II Romanovsky reading. Venevsky district - Crimean war The fate of Kostroma residents in the Crimean war

The history of the Crimean War is not deprived of the respect of Western and foreign historians. Tim no less, through various reasons around nutrition did not take away proper lightening. There is also a need for the Turkish army to take part in the fighting in Krim. The resulting stereotype does not seem to be entirely consistent with historical validity. This has created a tendency for negative attitudes towards the entire Turkish contingent, which prevails in the Anglo-French historical and memoir literature and, often, in the Vietnamese. Today, with a tired thought, the role of the soldiers of the Ottoman Empire was limited to their contribution to engineering and earthworks and transferred vantages. At this time, people began to loot and died in the thousands from typhus and dysentery. Respecting those who have all been overhauled fairly, it should be noted that including the fate of the Turkish soldiers in the fighting in Crimea would have been pardoned.

Before we talk about the military campaign, it is necessary to give a short description of the army of the Ottoman Empire.

The Shedding War began after the implementation of low reforms, which were initiated back in the 30s. XIX century with the initiation of Sultan Mahmud II. Their goal was to bring the army as close as possible to European standards. As a result of the reforms, infantry and cavalry were organized under the French system, and artillery under the Prussian system. The new army was working on a system of recruitment in the form of lottery, as well as voluntary enrollment. The call was encouraged by individuals of Muslim religion, and from the 1850s onwards - and by Christians, which reached the 20-25th century.

In organizational terms, the Turkish army was divided into active (lower) and reserve (redif). The term of service among the lower classes became five fates. After this soldier, having left the lineless release, he spent the next seven years at the rediff. In the time of peace, the military servicemen of Redif are quickly getting ready for the beginning. Throughout this hour, the stinks have been extorting the same rations and salaries as the active army. At the beginning of the war, at the first call of the stench, troops were required to report to duty, thus establishing the reserve army.

Before the war, the active army of the Ottoman Empire consisted of six infantry corps (Guards, Constantinople, Rumelian, Anatolian, Arabian or Syrian and Iraqi), an engineer brigade, two regiments and in the fortress artillery, one reserve artillery regiment and the so-called artillery regiment. The infantry corps included two divisions - infantry (6 regiments in stock) and cavalry (4 light cavalry regiments), as well as one artillery regiment. The infantry regiment consisted of four battalions: three line battalions and one rifleman, but the infantry regiment was still at the formation stage.

Ali Pasha, the great vizier of the era of the Great War(litographs by de Maison, 1856)

Omer Pasha,commander of the Turkish army in the Crimean War

Each battalion had 8 companies out of an established staff strength of 104 individuals. At its own level, the cavalry regiment was in a 6-squadron warehouse, 120 individuals per squadron. The artillery regiment included 11 batteries (we had a 6-garm warehouse), of which 2 were light cannon. During the war, one battery was formed under the skin regiment.

Such an organizational structure most often did not discourage speeches. In fact, the difference between the number of special forces that are in service and those assigned to the staff was often great. This was explained by economic reasons and the unsatisfactory organization of recruitment.

The warehouse of the armored forces of the Ottoman Empire were the additional military vassal powers, which were recruited in the Danube principalities, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya.

In addition, from the beginning of the military operations to the active army, a subset of bashi-bazouk volunteers were recruited. These are irregular units, especially cavalry, from central Anatolia, Syria and Kurdistan. They were subject to a lack of discipline, a passion for robbery and looting, and did not become such an independent force. In connection with this, there were brown trees, which were often in the regular army and other various jobs.

Omer Pashaphoto by R. Fenton, 1855.

The Turkish military uniform was copied from the uniform of the incoming armies. The infantry and artillery of the line regiments were dressed in black uniforms with yellow metal tails and red visor on the sides. On the shoulder straps were indicated the numbers of the regiments, depending on their affiliation with the corps. The redifs were dressed in uniforms of blue cloth with these very accessories. The pantaloons were of the same color as the uniforms, but the cloth was significantly coarse and inferior in brilliance. In warm weather, soldiers wore wide white trousers. Consistent with the European tradition, Turkish soldiers were provided with overcoats that were made from light gray coarse material and were made from kaptur. The skin soldier was given a backpack - made of thick felted skin and adhesive parts. The ammunition, black or white, was worn over the shoulder under shoulder straps. The arrangement was completed with a bag of bread and a bag of rusks, a bad manner and an important cartridge bag. The headgear of the Turkish soldier was a headdress - a red fez with a dark seam penzel and a small copper plaque attached to the crown.

This hunt was made with a smooth-bore towel, a bagnet and a cleaver. There are small parts around the parts. The rediff is prepared with old grain, creamed with cream. The active cavalry is small with armored fittings, pistols, templates and pikes, reserve ones - pikes and cold armor are important. Artillery was the best example of the situation. Near Constantinople, near the miracle camp, there was a distillery, built by the English. For example, F. Engels, for whom the Prussian army organization was the only insane authority, was confused by the power of the Turkish artillery: “At the highest level there was artillery, the field police were monsters; soldiers were given up for this type of service.”

Turkish pohota

Sultan Abdul-Mejid-1 continued the transformation of his successor. As a result of these reforms, the army of the Ottoman Empire fell into disuse until death, but could not stand on a par with the armies of the largest European powers. A serious problem was felt in the administrative structure, which was strengthened and materially secured by the army. On the edge of the town there was a staff food service.

Until the Turkish soldier, his people most often had a positive assessment of both the Russians and their allies. As the hero of the defense of Sevastopol, E.I. Totleben, later wrote, “the constant courage, intelligence and vigor of the Turkish soldier before the war, the regular army of the Turks during the rest of the war revealed a lot of good authorities, and their actions have more than once earned completely fair praise.” The innocence of the training of the officer corps of the Ottoman Empire did not withstand harsh criticism.

The military schools of Constantinople, far from being comparable, were unable to prepare a sufficient number of trained officers. Most often, European officers acted as transferees there. However, the beginning was carried out for additional transfers. The listeners themselves marveled at their readers with distrust and fear, as if they were “guys.” Well, the enlightenment of those who graduated from military schools, deprived them of their beauty. Even worse was the large command warehouse on the right, which was highlighted by the low level of training, incompetence, and then the general lack of military awareness. When recognized at the command position, the leader system was widely expanded, since the main respect was given to the special allegiance, family ties, etc.

It is necessary to note that service in the Turkish army was profitable for rich European officers from France, Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Ugorshchina, and the Americans. They can hardly be called Naimanians, since the prospect of regular payment was doubtful. Some wanted to take part in the wars from which the Ottoman Empire was won most likely. Others, most often Poles and Ukrainians, were inspired, out of revenge, to fight the Russian Empire they hated. In most cases, among the foreigners, military guards and instructors formed a common understanding of the word. Of course, the presence of foreign professional officers had little positive significance for the Turkish army, otherwise the problem could not be solved.

I will not leave the role of the fact that the Ukrainian reforms did not achieve the desired result, having played, etc. civilization factor. As the participants said, “European standards have decided to engage with the main pillar of the suspense system and the delivery of the Turks - the Koran.” And the distrust and ignorance of the Turks before the “giaur” spread “to the organization of the army, after it became a European sight.” Often the uniform itself screamed out in them as if in protest. Thus, bandages and a belt, thrown over the shoulders and moving cross-like on the chests and backs, were associated among the soldiers with the fact that they wanted to be baptized in such a manner that “it struck the minds of all Mohammedans.”

On the 5th spring, the first group of the Anglo-French squadron left Varnia and headed straight to the river Krim. It had 9 Turkish ships in its warehouse, which housed the Turkish expeditionary corps. On June 14, 1854, the Allied armies inevitably settled near Evpatoria. Together with them, the Turkish division, numbering 7 thousand, went ashore. a man of hunting with 12 field and 9 tax rounds.

