the hour, the nobility had already completely adopted the awareness of the strength of their interests and honor. The idea of ​​a noble “corps” and a “corps” of nobility, which is integral and isolated from other enormous classes, has matured at this time and can be stated in many cases that were issued as nobility. An illustration of what has been said is the noble orders submitted to the Catherine Legislative Commission. “The corps of the nobility,” reads the Moscow order, “will avenge their own disadvantages and misfortunes.” “The corps of the nobility,” as Bolkhov’s order, “is strengthened with rights and advantages over other people of different kinds and ranks.” “In order for the corps of the nobility to receive the rights and advantages of the autocratic rule,” insists the deputy’s order “to the corps of the Volokolamsk nobility.” Similar statements were made by deputies during the commission meeting. “The nobility,” said one of the rest, “is a special kind of people in the state, obligated to serve them and, from their own middle ground, replace the power between the sovereign and the people.” Otherwise, according to the opinion of the nobles of the pre-historic era, the entire estate would be divided into two classes: “noble” and “sublime”. And in truth, the offensively defined terms evoke the rights of the community in official acts of the 18th century. Thus, even after the reign of Peter, the predicate “nobility,” which in the Moscow era was deprived of the right by the sovereign, began to belong to the nobles. In 1706, Bruce wrote to the director of the Moscow drukarny, Kipriyanov: “if the Tsarevich’s name is exchanged with your friend, then you should not write the Tsarevich as noble, but every noble nobleman should be written as noble.” In 1721, when the imperial title was acquired, it was punished to title members of the imperial title as “noble” instead of “gentry”, “so that the title of the nobility of their high ranks was low; "Hetness and nobility are given." So in all recent acts we are closely associated with the term “Russian nobility”. I assign the term “noble” to enter into the meanings and the term “subliy” from the sense of synonymy of the inferior. Prote already in the middle of the 18th century. This term evokes protests. “I don’t have anything,” said one deputy in the Catherine Commission, “a farmer, a bourgeois, a nobleman, an honest leatherman and knowledge of his trade, good training and good behavior; power, timidity, against the laws “, it is indecent to one’s calling, to destroy the secluded peace, and, they are found, who, not caring about the good of others, accompany their lives inactively.”

Having risen to the level of the “sublime”, “noble”, in the minds of this era, everyone has little patience with the former and must try not to mix with them. These goals could be achieved by endowing the nobles with such rights and obligations as the majority of the population had already seen, placing them in particular on the guilty minds. We will now take a look at these rights and obligations, and let’s finish with the rest.

Before the manifesto on the liberties of the nobility in 1762, nobles were unable to carry out full-time service - military or civil; Moreover, for Peter, this service to every nobleman began with the achievements of 15 rocks and it is obligatory (in the military service) to begin with a soldier. So, the decree of 1714 r. praising "from the noble ranks there is no way to write into the officers" those who served as soldiers, so that the stink "is not known to the soldiers' records." Zgodo (at the Sorobykh Rocks of the XVIII century) Service in the Nizhnykh ranks went around Tim, they were signed in the rizn regiments of the I, actually not servicemers, were held at the OFICERSKISKI, they rose their DISNE, Pisli Minunsnnya Glutti*(201) (201). However, Peter’s promotion to the officer’s and senior ranks was different from the merits and diligence of the service. According to the Civil Statute (Chapter I), only literate officers could be recruited and served until “honestly, firmly, carefully, than and well,” and the authorities were strictly prohibited from promoting to ranks not for special merit, but rather for merit. goals, but for philandering, philandering, “gross”, etc. (Chapter X).

Members of the “noble” gentry eventually joined the guard, and other nobles joined the army. At the same time, Petro gave an extremely clouded concept of “nobility”, punishing in 1724 the noble nobility “to be respected according to their affiliation”, so that, otherwise seemingly, they could accept into the guard those physically attributable to whom, which could be, obviously, stately, strong and high nobles . So, even under Ganna Ivanivna, the “centuries” and “special” nobles were assigned to the military guard, and “those of a lesser age” were assigned to the army. Considering the permanent nature of the service, retirement or, as it was said, abshid, was only conceivable in cases of old age, illness or repair of wounds that would exceed the duration of service. Proceeding from the need to let the nobles wear their hats came into being what is called “extended recreation”, then. release from services to the first term from requests to come back for the first question * (202).

Crimea, the military, the nobles were also responsible for the civil service, to which they were placed with great vigour, even before the first, with respect to the absurdity of their lives. Respecting this idea, the General Regulations punished the nobles “not to be punished” for their civil service. At the same time, Petro determined the proportion of the nobility, serving in the civil service, itself, one third of the members of each rank. In 1737, with the initiative of the Senate, the order ordered the recruitment of noble minors from 15 to 17 years old and the distribution of them, as punishment servants, to serve among the Senate, colleges, chancelleries, etc. The little ones are called senatorial, wheely or something else. nobles, "who can bestow love and complain and humiliate punishable people to themselves." The ceremonies were held in the secretary's office every five days, and the unpaid ones were announced by the soldiers. Tomorrow, at 1740 r. This world of forced recruitment of nobles to the service was reduced, “it is impossible for those who do not respect the orders to obey their duties.” Together with this, the Senate, the bachachi, who are underage, “are amazed at the military service of their other noble brothers, are more diligent and try,” praising the acceptance into the civil service of only those who enter it voluntarily. We already said that Catherine II, in her Instruction, assigned the civil service to one doshka from the military, saying that “justice is no less than required... and the state would collapse without it.” The prote nobility, as before, was raking in enormous service, which made the empress ascribe 1796 rubles. The provincial governors “would like the young nobles, having completed their studies, to take up the laws of their land and the order of justice, and for whom they were given punishment, without regard to the advancement of nobility.” The Gromadian service for Peter also began in the lower settlements, then. “in order, as the military ranks are vibrating” (Table of Ranks). Therefore, from this rule, blame was given to the selfishness of individuals who had acquired scientific knowledge and special training, who had little right to enter the service from a lower position. Nowadays (from the beginning of the 19th century), the development of education became a necessary resource for appointment to the plantation and for the formation of the government (Regulations on the government of schools 24 Sich. 1803, decree on the formation of the 6th sickle 1. 809, Regulations about the repair of repairs 25 chervenya 1834 r. and in.).

The service, both civil and military, relied on salaries and the distribution of badges to the population (especially for Catherine II and Paul I), which was a change in the distribution of badges that was practiced in the Moscow era.

The other obligation of the nobles, introduced by Peter, was carried out by the obligator, finally the sovereign, through the songs of the hour, timidly looked at the noble youths, and did not punish them in the sciences. At this point, there were small young nobles (minors), starting from the 10th century, and minors went home after looking around with requests to appear at the meaning of terms for service, and they grew up before service dawn They lashed out at her ungainly. Under Ganna Ivanivna (b. 1737) the name of the survey was ordered by the current rank: at the first survey, all the boys who reached 7 levels were included in special lists; on the other hand, there were the same boys, but they had already reached 12 years, and they also spent time reading and writing letters, which stank, under fear of punishment, the fathers, the guilty ones would be vindicated; On the third glance, they appeared guilty after they had reached 16 rocks, and they were studying the Law of God, arithmetic and geometry, which were not learned before in sailors. They say, at the fourth glance, the young people reached 20 rocks, and they learned about geography, history and fortification, after which they entered the service. Under Peter, in order to achieve happiness, it was punished to allow anyone to make friends with nobles in order to present evidence of their knowledge of arithmetic and geometry (decree 28, 1714) * (203).

The severity of the service and compulsory duty brought with them a massive recruitment of young nobles to appear for inspection, and against such “netchiki” (as they were called at that time who did not show up for inspection), the order waged a merciless struggle, threatening them and punishing them with punishments, starting with fines and corporal punishment and ending with defamation (the removal of all rights and the establishment of the law) and confiscation of the mine. The names of the infidels were drummed out loudly with the beat of drums, “so that everyone knew about them, like listeners of decrees and faithful guardians,” and the skin of the crops vowed to inform on them, for which they were drinking wine from their lane. This is how the crooked infidels were harshly punished. Behind the decree is the 23rd sickle. 1720 rub. They were threatened with: punishment by the batog, wounding of the nostrils and eternal hard labor. They have threatened the governors and governors with a heavy fine for their negligence in searches for the nefarious people. But nothing helped, and the netchiks continued to live (204) until the decline of the military service of the nobility. In 1730, when Ganni Ivanovna was enthroned, projects were started to interchange the service with 20 fates. Hanna Ivanivna often listened to this cry and with the manifesto of the 11th century 1736, she limited the service of the nobles to 25 fates, and it began without fail in the 20th century. After 25 years, the nobleman took off his abshid, and, because of his duties, replaced himself with a large number of recruits (for 100 souls - one). In addition, the manifesto allowed one of the blue and brothers to lose their home to take over as ruler and not enter into service. Nareshti, 1762 r. A manifesto was issued about the liberties of the nobility, by which the compulsory service of the nobles was reduced. According to the manifesto, the nobility denied the right to serve or serve, except during military hours, if all nobles could call for service * (205). Then the nobles denied the right to serve foreign powers, and when they transferred to Russian service, they were given a rank, and they denied foreign service. It was agreed that the nobility could seize their children as a matter of course, except for the urgent need to give them light. Those who remained in service, manifesto of 1762, however, having stated the hope that persons of high class “will not be moved away from service, but with jealousy and duty, it is indecent and indecent number of people to survive, no less than children their diligence and diligence to teach decent sciences,” threatening to attribute to “all the true sons of Fatherlandism” “disregard” and “know” (sic) those “who do not have any service anywhere and in The fruits and medicines will be served in due course." Zhaluvan charter 1785 rub. confirmed the resolutions of the manifesto with the approach, however, to the guards: “every Russian autocracy has a need for time, if the service of the nobility to the foreign good is needed and needed, then every noble nobleman demands, at the first call, autocratically and take possession of, do not spare, the thirsty belly for services of the state."

