Fragmentation of the article or without the article. See the articleless breeding. Reproduction of mushrooms and growth for additional help
Nature has two main methods of reproduction - stateless and stateless.
And, since everything seems to have been cleared up from the beginning, then you can see that the multiplication without articles will be deprived of riches. What is this?
Forms of articleless reproduction
We now classify non-statutory propagation into the following categories: brooming, hedding, fragmentation, spore formation, vegetative propagation. Ale, the fragments of all types of living organisms that live on the Earth are leftover from the past, it is possible to create a new method of non-statutory reproduction in the future.
The division is important for single-celled organisms. The simplest thing is to use the peculiarities of your bodies to separate them from the subsequent origins of the life of the skin half. As a result, one individual is transformed into two full-fledged organisms.
Fragmentation is somewhat similar to dissection: the ability to split into a few simple parts that become new representatives of the species.
Nirvania is not typical for primitive species. It depends on the formation of a new individual from protrusions (they are called nirks) on the body of the mother's body. Everyday life begins a full life cycle.
Palintomy is the process of a smooth process without going through the stages of growth and development.
Sporulation
Superchids are reproductive cells that appear to have a very low level of metabolism and high resistance.
Reproduction by spores transmits the development of superchids in vegetative cells in wine-friendly minds. It mainly occurs in bacteria and germs.
Methods of vegetative propagation
The propagation of plantlets by the development of several parts is called vegetative.
There are a number of main types:
- Shtuchne. Reached by the path of the anthropogenic species in the process of reproduction.
- Natural. It is believed to be natural bypassing the procedure for prolongation of the family.
Such binary reproduction makes it possible to increase the balance of successful survival of the kingdoms of organisms for the minds of the aggressive middle class.
Biological role of non-statistical reproduction
In equal numbers, without articles, reproduction is characterized by the following advantages:
- takes less than an hour, which means that the family will continue to grow sooner;
- allows fathers to pass on the main components of their organisms to the younger generation without changing the main genotype;
- through its primitiveness it facilitates the process of reproduction for lower forms of life.
Methods for article-free reproduction of the table
| Single-room | Rich | Tvarini |
| Nirkuvannya is the process of the creation of a young individual from a growth on the body of the father. Sporulation - propagation by cellular spores. : this includes division and fragmentation |
Vegetatively - mainly occurs in mushrooms and plants. Fragmentation is the crushing of the body into small parts, the skin of which grows into a full-fledged individual. Strogilation. Sporulation. It grows and mushrooms. Polyembryonia. |
Vegetatively is the only method of reproduction in animals by an unstated method. Nirkuvannya is characteristic of sponges. Practical alternatives to these methods are possible, but in practice they may not work. |
Equalization of article and non-article reproduction
As a substitute for the article, non-statue reproduction is primitive, and that goes down to the lowest.
But the creatures are also not in power; people practically do not get along with each other. In lower forms, one should be careful not to use this method.
Also, standard reproduction requires two individuals of the same species; for non-state reproduction, only one is needed.
Somatic cells are in the non-article extended genus, for the article characteristic article.
Advantages of articleless breeding
The main advantage of this is the increase in the number of individuals to a specific species. This allows us to be guaranteed to live in the minds of the peaceful middle class.
Another great achievement is the transfer of Father’s rich treasures to the children’s children.
The daily requirement of two participants in the biological process is also for non-statistical reproduction.
Features of articleless reproduction
It reads here:
- mitosis is the basis of non-statistic reproduction as the main activity in the statistic method;
- development of the process without the participation of state cells;
- an increase in the number of individuals in geometric progression.
Visnovok
Numerous studies have shown that uncontrolled reproduction is characteristic of lower and unorganized forms of life.
However, it will ensure a stable increase in the number of individuals in these species and occupies an important place in the field of biology.
The essence of the reproduction process. Reproduction The power of living organisms to create their own kind. During reproduction, the transmission of genetic information from the father's forms to the offspring is ensured, which will ensure the creation of a sign of both this species and specific father's individuals. Therefore, reproduction encourages the loss of life in the mind, preserving its presence among fathers and their offspring among rich generations.
There are two types of reproduction: non-state and state.
No article of reproduction- This is the reproduction of organisms without the participation of natural cells. In the case of non-statutory breeding, only one father's individual suffers the fate, while most of the breedings lead to the appearance of single-bred offspring, which has subsided all the signs of the father. There are a number of methods of non-statistic propagation: cell division, bruning, fragmentation, vegetative propagation, spore formation, etc.