At the first battle on the Crimean land, Alminsky, Turkish birds played a different role, and not just as they usually say. Many authors' interpretation of the participation of the Turkish contingent in the Battle of Alma comes down to the discovery and protection of convoys. With respect, it turns out that this was exactly the case

Indeed, two battalions of Turkish infantry were lost throughout the entire battle on the forest birch of the Alma River, ensuring the protection of the landing forces. The main mass is

6 battalions, in accordance with the plan of the allied command, were added to the 2nd French division of General Vosquet and “... the Bois brigade crossed the river...”. Having penetrated two kilometers, the Turks reached the flank of the Russian position and pushed forward until the 2nd battalion of the Minsk regiment of Lieutenant Colonel Rakovich arrived. During the subsequent battle, the stinks fought both with this battalion and with the 4th battalion of the same regiment of Lieutenant Colonel Matveyev, who advanced to the next. They were gradually pushed out, interacting with the French in the Ulukkul Valley. Armored with smooth-bore guns, the Turks spent the entire battle inaccessibly retracing two battalions, conducting an intense firefight with them. The most cruel were the villages of Adzhi-Bulat, where the Russians recognized the greatest losses.

After Almi decided to issue a tax on Sevastopol, the allies divided their army into two corps: the tax and observation corps. All the burdens of taxation fell on the shoulders of the English and French. The Turkish forces, at the disposal of twelve battalions, were immediately ordered by the French commander-in-chief and were placed in reserve as they were considered to be in abeyance due to the situation. Over the course of these months, the English and French batteries almost daily exposed the place to shelling, and “at the great saint, the French planted the Turks in their place, and they did not give us any peace of mind.”

In fact, the Turks first crossed with the Russian Bagnets near Balaklava.

Balaclava

At the garrison of Balaklava itself and in its fortifications there were approximately 3,350 English and 1 thousand Turks. Relying on the traditional tenacity of Turkish soldiers in defense, they were stationed at four advanced redoubts near the village of Kadika. The skin redoubt, which was garrisoned with 250 Turkish soldiers, was assigned an English artilleryman. Rano-vranci 25 zhovtnya redoubt No. 1 buv raptovo attacks by the Russians. The Turks were suddenly caught and did not manage to prepare for defense. After a short artillery shelling, the Azov Regiment of the Swedes advanced and reached the middle of the redoubt. The Turkish soldiers defended zealously, but, unconcerned with their support, the Azovs with a blow at the bagnet broke the mark, in the baked essence of splitting most of their defenders.

After this, the Ukrainian Jaeger Regiment launched an attack on the second and third redoubt. At the same time, the Odessa Jaeger Regiment destroyed redoubt No. 4. This time there was no hand-to-hand combat. Faced with such a swift and bloody result of the struggle for the first redoubt, the Turks without a fight abandoned their valuables and, which were being reexamined for many hours, hastily entered Kadikoy. Those who wanted to know the order at Balaklava were confronted by the fire and gunfire of the English soldiers. The trophies of the Russians were 11 harmats, as well as gunpowder, marking and entrenching tools.

About an hour later the English began to rapidly prepare for defense. Having sent for reinforcements, Brigadier General Colin Campbell positioned the 93rd Scottish Regiment at the line in front of Cadikoy. Only a handful of Turkish soldiers reached the right flank, but after the attack of four squadrons of hussars of the Saxe-Weimar (Ingermanland) regiment, the stench of the worst ones cleared up.

Further developments began, which took such a tragic turn for the English army, without the participation of Turkish soldiers. Their behavior in this battle is assessed differently. The assessments of the English are, as a rule, extremely harsh and unimportant. Guess what, the notes of the English participants again call the Turks from fear, unworthy fighting, and looting. As one of the English newspapers wrote at that time, “if the Russians took the redoubts on the Balaklava road, the Turks rushed to Balaklava, but were immediately greeted with contempt by the Vignans. After this, the stench began to rob the marks of the Scots Guards, when the rest were fighting. The Turks also took cloth and cloth without distinction from the British and Russian killed.”

Assessments of Russian followers and participants of the greatest importance. Okrema, they will have to be skeptical about the firmness of the English side, since one of the reasons for the “fearful behavior of the Turks” and after this defeat of the English light cavalry is the desertion of the tour commander from Crimea All the troops of Suleiman Pasha and his adjutant. The connection with this means that “all actions in Crimea are controlled by the French and English commanders, and that Turkish generals play an unenviable role in them.” According to the Balaklava reference, the first redoubt “was captured as much as possible, and since the Russians took it so quickly, the blame is no longer on the Turks, but on the swift, unstoppable onslaught of the good Azov regiment.”

As a result of the losses of the Turkish army that day, thousands of people were killed and seriously wounded. Of these, 170 people died during the defense of the first redoubt.

Evpatoriya

Evpatoria became the main center of the Turkish army’s concentration in Crimea, and here the stench was strongest. When speaking about military actions near this place, investigators often interchange with stories about the assault under the leadership of General Khrulov. At times, starting from the middle of the early 1854 until the end of the spring of 1855, practically the entire period of the “Sevastopol addiction”, Evpatoria was under blockade, and even Russian troops. There is a need to hide the communication of the Sevastopol garrison with the Empire.

Beginning with the occupation of Evpatoria by the allies and until the end of the 17th century, the number of the Moscow garrison changed. Fighting operations continued rapidly until the most intense skirmishes at outposts and battles emerging from the area. Most often, such exits were motivated by the need to protect the herds that belonged to the Crimean Tatars, who in large numbers flocked to Evpatoria at the call of the Turkish commandant of the place, and also fought against the Cossacks .

Until the fall of leaves in 1854, Evpatoria was covered with a stone wall. In front there was a bunch of batteries, equipped with small-caliber batteries. Already after the battle for Inkerman, the allies gradually began to strengthen fortification disputes. As a result, until the day of the assault, the place was completely surrounded by an earthen rampart with a deep and wide ditch in front. The side of the place, closed to the Rotten Lake, instead of the earthen fence was protected by a stone wall. The buildings were placed in a defensive camp and surrounded by parapets. At the very place, at the exit of the main street, a new battery was installed. All small fortifications were fortified with 34 missiles, especially naval ones, and five missile launchers. This place from the sea was covered by the fire of the Allied ships that were in the roadstead.

Since 1855, the Turkish armies have received new reinforcements. Under the command of Omer Pasha, two Turkish and one Egyptian divisions, two squadrons of cavalry and two field batteries with a total number of 21,600 troops landed in Evpatoria. In addition, there was a large Turkish garrison in the area, up to a thousand armed Crimean Tatars, and a small number of French and English. To this extent, the command of 276 sailors of the French ship “Henry IV”, which was standing on the mileage and was about to be transferred to the battery, was given.

The remaining allies did not carry out the usual offensive operations, the Russian command was planning to attack Evpatoria. In advance of the assault from the expansion of the Russian troops to the gate of the crossing there was one Ulan (Pole). It was obvious that the defector would tell the allies everything he knew about the fighting forces and lives of the Russians. Prote, surrounded by various changes in disposition, decided not to endure the assault for an hour.

All night before the assault, the enemy prepared to defeat the attack. The garrison carried out repairs and strengthened fortifications. In addition, before the work, a large number of local bastards were captured. As a result, even before the hour of the attack, the Russians discovered that during the hour of the rest of the awakening the values ​​had changed significantly.

The Allies prepared themselves in advance of the attack. Most of the fortifications were occupied by Turkish troops. The regiment of the Egyptian division of Selim Pasha with a field battery took up position near the fortification in front of the levees. All weapons and missile launchers were located in batteries. These servants were built by the French and Egyptians.

On the 17th of February, about the 6th anniversary of the morning, the Russian army began its first shooting, followed by a harmonious cannonade and towel fire.

Under the cover of the cannonade on the 8th anniversary of the morning, a battalion of Greek volunteers and hasty Cossacks rushed to the warehouse of three hundred 61st and one - 55th regiments. Having reached the nearest point before them, the stinks lay behind the walls of the building and in the quarry pits on the side of the fortification about 100 kroki away, the sounds of a loud tornado.

Following the order of General Khrulov, 24 batteries and 76 light projectiles were placed on the right. Most of them were placed in a row opposite the Evpatoria fortifications, therefore the colossal intensity of the fire was reached.