During the reign of Emperor Mikoli I, the decrees of the Charter to ensure the freedom and service of the nobles were repeatedly destroyed. Thus, the freedom to study was significantly limited by the decree of 1831, which prohibited young people who had not reached the 18th century from leaving the border for the purpose of learning, then by the decree of 1834. the nobles were prohibited from traveling beyond the cordon for five fates, and by decree of 1851 - more than three fates, and for issuing a foreign passport, another decree ordered the collection of 250 rubles. for half a day.

Before the freedom of service, it was surrounded by a decree of 1837, which ordered all applicants to the service to begin without obligation in the provinces and only after three fates to transfer to service before the ministries and other central institutions. At the same time, the governors were obliged to supervise the new attackers in the service, so that the smell would be heard about these young people not only as bosses, but as the fathers of the family, to whom the children of the military are entrusted, for the first generations in the field of service, and Their behavior would be reported to His Imperial Majesty every day." Nareshti, in 1853 The governors-general issued instructions to ensure that “nobles in all provinces do not waste money on cheap medicine and dedicate themselves to the service of the state.”

In the time of Catherine II, the nobility becomes a privileged camp, as long as it takes away the same rights and advantages that others may have. There are many advantages: first of all, achievements in both military and civilian service. For the first time, the nobles were denied this prerogative during military service in 1762, when it was punished “to all nobles who were to report for illnesses in connection with service, other than for officer ranks,” to give them the rest, “to stink before them from the court.” I'll introduce myself, perevagu mali." Then the colonel's instructions 1765 r. The order punished the nobles to become officers, it is important before the non-nobles. They began to follow the same idea, fussing over to Catherine II about those so that “the nobles who enter the service should once again be abolished from soldiering and non-commissioned officers” (Opochetsky) and about the abolition of military service for non-nobles (Kerensky and others). It is true that this rank was not crowned, but rather granted the nobles many other service privileges. So, in 1787 r. In 1790, an order was issued for the admission of non-nobles to the Guard. - about allowing the transition from civil service to the military to the nobles. Pavel Petrovich received a lot of punishment. First, the statutes about the service of infantry and cavalry praised the promotion to officers: nobles after serving three years (and ordinary nobles served for only three months, and then were promoted to non-commissioned officers), and not nobles after serving 12 years c, it’s no different before , as for valuable benefits and achievements. Nareshti, by decree of 1798 The rank has completely forbidden to be selected as an officer in order not to serve in the future, “since in these ranks only noblemen are guilty.” І deprived by law of 1829 r. it was allowed to recruit non-nobles into officers, but not otherwise, after they had served 6 years with the soldiers (however, with this right, they could quickly become deprived of one chamber, for the commoners, the 10-rank term of service in the guard was established and 12- summer in the army).

It is the privilege of the civil service to conduct its work from 1771 rubles, if there was a requirement for admission to the named service of special taxation stations * (206). Then at 1790 rub. rules were issued about the terms of promotion from the rank, on the basis of which the nobles were deprived of the right to promotion from the rank of the 8th class after three years of service in the 9th class, and non-nobles - after 12 years; Then, for the insertion, the right to save the ascendant rank could rest with the nobleman * (207). Under Nicholas I, a number of laws were introduced, due to which access to the civil service was given primarily to only nobles, and members of other camps were allowed into it with great restrictions (for example, the Law of June 14, 1827). In addition, during this reign, new rules appeared about the formation of ranks (1834), for which noblemen were promoted to new ranks at shorter intervals than non-nobles. The reduction of the meaning of the laws was introduced in 1856, when illegal terms were introduced when promoted to ranks for special purposes, as a result of the appointment of promotions in ranks as well as all others in the service of the city. , guilt will be granted only for permanent... praci the service itself, without praising any circumstances, this service of the forerunners."

In other words, there are advantages in the field of criminal law. So, already the British Statute of 1716 rubles. liberated nobles from the Katuvanya, behind the scenes of justice due to various sovereign crimes and killings. In addition, separate decrees of the nobility were sometimes placed in the hands of the greater number of nobles, but not the non-nobles. So, the decree of 1711 r. threatens “the high-ranking nobles will suffer wrath from this great sovereign, and the lower ranks from the cruel katuvanna.” So in many decrees about the capture of souls from the Reviz Cossacks, the following punishments are laid down: for landowners - a kind of fine, which is reflected in the fact that they recruited twice as many people as were recruited, and for clerks and elders - stratum etc. P. .P. However, the nobles were not satisfied with the assigned benefits, which is why in the draft of the Elizabethan Commission the following resolution was passed: “nobles are not guilty of being arrested for any crime, although they were effectively caught in the crime, in the place of crime knowledge, and according to the court, they are victorious, and the importance of this evil thing vimagai". Then, after the project, the nobility emerges from the cake, the advanced drink and from “any kind of obscene punishment of its nature,” and itself: batog, guts, batogs and batogs. Forbidden, the nobles cannot stop the execution of government work and the confiscation of the lane. So the very commission of 1763, founded by Catherine II to revise the manifesto on the liberties of the nobility, was determined for the release of nobles from corporal punishment and confiscation of mines and for the necessity, when considering “criminal records "nobles, "more significant evidence, no matter" (Art. 13, 14 and 16 proofs, compiled by a committee). The noble orders of 1767 stood at the same point. So, for example, the Kaluz order asked the nobles to be spared “as in important sovereign rights, so in any case, through and always from any kind of bodily and dishonorable punishment, and catuvan, and mortal “strategy.” The Yaroslavl order was also carried out to the Empress with the same lamentations. “You will not be allowed,” it reads, “to punishably separate the nobles from the common people,” so that in another way “noble children will waste noble thoughts, which after a long time the father will instill in them Alisa invest "The same principles formed the basis of the "project for the rights of the gentry", put together by the legislative commission in 1767. Thus, behind the project "nobles are not averse to the desire for corporal punishment", and their instructions, "rukhomiy and inrukhomiy - not for any evil, except for the image majesty, is not signed, and those are only a vesture, not a family one." Catherine II increased the respect of the deeds of the nobility and the Charter of the Complaint still involved corporal punishment and confiscation of the lane. For Paul I, prote, corporal punishment began to stagnate again among the nobles, respecting their negation of the sovereign's decrees of the Complaint of Charter. So, with the drive of one, Paul I signed the following resolution: “since the nobility has been captured, then there is no need to worry about what needs to be done.” In this manner, bodily punishment was imposed on the nobles, but in advance they were spared the noble wickedness. Alexander I renewed the attribution to Catherine II, and the nobles were once again released from corporal punishment * (208). Then by decree of 19 June 1802 r. was fenced in by the evildoers from the nobles * (209), and became the Committee of Ministers in 1826. strip the heads of the prisoners from the nobility. Nareshti, the Star of Laws (issued in 1857) still sanctioned the decree that “a nobleman is free from any kind of corporal punishment, like in court, and at the hour of morning under the wart” (Article 199 of the IX volume).