Bacteria and a lot of single-clinic prosts (amoebi, eugenia, ciliates and in) reproduce division of the tissue. Daughter cells that have matured grow, reaching the size of the mother’s body, and divide again.
At bruntuvanni a new organism takes root on the body of the father’s individual, seemingly of little growth or growth, and then strengthens, transforming into an independent organism (Fig. 77). Nirkuvannya is not typical for sponges, gut-empty, active Khrobakiv. In case of which the daughters do not become stronger than the mother (for example, in corals), then a colony is formed.
Bagato gribi can reproduce by fragments (divisions) of hyphae, and lichensі rich algae- Fragments of the story. This method of reproduction is called fragmentation. Reproduction of organisms through fragmentation is based on regeneration - the purpose of renewing treatment and damage to parts of the body. Fragmentation is also avoided in sponges, gut-empty, flat that active many parts of hrobaks.
Vegetatively not propagated- the creation of new individuals from vegetative organs. Vegetative propagation, as well as fragmentation, is based on the manifestations of regeneration. This method of propagation is widely spread in the growing world, but the greatest extent can be achieved in kvitkovyh roslin(Mal. 78).
In nature, when vegetatively propagated, new individuals can form from roots, on which appendages grow (root shoots) cherries, shishny, buzka), from the pagons (stem branches currants, aґrusu) or their parts (for example, live bait willow, leaves Kalanchoe). In this case, on the fragment, either Verkhovkova or Bichna Nirka, or under the infusion of external minds (for example, trauma), are responsible for the formation of appendages.
Vegetative propagation can also occur through additional modifications: bulb ( potatoes, Jerusalem artichoke), cibulin (cibula, chasnik, tulip, daffodil), rhizomes (pyria, konvaliya, kropiva), vusiv (sunitsa, bulging zhovtets).
At the young Roslins (aspen, willow, plum, cherry, raspberry That in) vegetative propagation can be overridden above the article. The butt of the plant, which actively reproduces vegetatively, is Elodeya Canadian- a dioecious growth that lingers near fresh water bodies. Few female specimens of this species have been introduced into Europe and Northern America. Regardless of this, the eelodea began to reproduce very quickly by vegetative means, gradually becoming familiar with new waters.
In practice, roslin crops are widely used for individual vegetative propagation of roslins. So, a lot of cultivated plants can be propagated by stems ( currants, grapes) and leafy ones (Uzambar violet, begonia) live bait, bred ( aґrus) and in other ways. In gardening there is a wider range of vegetative propagation for additional wood chipping. This method allows for rapid propagation of valuable plants and ensures their accelerated development while still preserving varietal berries. Splintered cultivated wood (splitting) can take away such valuable properties of the plant (spruce, which is used to break wood chips), such as frost resistance, resistance to illness, non-vibration of soil, etc.
The absence of multiplication by cell division, brunking, fragmentation and vegetative organs contributes to the breakdown of somatic cells. In addition, many protists, fungi and plants are characterized by non-spore formation, in which specialized cells are formed. super chicks. The smells are composed of nuclei and cytoplasms with a minimal amount of living substances. Superchids are created through mitosis and meiosis in the primary somatic cells of the mother's body and specialized organs - sporangia. In sympathetic minds, superbuds sprout and give rise to a new organism. The main advantage of this method of propagation is the ability to create a large number of fish and a rapid distribution.
For any form of non-state reproduction, there is an increase in the number of individuals of this species. The advantage of non-statistical reproduction lies in its simplicity and efficiency - there is no need to search for a partner, offspring can be deprived of almost any individual, etc.
1. What words in the speeches are missing and replaced by letters (a-v)?
Creation by living organisms of their own kind is called (a).
There are two types of reproduction: (b) and (c).
2. What is the biological significance of the reproduction of organisms?
3. In what ways can bacteria, protists, fungi, sprouts and creatures reproduce spontaneously? What forms of stateless reproduction are grounded in the regeneration field?
4. What methods of vegetative propagation are widely used in the agricultural kingdom? Why? Point your butt.
5. What are the peculiarities of the unstated reproduction of plants and creatures?
6. When propagating trees with woody baitfish, it is recommended to make a cut at the lower part of the baitfish for faster rooting. How do you care about which ball of tissue needs to be buried? What type of rhizomes thrive on live bait?