In the artillery duel, the Russians faced nearly 30 large-caliber guns, a number of field guns and 5 missile launchers. In this case, the inhabitants of the place were supported by artillery from ships that were stationed in the Evpatoria roadstead. The calibers of the Turkish artillery are of little superiority. Tim not less, the Russian artillery was flying away, having lost control of a lot of hostile harmata. The fire sunk into the ground five charging boxes or cellars, which indicated a sense of chaos in the Turkish armies that occupied the front fortifications. The success of our artillery was due to the guns, which took positions in the entrenchments between the Garmatians and fought against the Turkish artillerymen. Frustrated by the weakening of the enemy's fire, General Khrulov on the 9th year of the morning ordered the left colony to try an assault. At that time, artillery fire was strengthened on the side, and the fire from the fire had weakened significantly. This situation allowed our artillery to be pushed forward a little more, placing the enemy redoubts opposite. On the rise, about 150 sazhns from the small fortifications, a cardboard fire was fired through them.

At this point the Turks tried vilaziti. Under the cover of the chutes and artillery fire from the steamboats, their infantry and cavalry took their place. On the alert for the enemy, who were on high alert, the cannon-light battery No. 20, as well as the Novoarkhangelsk Uhlan Regiment and the Cossacks, were hanging on the card post. The Turks did not dare to attack and entered on the wrong positions.

The Russian troops were in readiness to begin the assault. To further weaken the defense's support in the face of the attack, a light 4th battery of the 11th Artillery Brigade and a light horse battery were brought to a distance of approximately 100 fathoms from the town's fence. From this distance there was again clear card fire.

Under the cover of artillery fire, the 3rd and 4th battalions of the Azov Infantry Regiment, recruited by Major General Ogariov, launched an assault. Next to them was a battalion of Greek volunteers, reinforced by a battalion of dismounted dragoons.

These were filled with heavy towel fire and buckshot to strengthen the two steam floats. Our offended batteries, so as not to harm our own, would suppress the fire. Already at the beginning of the attack, the Azovs recognized significant losses in officers and lower ranks. They managed to reach the ditch, but the stench of confusion began to rise. There was a roar of water, and the assault gatherings appeared short. It became obvious that continuing the attack would cause serious losses. And if the attackers escaped to Evpatoria, weakened by the victims, the stench would not be able to go away in the place. General Khrulov ordered the advance.

These photographs, taken by the English photographer R. Fenton in 1855, depict the commander of the Turkish troops in Crimea, General Omer Pasha.

The exit of the right and middle columns of Russians passed behind the enemy's side. To re-examine the left column, the Turks threw a force of three squadrons of cavalry and a battalion of infantry. To launch an attack, the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Azovs, who were covering the exit of the colony's lead forces, were forced into punishment. At intervals between the battalions, the 4th battery was regrouped, preparing to defend against the enemy with grapeshot. The Turkish cavalry approached the tornado line and started a fire, however, not at all harmless. However, the pets did not dare to attack. In honor of the infantry Turkish battalion, having emerged from the fortifications, they scattered across the battlefield, finishing off the wounded, whom the Russians did not catch during the approach. Before them, there were a few local residents from among the Crimean Tatars. For the sake of fairness, it should be said that when two of the Turkish soldiers after him approached Omer Pasha, holding their heads in their hands, they were immediately arrested and killed, for the science of the army. Tim, no less, the incident, which has damaged its reputation, has gained wide publicity.

As only the Turkish squadrons turned to the place, General Khrulov ordered to continue the advance, which was carried out under fire from steamboats and many shells at the town’s fence. Until the 11th year, the wound began to calm down.

During the assault on Evpatoria, the Russians lost 168 people killed and nearly 600 wounded. As there is concern about spending, the numbers are increasing. According to varying data, the Turks lost 87 to 114 people killed and up to 300 wounded. Among the dead, the former commander of the Egyptian division, Selim Pasha, was found to be mortally wounded by the Egyptian Colonel Rustem Bey and the Turkish Colonel Alibey. As a result, a small number of French and 13 Crimean Tatars died as they guarded the end of the battle. It can be assumed that the Allies deliberately underestimated the figures for expenditures, since the remains of the Russian artillery were firing with moderate fire nearby.

The storming of Evpatoria has little place in historical times. At the same time, this is not an ordinary battle episode. For the Allies, the Volodin massacre meant that the stench could permeate Sevastopol without interruption. The Russians, on their own, could not possibly concentrate all their forces near Sevastopol through the threat of an attack by the allies from Evpatoria with the method of cutting off communications with the Empire. As the Turks complain, “their army has gained momentum again and has thereby renewed its reputation.” After this, many French and English changed their position to a better one. Tim no less, the supreme command of the Allies was willing to take advantage of the acquisition of Turkish paramilitaries from military operations

On the 21st of February there was a small matter. The Turkish cavalry, with a force of 8 squadrons, left the site and attacked the Russian outposts. The attack took place immediately after the change, so the units that moved far from the outposts were not caught up. Sensing the skirmish that had begun, the stinks turned and helped to repulse the attack, burying it in full of four Turkish cavalrymen.

Birch 1855 rub. The Evpatoria garrison was replenished with new units that arrived from Turkey and Egypt. At that time, there were up to 50 thousand at the place for data that had been taken away as defectors. Turkish soldiers, including 43 thousand. lust, 3.5 thousand. cavalry and 3 thousand. artillery.

After the fall of Sevastopol, the importance of Evpatoria intensified, and the remaining allies could work to bring Russian troops to the mainland. Right up to the spring, the fighting near Yevpatoria was interspersed with random skirmishes and skirmishes at outposts. On the 2nd of the 9th spring, the Allies made a serious foray against the Russian corral, which covered the place. Floating under the cover of steamships, she lost the respect of the Russian vanguard until the evening, and never entered into battle. The firebrands were smashed directly against the corral of General Korff. Here the Russians faced 3 regiments of French infantry, 22 battalions of Turks and Egyptians, a Turkish cavalry division, 500 bashi-bazouks and a small number of field batteries. The foreign command was held by the French General d'Allonville.

As a result of the low level of pardons allowed, General Korf was killed in recognition of the rapt attack. The situation ensued between the Uhlans, the regiment of Grand Duchess Catherine Mikhailovna, and the Turkish cavalrymen, who were supported by the Bashi-Bazouks. At the same time, the Turks rushed to the Russian field troops. The artillery began to work with just one shot at a time. After this, three servants, horses and friends were chopped up. With a forged counterattack, the Ulan division defeated the Harmatians, and through the marriage of mounts, horses and harnesses, transported their snakes. The Russians were alarmed about the entry. About an hour later the Turks brought in all their cavalry to the right and continued the re-examination, which was accompanied by baked hand-to-hand battles. As a result, the Russians spent another 3 units and 12 charging boxes. Our losses were very significant: 38 lower ranks were killed, 3 chief officers and 32 lower ranks were wounded, 1 chief officer and 153 lower ranks were captured. It is unknown about the losses of the allies, but judging by the ferocity of the battle, one can assume that the stench was great.

In the future, right up to the fall of leaves, forays from Evpatoria by the Turks and the French were repeated more than once. There was a strong smell until the collapse of too many forces and the essence of the Russian outposts.

Expedition to Skhid Krim

Another place near Krim, “where the Turkish soldier set foot,” was Kerch. By burying the place, a full Allied expedition was organized to descend to Crimea. The expeditionary forces under the command of the English General Brown consisted of the French division of General D'Otmar numbering 7 thousand people with 18 harmats, Cameron's English brigade with 6 harmats and a squadron gu sar number of 3 thousand people, as well as the Turkish encampment of the pasha, having 6 thousand soldiers.

On May 24, 1855, the allied fleet, having shelled the front shore, landed and sank Kerch. Due to the shortage of forces and the weakness of the coastal artillery, there was practically no support for it. The fleet destroyed the Azov Sea roadstead, shelling and destroying coastal areas. And the troops that landed, not meeting the enemy and being careless, gave in to robberies and looting. The place became aware of complete plunder. Churches were desecrated, ancient burial mounds and monuments were dug up in search of treasures. With the excitement of unbearable plunder and violence, everyone was buried - the Turks, the English, the French. In order to kidnap the local residents, the commander of the French corral ordered to organize a patrol service. Sometimes, in order to avoid atrocities, the fire starts at one’s own. Even more serious incidents were reported. So, during the “vibrating excavations” on one of the British provinces, a group of Turkish soldiers hesitantly began to shoot at the picket of the 71st Scottish Regiment, which was passing the road. The Scots fired with friendly fire, killing one Turkish officer. It was possible to investigate, and in a number of sharp revelations, the commanders of the sub-divisions who took their part from the essence.