Thirdly, a declaration about land power, then. for Volodinya as both inhabited and uninhabited areas. This right completely abrogated the legislative sanction for the reign of Ganni Ivanivna, Elizabeth Petrivna and Catherine II. Thus, by decree of 1730 it was forbidden, on the basis of the Code of 1649 (Article 41. Chapter XVII), for boyars, monastery servants and villagers to buy unruly mines both from the localities and in the districts, and the property was also punished to be sold in at the hour of seeing the decree . At 1746 r. This very defense of the purchase of district lands was carried out by merchants, guilds, Cossacks, coachmen and “other commoners who work on a per capita salary.” The names of the defenses due to demands for the sale of existing land in the former term were repeatedly confirmed over the years, because almost all the countries competed with the nobles for the right to acquire unshakable power in both places, and in districts At this point, the noble orders of 1767 were enacted, asking “to give only the nobility of the village their mothers and them to prostitute themselves, and to no one else, even if they have not risen to any higher rank, but are not assigned to the nobility, are not guilty of this right to prostitute themselves” (Kashinsky order). Catherine II listened to more orders to take revenge on herself in the Charter of 1785. reaffirmed (Article 27) the Vinyatkov right of the nobles to Volodin land power. According to the decree of 1801, issued by Alexander I, this right was greatly limited, allowing members of other states, including the Kripaks, to occupy uninhabited lands. According to the decree of 1848. This right has come and gone. In connection with the named right was, fourthly, the right to volodіnі kripakami (however, de facto, other countries volodіnі kripakami, regardless of the permanent defense of their side * (210); the remaining defense was stated in decree 183 6*(211 ) ) and went up to the Code of Laws). So the very connection with the right to land power was, in turn, the right to volodina by booths in the towns, sanctioned to the nobles by the charter of 1785 rubles.

In general, the spheres of trade and industry have rights. Under Peter, following the decree about the Unification of 1714, only young nobles, cadets, could engage in trade, through the reduction of their land allowance, passing at the lower level to the eldest son and, in the usual order, one of the blues at the father’s choice. According to the decree of 1731 The right to trade of cadets was also reduced (nobles under the decree of 1726 could only sell their agricultural products or, as the decree states, “goods that are abundant in their villages and among the villagers, but are not stingy in others”) * (212). The prote nobility was extremely dissatisfied with the restriction of their trading rights and as a result of this dissatisfaction they imposed punishments in 1767. Thus, the Moscow mandate (signed by representatives of 17 princely titles) asked that “the nobility be allowed to sell, wherever they want, the zemstvo villages of their products, to enter into foreign and internal revenues and arbitrary trades and work all sorts of trades with tributes to yourself, however "Under all this, the rulers and tractors, who can be especially legitimized by the established rules of trade law in the empire, can be especially legitimized for the local trade." About those fussing and Yaroslavl orders. “As all the people have already known,” it is read in the new one, “that the right to trade is a power for the nobles to enter into it, but in Russia, it has not yet been introduced to foreign language, the lower payment for the merchant v, nobility b Whose can’t be protected.” Mikhailovsky’s order further imposed a monopoly on the grain trade for the nobles, “because for the nobleman, as there is only one land, the growth of the land belongs to him alone.”

However, Catherine II’s thoughts on the trade rights of the nobles were different, and she expressed them in her order. “People,” we read here, “think that it is necessary to establish laws so that the nobility will want to regulate trade; this would be a way to ruin the nobility without any benefit for trade. It is contrary to the essence of trade, so that the nobility would be in autocratic rule Inno was timid, disastrous It would be for the place and it would be possible for merchants and blacks to buy and sell their goods. It is contrary to the essence of an autocratic government for the nobility to restrict trade there from the powerlessness of much established government. Nya." Regardless of this point of view on the trade of the nobles, the Empress, however, gave the remaining so-called town rights in the form of a charter. the right to register in the guild * (213). Obviously, the action on this side of the nobility was due to the fact that trade rights were important. Tim himself explains, clearly, and allowed, given by the Empress to the nobles in 1783, on the watering of the lava and the Comoros, and what remained of the rest. However, at the end of her reign, Catherine II significantly limited the trading rights of the nobles. So, by decree of 1790 r. The rest were prohibited from registering with the guild. The basis for the issuance of the said decree was the executive order of the provincial prosecutor, submitted to the secret assembly of the Moscow provincial government and chambers: civil and criminal court, called by the Moscow commander-in-chief, Prince. Prozorovsky in 1790 r. For more information about the right of nobles to register with the guild. “The greatest essence of the nobility,” the prosecutor said to his superior, “requires every nobleman to be involved not in the turnover of trade, but most importantly in the military service, but in times of peace in the administration of justice,” which “is not the fault of the nobility to enter into commercial trade in narіvni with the merchant, Since it is impossible to unite the resentment of the title at once and to one right, because the skin from them from the childhood of preparations in the way of thoughts, one kind of one even more distant, the same as the handiness from the nobleman registered in the merchant in the commonwealth of consumption and the tractor magati "given". The prohibition for nobles to register with the guild lasted until 1807, when the manifesto of the 1st century was again allowed, except for those who had not been in the sovereign service. The motive for this manifesto was to strengthen connections between both sovereign states, as well as so that the nobles could accept the foreign benefit in the face of commercial practise. However, in 1824 r. to the manifesto of 1807 was destroyed, as a result of this time a new exchange of trade rights of the nobles was created, they themselves were allowed to register with only one first guild and the Volodya were barred from shops at the shops, stalls and markets. Already in 1827, the nobles again refused permission to register with all guilds and, therefore, to conduct trade under the same rights with merchants.

In connection with the trading rights of the nobles, there was the right of the goiters to negotiate bills from the rest. It has already been said that the Statute on Bills of 1729 ignored the nobles from whom they were born, and why they insisted on granting them the said right in their orders of 1767. The prote empress deprived this troublesome position of respect, and the Bankruptcy Statute of 1800 nobles was directly prohibited from raising bills. The nobility took away this right until 1862.

Since the industrialists have no rights, then from the time of Peter and until the issuance of the Charter, the nobles claimed the right everywhere (both in towns and villages) to start and exploit all sorts of factories and factories. Following the project of the Elizabethan Commission, this right was transformed into the blame for the noble privileges, and most of the factories and factories could be controlled by nobility (Article 7. Chapter XXIII. Part III). The motives for this decree were the following: 1) “so that the nobles, who are in various services, would guide them more accurately and jealously and with a decent rank of decency and rank could maintain their own” and 2) hope order that the nobility "will bring factories and creeks to the administrative camp ", leaving the order "with extreme dissatisfaction," because the merchants did not gain anything in this regard. The noble orders, submitted before the commission of 1767, did not demand any guilty rights, but insisted that “the nobility be allowed to establish and operate factories and manufactories and operate all kinds of industries” (Moscow). However, at the commission, such protestations destroyed the protest of the local deputies, to whom the nobles were attached. Axis, for example, the noble deputy Glazov said to his representative: “as soon as factories and plants become noble, then the merchants will be brought into the image and will be in that merchant’s core, and the noble mother of the factories from the sprouting of earthen, as well as mining factories , And the merchants’ factories and factories run all sorts of mothers without forbearance.” It is clear that this protest was felt by the Empress, and the Charter greatly limited the rights of the nobles in the sphere of industry, allowing them to have factories and factories even in the villages. Meanwhile, even earlier, with the adoption of the Distillery Statute of 1765, the right of nobles to smoke wine everywhere and their brothers to pay for it, which they fought for in the time of Peter I * (214), was diminished, and they could only smoke wine in villages without the right yogo sale. Delivery of wine and purchase began to be seen as inclusive of merchant law. However, this protection remained in law until 1774, when the nobles again took away any rights from the distillery sector. Well before the delivery of wine, then from 1769 the nobles were again allowed to enter into it, and from 1786 the fate was allowed to enter into various kinds of bribes and contracts. Nareshti, in 1827, the nobles were denied the right to open factories and factories everywhere (and not just in villages), unless such cases required registration in the guild.

Before the privileges of the nobles there was still freedom from special taxes, from recruitment and from standing. Freedom from special taxes was established with the introduction of the poll tax, sharply dividing the entire population of Russia into two classes: taxable and non-taxable; the nobility was promoted to another. Recruitment was not imposed on the nobles through the obligatory service. Before full service, then the nobles were freed only in the villages, and their households were not favored here.

Before the guilty rights of the nobility (as well as members of the trade and industrial class), the right to majoritarian status must be secured. At the same time, we already knew how the nobles were placed before the decree about the Unification of 1714, which resulted in his capture in 1731. However, over time, the views of the nobility changed, both in the evidence of the noble commission of 1763, and also in their orders in 1767. the nobles were fussing about giving them the rights to the majorati. So, the testimony of the commission of 1763 r. was determined for the establishment "in the descendants of the nobility of the right, called the fidei-commission, either the right of widowhood, or the right of seniority", for which instruction you can "give your badge to your senior son or whoever you want to get your badge, no matter what didn’t lie in the ruddy but not in the hand, he couldn’t sell it, couldn’t pawn it, otherwise the income from his subsistence was taken away and completely deprived of the other, in his own right, or to the one who was punished spiritually. welcome" diminution from the waste of money" and understandable to the fact that "calls will not become evil and turn into evil" (Article 19 and the "clarification" before it). We can talk about majorats and punishments of 1767 rubles. Thus, the Moscow order to ask the empress, shob , “from now on in other well-established Christian regions in Europe, the right to rule has been given to any ruler and to any kind of power of the ruler, his crumbling and indestructible sign, to assign for the well-being the loss of life to whomever he gives I advise you, in order, to move from the colony in the knee" So, in the Pereyaslavl-Zalisk order, there is a very similar groan, and itself: "it seemed to be worthwhile to save the name of the Budinki, as if it were allowed, who himself amuses himself in front of him, like his own How many people would you like to support for a nickname?” . Shchopravda, right up to 1845. There was no law on primordial law, but in practice it was sometimes allowed to sleep. This was the case until 1845, when it became clear that the regulations on permanent markings were still in effect.