7. In horsetails, the outer shell of the skin superstructure creates two lines, which in dry air untwist and connect the supercaps one by one. In this case, the super-tufts of horsetails are expanding in groups. In other plants, for example, in shield fern, the supercaps scatter one by one. What is the reason for the presence of stitches in the supercaps of horsetails and why do the supercaps of the horsetail not bear such devices?
- § 1. Replacement of chemical elements in the body. Macro and microelements
- § 2. Chemical reactions in living organisms. Inorganic speeches
- § 10. History of the construction of the clinic. Creation of the cell theory
- § 15. Endoplasmic border. Golgi complex. Lysosomes
- § 24. The fundamental characteristic of the exchange of speech and the transformation of energy
Section 1. Chemical components of living organisms
Chapter 2. Klitina - structural and functional unit of living organisms
Chapter 3. Exchange of speech and transformation of energy in the body
Chapter 4. Structural organization and regulation of functions in living organisms
Section 5. Reproduction and individual development of organisms
He chooses which types of organisms are friendly to his environment, and which ones are unfriendly. Those individuals that grow in unnatural rice are not allowed to die, but the organisms living with “good” rice live long enough to reproduce and pass on their genes to the next generation.
There are two types of reproduction: state and non-state. The breeding state transmits a mixture of human and female cells during the course of mating, which results in the creation of offspring that are often similar to their fathers. Without the rule of reproduction, there is only one father who can pass on his genes to his offspring. This means that there is no mixing of genes, and the offspring are truly a clone of the father (which protects against any mutations).
The non-statistical reproduction is wider in less complex forms and is more effective. There is no need to prank a partner for reproduction, and one of the fathers will pass on all their rice to the next generation. However, without diversity, natural varieties cannot be cultivated, and since there is no mutation to create more friendly rice, species that reproduce in this way may not survive in a constantly changing environment.
There are a number of different species of non-state reproduction. Let's take a closer look at the actions.
Binary floor
Maybe everything will multiply. This type of reproduction is very similar to the process of mitosis. However, the fragments are not, but the DNA of prokaryotes may be found only in one ring, this process is not as complex as. A binary section begins with one cell that copies its DNA and then divides into two identical cells.
This is a very quick and effective method of creating offspring for bacteria and similar types of cells. However, if during the breeding process a DNA mutation occurred, this could change the genetics of the offspring and they would no longer be identical clones.
Nirkuvannya
Another type of unstated reproduction is called brunkuvannyam. Nirkuvanya occurs when a new organism or offspring grows on the side of the father through a part called nirka. The animal is deprived of attachments until the ancestor reaches adulthood and becomes an independent organism. In one of the fathers there may be a lot of nirok and a lot of land at the same time.
With additional help, monocellular organisms such as yeasts, multicellular organisms, and hydra can reproduce. Again, the offspring is a clone of the father, since no mutation occurs during DNA copying or cell reproduction.
Fragmentation
All types of organisms contain many vital elements that can live independently of one individual. These species multiply in an unstatable way of propagation, known as fragmentation. It occurs when a part of the individual is reinforced, and a completely new organism is created from it. The exiting organism also renews the part of the body that has been strengthened. This part can be destroyed by natural disaster or in the event of injury or another situation that threatens life.
The most commonly known organism that recognizes fragmentation is the seaweed. Sea-eyes can breed from their bodies at the back of their hands, which will then become their offspring. This is mainly related to its radial symmetry. They have a central nerve ring in the middle, which is divided into five hands. The skin hand touches all the elements necessary to create a completely new individual along the path of fragmentation. , Flatworms and fungi can also reproduce with the help of fragmentation.
Parthenogenesis
The more complex the organisms, the more amazing it is that they succumb to state-based rather than non-statemental reproduction. However, there are many creatures and plants that reproduce through parthenogenesis, if necessary. This is not a quick method of reproducing most of these species, but you can also deprive yourself of offspring for various reasons.
Parthenogenesis is a type of reproduction in which offspring are hatched from an unfertilized egg. The number of available partners, the immediate threat to the female’s life, or other similar situations can lead to parthenogenesis being necessary to preserve the species. Apparently, it would be an ideal option for the remaining parts to become a clone of the mother.
Creatures that can reproduce through parthenogenesis include komaks (Bjoli and Koniky), lizards (Komodo dragon) and even rarely in birds.