The allied fleet has deprived the Sea of ​​Azov of gold. Having lost one English and one French regiment in Kerch, as well as the entire Turkish army, General Brown decided to put him on the ship and turn to Sevastopol.

Now, perhaps, we can complete our look at the actions of the Turkish troops at Krimu. Of course, there were other battles, things that involved Turkish soldiers. However, their fate was insignificant, so it’s unlikely that any sense would be raised against them. For example, at the Battle of the Black River, the Turkish army had 17 battalions, 1 squadron, 36 troops (a total of 9,950 people). Tim is no less, the main burden of the battle fell on the English and French, but the Turks lost a total of 7 people wounded.

After the end of the world and before the evacuation, the Turkish troops were located mainly in Evpatoria and Kerch, and a small part - near Sevastopol.

Stanovishche Viysk

The story about the actions of the Turkish army in the Crimean campaign will be complete without the riddle about the minds in which the Turkish soldiers lived and fought. Of course, at the warehouse of the Allied expeditionary corps they had the most important thing. The organization of military operations in the Turkish army was at an extremely low level, so the French commissary took over. And because in the warm season, life was remarkably normal, the winter of 1854 to 1855. can be described in one word - disaster. There was a shortage of everything - food, uniforms, clothing, medical care, supplies. Muslim infirmaries, according to eyewitnesses, were more similar to tsvintars, less like places, and were made to relieve suffering. As a result, during the most important winter period, the decline in the lavas of the Turkish army sometimes reached 300 individuals per production. The press, the lists and the victims of the war participants continued to describe the suffering that befell the Turkish soldiers.

Thus, in one of the sheets, carried by the Momming Chronicle, it was said: “... the unfortunate Turkish soldiers are suffering cruelly from typhus. The budinki in Balaklava are filled with dead and dying Turks, suffering from any kind of medical aid and all manner of health problems. The stench helps one with the diligence to give the rice a distinct Turkish character.

Our doctors must be occupied with their sick and wounded Russians; There’s no time left to help the Turks.” The Times newspaper regularly published leaves from Crimea. At leaf fall 1854 r. on these pages one could often read the following lines: “Turkish soldiers are dying like flies due to bleeding, fever, typhus, etc. They have no paramedics, and our surgeons are not available for the needs of our powerful army. The Turks are very kind to their sick; They often meet at the age of very low people, who carry the sick or dying on their backs, who are stored at Balaclava, in the stinging shed that serves as their hospital, where they may soon die.”

The Allied authorities often did not mention the expenses of the Turks. The secondary departments of the Turkish army also probably did not keep detailed statistics. Prote, when assessing the expenditure of Turkish troops in Crimea, usually comes out at a figure of 40 thousand. died and died.

Considering the reasons for the insignificant participation of the Turkish troops in the Crimean campaign, their weak effectiveness and the difficult situation in which they fell, it is better to see such aspects.

From the very beginning it was obvious that the Ottoman Empire was not seen by London and Paris as an equal participant in the coalition. The English historian Lord Kinross noted: “there was a war that Britain and France waged against Russia, and Turkey, which gave a reason for it and could have won against it as a result, was given an insignificant military role.”

However, the Turks of the 16th – 17th centuries were not in a position to confront the military Turks. Regardless of the transformation, the army of Sultan Abdul-Mejid seriously surrendered its characteristics to the armies of the advanced European powers, as was said earlier. Moreover, the Turkish commander-in-chief Omer Pasha sent all the way to Crimea to help the allies. The largest number of combat units were lost to protect the cordons of the Ottoman Empire - on the Danube and in the Caucasus. In a leaf from Balaklava in 1854, a British officer said: “In order to send Omer Pasha’s veterans to Crimea, the Turkish order sent 8 thousand to us. recruits of the remaining set, taken from barbers, soldiers and civilian inmates.”

They did not accept the military feats and the low morale of the Turkish military servicemen. And this is explained not only by the harsh weather conditions in which the allied armies happened to live and fight. Frost, snow and frost were surprisingly unbearable for the Ottomans. Winters in the Balkans and in the Caucasus are not milder, less so in the Crimea. Already the war of 1877-1878 rocked. demonstrated the ability of Turkish soldiers to fight in the cold and wind. It was hard for everyone in Crimea, but, despite the weather, the placement of allies before them had a depressing effect on the Turkish soldiers. “The Turks were accepted to treat the Turks even miserably, to beat them to the death for their offenses, not to allow spieling, to force Turkish officers to sit at the table.” And the French helped the Turks as much as they could, but did not respect them as their comrades in the service, comrades in battle. The English used them everywhere on earthen robots, due to the shortage of beasts of burden - for transporting shells and other items.

Doctors in Vikladen, otherwise you can look at the behavior of Turkish soldiers at the beginning of the Battle of Balaklava. First of all, the most pressing is the assertion, especially of the English, about the widespread fearfulness and lack of success of the Turks. Zrestoy is a terrible way to shift the blame for a further short-lived battle and important losses of light cavalry. According to the Russian participants, there was a hand-to-hand battle for the first redoubt. And then, how serious were the motives for showing heroism for the Turkish soldiers? Behind is Balaclava, occupied by the English who were so unloving before them. At that time there were still no numerous wounded and sick sleepers there, who could be “laid down with brushes” to protect them.

Before the factors that negatively affected the strength of the Ottoman army, it is necessary to consider its national diversity. Hunting was organized on an ethnic basis and was therefore closely watched for its own meats. The Turks in power, especially from the central regions of Anatolia, were kind and fearless soldiers. They hated the Russians, they were fanatical, and they perceived this war as jihad. For military and moral values, you can approach them from the Egyptians. Rashta, especially the Tunisians, who “sounded to another, half-blown sky,” were not at all ready before the war in Crimea. It is also possible to add that soldiers recruited from various parts of the great Ottoman Empire often hated the Turks themselves.

According to the confessional tradition, the Turkish army in Crimea was predominantly represented by Muslims. Please note that there are hundreds of Christians in her warehouse, which also holds the value of military brotherhood. Thus, the legends of one of the participants in the defense of Sevastopol, who came to the Turkish camp after the stunned truce, include: “...When I left the camp, 3 or 4 Turks approached me, and with bare breasts, they pointed at the other restik, what is hanging on it. The one who stood right there, the Frenchman explained that the Turks wanted to say that they stink, too, of Christians... It’s a miracle that at this scene other Turks, non-Christians, were left completely unable to reveal what their Christian comrades had taught me.” .

Regardless of the significance of their superiority, the numbers that gathered the army in the middle would be incorrectly placed before the Turkish troops in the Continental War as a whole, and the Crimean expedition would be destroyed, as before the demoralized sky ezdatnikh mass. Indeed, the Turkish soldiers not only did not cover themselves with glory, but often found themselves in an unenviable and seemingly worthless position. No less, it did not inspire a British officer, who, after the Rumanian campaign of 1853, to write: “Turks - soldiers to the roots of their hair ... as if the stench was keroved and shaped so, as it may be, the stench could again disturb Europe at the third place" .

ABOUT.Shkedya(Simferopol)

Military-historical magazineMilitaryCream, No. 1, 2005

List of Wikorista Gerels

1. Totleben E.I. Description of the defense of Sevastopol. Part 1.-SPb, 1863. -P.25.

2. Marx K., Engels F. Create. T.11. – M., 1958. – P. 493.

3. Totleben E.I. Description of the defense of Sevastopol. Part 1. - St. Petersburg, 1863. -P.26.

4. Ibid., p. 26.

5. The collector will inform you about the ongoing war. Book 14. - St. Petersburg, 1855. - C67.

6. Prikhodkin F.I. Almin from the battle / Military collection. -1870-S. 9.

7. Collection of manuscripts presented to His Imperial Highness Sovereign Tsesarevich about the defense of Sevastopol by the people of Sevastopol. T.1. – St. Petersburg, 1872. – P.30.