Nobles and minors have honorable rights. So, they lost the right to coats of arms, which appeared practically in the 17th century. and for the first time they removed the legislative sanction in the Table of Ranks and in the instructions to the King of Arms in 1722. On the base of the remaining one there is named the posad, a special small-scale armorial of all nobles, holding their decent books from other powers. The right to a coat of arms, according to this instruction, was recognized for all chief officers of the military service, no matter what the smell, for nobles who could bring their nobility a hundred years before 1722, and for foreign nobles, in known as such in Russia. U 1797 r. a new decree was issued about the creation of a royal armorial, until all the coats of arms of the noble canopies were included. This armorial, compiled in 1798, is kept in the Senate, in the department of heraldry, and in total there are 11 parts of it (11 parts were completed in their folds already under Alexander II). Then the nobles claimed the right to dress their lackeys in a special livery, “as the nobility and worthiness of the rank of a person is often used when the removal and other ranks are not similar to them,” to ride in carriages, harnesses their singing number of horses, admiring the rank of a nobleman's uniform (from 1882 r. - uniform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs * (215)).

To put an end to noble rights and advantages, it is necessary to say a few more things about the inadequacy of noble dignity, about which the nobles have repeatedly fussed, starting from 1730 rubles. Whose fate was praised in the “conditions” proposed by Ganna Ivanivna by the Supreme Secret Rada and accepted by her, so that “the nobility of the belly, the sign and honor should not be taken away without a trial.” The noble punishments of 1767 were also talked about. Catherine II listened to these protests and in the Letter of Complaint she decreed: “Not only the empire and the throne are good, but it is fair, so that the gentry’s noble camp is preserved and established inviolably and inviolably, a nobleman or a noblewoman will be awakened.” noble ugliness, if they didn’t spare themselves evil, presenting the noble despicability of the opposite," then "the nobility will not be able to get the nobles' despicableness, honor, life and clothes without a trial." Moreover, on the basis of the letter, any judicial document that saves a nobleman from the nobility or life, is subject to submissions to the Senate and confirmations by the sovereign, without which it lacks any legal force * (216). This decree was confirmed by decree on the 8th of Wednesday. 1802 rub. about the rights and obligations of the Senate, due to the fact that the nobles still have the criminal right, who owed themselves the benefit of noble dignity, they are obliged to present evidence to the sovereign and obtain confirmation for them.

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Vedas and battles for Emperor Peter I

The era of the reign of Emperor Peter the Great is one of the most important. On the one hand, the power regularly fought for the right to access ice-free seas, on the other hand, new reforms were introduced. Russia's withdrawal of maritime trading routes from the dissolved countries made it possible to revive the economy of the country and enrich its culture, making the Russian people similar to those living in Europe.

Military service

During the reign of Peter the Great, young nobles who had reached the age of sixteen or seventeen years were required to carry out full-time service. As a rule, they began their careers as privates in the dragoon or infantry police. They were also often taken as sailors on ships. Varto note that, by order of the Tsar, ordinary sailors were not allowed to wear “German” uniforms.

Like the sovereign himself, the nobleman is responsible for his knowledge of engineering and artillery. Under this, a unified system of conveying knowledge was established in Russia every day. In addition, the nobles who crossed the border were obliged to master one of the foreign sciences: navigation and mathematics. And Petro Oleksiyovich himself took the exam.

As a result, when a nobleman decided to leave the military service, he was assigned to the “statska”, having received the voivode’s obligations in villages and provincial towns, collecting the capitation tax of an official in one of his riches x installations that were being revived at that hour.

External view of the nobles for Peter I

And this definitely became the cause of dissatisfaction among both the common people and representatives of the nobility - without changing their clothes. During this historical period itself, or more precisely, on the twenty-ninth sickle of 1699, the king ordered to change all wide-sleeved traditional cloth to cloth of overseas cut. Through a number of fates, the sovereign issues a new order, for which the nobility wears little French clothes from the saint, and everyday life wears German clothes.

Another change that shocked the inhabitants of the Russian Empire was the tsar’s decree to bare his beard, and for breaking any offense, any offender was fined and publicly beaten with batogs. Also, since 1701, all women had to wear cloth of European cut. Nowadays, a lot of embellishment comes into fashion: jabot, meagerly and in. The most popular headdress in Russia is the trikutnik. Three years later, a high-nose jumper was introduced, as well as wide sleepers, corsets and arms.

Golinnya fought for Peter I

Internal improvements

In addition, due to the recent expansion of foreign trade and the establishment of new manufactories, the nobles’ houses have such luxury items as: chandeliers and pewter dishes, cutlery services, cabinets for important papers, as well as chairs, stools, tables, couch, engravings that mirror. It cost a lot of money.

Also, all the nobles had to learn a lot of manners. The full women and officers from the German Liberation began to dance popular at that time (grosfatera, menet and polonaise).

New calendar

Together with the tsar's decrees from the nineteenth to the twentieth of 1699, the calendar in Russia was introduced at the birth of Christ, and the beginning of the fate was transferred to the beginning of the present day, as was practiced by the apologetic Western powers. The New Year holidays lasted the whole week - from the first to the present day. Potential residents of the empire decorated the gates of their courtyards with yalve and pine leaves, and ordinary people with pine leaves. All these days fireworks have been set off in the capital.

With fate, Tsar Petro Oleksiyovich ushered in the new saints, reigning over the balls and masquerades. Beginning in 1718, the Emperor of the Vashtov Assembly, to which people came with their squads and mature dons. In the eighteenth century, games of checks and cards became popular, and representatives of higher countries enjoyed the Neva River.

And the majority of ordinary villagers lived during the reign of Peter the Great without recognizing the significant changes. They worked for six days for their landowner, and the saint allowed them to exercise their dominion for a week. Children were brought up to physical activity from eight to nine years old, taught them by powerful unwritten rules, which did little to help the child prosper in the future with his family.

All land supplies, as before, were in charge of the community, which followed the ancient order, and also understood the welding of fellow villagers and distributed responsibilities. The local celebrations were described as a so-called gathering of friendly people.

In this case, a strong influx of tradition was preserved in everyday life. Clothes were made from cheap materials (usually linen), and European fashion came into existence only at the end of the eighteenth century.

Among the main joys of ordinary villagers were round dances for the most important saints and mass games, and the traditional food was boroshny sparrows, borscht and yushka. The villagers could afford their own chicken.

Table: Campaign for Peter I

Reform culture

Introduction of a new calendar

New Year's Eve

Wearing European clothing

Change in the external appearance of the subjects

Appearance of the first museum (Kuntskameri)

The appearance of the first newspaper "Vidomosti"

Video lecture on the topic: Battling for Peter I

Kalinina O.S.

The beginning of the 18th century was marked by the reforms of Peter I, which contributed little to the gap in the development of Russia and Europe. Reforms affected all spheres of life in the marriage. The power demanded secular culture. p align="justify"> An important aspect of the culture of the new hour has become openness, the creation of contacts with the cultures of other peoples. The era we have looked at is one hundred years of turning point. This is clearly visible in the history of the nobility, in their everyday life.

For many centuries, the nobility was the main ruling body of the Russian state. In Russia, the nobility emerged in the 12th century as the lower part of the military service camp. During the reign of Peter I, the formation of the nobility was completed, which was reflected in the results of other faiths and their succession to the sovereign service.

The 18th century is a seminal stage in the life of the Russian nobility, different from the earlier 17th century and from the 19th and 20th centuries. This is the hour of profound changes in the middle class of the nobility in connection with the reforms of Peter I. And at the same time, this is the hour, if the old way of living of people is still preserved in a strong form. All at once it gives a very complex and unique character to the character of the nobleman of the 18th century.

Relevance by those: The remaining hour is to beware of advancing the interests of the descendants until they learn about the microworld of people and everyday life. What is relevant is the study of everyday realities. In the first quarter of the 18th century, the great Russian Empire was celebrated by the efforts of Peter I, and the Europeanization of culture was underway. It’s hard to remember how the life of the Russian nobility changed with the reforms of Peter I.