Reproduction by superchids
Richly Roslin and Gribi vikoristuyut superechki as a type of non-statistic reproduction. These types of organisms are subject to a life cycle, called when they go through different phases of their life, and are characterized by the presence of chi. During the diploid phase, they are called sporophytes and vibrate diploid superchids, which are formed for continuous reproduction. You see, how superchids work, you don’t need a partner or marriage in order to produce offspring. Like all other types of non-state reproduction, the offspring of organisms that reproduce are clones of the father. Examples of organisms that vibrate supercaps include mushrooms and ferns.
Main article: Without article reproduction
Non-state reproduction is a form of reproduction that is not associated with the exchange of genetic information between individuals - a state process.
Without article, reproduction is the oldest and simplest method of reproduction and is widespread in single-celled organisms (bacteria, blue-green algae, chlorelium, amoeba, ciliates). This method has its own advantages: one has a daily need to find a partner, and the worst of the recession is saved almost forever. Proceeding from this method of reproduction, abundance, which is necessary for natural selection, is achieved without the addition of fallout mutations, and this is even more effective. Prote, it should be noted that the publication of a type before the articleless reproduction does not include the publication of the article before the article process, but also under the division in hours.
The most widespread method of reproduction of single-celled organisms is dividing into two parts, creating two separate individuals.
Among the rich cell organisms, almost all plants and mushrooms can be reproduced to the point of constant reproduction - for example, Velvicia. In general, these organisms reproduce by vegetative means or by spores.
In the middle of creatures, the prevalence of continuous reproduction is most often limited in the lower forms, but less often in the more advanced ones. The only method of constant reproduction in animals is vegetative.
It is widely believed that the individuals that were created as a result of non-state reproduction are always genetically identical to their father’s body (not to mention mutations). The most striking counter-attack is the propagation of spores in plants, because when spores are created, a reductive subset of cells is produced, as a result of which only half of the genetic information is located in the supercells, which is in the cells of the sporophyte (div. Gitt Двьй cycle roslin).
State of reproduction
The state of reproduction is connected with the article process (the proliferation of cells), and also, in the canonical case, with the fact of the creation of two mutually consistent article categories (human organisms and female organisms article).
With state reproduction, the creation of gametes or state cells occurs. These cells have a haploid (single) set of chromosomes. Animals have a subordinate set of chromosomes in primary (somatic) cells, so gamete formation in animals occurs during the process of meiosis. In rich algae and all tall growths, gametes develop in gametophyte, which already has a single set of chromosomes, and emerge as a simple mitotic division.
Depending on the type of gametes that arise, there are several types of gamete production:
Isogamy - gametes of the same size and size, with flagella
anisogamy - gametes of different sizes, or similar, with flagella
Oogamy - gametes of different sizes and shapes. The small ones that produce flagella of human gametes are called spermatozoa, and the large ones that do not produce flagella of female gametes are called eggs.
When two gametes fuse (in case of oogamy, there is a fusing of different gametes), a zygote is created, which now has a diploid (subfamily) set of chromosomes. From zygote, a daughter organism develops, which contains genetic information from both parental individuals.
Reproduction is the power of organisms to deprive offspring.
Forms of non-statistic reproduction, significance, essence, biological significance.
Two forms of reproduction: state and non-state.
In the state of reproduction - change of generation and development of organisms based on the development of specialized - state cells and the creation of zygote.
In non-state reproduction, a new individual is created from non-specialized cells: somatic, non-state; body.
There is no reproduction, but agamogenesis is a form of reproduction in which an organism creates itself independently, without any participation of another individual.
Reproduction by half
The power lies in us before single-celled organisms. As a rule, it is made with a simple hem of the skirt in two. In some protozoans, for example, foraminifera are divided into a large number of cells. In all types of outbreaks, the symptoms that resolve are essentially identical to those that emerge. The extreme simplicity of this method of reproduction, associated with the remarkable simplicity of the organization of single-celled organisms, allows for rapid reproduction. So, in sympathetic minds, a number of bacteria can invade the skin of 30-60 people. The organism reproduces in a stateless way, creating endlessly for itself until a spontaneous change in genetic material occurs - a mutation. Since this mutation is friendly, it will be preserved in the offspring of the cell that mutated, as a new clone clone. In a one-part reproduction there is one father’s organism, which creates an identity of organisms identical to its own.
