Yogo warehouses components. Warehouses and components II Practical training for independent robotics
Zalizo - plastic metal of medium-white color with low hardness (HB 80). Melting temperature - 1539 ° С, thickness 7.83 g / cm 3. Potential polymorphic modification. With the charcoal gallant I will make a chemistry and a solid solution.
ferrite to be called hard razchin in coal in a-zalozі. Zm_st in coal in ferit is even small - maximum 0.02% at a temperature of 727 ° С. Hard brace in carbon in high-temperature modification Feα (tobto in Feδ) is often called δ-ferrite or high-temperature ferrite.
Small. 8.1. ferite
austenite - a whole lot of hard razchin in coal in γ-zalozі. The maximum volume of coal in the austenite of the warehouse is 2.14% (at a temperature of 1147 ° C). MAH hardness HB 220. 8.2. austenite
Small. 8.2. austenite
cementite - the process of chemistry from poluka zalizu with carbon (carbid zaliza) Fe 3 C. At least 6.67% in coal (by weight). I can fold a diamond crystal lattice. It is characterized by an even higher hardness (HB 800), at the edge of low plasticity and crumble.
Small. 8.3. plate parts pearlite
Small. 8.4. granular pearlite
perlite - shop mechanical sum of ferite with cementite. Revenge 0.8% in coal, set for austenite at a temperature of 727 ° С. Perlite є eutectoid.
eutectoid - the chain of mechanics of the two phases, which is set up from a solid gap (and not from a hard metal, like eutectic).
ledeburite є eutectic sum of austenite with cementite. Reveal 4.3% in carbon, set in a hard alloy at temperatures of +1147 ° C. At temperatures of 727 ° C, austenite, before entering the storehouse of ledeburite, transforms into pearlite at the lower temperature, ledeburite is a mechanical cement.
The phase of cementite has five structural forms: pervinnium cementite, which is established in the metal; secondary cementite, which is established for austenite; tertiary cementite, scho to pretend to be ferite; cementite ledeburita; cementite perlite.
Diagram Fe-Fe 3 C. In fig. 8.5 shows the diagram of the alloy of the alloy with cementite. On the horizontal axis of concentration, 0 to 6.67% was deposited instead of coal. Liva is vertical hanging out of 100% instead of the lid. At the latest, the melting temperature and the temperature of the polymorphic conversions. The rights are vertical (6.67% in coal), being 100% instead of cementite. The letter points of the diagrams are accepted according to the international standard and are not changed.
| Speck | Heating temperature, ° С | Boundary concentration in coal,% | point characteristic |
| A | Melting temperature | ||
| V | 0,51 | Warehouse of the fertile phase during the peritectic reaction | |
| Z | 4,3 | Eutectic warehouse - ledeburita | |
| D | 6,67 | Melting temperature of cementite | |
| E | 2,14 | Boundary rarity in coal in γ- zolozi | |
| J | 0,16 | Warehouse for austenite at peritectic reaction | |
| H | 0,1 | Ferite warehouse for peritectic reaction | |
| N | Converting δ - zalizo into γ - zalizo | ||
| G | Converting α - zalizo into γ - zalizo | ||
| S | 0,8 | Warehouse eutektoida - perlit | |
| P | 0,025 | Boundary rarity in coal in α - zalozі | |
| Q | 0,01 | Minimal coarseness in α-zone |
Small. 8.5. Diagram will become zalizo-vuglets.
Zalizovarny alloys in the deposit form instead of in coal are distributed on technical gold (up to 0.02% C), steel (from 0.02 to 2.14% C) and chavun (from 2.14 to 6.67% C). Steel, which can be up to 0.8% C, is called pre-eutectoid, 0.8% C is eutectoid, and 0.8% C is non-eutectoid. Chavun, scho to revenge from 2.14 to 4.3% C is called pre-eutectic, exactly 4.3% - eutectic and from 4.3 to 6.67% C - hyperetic.
The structure of the technical zone є grain is ferite or ferrite with a small amount of tretine cementite. Obov'yazkovuyu structural warehouse steel є perlite. The structure of pre-tectoide steel, is stored in uniformly reddened grains of ferite and perlite. Eutektoidnykh steel is stored only with pearlite. The structure of zeutektoid steel is a grain of pearlite, otchinuyu sutsilnuyu or redistributed with a mesh of secondary cementite. Chavun is characterized by the presence of ledeburite in the structure. The structure of pre-eutectic chavun is composed of perlite, secondary cementite and ledeburite, eutectic - from ledeburite and hypeutic - from ledeburite and primary cementite.