There is a great deal of literature devoted to this topic, so we need to see what is most significant and important to us. Among the pre-revolutionary works, we can note the work of S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, N.M. Karamzina.

The transformation in the hours of Peter I was thoroughly analyzed by S. M. Solovyov. He first noted that the beginning of the transformation was laid in the other half of the 17th century. Having looked at the changes of mind in the Galusian culture, S. M. Solovyov noted that they were formed before us in the sphere of material culture, in the speech world of people, “the Russian people, entering the stages of European activity, are naturally guilty of being burdened and to European cloth, because food is not It was about the banner of a nationality, the meaning was that: before this family of nations there are European and Asian, and it is obvious to wear the banner of this family in their robes.” And in chapter 3, 18 volumes of his “History of Russia from recent times”, the correctness of the reforms of Peter I is emphasized. well, the stage..."

The leading historian V. O. Klyuchevsky, following the thought of S. M. Solovyov, means that the re-creation of life in the form in which it was carried out was not so much necessary as it was subjective in nature in that glance of the king. “We decided...through the nobility to settle European science in Russia, enlightenment as necessary for the mind...”. N.M. Karamzin said in his own words: the main point of reform was that “a fierce monarch with an incensed temper, having defeated Europe, wanted to create Russia as Holland.” “Also, this passion for new things for us has crossed into a new boundary of reasonableness... Russian clothes and beard did not respect the mortgage of school.”

I am good, the reforms of Peter I have a super-judicious character. The re-creation took place in a violent way, causing great victims. On the other hand, first after the Christianization of Russia, Petro made an energetic attempt to bring the region closer to European civilization. It turned into a great power with an efficient economy, a modern navy, and a highly developed culture. The drying was quick and decisive.”

It should be emphasized that the historiography that describes the everyday life of the married couple in the first quarter of the 18th century is very long. It is mainly dedicated to the history of the Petrine era in works of historical and cultural directness. The first evidence of a comprehensive description of the Russian life was revealed by A.V. Tereshchenko in his multi-volume monograph “The Life of the Russian People” (Vol. 1-7. St. Petersburg, 1848).

In Butov's drawings E. I. Karnovich “Historical accounts and everyday drawings” contains information about the procedure for holding Peter’s assemblies, masquerades and balls.

The following is the work of M. M. Bogoslovsky “The life and origins of the Russian nobility in the first half of the 18th century.”

When speaking about literature, we must say that these are the works dedicated to the noble culture. This, of course, is the work of the Radyansky literary scholar and culturologist Lotman Yu.M. “Talk about Russian culture. The traditions of the Russian nobility will continue.” The author notes that in the 18th century, affiliation with the nobility meant “obligatory rules of conduct, principles of honor, and clothing.” I, dealing with the problems of the emergence of the nobility, I will confirm that the nobility of the 18th century was entirely a product of Peter’s reforms. The book immerses the reader in the world of everyday life of the Russian nobility of the 18th - early 19th centuries. For many people of a distant era, in the children's room and at the ballroom, at the card table, we can examine in detail the cleaning, the cutting of the cloth, the manner of trimming. At the same time, about the author’s everyday life, the category is historical and psychological, a sign system, then a kind of text.

“The history of everyday life” is one of the most pressing problems in contemporary historiography that is being actively dismantled.

After the reforms of Peter I, radical changes arose in the life of the surrounding nobility, which radically differentiated from the nobility of the 17th century. This is the method given to show what the nobility was like after the reforms of Peter, his life in the 18th century.

To realize this goal, we have set the following tasks: we will look at the moral and cultural life of the nobility, their education and illumination, the spiritual sphere of their life.

The chronological framework of the investigation covers the period of reforms of Peter I (1700-1725).

The territorial framework of the research is christened by Moscow and St. Petersburg. This division of investigation is explained by objective reasons: Petersburg in the first quarter of the 18th century. formerly the center of cultural change. In most cases, all secular visits and official ceremonies were held in the ancient capital. At the same time, Moscow was deprived of the center of the Russian Empire and did not lose its political and cultural significance.

We focus on the key moments of the everyday life of the nobles - this is enlightenment, permission, work, clothing.

Enlightenment. Etiquette

The eighteenth century of Russia was marked by the reforms of Peter I. Russia began to rise with the gatherings of European culture, which, for the most part, was forced by the unbearable burdens and fierce will of Peter. The Tsar tried to win the Russian nation until it was illuminated.

The early formation of a new type of specialization of the nobleman and noblewoman continued, as a result of the adoption of European lighting systems. During the hours of Peter I, the creation of the secular school and the noble enlightenment became the right, including the sovereign.

In the 18th century, in the “normative” education and illumination served as a reference point, Peter’s illumination became a necessary and obligatory part of the formation of both foreign languages ​​and European manners. After the reforms, the formation of a new Russian nobleman.

The external closeness of officers and officials turbulently influenced the Tsar, but miraculously taught him what to do in his marriage, not to slurp at the table, ... not to argue the fortunes of the ship, not to successfully conquer the role of a wheel in the year. This is the mechanism under which the entire hierarchy is respected new installations For whom is knowledge and practice necessary? And therefore, primary schools and colleges were opened, apprentices began to graduate, and noblemen began to move directly to foreign countries. The nobles were enchanted, fenced in, and made friends without illumination.

In 1701, the Navigation School was created, on the basis of which in 1715 the Marine Academy was founded, and the Artillery Academy was founded. In 1712, an engineering school began to operate in Moscow; medical personnel were trained at the Medical School, opened in 1707. For the needs of the diplomatic service, a school for learning foreign languages ​​was opened under the Embassy Order. In 1721, a special school was founded, where students learned arithmetic, business, how to fold business papers and leaves, etc. Finally, in 1725 the Academy of Sciences was founded.

There are two innovations in the lighting sphere. One thing is that the range of schools has expanded many times. It is important, however, that in the course of the fateful changes the initial professional foundations were laid bare.

Another peculiarity of illumination lay in the fact that it had a secular character.

All young people must remember to behave correctly in matrimony. What you can learn not only from the initial principles and in assemblies, but also from studying special regulations. One of them, under the less-than-sensible title “Youth has a more honest mirror, or a show before life’s events,” achieved particularly wide popularity. Three people fought for Peter, so that they could testify about the great drink on him. The unknown structure of this creation was quickly achieved by a number of foreign creatures, they transferred those parts that were important to the Russian reader.

“The Honest Mirror of Youth” laid out the rules of behavior for young people at home, at guests, in large towns and at work. It instilled in the young men modesty, prudence, and obedience. The family had “the great honor to respect their father and mother,” “the young boys are guilty of speaking foreign languages ​​to each other.” Here are some recommendations on what happens in large towns and at the table. “No one should walk down the street with their head down and eyes downcast, but look askance at people, rather than straight and without bending their steps.” Rules of behavior at the table: “Do not rest your hands on the plate for too long, do not shake your legs while drinking, do not rub your lips with your hand or a towel.”

The remaining pages of “Youth of the Honest Mirror” are dedicated to girls. Their mothers were expected to have much more: humility, prudence, mercy, quarrelsomeness, fidelity, sarcasm. The girl wore a red thread, which was a sign of moral purity. “The Rozmovs have the ability to listen, but be something...”

Merezha schools have improved literacy. Not everyone could get ale osvita. Vaughn swilled his heirloom over us in front of the children of the nobles and clergy. The expansion of schools and professional education resulted in a flow of primary literature. Helpers from various backgrounds showed up.

Dress for the nobles

The 18th century was marked by a revolution in the dynasty of the nobility. The Russian nobility, in their European costume, showed old Russian traditions - a passion for kostov, khutra, and red picks. Baroque costumes created a Christmastide atmosphere in everyday life.

1700 becoming a kind of starting point on the path of Europeanization of the clothes and life of the Russians. The famous historian of the 19th century, Volodymyr Mikhnevich, accurately conveyed the flavor of the 18th century: “The charmer-director changes the scene to the point of unknownness, costumes and scenes take us on a journey from Asia to Europe and, from the gloomy Kremlin chambers to the Versailles ones, which shine with fashion and luxury . On the historical stage, a gallant, lined, gilded, paris-like style, curly kaftans and camisoles, richly puffy thighs, curled, powdered gloves and purple tights are bursting into life... Isn’t it a dream?