Reproduction by superchids
Often, the uncontrolled reproduction of bacteria is preceded by the creation of spores. Bacterial supercells are all cells with reduced metabolism, characterized by a rich spherical shell, resistant to drying out and other unfriendly minds that cause the death of the most severe cells. The spores are intended to serve both for the survival of such minds and for the dispersal of bacteria: having consumed the core, the supercell sprouts, transforming into vegetative cells that divide.
Without state reproduction for the help of single-celled spores of power and various mushrooms and algae. In many cases, superchids are created by mitosis and mitospores, and sometimes especially in mushrooms in large quantities; When germinated, the stench is caused by the mother's body. These mushrooms, for example, the evil plant of phytophthora plants, create loose, flagellated supersacs, which are called zoospores or vagabonds. Having swam in the speckles of water for a good hour, such a wanderer “calms down”, loses its flagella, becomes covered with a thick membrane and then, in sympathetic minds, germinates.
Vegetatively not propagated
Another option for non-statistical reproduction is the way of strengthening the body of one part, which consists of a larger or smaller number of cells. From them an adult organism develops. The butt can be applied to sponges and coelenterates and the propagation of sprouts with live bait, cibulins and bulbs. This form of stateless propagation is called vegetative propagation. At its core, it is similar to the regeneration process. Vegetative propagation plays a role in the practice of growing plants. So, it may be that there is a hanging tree, for example, an apple tree in the distance with a combination of signs. In this plant, this combination may well be destroyed, since it is created as a result of statistical reproduction, and it is associated with the recombination of genes. Therefore, when breeding apple trees, consider using vegetative propagation - by breeding, live bait or by splintering on other trees.
Nirkuvannya
For these types of single-celled species, such a form of unstated reproduction is in force, like brunkuvannya. And here the mitotic part of the nucleus appears. One of the nuclei that has matured moves to the local area of the mother cell, which is formed, and then this fragment is demolished. The daughter cell is smaller than the mother cell, and it takes a long time to grow and produce structures that are destroyed, after which it acquires the appearance of a powerful mature organism. Nirkuvanya is a type of vegetative propagation. Many lower fungi, such as yeast, and many other creatures, such as freshwater hydra, multiply in the water. When yeast is added to the yeast, a thickening is created on the tissue, which is gradually transformed into a full-fledged daughter cell of yeast. On the body of the hydra, a few cells begin to divide, and as a result, a small hydra grows on the mother individual, which has a mouth with tentacles and an intestinal sac, connected to the intestinal sac of the “mother.”
Fragmentation of the body hem
These organisms can multiply by dividing the body into several parts, and from the skin part a full-fledged organism grows, in everything similar to the mother’s individual flat and many parts of worms and skins.
The state of reproduction is a process in most eukaryotes associated with the development of new organisms from state cells.
Lightening of state cells is associated with the passage of meiosis at any stage of the life cycle of the organism. In most breeding stages, reproduction is accompanied by changes in state cells and gametes, in which subdivisions, gametes, and a set of chromosomes are renewed. Due to the systematic formation of eukaryotic organisms, the state of reproduction has its own peculiarities, but, as a rule, it allows for the ingestion of genetic material from two parent organisms and allows for the removal of parts in a combination of powers, like the everyday life of Fatherland’s forms.
The effectiveness of the combination of genetic material in animals obtained as a result of breeding is:
vipadkova zustrich two gametes
gradual expansion and separation of homologous chromosomes to the poles during meiosis
crossing over between chromatids.
This form of natural reproduction, known as parthenogenesis, does not transfer any gametes. Even though the organism develops from the state cell of the oocyte, parthenogenesis is still important for state reproduction.
In many groups of eukaryotes, statistic reproduction has become more common, and it occurs even rarely. In fact, among the species of deuteromycetes, the fungi comprise a large group of phylogenetic ascomycetes and basidiomycetes that have lost the state process. Until 1888, fate was told that from the ground growing plants the state of reproduction was completely spent in the pulp reed. The cost of reproduction in any group of rich-celled animals has not been described. However, there are many species of lower crustaceans - daphnia, like worms, which in sympathetic minds reproduce parthenogenetically over tens and hundreds of generations. For example, species of rotifers have been reproducing parthenogenetically for millions of years, creating new species!
In a number of polyploid organisms with an unpaired number of sets of chromosomes, the state of reproduction plays a small role in maintaining genetic diversity in the population due to the creation of unbalanced sets of chromosomes in gametes and in fish.
The ability to combine genetic material during state propagation is of great importance for the selection of model and government-important organisms.