8. Materials for the history of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. -SPb, 1872.-P.91.

9. Ibid., p. 203.

10. Ibid., p. 201.

11. www.suitel01.com John Barham, Bono, Johnnu Turk.

12. www.suitel01.com John Barham, Turkish Army in 1854.

13. Totleben E.I. Description of the defense of Sevastopol. Book 2. Part 2. – St. Petersburg, 1872.-P.284.

14. Materials for the history of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol, St. Petersburg, 1872.-P.292.

15. Ibid., p. 293.

16. Lord Kinros. The rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. - M.1989-P.539.

17. The collector will inform you about the ongoing war. Book 21. – SP6.1855.-P.409.

18. Tarli E.V. Crimean war. T. 2. – M., 2003. – P. 169.

19. Tarasenko-Otrishkova N.I. The expansion of the Allied armies into Crimea and the calculation of the costs of people and money incurred by France, England and Piedmont in the final war against Russia.-St. Petersburg, 1857.-P. 4.

20. www.suite 101.com John Barham, Tukish Army in 1854

23 Zhovtnya 1853 r. The Turkish Sultan voted for the Russian war. Until this hour, our Danube Army (55 thousand) was concentrated on the outskirts of Bucharest, with looming advanced corrals on the Danube, and the Ottomans were small in the European Turkish region to 120 - 130 thousand, under the rule of Omer Pasha. Vyska tsi roztashovany boules: 30 thousand. at Shumli, 30 thousand. in Adrianople, and the river reaches the Danube from Viddin to the river.

Even before the shock of the Crimean War, the Turks had already sent military actions to the burials of the 20th anniversary of Oltenitsky to quarantine on the left birch of the Danube. The Russian raid of General Dannenberg (6 thousand), having arrived on the 23rd of June, attacking the Turks and, regardless of their numerical superiority (14 thousand), may have already occupied the Turkish fortifications, before being withdrawn back by General Dannenberg, who entered the impossible morning muvati Oltenitsyu under fire Turkish batteries on the right bank of the Danube. . Then Omer Pasha himself turned the Turks to the right bank of the Danube and attacked our troops with more frequent rapt attacks, which the Russian troops experienced.

At the same time, the Turkish fleet delivered supplies to the Caucasian mountaineers, who were fighting against Russia until the Sultan and England had learned. Let's get over it, Admiral Nakhimov, with a squadron of 8 ships, having caught up with the Turkish squadron, which was enjoying the bad weather near Sinopsk Bay on the 18th of leaf fall, 1853, after the three-year battle of Sinopsk, the enemy fleet, numbering 11 ships, was accused. Five Ottoman ships were lost, the Turks lost up to 4,000 killed and wounded and 1,200 soldiers; The Russians had 38 officers and 229 lower ranks.

About an hour Omer Pasha, having seen the offensive operations on the side of Oltenica, collected up to 40 thousand. to Kalafat and aiming to defeat the weak advanced Malo-Valachsky region of General Anrep (7.5 thousand). 25 breast 1853 roku 18 yew. The Turks were attacked at Chetati by Colonel Baumgarten's 2.5-thousand-year-old army, and the reinforcements (1.5-thousand) who arrived, destroyed our army, and shot all the battles, resulting in residual destruction. Having spent up to 2 thousand. chol., offensively, our corrals reached the village of Motsetsei at night.

After the battle at Chetati, the Little Wallachian enclosure, up to 20 thousand troops settled in apartments near Kalafat and blocked the Turks’ access to Wallachia; further operations of the Crimean War in the European theater in the early days of 1854. They were separated by mutual contacts.

The Crimean War at the Transcaucasian Theater 1853

At this time, the actions of the Russian troops at the Transcaucasian theater were met with renewed success. Here the Turks, who had assembled a 40-thousand-strong army long before the collapse of the Crimean War, ignited military operations in the middle of the war. The energetic Prince Bebutov was appointed head of the Russian military corps. Having collected information about the Turkish revolution to Oleksandropol (Gyumri), Prince Bebutov 2 leaf falls 1853 r. vislav the arrest of General Orbeliani. This era uncontrollably attacked the village of Bayandura at the head of the forces of the Turkish army and immediately rushed to Oleksandropol; The Turks, fearing Russian reinforcements, took a position near Bashkadiklar. On the 6th of leaf fall, a manifesto about the beginning of the Crimean War was withdrawn, and on the 14th of leaf fall, Prince Bebutov destroyed Kars.

Another Turkish period (18 thousand) 29 June 1853 r. go to the fort of Akhaltsikhe, and the head of the Akhaltsikhe corral, Prince Andronnikov, with his 7 thousand. 14 leaf fall, I myself attacked the Turks and brutalized them; The Turks spent up to 3.5 thousand, while our expenses amounted to less than 450 thousand.

Following the overcoming of the Akhaltsikhe corral and the Oleksandropol corral under the leadership of Prince Bebutov (10 thousand), defeating the 19th fall of the fall of the 40-thousand army of the Turks to a strong Bashkortostan position and even more people she was not allowed to expand the achievements of her research. The pro-Turks spent up to 6 thousand in this battle, and our troops spent close to 2 thousand.

These victories immediately raised the prestige of Russian power, and the secret uprising that was brewing in Transcaucasia immediately died down.

Crimean War 1853–1856. Map

Balkan Theater of the Crimean War 1854

Tim an hour, 22 breasts 1853 r. The united Anglo-French fleet entered the Black Sea with the aim of seizing Turechchina from the side of the sea and helping it supply its ports with necessary supplies. Russian envoys quietly broke off relations with England and France and turned back to Russia. Emperor Mikola attacked Austria and Prussia with the proposal that in the event of a war with England and France, they would strive for neutrality. Once offended, these powers shied away from any challenges, having been inspired to join the allies; To ensure the safety of their volods, the stinks formed a defensive alliance between themselves. Thus, at the beginning of 1854, it was clear that Russia was lost in the Crimean War without allies, and that was the worst approach to the strengthening of our troops.

As of 1854, up to 150 thousand were transported across the Danube and the Black Sea to the Bug. Russian troops. With these forces, it was intended to destroy the depths of Turecchyny, raise a revolt of the Balkan Slavs and proclaim Serbia as independent, or the hostile mood of Austria, which had strengthened its armies in Transylvania, it became apparent that This brave plan is to cross the Danube in order to reach Silistria and Ruschuk.

In the first half of Birth, the Russian troops crossed the Danube at Galati, Brailova and Izmaila, and on March 16, 1854 they occupied Girsovo. An uninterrupted attack to Silistra would inevitably lead to the occupation of this fort, which has not yet been completed. However, the newly appointed commander-in-chief, Prince Paskevich, having not yet arrived in particular to the army, stopped them, and without the pressure of the emperor himself, he hesitated to continue the offensive until Silistria. And the commander-in-chief himself is afraid that the Austrians will not cut off the routes of the Russian army’s advance, proposing to turn back to Russia.

The group of Russian troops at Girsov gave the Turks an hour to force both the fortress itself and its garrison (from 12 to 18 thousand). Having reached the fort on 4 May 1854 from 90 thousand, Prince Paskevich, still fearing for his strength, marched his army 5 versts from the fort in a fortified camp to cover the bridge across the Danube. The front of the fort was built only against the converging front, and from the opposite side the Turks, in front of the Russians, brought supplies to the fort. All our people under Silistria wore the extreme caution of the commander-in-chief himself, who was still unsure about the unification of the allies with the army of Omer Pasha. On May 29, 1854, due to shell shock during reconnaissance, Prince Paskevich left the army, which handed over Prince Gorchakov, who energetically raised the tax and 8 worms, having stormed the forts of Arab and Pishchan. All orders before the assault were already in place, as two years before the assault, Prince Paskevich’s order to immediately lift the guard and move to the left bank of the Danube was revoked, which was ordered until the evening of the 13th. We decided, behind the sink, laid in Austria, that it was intended to promote our interests in front of the backyards, since the 15th of July 1854 the fate of the withdrawal of our armies from the Danube principalities began, as from the 10th sickle occupied by Austrian troops. The Turks turned to the right bank of the Danube.