“Peter I respected the need to change the outdated statements about cloth and beard: he began with himself. It’s a good idea to make a change between the nobles and all the big guys, they all attacked.” Well, in the early 1700s in Moscow, under the beating of drums, the tsar’s decree about the binding of the old-fashioned Russian dress “About the wearing of every rank to the people of the German dress and vzuttya” was announced. Petro became a method to reclaim traditional clothes. The cloth of the new, European style was exhibited for viewing the Kremlin wall. It was assigned to the men to wear Ugric and German cloth from 1 year to 1700 years, and to the squads and daughters from 1 year to 1701 years, so that “the smell would be with them (the men and fathers) at this cloth level, and not slaughter.” Apparently, the female half of the Moscow population was given a little more attention to updating their wardrobe. It was obvious that the new fashion would be taken forcefully. In Moscow, there used to be a number of kissers, who stood behind all the city gates and who opposed the decree “took a penny, and also cut and tore cloth (old-fashioned). For wearing a captan for a long time, the fine was 2 hryvnia. As soon as the Muscovite had to pay the necessary amount, they put him on stakes and cut the captan out of the ground.” “At the same time, it was punished not to sell Russian cloth in prisons and not to sew such things to the Krasniki, for fear of punishment.” The clothes that were changed have changed and look completely new. In 1705, the Decree “About the lower leg of labor and all ranks of people” was issued.

Among the noble middle class, new fashions immediately aroused dissatisfaction and opposition.

The transition to a new outfit turned out to be unforgivable. For the middle class of the poor nobility, the transition to a new suit was very important through the main camp; it was not possible to change the entire wardrobe in a short hour. The haute look of the costumes, transformed by the fashion of the new hour, was like this: a man’s garment made up of breeches, shirts, camisoles, captans, short pants (culottes), panchokhs. It was necessary for a woman to wear a corsage, woolen skirts, and ornate cloths. To renew the impression, clearly powder the combs of women and the hands of men. Promptly dressing richly, inheriting the new fashion, began to be considered a sign of high worthiness.

The daily life of the Petrine era differed from the previous one. If previously a fashionista had to wear rich clothes and embellishments, now a new cut of cloth requires the introduction of different manners and different behavior. The fashionistas were not supposed to show the way of cloth to the eyes of their peers, but rather to show their special advantages, their gallant manner, bowing down, standing elegantly, unwaveringly supporting Rosmova.

In the future, women appeared. They needed to get rid of the rubbish - the cloth irritated their necks and hands, and then they learned to roll gracefully and learn their language.

The science of etiquette was violated by force; in 1716, the Hanoverian resident Christian Friedrich Weber wrote: “I have a lot of women of enemy beauty, but they have completely gone away from their old manners, leaving the court (at Moscow c) of which there is no stern caution. Nobles dress in German, or put on their old clothes over the top, and in others, they still adhere to the old order, for example, in the ancient times, they bow their heads low to the ground.” “When he was born in 1715, Petro the Great laughed at the old Russian outfits and recognized the street masquerade in his chest. Anyone, from the most famous guise to a mere mortal, has all had problems with curious old cloth. So, among the female persons there was Baturlina in a fur coat and in the camp; Prince Abbess of Rzhevsk - in a fur coat and tilogrey... So the re-creation of Russia laughed at the old favorites.”

It’s easier to change the cloth, move the bottom away from the old ones. And since the costume of the Russian fashionista did not sacrifice anything for its sophistication to European looks, then the manners deprived them of the beauty. Weber said that women married to outsiders and foreigners “are still wild and restive, so much so that one well-known German gentleman had the opportunity to know with authoritative information. If... you would like to kiss one girl’s hand and make a complete mistake.”

Over time, clothes of a new style become an invisible part of the majority of the nobility.

Dozville

The true history of the doville begins with the nobility itself. For the nobleman, the entire hour, free from service certificates, turned into permission. The main forms of this allowance were established in the 18th century. The Petrine era was marked by new traditions of species. The most important innovation was fireworks. Masquerades were held either in the form of costume walks, or in the form of a demonstration of carnival costumes in a large city, theatrical performances glorified the king.

The nobleman's day began very early. If you were in service, you would go straight to work, and if you weren’t, you would go for a walk. “The place for walks near St. Petersburg is Nevsky Prospekt, and in Moscow - Tversky Boulevard. Here the music was playing and crowds of people walking were visible. Moscow had other places for walking. Nobles often went straight to the Botanical Garden, founded by the decree of Peter I as the Apothecary City, to have mercy on rare fruits, herbs, tea leaves and trees.”

During the hour of walking, the nobles showed off their fashionable clothes, drank and made social acquaintances. The walks lasted until lunchtime.

Dinner was an important step in the daily routine. They dined either at home, or with guests, or they themselves went straight to dinner. They dined for a long time, in keeping with the tradition of noble etiquette, which they carefully followed. After the dinner, the immediate end to repairs was made, and the nobleman was faced with new exploits.

The penetration of European culture into Russia radically changed the status of the noblewoman. “The nobles began to live in an open door; Their friends and daughters came out of their impenetrable chambers; "Bali, the evenings ate one excuse with another in the gala halls." Primus for the first time, and then, through heavy drinking, she got up to secular life and practiced daily noble etiquette: she read books, took care of the toilet, learned foreign languages, mastered music, dance, and the art of conversation. At the same time, she had a family with good traditions of the priority of values ​​and the Christian faith. The children of the noblewomen were deprived of their children by the daily headache of Peter the Great's hour.

The daily routine of Moscow noblewomen was governed by the illegally accepted norms. The capital's noblewomen, as much as they could afford it, tried to care less about finances and the entire “home economy.” They were much more impressed by the furnishing of their booth, its readiness to receive guests, and also by the style of their outfits, which were not in keeping with the latest fashion trends. What struck the foreigners in Russian noblewomen was “the ease with which (they) spent pennies on clothes and gentrification of life.”

Petersburg, with a greater number of etiquette-hour rules and daily routine; in Moscow, as V. N. Golovina said, “the way of living (was) simple and not disrespectful, without the least etiquette,” the life of the place began “on the 9th anniversary of the evening,” when all “everydays were revealed in the open,” and “ morning and day can (be) spent as planned.”

Most of the noblewomen spent this early and early day “in public.” The wound of the city woman began with make-up: “The wound was lightly blushed, so that there would be no need to expose oneself...” After dressing the wound and having a light drink (for example, “with fruit, sour”), a lot of thoughts came about the choice: On this particular day, a noblewoman in the city could not allow herself to be ill-fitted in her robes, her shoes without pick-ups, the lack of combing, so that other “young women”, having styled their hair to some long-scrutinized saint, were “committed to On the day of departure, sit down and sleep, so as not to overload.” I want, behind the words of Anglіyki Ledi Rondo, Rosіyski Choloviki, “on the Zhizhnok of Yak on the Fun on the Fun that Garnenki Igrashki, the buildings of the rod,” - the Sami is nervously subtly rosucom, they were able to do that interval. Rozmov lost the main way of exchanging information for the townspeople of the 18th century and occupied most of the day with the rich.

For example, in 1718, Petro Primus introduced new forms of permission - assemblies. The Assembly, as the king explained in the decree, is a French word that means a bunch of people who gathered together either for their own achievements or for the demise and growth of friends. The assembly asked for partnership. The stench began around the fourth or fifth day of the day and lasted until 10 pm. Gentlemen, before the guests were at the assembly, they were given little accommodation, as well as a light supply: malt, milk and cradles, drinks for the infusion of sprague. Special tables were set up for playing checkers and checks. Before speaking, Petro loved the Shahs and engraved with them miraculously.

The Assembly is a place of invincible sustriches, where the top members of the consortium went through the school of secular training. But there is innocence, and indescribable gaiety, and the ability to conduct a secular rozmova and insert a verbal remark, and, we have decided, dancing was far from being achieved immediately. At the first balls of Peter the Great there was a lot of tediousness, dancing, and the nibbies were forced to perform unacceptable duties. Suchasnik painted such an assembly from nature: “Women will now sit close to the men, so that you can’t talk to them, but you can’t even say a word; If they’re not dancing, everyone sits like them, and just marvels one on one.”

The nobles began to dance in manners and fashionable dances, and Peter's assemblies began to rejoice. There were two types of dances at the assemblies: ceremonial and English. “Originally at assemblies it was possible to use almost no wind and percussion instruments: trumpets, bassoons and timpani, and in 1721 the Duke of Holstein brought a string orchestra with him to Russia.”

Most often, the assemblies met during the winter month, and sometimes during the summer. Sometimes the king himself was the ruler of the assembly. The guests asked to see the Summer Garden and the estate's residence - Peterhof.

Petro ruled the etiquette of the courtiers with the same diligence as the officers of the military article. Here are the instructions for how to get around in Peterhof. It is noteworthy as evidence of the elementary rules of behavior that the king instilled in his courtiers: “Whoever is given a card with a bed number, then the sleep may not tolerate the bed, below any other date, or from another bed to take " Or an even more meaningful point: “Don’t take off your shoes, don’t wear boots or booties, and don’t lie down.”

Assemblies are the most characteristic innovation, a kind of symbol of the era in the sense that there are quite a few predecessors.