The meaning of the diagrams of zalizo - cementite polyagaє is in the fact that it is possible to explain the presence of the structure and, apparently, the power of steels and chavuns in the place of coal and because of the heat treatment for the steel of the snake.
Food for self-control.
1. Name the components, phases and structural warehouses as diagrams.
2. What about ferite, austenite, perlite, ledeburite and cementite?
3. Tell the authorities the microstructure of the phases and structural diagrams.
4. Write a rewrite reaction on diagrams.
5. What are the lines of liquidus and solidus diagrams?
6. To show the process of crystallization of alloys with a small amount of coal (<0,025; 0,16;0,51; 0,8; 1,5; 2,5 и 4,3%).
Busy 9. Practical robot No. 1 "Vivchennya diagrams to the camp" Zalizo-cementite ".
Meta robots:
Vivchennya phases і structural storage, as well as phase transformation of diagrams.
Material equipment:
To carry out robots, you need: a poster for diagrams for Fe-Fe 3 C, an album of microstructures of phases and structural warehouse diagrams.
pid yakistu service, service product, there is a complex of corny authorities, normative and technological characteristics of service, employees of the community and individual consumers are pleased to be satisfied with the new establishment of services, according to the traditions of nationalities. Servants by the corny power represent those objectival characteristics, which are manifested when living, responding to the needs and needs of the living, as well as to the sovereign-normative legal criteria.
In such a rank, the rationalization of the quality of the structure in its own economical warehouse + runtut on the regulatory and legal basis. The yield is low in the degree of swelling (strong, middle, low) in the fallowness as a result of which it is suitable for living. the problem of quality as an economical category of victories at the same time with the development of a suspension vyrobniztva, with an ear of generation of services as a result of a widespread consumer of people.
All of the year's virobniks are sturbed by the problem of advancing the quality of virobration, including services. The positive result of improving the quality of service products is important for all participants and parties.
The most important thing is that it is the service that brings competitiveness to the market.
However, indicators of quality, as well as problems, are related to the production of yakynoy products, specific for skin galusa, including for the sphere of tourism.
At the present moment, the understanding of the quality of the category is standardized and based on standards.
Self-control і vіdomchy control, keeping control.
1.standardization
2.certification
3.Lisensored
According to the value International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sweetness- the price of power and characteristics of the product, as they give it the satisfaction of the purchase or the transfer of consumers. The quality of the product is also rated according to GOST 15467-79. product quality- the supremacy of the authorities of the product, which will summarize the adherence to the satisfaction of the consumer, according to the significance of ".
ob'єkt standardization- products, services and processes that are repeatedly created and / or vicarious. The standard itself, by the essence, is the basis for the methods and methods, so that the indicators of quality are not guaranteed.
Management of standardization activities in Russia State Standard of Russia.
In tourism, it is important to see the quality of the product, not having taken the first step in the maintenance of the tourist service. ... Schematically, the Danish process is triadinim, which includes service for the purchase and sale of a complex of services, a rise in price and transfer in tourist points. In case of an organized tourist rise in price, the failure of one of the named warehouses will ruin the entire process, and it is impossible to talk about the tourist service of the complex. Without buying and selling, it is uncomfortable to get more expensive, without it, it’s uncomfortable to travel in points where tourists are going. The quality of the tourist service is to be found in the robots of the collectives involved in the three stages of the tourist process. With such a rank, the tourist service hunts for one hour the activity of the company, the proposition and the realization of the services and the goods.
A healthy way of life is a healthy lifestyle and its components help people to get optimal health. Vono is actively pouring into all our life.
Are the warehouses of ZSZh important for the trivial life of the people? Years and try to go to the whole food.
Mayzhe all chuli words about a healthy way of life, about those who have a healthy way of living more help to live dovgo. A lot of rocky vines give the opportunity to see the young and the overlooked.
Why should people be reluctant to live and not shrug off the basic elements of a healthy way of living? Maybe it’s the one who doesn’t know the stink, but it’s so.
Warehouses for a healthy way of life
A healthy way of living is such a style of life, which is aimed at the prevention of ill health, changing the body of people for the addition of simple warehouse components: correct eating, doing sports, seeing a young child who is not a child
Think about the healthy way of life of people Inject on the price: navkolishn middle-class, robot wiklikє stress, criminal news, shkіdlivі calls, etc.