During these operations, the Allies launched attacks on our coastal places on the Black Sea and, among others, on the terrible Saturday of the 8th quarter of 1854, they brutally bombarded Odessa. Then the allied fleet left Sevastopol and headed straight to the Caucasus. On land, the support of the Ottomans by the allies was determined by the landing of the corral at Gallipoli to protect Constantinople. Then the lime tree on the cob was transported to Varna and demolished to Dobrudzha. Here cholera wreaked havoc on their lavas (from 21 lindens of 8 sickles, 8 thousand fell ill and 5 thousand died).

The Crimean War at the Transcaucasian Theater in 1854

Military events in the spring 1854 r. in the Caucasus they attacked on our right flank, where Prince Andronnikov was on the 4th, from the Akhaltsikhe corral (11 thousand), defeating the Turks at Cholok. Much later, on the left flank, General Wrangel’s Yerevan attack (5 thousand) attacked 16 thousand on the 17th. Turks on the Chingil Heights, overthrowing them and occupying Bayazet. The main forces of the Caucasian Army, then the Oleksandropol army of Prince Bebutov, the 14th Red Army destroyed all the way to Kars and the village of Kyuryuk-Dara advanced, looming 15 versts in front of the 60-thousand-strong Anatolian army of Zarifa shi.

23 lipnya 1854 r. Zarif Pasha went on the offensive, and on the 24th the Russian armies rushed forward, rejecting false information about the entry of the Turks. Having withdrawn from the Turks, Bebutov restored military order. A series of energetic attacks by infantry and cavalry attacked the right wing of the Turks; then Bebutov, after a great inveterate, often hand-to-hand battle, pushed up the enemy’s center, having spent all his reserves for this purpose. After this, our attacks launched against the Turkish left flank, having already bypassed our advance. The attack was a complete success: the Turks retreated in discord, spending up to 10 thousand; In addition, they had about 12 thousand. bashibuzukiv. Our expenses reached 3 thousand. of people. Despite the fact that we won quickly, the Russian troops did not dare to issue the taxation of Kars without the taxation artillery park, and in the spring they marched back to Oleksandropol (Gyumri).

Defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War

Panorama of the Defense of Sevastopol (view from Malakhov Kurgan). Artist F. Roubaud, 1901-1904

The Crimean War at the Transcaucasian Theater 1855

In the Transcaucasian theater, the wars were repeated in the other half of the year 1855. Let us occupy Ardahan without battle and travel to Kars. Knowing about the shortage of food in Karsi, the new commander-in-chief, general Muravyov, having been limited by the blockade, but having lost the news of the collapse in the spring to the aid of Kars, the army of Omer Pasha, transported from the European Turkmenistan, was planning to take the fort by storm. The assault on the 17th spring, which was aimed at the most important, but at the same time at the strongest, western front (Shorakh and Chakhmakh heights), costing us 7200 people and ended in failure. The army of Omer Pasha could not reach Kars through the defection of transport vehicles, and on the 16th of November the garrison of Kars surrendered.

Attacks of the English and French on Sveaborg, Solovetsky Monastery and Petropavlovsk

To finish the description of the Crimean War, you should also remember about the various actions carried out against Russia by the Western allies. 14 chervenya 1854 r. The allied squadron, with 80 ships, under the command of the English admiral Napier, showed up at Kronstadt, then went to the Aland Islands, and in the evening turned back to its harbor. On the 6th of the same day, two English ships bombarded the Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea, unsuccessfully capturing their targets, and on the 17th, a squadron of allies arrived to the port of Peter and Paul on Kamchatka and fired at the place, I landed as soon as I was hit by accident. In the spring of 1855, in the Baltic Sea, a strong allied squadron suddenly stood up, and, having stood for a good hour at Kronstadt, went back in the spring; Their military activity was limited even by the bombing of Sveaborg.

Pouches of the Crimean War

After the fall of Sevastopol on the 30th, military actions in Crimea slowed down, and on the 18th of 1856 the signings began. Parisian world, having ended the difficult and important war of Russia against 4 European powers (Turkey, England, France and Sardinia, which was annexed to the allies in 1855).

The legacy of the Crimean War was great. Russia then lost its importance in Europe, which was quickly achieved after the end of the war with Napoleon (born 1812-1815). It has now moved 15 rocks to France. The shortcomings and turbulence revealed by the Crimean War ushered in the era of reforms of Alexander II in Russian history, which changed all aspects of national life.

The spirit of the army needs some kind of description. During the hours of ancient Greece there was a lot of heroism. I have not been fortunate enough to be at the mercy of God for the fact that I have helped these people and live in this glorious hour.

Lev Tolstoy

The wars of the Russian and Ottoman Empires were a major feature of international politics in the 18th-19th centuries. In 1853, the Russian Empire of Mikoli 1 entered into the final war, which went down in history as the Crimean War of 1853-1856 and ended with the defeat of Russia. In addition, this war showed the strong support of the regional leaders of Western Europe (France and Great Britain) on the stronger role of Russia in Western Europe, including in the Balkans. The end of the war also revealed to Russia itself the problems in its internal politics, which led to many more problems. Despite the victories in the early stages of 1853-1854, as well as the burying of the key Turkish fort of Kars in 1855, Russia lost the most important battles in the territory of the Crimean region. This article describes the causes, course, main results and historical significance of a short story about the Crimean War of 1853-1856.

Reasons for poor food consumption

Under similar conditions, historians understand the low contentious aspects of the Russian-Turkish disputes, which could lead to conflict. The main problems of similar nutrition, which became the main ones for the upcoming war, are:

• The loss of Crimea and the Black Sea by the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 18th steadily stimulated the Turkish region to start a war in the hope of recapturing the territory. Thus began the wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829. However, as a result, the Turkish region lost Bessarabia and part of the territory of the Caucasus, which further strengthened the desire for revenge.
• Affiliation of the Bosphorus and Dardanelli channels. Russia wanted to open these channels for the Black Sea Fleet, while the Ottoman Empire (under the pressure of Western Europe) ignored these advantages of Russia.
• The presence in the Balkans, near the Ottoman Empire, of Slovenian Christian peoples who were fighting their independence. Russia gave them encouragement, which loudly complained about the rise of the Turks in favor of Russia's handing over of the internal affairs of other powers.

The additional official, having resolved the conflict, decided to prevent Russia from entering the Balkans, and also block access to the channels. For this reason, the region was ready to push the Turkish region towards a potential war with Russia.

Bring to the war this її ear

These problematic moments matured throughout the late 1840s and the beginning of the 1850s. In 1853, the Turkish Sultan transferred the Bethlehem Temple of Jerusalem (also the territory of the Ottoman Empire) to the management of the Catholic Church. This caused the collapse of the great Orthodox hierarchy. In this case, Mikola 1 soon emerged, victorious and religious conflict as a lead to an attack on the Turecchyna. Russia wanted to transfer the temple to the Orthodox Church, and at the same time open channels for the Black Sea fleet. Turechina married Vidmova. In early 1853, the Russian troops crossed the border of the Ottoman Empire and entered the territory of the Danube principalities lying behind it.

Nicholas 1 realized that France was already weak after the revolution of 1848, and Britain could be appeased by transferring it from the future Cyprus and Egypt. However, without completing the plan, the European countries called on the Ottoman Empire to the end, pledging financial and military assistance. In the autumn of 1853, Turechina gave voice to the war in Russia. Thus began, to put it briefly, the Crimean War of 1853-1856. In the history of Western Europe, this war is called the Great War.

Progress of the war and main stages

The Crimean War can be divided into 2 stages due to the number of participants in these fates. The axis is the following steps:

1. Zhovten 1853 – Kviten 1854. For these six months, the war was between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (without direct involvement of other powers). There were three fronts: Krimsky (Black Sea), Danube and Caucasian.
2. Kviten 1854 - February 1856. British and French armies enter the war, through which the theater of military operations expands, and also a turning point in the course of the war occurs. The Allied armies changed the Russians from a technical side, which became the reason for changes during the course of the war.