Code of everyday behavior

“At the time of Peter the Great, important foundations were laid for the re-formation of the noble family: the suppression of violent marriages, the allowance of freedom of choice in love, the destruction of the isolation of the Orthodox family by the rise of love with foreigners, the establishment of The number of the named and the named, advancement to the age of the young. For six years before the wedding, there will be little guarantee, after any naming and the naming could very well be treated, and if they do not suit one another, then there is little right to be accepted as a whore.” Regardless of the preservation of traditional rituals, the march to the celebration of the European spirit with fashionable weddings, dances and foreign roads was joyfully recreated. A new development at this time was the separation of noble families. At the heart of the family itself, which retains much of its patriarchal character, lay obligations and family health. The document that is the legal protection of a friend, having become a love agreement. It was an important discovery that a female noblewoman had the right to imprisonment. The noble family began to live on new principles. The family’s role as a wife has grown, and she has become a friend. Vlad's personality began to have a more subtle and illuminating character.

The houses of the nobility first had special libraries and collections. With the influx of European culture in the 18th century, an aesthetically similar and new etiquette of the Moscow nobility gradually took shape. This process was accompanied by the development of the self-consciousness of the first camp, which at its basis had little moral orthodox guidelines. The ethical norms of Christianity were heavily influenced by the moral principles of the nobility. This was most noticeable in the beneficial activity of the nobility - the creation of ghosts, doctors and other charitable deposits.

Budinok. Culinary traditions

The 18th century was marked by an intense struggle between the Russian chambers and the European forum - the sword. The era of Peter the Great was marked by a permeated style, and palatial palaces began to appear in a rapid manner. The small and rural gardens of the nobles are small and low-growing rice: the cultivation of a living hut in the deep yard, the gardening character of the forgotten, the carelessness of the tree, the isolation of the garden and the regular park. European interiors of noble households were decorated in red and lingonberry tones and with green kahlev stoves, following the old Russian tradition. The portico with columns and the cladding of wooden parts under the fireplace became the calling card of a noble mansion. Landscape parks became one of the changes in the development of the scientific interest of the nobility to natural wonders of knowledge.

The culture of the aristocratic dining room had pervasive French, English and German dining trends. And by the way, “Russian exoticism” was the initial trend in the gastronomic traditions of the nobility. With the development of table culture, the Russian name for table setting changed from Moscow, but it was known until the mid-nineteenth century from Europe. The nobles performed a great deal of mischief in theatrical performances, the roles of which were prescribed by noble etiquette. Well, the 18th century became for Russia centuries of European cuisine. There have been a great number of new dishes that are coming out today. In entering Europe, Russian people experienced more refined relish in table setting and beautifully prepared herbs.

Visnovok

The everyday culture of the nobility of the 18th century, under the reign of Peter I, is characterized by the combination and mixture of two trends in everyday life - traditional and European. It is true that there will be a turning point in the sphere of changes in the external, material officials of the everyday nobility. The change in the current appearance was a kind of symbolic manifestation of the choice of the same way of development, an expression of favorability to a certain type of culture, and behind the external attributes there was an important internal change.

Well, it is clear that the 18th century is still an hour, if the nobleman, on the one hand, is in power with the rice of a truly Russian, deeply religious people, on the other, the process of Europeanization has begun, inevitable, after the stormy era of Peter I, and also in at the same time not so sane to the Russian people .

In the heaving pockets of my work, we can say that the 18th century is the hour when a completely new noble state is about to be formed, in the Russian nobility there is most of the type of Russian people, not yet fully formed, but also completely new, which As long as we can’t turn back in the past .

List of literature and literature

1. Georgieva T.S. History of Russian culture.-M.: Yurait.-1998.-576 p.

2. Zakharova O.Yu. Secular ceremonies in Russia from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century..-M.: AT Tsentropolygraf.-2003-329p.

3. History of Russia in food and nutrition. / Ed. V.A. Dines, A.A. Vorotnikova. - Saratov. - SGSEU Publishing Center. - 2000. - 384 p.

4. Karamzin M.K. History of the Russian state. T.11-12.- St. Petersburg: Drukarnya Eduard Truda.- 1853.-425p.

5. Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian state: 12 volumes at 4 k., K.4.t.10-12.-M.: RIPOL CLASSIC.-1997.-736 p.

6.Kirsanova R.M. Russian costume and everyday life of the 18th-19th centuries// Culturology.-2007.-No.4.-P.152

7. Klyuchevsky V.O. Course of Russian history. part 4. - M: Partnership drukarni A.I. Mamontov.-1910. - 481s.

8. Klyuchevsky V.O. Op. o 9 t., t.4. Course of Russian history.- M.: Dumka.-1989.-398 p.

9. Korotkova M.V. Exploring the history of the Russian culture. - M: Bustard.-2006.-252 p.

10. Lotman Yu. M. Besidi about Russian culture. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility. - M.: Mistetstvo. - 1999.-415 p.

11. Pavlenko N.I. Petro Pershiy that її hour.-M.: Enlightenment.-1989.-175 p.

12. Politkovskaya E.V. How they dressed in Moscow and its surroundings in the 16th-18th centuries.-M.: Nauka.-2004.-176p.

13. Pushkarova N.L. The private life of a Russian woman: named, squad, khanka (10-cob 19th century).-M.: Ladomir.-1997.-381 p.

14. Pilyaev M.I. Old life. - St. Petersburg: Drukarnya A.S. Suvorina.- 1892.-318 p.

15. Suslina O.M. Everyday life of Russian chepuruns and fashionistas.-M.: Mol. Guard.-2003.-381p.

16. Tereshchenko O.V. May the Russian people rest. Part 1. -M.: Russian book.-1997.-288 p.

Lecture LXV111, Sudzhennya Solovyova//Klyuchevsky V.O. Course of Russian history. part 4. M., 1910. P. 270

Klyuchevsky V.O. Op. o 9 t., t.4. Course of Russian history. M., 1989. P. 203

Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian state: 12 volumes at 4 k., K.4.t.10-12. M., 1997. P.502

History of Russia in nutrition and species. / Edited by V. A. Dines, A. A. Vorotnikov. Saratov, 2000. P. 45

Lotman Yu. M. Besidi about Russian culture. The traditions of the Russian nobility will continue. M., 1999. P. 6

Pavlenko N.I. Petro Pershiy that її hour. M., 1989. P. 158

Tereshchenko O.V. May the Russian people rest. Part 1. M., 1997.S. 206

Kirsanova R.M. Russian costume and life of the 18th-19th centuries // Culturology. 2007. No. 4. P. 152

How they dressed in Moscow and its surroundings in the 16th-18th centuries. M., 2004. P. 144

How they dressed in Moscow and its surroundings in the 16th-18th centuries. M., 2004. P. 144

Pilyaev M.I. Old life. St. Petersburg, 1892. P. 62

Zakharova O.Yu. Secular ceremonies in Russia from the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. M., 2003. P. 182

Suslina O.M. The everyday life of Russian Chepuruns and fashionistas. M., 2003. P. 153

Pilyaev M.I. Old life. St. Petersburg, 1892. P. 63

Suslina O.M. The everyday life of Russian Chepuruns and fashionistas. M., 2003. P. 152

Korotkova M.V. The history of the Russian life has become more expensive. M., 2006. P. 181

Karamzin M.K. History of the Russian state. T.11-12.SPb., 1853. P. 419

Pushkarova N.L. The private life of a Russian woman: named, squad, khanka (10th-19th century). M., 1997. P.226

Ibid S. 227

Pushkarova N.L. The private life of a Russian woman: named, squad, khanka (10th-19th century). M., 1997. P.227

Korotkova M.V. The history of the Russian life has become more expensive. M., 2006. P. 188

Pavlenko N.I. Petro Pershiy that її hour. M., 1989. P. 156

Georgieva T.S. History of Russian culture. M., 1998. P. 155

During the implementation of the project, the cost of government support was received, seen as a grant in accordance with the order of the President of the Russian Federation No. 11-rp dated January 17, 2014. and at the site of the competition held by the Trans-Russian community organization “Russian Union of Youth”

"Pri Petre, in the first half of the reign, when there were very few schools, the main route until the consecration was the encampment of the Russian nobles in masses for the beginning. The deeds, voluntarily or behind the decree, manipulated Europe, even being family people, in flight, wrote down their foreign precautions to show how important and unfruitful this world path was.

Unprepared boats, with widely flattened eyes and mouths, marveled at the stench of the sounds, the order and the situation of the European town, not disparate wonders of culture from tricks and factions, not realizing in their minds the insignificant the enemy of greedy thoughts.