If you have a problem, you can try to virishity, like:
vikhovati zvichku to lead a healthy way of life from early childhood;
the nobility about those who do not want to bring people to the organism of people;
pam'yatati about those who smoke cigarettes, alcohol and drugs make an unjustified shkodi health;
I will correct harchuvannya to shrink the camp of health, change the risik to get sick of the heart-court system, I will shrink the camp of shkiri, hair and nigtiv, and also to reduce etching;
being busy with sports, you can see yourself as a bad'or by stretching out your life;
nalashtuvati emotional, psychological and spiritual self-respect.
Let's see how the element of a healthy way of life is injected onto a human being, and it is necessary to work for a healthy life. To be mindful, to lead a healthy way of life, guess, like a vigilante, a person who cannot be robbed.
Living without a healthy way of living
Lyudin, as I lead a healthy way of life, to be seen in any collective. Why can't everyone constantly take care of their self-esteem? Make a call, try to lodge among people, as to make people feel good. For example, if the family does not like to play sports, then the child will be seen as a rank exercise. If all friends are eating in a cafe of a shrewd food, it is not skinny people who can stand up to them. Such is the situation in the United States, since all the inhabitants of the land began to call the "national fast food".
And how will it become, how will the women stop questing for their health? Such a situation can lead to a whole generation of unhealthy children. In addition, there is a varied memory about genetic decay. Bagatorial presenters brought up the fact that long-term calls along the Batkiv line are passed on not only to children, ale onuks and great-grandchildren. This means that in the homeland there will be a growth in the generation of people with shkidlivny little animals and a rotten camp of health.
For young people, the office of a little-destructive robot is ready to go to the office, and the nobility has ailments, obesity, destructions of the support-rocking apparatus. Stressful situations on transport, at home and on robots, to destroy the robotic nervous and heart-vascular systems.
Ecology and ZSZH
For such factors, be it a person, you can fight independently. It’s important to know a place in your life to lead a healthy way of life. It’s a matter of stifling moments when it’s important to sink in, and smell like a negative infusion on the body’s body. Until such moments, it is possible to bring the ecological camp of the midst of the midst. Obrodnі with waters, vichlopnі gases, changes in the radio background and a lot of things, which changes the life of the people by dozens of rockіv.
Alcohol is not for menshoi shkodi, nizh kurinnya. Ale nastrashnishe, how overwhelmingly yogo vzhivannya to bring people to degradation. Great shkodi alcohol makes a heart. M'yazi hearts become dull, and speedy ones - mlyavim. With the implantation of alcohol, the exchange of fluids is lost, the walls of the blood-bearing vessels grow thin, the throat of blood grows, as a result of the diagnosis of infarction and the development of atherosclerosis.
FOR HEALTH OF THE POPULATION.
Topic: ATMOSPHERNE TREAT, YOGO Chemistry warehouse І FIZIOLOGICHNE VALUE Warehouse part.
Atmospheric zabrudnenya; ЇХ VPLIV
The gas shell of the earth is called the atmosphere. The back of the earth's atmosphere becomes 5.13 × 10 15 tons.
Povitrya, which set up the atmosphere, is the sum of the new gases. The main ones are є:
jelly 20.95
Carbon dioxide gas 0.03
Inert gas is close to 1%
ozone 0.000001
Radon 6.10 -18
Check out the characteristics of the warehouse parts of the food.
Head warehouse atmosphere є nitrogen. Nitrogen is inert gas. Winn’t the dichotomy and the fire. Life in the atmosphere is not good for nitrogen.
Nitrogen has an important biological role. Nitrogen is taken over by various types of bacteria and algae, which are set in organic spheres.
Under the influx of atmospheric electricity, a small amount of nitrogen is established, which is immersed in the atmosphere by fallouts and the soil is filled with salts of nitric and nitric acid. The salts of nitric acid are transformed into nitrites by the inflow of soil bacteria. Nitriti and salts of amiaku can be used with roslin and serve for the synthesis of bilk.
In such a rank, it is possible to reinterpret the atmosphere inert to nitrogen into the living mother of organic light.
Biological significance of nitrogen is not intertwined with its participation in the circulation of nitrogenous rivers. The role of wine is important as it is a razchinnik of sour atmosphere, as it is not sordid in a pure sour life.
Decrease in the place of nitrogen in the wake of hypoxia and asphyxia due to the reduction of the partial pressure of sourness.