Before specific battles, you can see the following key battles: for Sinop, for Odessa, for the Danube, for the Caucasus, for Sevastopol. There were other battles, and other things were discussed - the most important. Let's take a look at their report.

Battle of Sinopsk (leaf fall 1853)

The battle was located near the harbor of the city of Sinop near Krimu. The Russian fleet under the command of Nakhimov defeated the Turkish fleet of Osman Pasha. This battle was, perhaps, the last great light battle on the sailing ships. This victory certainly raised the fighting spirit of the Russian army and instilled hope that the Swedes would survive the war.

Map of the Sinop naval battle 18 leaf fall 1853

Bombing of Odessa (Kviten 1854)

At the beginning of 1854, the Ottoman Empire sent a squadron of the Franco-British fleet through its channels, which quickly headed to Russian ports and shipping places: Odessa, Ochakiv and Mykolaiv.

On the 10th quarter of 1854, the bombardment of Odessa, the main port of the Russian Empire, began. After the rapid and intense bombardment, it was planned to land troops near the Black Sea region, in order to withdraw troops from the Danube principalities, and also weaken the defense of Crimea. The place remained under shelling for several days. Moreover, the defenders of Odessa were able to launch precise attacks on the Allied fleet. The plan of the Anglo-French armies failed. The allies of the war were to enter the Crimea and begin the battle for the provinces.

Battles on the Danube (1853-1856)

With the introduction of the Russian military in this region, the Crimean War of 1853–1856 began. After success in the Battle of Sinope, Russia experienced another success: the army completely moved to the right bank of the Danube, launching an attack on Silistria and on to Bucharest. However, the entry of England and France into the war slowed down Russia’s offensive. On June 9, 1854, the tax on Silistria was lifted, and the Russian troops turned to the left bank of the Danube. Before the speech, on this front Austria also entered the war against Russia, as it was uneasy about the rapid expansion of the Romanov Empire from Wallachia and Moldavia.

In 1854, near the city of Varna (present-day Bulgaria), a majestic landing of the English and French armies landed (with varying data, ranging from 30 to 50 thousand). The troops were unlikely to leave for the territory of Bessarabia, ousting Russia from this region. However, the cholera epidemic broke out in the French army, and the English enormity stood out from the army's massive attack on the Black Sea fleet near Crimea.

Fighting in the Caucasus (1853-1856)

An important battle took place near Lipnya in 1854 near the village of Kyuryuk-Dara (Zakhidna Virmenia). The united Turkish-British armies recognized defeats. At this stage, the Crimean War was still successful for Russia.

Another important battle in this region took place at the Black Leaves of 1855. The Russian armies were planning to attack another part of the Ottoman Empire, the fort of Kars, so that the allies would send part of the armies to this region, thereby weakening the security of Sevastopol a little. Russia won the battle of Kars, but only after the news about the fall of Sevastopol came to light, this battle was of little importance for the war. Moreover, following the results of the “world” signed later, the fort of Kars turned to the Ottoman Empire. However, as the peace negotiations showed, the burial of Kars still played a role. Ale about tse dali.

Defense of Sevastopol (1854-1855)

The most heroic and most tragic part of the Crimean War was, insanely, the battle for Sevastopol. In the spring of 1855, the French-English troops buried the remaining point of defense of the place - Malakhov Kurgan. The place survived 11 months of siege, and as a result, the allied armies were created (among which was the Kingdom of Sardinia). This defeat became key and provided the impetus for ending the war. At the end of 1855, intensive negotiations began, in which Russia had many strong arguments. It became clear that the war was lost.

Other battles at Krimu (1854-1856)

Krim taxes of Sevastopol on the territory of Krim in 1854-1855. Several more battles broke out, which were directly related to the “unblocking” of Sevastopol:

1. Biy na Almi (spring 1854).
2. Fight under Balaklava (zhovten 1854).
3. Battle of Inkerman (leaf fall 1854).
4. Test of permission for Evpatoria (Lyuty 1855).
5. Beat on the river Chorna (Serpen 1855).

All these battles ended with unsuccessful attempts to capture the siege of Sevastopol.

"Far" battles

The main battles of the war took place in the Crimean Peninsula, which was called the war. There were also battles in the Caucasus, in modern Moldova, and in the Balkans. However, not many people know that battles between rivals took place in remote regions of the Russian Empire. Butt axis:

1. Petropavlovsk defense. The battle took place on the territory of the Kamchatka Peninsula between the united Franco-British troops on one side and the Russians on the other. He fought with the sickle in 1854. This battle became the legacy of Britain’s victory over China during the hour of the “opium” wars. As a result, Britain wanted to strengthen its influx at the gathering of Asia, which was squeezing Russia. All the allies suffered two assaults, but the offensive ended in failure for them. Russia overpowered the Petropavlovsk defenses.
2. Arctic company. The operation of the British fleet to break the blockade and bury Arkhangelsk in 1854-1855. The main battles took place in the Barents Sea. The British also bombed the Solovetsky fort, as well as the robbery of Russian merchant ships in the White and Barents seas.

The results of this historically significant war

In the cruel year of 1855, Mikola 1 died. The duties of the new emperor, Oleksandr 2, brought about the end of the war, and with minimal damage for Russia. In fierce 1856 r. having given birth to the Parisian Congress. Russia was represented here by Oleksiy Orlov and Philip Brunnov. While both sides were not aware of the prolonged war, the Paris Peace Treaty was signed on 6 March 1856, which resulted in the end of the Crimean War.

The main ideas of the Treaty of Paris 6 were as follows:

1. Russia turned over the Turkish fortress to Kars, in exchange for Sevastopol and other buried places of the Crimean region.
2. Russia defended its mother Black Sea fleet. The black sea was stunned by the neutral.
3. The Bosphorus and Dardanelli channels were declared closed to the Russian Empire.
4. Part of Russian Bessarabia was transferred to the Moldavian principality, the Danube ceased to be a border river, and shipping was declared freer.
5. On the Allad Islands (an archipelago near the Baltic Sea), Russia defended itself with military and (or) defense fortifications.

After spending, the number of Russian nationalities that perished during the war will become 47.5 thousand. Britain spent 2.8 thousand, France – 10.2, Ottoman Empire – over 10 thousand. The Sardinian kingdom spent 12 thousand troops. Those who died on the side of Austria are not visible, perhaps because it was not officially involved in the war with Russia.

In general, the war showed the inferiority of Russia against the powers of Europe, especially in terms of the economy (the completion of the industrial revolution, the rise of flooding, the loss of steamboats). After this defeat, the reforms of Alexander II began. In addition, in Russia, revenge had been brewing for a long time, which led to the final war with Turechina in 1877-1878. But the story is completely different, and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 was completed and Russia recognized its defeats.

At the end of the year 1855 near Mariupol, on the eve of Trinity Day, which was the first anniversary of the Holy Day. For now, the place has been under the control of a little about those that the Anglo-French squadron, having broken through the Kerch guatka, was immediately in charge in order to defeat the penetration of the interventionists in the Sea of ​​Azov, and is setting up landing forces in the coastal areas. in the Azov area. The information was withdrawn that Kerch was buried by the enemy, and Genichesk and Berdyansk were aware of the attack. On the 22nd of May, the Mariupol residents were already staring at the fact that the sorcerer’s squadron had passed directly to Taganrog. The most eager eyewitnesses of this unexpected phenomenon managed to recover eleven great steamships, and there were so many other ships that they were going crazy.

The heroic defense of Sevastopol lasted for nine months, and the Mariupol people were not deprived of their strength until the destruction of this place. When troops passed through Mariupol and headed straight to Crimea, they were greeted warmly and hospitably. So, for example, the 61st Don Cossack Regiment celebrated not only with banners and a local prayer service, but also in the place of each soldier they saw white bread and a portion of meat, “the lower ranks were served with a portion of wine along with Isioner to bribe Alafuso”, at the soldiers’ day, “while staying in residential apartments, they appreciated the hospitality of the residents,” and Colonel Zhirov and his officers were in charge of the local outrage.