One, for example, an important Moscow prince, who, having lost the unknown, memorably describes his Amsterdam supper in a small hut, with an undressed wife and a servant, and having visited the church of St. Peter in Rome, not having come up with anything beautiful for his painting, how to measure the length and width of the temple with its edges, and in the middle to describe the trellises with which the walls of the temple were hung. Prince B. Kurakin, a nobleman in Europe, who began at Venice and lost his life in 1705. to Holland, this is how he describes the monument to Erasmus in Rotterdam: “A man with a twisted copper plate with a book as a sign of the one who was a man of many years and often began people, and for that, as a sign, this is given away. In Leiden, he introduced the anatomical theater of prof. Bidlo, whom she calls Bidlom, said, like a professor, “discerning” the corpse and “giving” his part to the students, looking at the large collection of preparations, embalmed and “in spirits.” All this work of scientific thought on the knowledge of life after death led the Russian poster to the delight of everyone who would be in Holland, immediately marvel at the Leiden “coriusity”, which, they say, will deliver “a lot of excitement.”

Unconcerned with the length of the preparation, Petro, placing his initial forces behind a cordon of broad hopes, thought that he had been sent to bring back so much valuable knowledge, as he himself had collected it on his first trip. Perhaps, if they really wanted to seize their nobility, they would begin naval service, making it the main and most important basis of their power, as it seemed to people who had little contact with the Russian embassy in Holland in 1 697 rub. Because of this fate, having driven beyond the cordon, dozens of noble young people began to learn the sciences of navigation. But the sea itself aroused the greatest fear in the Russian nobleman, and from behind the cordon he cried with his own, asking to be recognized as an ordinary soldier, because in spite of the land “science”, but not in navigation. Meanwhile, over time, the overseas training program was expanded. According to Neplyuev’s notes, over the butt of the spivvitch scientists wisely vikoristovu their overseas initial revolt (1716 - 1720 r.), which is why the Russians began behind the cordon and how they conquered the local science.

Parties of such scholars, all from the nobility, were distributed in the most important places of Europe: in Venice, Florence, Toulon, Marseille, Cadix, Paris, Amsterdam, London, and began in the local academies of the picturesque world va, crews, mechanics, navigation, engineering, artillery, military , as ships will be, boatswain, soldier's articulation, dance, fight with swords, ride horses and do all sorts of crafts, copper, carpentry and ship life, they ran from science to Mount Athos, they led "redoubts", and budinki, de one of one, rich they drank well and spent pennies, having squandered their money, sold their speeches and the villages’ rumors in order to escape the foreign battle, and the poor, carelessly taking away the meager payment, did not die of hunger, as the needs were sent to foreign service, and everything went bad supported the reputation of “good cavalry” in Europe.

After returning home from these culture guides, foreign scientific influences were easily heard, like the raid of a road saw, and home was brought home an astonishing amount of foreign vices with filthy native sounds, which, in the respect of one foreign minister, led only to spiritual and physical confinement and forcefully gave the place and honesty - true fear of God.

The thing stuck. Petro wants to make the nobility a hotbed of European military and naval technology. Nezabar revealed that the technical sciences were badly pinned down to the level, that the Russian nobleman was rarely given the opportunity to become an engineer or captain of a ship, the same knowledge that had always found an addition at home: Menshikov at Saardami and Peter at the same time climbing on the yardarms, getting into the timidity of the goldfinches, and Fatherland was the land governor-general. Even if the experience behind the cordon did not pass without obscurity: the training in language arts did not provide a significant supply of scientific knowledge, but nevertheless it got the nobleman accustomed to the process of training and aroused an appetite for knowledge; The nobleman still got the hang of it, even if it wasn’t for what he was sent for.”

Klyuchevsky V.O., About Russian history, M., “Osvita”, 1993, p. 451-453.

The nobility for Peter I, as S. Pushkarov notes in his “Look at Russian History,” was not always the favored state that it turned out to be for his attackers.

The highest rank of the Moscow courtyard nobility - the boyars - has always been known. The Boyar Duma resigned itself, and the higher-ranking officials of the central and regional administration of Petro recognized that they did not at all respect their behavior.

The service obligation of every nobleman did not become easier for Peter, but instead became significantly more important for the Moscow state.

There, the nobles, who had completed the military campaign and guard service, were waiting in their booths, and for Peter they were afraid to join the regular soldier regiments from 15 years ago, without having gone through the trivial sting of soldier's drill and suffering and showing the special features of the fighting in responsibilities, officers were formed. And then they serve in the army until old age or until they lose their usefulness.

On the other hand, a leather soldier who rose to the rank of officer, having been stripped of his nobility.

In 1721, Petro signed a decree that said: “All chief officers who are not of the nobility, these are their children, these are their nobles, they are nobles, and they are granted patents for nobility.”

From now on, access to the nobility through the military service was extended to all classes of the population.

Under the Senate, the King of Arms, who supervises the nobility and their service, is able to lead the nobles in a strong manner and discipline, so that none of them, after reaching fifteen years of life, fails to serve. He was also punished so that the civil service would have no more than a third of the people with a noble title.

Numerous Moscow service ranks, which lay significant peace from the activities of serving people, were pinned down by Peter. Seen by him in 1722, the “Table of Ranks” divided the entire mass of state military and civilian servicemen into fourteen ranks and ranks, which an officer and a civilian official would be assigned to.

In the place of the enormous aristocratic hierarchy of “breed” and “Fatherlandism,” Petro installed the military-bureaucratic hierarchy of merit and service.

In addition to service obligations, Petro assigned the nobles a completely new initial service. He sent a hundred young nobles beyond the cordon to become the head rank of the military and naval authorities.

All noble children of human status were ordered (1714) to learn letters, arithmetic and geometry.

At that very hour Petro demarcated the rights of the nobles from their orders. By a decree on the unification of the unification, issued in 1714, Petro forbade landowners from dividing the soil between their sons and ordered the commandment of indestructible tokens to only one son “to choose the ruler,” because “the division of indestructible towels will bring great harm to the powers.” And ours, both to the interests of the sovereign and to the nicknames themselves, has fallen" .

Relations between villagers and landowners were not directly and indirectly regulated by Peter's legislation. Proceeding from his great financial reform, the introduction of the “poll” tax resulted in the improvement of the legal status of peasant villagers, who were mixed with serfs into one class of landowners.

When Petro ordered a census of the population to be completed under the capitation tax, the scribes added more villagers to the lists, because the slaves behind the encampment did not allow for the taxation.

However, Petro wanted to get to the sovereign “tax” and in 1720 he told the Senate: “I feel that in the current censuses only the villagers are written, and the house-serfs and others are not written... for this sake, confirm by decree, so ix the landowners wrote about their taxes, which doesn’t stink.”

The capitation tax was, however, borne by the peasants and serfs. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Service, as a special legal entity, a free form of sovereign duties, emerged, angry with the kripak, into one class of kripaks, which the lords were assigned to control and exploit economically at their discretion.”

At the same time, S. Pushkariyov confirms that Petro himself did not understand the extreme development of serf law, and that he went to the extent of selling dead people as thinness, rather than living in the villages for his exchange.

In 1721, having issued a decree, which stated that “the nobility sells villagers and businessmen and householders by the cut - whoever wants to buy - for the sake of thinness, which is not found in the whole world and why the greatest cry goes up,” - “And thy king punishing majesty the whole purpose of selling to people is pinned"; But then there was a caution: “And if it is impossible to pin him down, then I would like to sell it out of necessity with whole nicknames or families - and not shamefully.”

Aware of the importance of commerce and industry in the living state, Petro tried his best to raise the activity and social level of the Russian trade and industry class. Having fallen asleep, the elected local magistrates were working in places, Petro also wanted Russian craftsmen to be organized into workshops in the wake of entering European countries (it is necessary to note that in Europe at this time there was a struggle against the guild system).

In accordance with the regulations of the chief magistrate, “the skin mysticism and craft of its own special workshops (then workshops) and the aldermans (seniors) rule over them.”

However, the workshop organization is not to blame for the mother’s Primus-like character. According to the decree about the workshops of 1722, the workshops were to “write craftsmen as they want, and not forcefully.”

Peter's attempt to introduce self-government and a guild system in Russia was not successful.

And one of the reasons that contributed to the development of the local class was the “tax” of the state itself - the burden of taxes, as well as the obligatory services and duties that lay on the local population.

Petro, as S. Pushkarov means, was wise, and by decree of 1722 he tried to release the townspeople from the government service: “... they went to the mint, tavern, salt and other collections, and to the market and the payment of penny Don’t choose treasuries from the townspeople, And what is the difference with such certificates - after the end of the day, please call. And at such gatherings, the great head commanders will have senior officers, and the lesser non-commissioned officers will have ordinary soldiers... and before them, the command will be recruited from the magistrate from dissenters and bearded men from kissers.”

However, it soon became clear that it was impossible to recruit for such services the number of full-time officers and soldiers, schoolchildren and “bearded men”, and the townspeople were once again recruited for services for which they were no longer required Gorodivske camp 1785 rock.