When a partial clutch is pushed, nitrogen manifests narcotic power (for example, divers, caesony robots).
Naybilsh is important for atmospheric components є gas-like kissen (O 2).
The biological role of kisny is superbly great. Life is not sour without sourness. The atmosphere of the earth is 1.18 × 10 15 tons of sour.
In nature, the processes of living up to sourness are going on without interruption: the dichotomy of people and food, the processes of burning, oxidation. At the same hour, the processes of renewal will be carried out without interruption in the meantime (photosynthesis). Roslini glaze in carbon dioxide gas, dissolve it, vyvoyuyut in coal, and kissen see in the atmosphere. Roslin vikidayut into the atmosphere 0.5 × 10 5 million tons of acid. Tsyogo enough to cover the nature of the change. To that, it will take 20, 95% in every case.
Without interruptions, we can change the troposphere, the axis of which cannot be made to grow in contrast to the sourness in the places of the Silskoy movement. Concentration of sourness rises in the boundaries of decilkokh ten vidsotkiv.
When a partial squeeze falls, people and creatures tend to suffer from sour hunger. Significant changes in the partial squeeze of sourness come when you go up the mountain over the ditch of the sea. The manifestations of acid deficiency can be spared during pidyomas in the mountains (mountaineering, tourism), with air travels. Go to a height of 3000m, you can hang out or get sick.
With a trivial living in a high-class environment, people develop a sound to unstable sourness and insistence on aclimatization.
The high partial grip is souring unpleasantly for people. With a partial grip of 600 mm, the life of the legends changes. Inspiration of pure sourness (partial vice 760 mm)
ozoneє warehouse part of the atmosphere. Masa yogo become 3.5 billion tons. Instead of ozone in the atmosphere, rock changes according to the seasons: the canopy is high, the sun is low. Instead of ozone to be deposited in the latitude of the place: closer to eqvatore, tim more lower.
Concentration of ozone increases unevenly by height. Naybilsh is a high yogo instead of being able to travel at a height of 20-30 km.
Ozone is permanently established in the stratosphere. With the flow of ultraviolet radioactivity, the molecules are dissociated (dropped) from the atomic acidity. Atom and souring recombine (dissolve) with sour molecules and set up ozone (O 3). At a height and below 20-30 km, the processes of photosynthesis (illumination) of ozone are promoted.
The discovery of a ball of ozone in the atmosphere is of great importance for the life on Earth.
Ozone will overwhelm the short-wavelength part of the spectrum of the sleepy radiation, not passing through the wavelengths shorter than 290 nm (nanometers). When ozone is absent, life on earth is not good for the bully, after a toothy day of short ultraviolet radiation for all life.
Increase in ozone in every day is promoted in case of a thunderstorm as a result of atmospheric electrical discharges.
Ozone is introduced to the number of toxic streams. The value of the increase in the concentration in the energy is to produce the photochemical oxidation of organic fluids, as they enter the atmosphere with the exhaust gases of automobiles and industrial chemicals. Ozone teases the mucous membrane of the eyes, nose, throat in a concentration of 0.2-1 mg / m 3.
Carbon dioxide gas (CO 2) to be found in the atmosphere at a concentration of 0.03%. The initial number is one 2330 billion tons. There is a great amount of carbon dioxide gas to be found in the clear view in the waters of the seas and oceans. At the tied viglyadi, enter the dolomite and vapnyak warehouse. The atmosphere is gradually replenished with carbon dioxide gas as a result of the processes of life of living organisms, processes of mining, rotting, wandering. Lyudina sees 580 liters of carbon dioxide a day. A great amount of carbon dioxide is seen when the vapnyak is placed.
Unimportant to the appearance of numerical dzherels of illumination, the accumulation of steam in carbon dioxide does not occur in some cases. The carbon dioxide gas is gradually assimilated (taken up) by the dewlins in the process of photosynthesis.
Krim roslin is a regulator instead of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, sea and ocean. When there is a partial clutch in carbon dioxide in the water, it is found in the water, and when it is low it can be seen in the atmosphere.
In the near-ground atmosphere, there is a small amount of concentration in carbon dioxide: below the ocean, below the land; in the forest, lower in the field; in places vishche, below the place.
Carbon dioxide gas has a great role in the living of food and people. Vin є zbudnik_ in the dical center.
Advancing instead of carbon dioxide in the first place, the negative influx on the body of the people, the reaction, teasing the mucus membranes. In every living and large town, instead of carbon dioxide, it is normal. The boundary permissible concentration (GDK) of the warehouse is 0.1%. In the atmospheric weather, the presence of a deyak kilkist inert gases: Argon, neon, helium, krypton and xenon. The gases should be referred to the zero group of the Mendelian table, do not enter into reactions with other elements, which are inert in the chemical sense.
In addition to the warehouse parts of the atmosphere, there are small houses of natural walking and labor, which are brought in as a result of the activity of people. tse atmospheric conditions.
Piece dzherela atmospheric zabrudnen for 4 groups:
1.transportation;
2. promiscuity;
3. heat energy;
4. spalyuvannya smittya.
Submitting for this short description.
The current situation is characterized by those who are responsible for transporting wikis to automobile transport and replacing wikis in industrial enterprises.
One Wikidah car for a trip to the pool over 200 cheeky spoluks. A leather car lives in the middle of the day 2 tons of fire and 30 tons of liquor, and 700 kg of carbon oxide (CO), 230 kg of non-combustion of carbohydrates, 40 kg of nitrogen oxide (NO 2) and 2-5 kg of solid speech into the atmosphere.
The promises of the enterprise behind the step are applied by the skodi to the midst of the middle and take another place of transport.
Naybilsh intensively encompass the atmosphere with the production of black and color metallurgy, naphtha and coke and chemical industries, as well as production of alarm materials. Smell vikidayut into the atmosphere tens of tons of soot, saw, metal and іx z'єdnan (mіdі, zinc, lead, nickel, tin, etc.).
Entering the atmosphere, they threw themselves into soil, accumulated in it, penetrated into the water by waters.
In the areas where industrial enterprises roztashuvannya, the population is overwhelmed by the rizik of unpleasant atmospheric influx.
In addition to solid particles, the industry of wikidum in the amount of different gases: anhydride, carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water, carbohydrates, radioactive gases.
Obsrudnyuchі speeches can do a lot of perebuvati in the midst of the middle and mother of shkіdlivy pouring into the organism of people.
Massive obstruction of the atmosphere is spared during the burning of hard and hard fires at thermal power plants. Smell є the main dzherels of the atmosphere obstructed by oxides of water and nitrogen, oxide in carbon, soot and saw. For tsikh dzherel is characterized by the massiveness of the atmosphere.
In this hour, there are many facts of unpleasant influx of atmospheric hardships on the health of people. Atmospheric hardening is put on the organism of people like hospitality, so it is chronically infused.
With the butts of a hostile infusion of atmospheric zabrudnen on the health of the population є toxic fog. Concentrations of toxic speeches in the twilight grew with unwelcoming meteorological minds.
Chronic action is manifested in the movement of the enlightenment of the population through the obstruction of the atmosphere.
Out-of-the-box mortality rate among heart-and-heart diseases and ailments of organs;
Guest of nonspecific ailment of the upper dichal nobles;
Chronic bronchitis;
Bronchial asthma;
Emphizem of legends;
Cancer legends;
Reducing the triviality of life and creative activity.
Organizational activity, herbal system and shkira є "exit gates" for toxic speech and serve as targets for direct and intermediate action.
The infusion of atmospheric zabrudnen into the mind of life. indirect (indirect) injection atmospheric zabrudnen on the health of the population.
Wono includes:
Decrease in enlightenment illumination;
Decrease of ultraviolet radiation of the sun;
A change of clever minds;
Pogirshennya zhitlovo-pobutovykh minds;
Negative infusion on green growth;
Negative infusion on the creature.
Recognition, which enchants the atmosphere, also enunciates great Shkodi for awakening, sporums, awakening materials.
All those who have been told about those who protect the atmosphere due to obstruction є the problem of supervised importance and about the sawn respect of the fakhivts in all countries of the world.
All come in from the protection of the atmospheric twist, guilty of being integrated in a complex way along the following paths:
1. Legislative come in. Tse adopted by the district of the edge of the law, recruited for the protection of the midst;
2. Rational distribution of industrial and living areas;
3. Technological enter, direct to the decrease of wikids in the atmosphere;
4. Sanitary and technical come in;
5. Development of hygienic standards for atmospheric twist;
6. Control over the purity of the atmosphere;
7. Control over the work of industrial enterprises;
8. Improvement of the population of the city, planting of greenery, watering, the establishment of rural development and industrial enterprises and housing complexes.