However, Mariupol’s assistance to the inhabitants of Sevastopol was reflected not only in the friendliness and hospitality with which the troops that were passing here were chattering. The local residents of a large number of Greek villages collected 26 thousand quarters (total 4160 tons) of crackers, 300 bushels, and ten thousand rubles for the waste of the Kerch channel. At the time, the military hospital was inflamed at the Moscow Paraphyal School, where soldiers and sailors rejoiced, wary of the death of the master and the mysticism of the great surgeon M.I. Pirogov.

At the ports of the Azov region, large reserves of grain and fodder were stored, so the British and French, hoping to spare Sevastopol supply bases, introduced a large squadron into the Sea of ​​Azov and flared up military operations here.

On the evening of May 23, 1855, the Anglo-French squadron, having become aware of the brutal bombardment of Taganrog, showed up at the Mariupol raid. Most of the residents were evacuated to Sartani and other large numbers of forces, and two hundred Cossacks of the 68th Don Regiment under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Kostryukov were preparing to defend themselves against the squadron with towels and swords (there was no artillery). at 16 pennants.

About this year, on the 24th of May, a lively boat landed on the shore of the parliamentarian, who was waiting, so that a landing force could be released at Mariupol without delay “for the purpose of vindicating government funds and other lanes.” Kostryukov is confident that if the warriors land on the shore, the Cossacks are ready to catch them with fire.

Painful pains began to recover. About the 9th year of the 30th century, the far-flung squadrons barked, the first guided cannonball sank into the Harlampean Cathedral - I will most likely become a miraculous landmark for the warlike artillerymen. Bombs exploded in various parts of what was essentially a dry place.

While the cannonade was raging, five longboats filled with arrows, armed with harmats, went into the mouth of Kalmius and began to rise up the mountain following the current. Kalmius, at that time a fresh-water river, versts all the way from Mariupol and creating a wide estuary up to its mouth. At this estuary near the Cossack farm of Kosorotov, there were about seventy coasting vessels, blamed on the small number of paratroopers.

Lieutenant Colonel Kostryukov, having changed his mind to overcome the bombing of the place, lost his post here for security, and himself sent his two hundred to Kosorotov. Having galloped there, they hurried for about a hundred, scattering the shore shooters and the paratroopers with a friendly rushing fire. Two hundred of the same 68th regiment, which in the outskirts of Mariupol transported government grain and sent it to Sartana, under the command of military foreman Titov, rushed to help Kostryukov. Having finished everything, the longboats began to slow down for a moment, then turned back and went to sea together with five other longboats, which the squadron sent to help them.

While Kostryukov and Titov were repelling the landing near Kosorotov with their Cossacks, the interventionists landed a few people near Mariupol under the cover of artillery fire. With such a special warehouse, they doused the stink that was on Birzhi and set fire to the construction forest that was located on the birch, a number of private stores with bread and milk and fish warehouses. Everything belonged exclusively to the brothers Membeli and the merchant Despot.

Interventions took place right on the spot. The cabins of Kharadzhaev, Kachevansky, Paleolog and others were burned on the Katerininsky stink. The French officer fired on orders from the English commander.

At that time, the English and the French caught geese on a trap and slaughtered them on the porch of the Harlem Cathedral. Two cannonballs were stuck near the wall of this church. The Mariupol residents saved them for the riddle about the fortune of the bombing, which lasted three and a half years.

In the evening the squadron weighed anchor and went to sea.

After the recent bombardment of Azov towns, “the enemy did not achieve anything special either against Taganrog or against Mariupol.” The English and the French interchanged cruising in these places, essentially establishing a naval blockade, probing the depths of the sea, and sometimes shooting from harmata, without causing any harm to the locals. One such episode took place in the spring of 1855.

On the 12th of spring, two English steamboats reached the Belosaraysk Spit with the aim of finding fisheries there. The Cossacks attacked the landing longboats with fire and successfully repelled the British attempts to land on the shore. For six years there was an uneasy battle, but when two more English steamboats arrived from the side of Berdyansk, the Cossacks began to rise in confusion, and the backwaters began to sleep.

Two days later, two steamships reached Mariupol and continued to fire at the Birzha with volleys for a year and a half. Surrounding the rumored three hundred 68th Don Regiment, there was at that time the Shatsk squad of the Tambov militia under the command of Major General Masalov. The Cossacks and warriors took up defensive positions, ready to confront the English if they tried to invade.

The other day, one of the two steamboats began to go out to sea, but a mile from the shore, they ran into a milepost. Another steamship spun in front of the city for a long time, until its first helper was able to get out of the mile, but in the right way, Major General Masalov, an old lawyer, had experienced the cruel torment: if you wanted one or two lying around, don’t drink to the English ! But there was no artillery at the place.

What happened in Mariupol 1855? There were more than 4,600 inhabitants in New York. Budinki - 768, churches - 5. From the initial foundations there was a religious school and a parish church. There was no doctor's shop yet, but the pharmacy had already opened. There were 46 shops and 14 shops trading. There were two tsegelny, several tile factories, one vapnyaniy and a pasta factory. There were many water mlins, and only one gotel. Pratsyuvav commercial club.

2. At Krivoy Kosi

Between the two unknown stages, the grass and verdant shelling of the place, there was one more thing that seemed dissatisfied with the feeling of the Mariupol residents, who felt the need for payment.

Not only on the Azov Sea, but also on the Black Sea there was no Russian fleet, and the Anglo-French ships felt like rulers here. Its innocence was emphasized by the fact that not only in Mariupol, but throughout the entire Azov coast there was no artillery as of this date to the interventionists. That's what the Mariupol residents were so keenly discussing about what happened near the town - the White Krivaya Kos.

At the beginning of the lime tree in 1855, the commander of the Anglo-French squadron, which was cruising along the Azov coast, sent a gunboat to Taganrog to shell the place. All day long, carefully choosing a target, the non-flowing gunboat for the Taganrog residents recklessly fired shell after shell through the town's neighborhoods. The other day she reached Krivaya Kos, and then, about ninety meters from the shore, there was no doubt about a mile.

The military actions on the Azov Sea, close to Mariupol, received a lot of respect from S. M. Sergeev-Tsensky in his epic “Sevastopol Harvest”. What does this tell us about the episode of the Crooked Braid:

“The hundred and seventieth Don Cossack regiment arrived in great triumph, causing such embarrassment to the foreign seafarers who had so thoroughly destroyed their place. The Cossacks, who had been riding as far as this, now galloped all the way to the shore, hid their horses behind the humps, climbed up to the towel line and fired a live bullet at the sailors.”

The gunboats tried a version of grapeshot from the middle harmats, but a strong wind hit the ship: the gunboat became unbearable. The English fled on boats, throwing their ensigns, and the Cossacks rushed after them.

“At this hour, the steamboat was approaching to recruit the crew. As he walked, he hit the swimmers core to core. The Cossacks swarmed and swam, roaring like geese, and from the shore they shouted eagerly at them and fired at the floating boat.”

The steamship could not get close: the sea near Krivaya Kos was even rougher, and the Cossacks, having finished, began to dominate the gunboat, a three-headed vessel forty meters long. They smelled the great and small ensigns, and when the Cossack longboats arrived - two copper harmats, a wealth of all sorts of goodness. Then they doused the deck with olive oil and set it on fire.

The French Cossacks were damaged because they did not remove the great armor from the gunboat and did not power the steam engine. They again went on longboats to the steamboat, but they could no longer do anything: the shell began to fill the filling of the burnt gunboat with sand, and due to the severity of the ship, it sunk even deeper.

So, seemingly briefly, S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky describes this episode. Now you can compare the story of the famous epic with archival historical documents.

Let us first respect that there is a steamboat that sat on the mileage of the Crooked Spit, called “Jasper”. Its appearance at the Krivokossky village (Nina Sedov) was not a great one: a number of our steamboats were sunk here “since the enemy appeared in the Sea of ​​Azov”: the interventionists wanted to cross the Cossacks to take the harm from them, the machines were so valuable to own and were not enough for us And let yourself be inspired by it. Ale 12, the line “Jasper” itself landed on the sandhill and under the tornado fire of the Cossacks of its team, it was threatened to deprive the ship, and it was built in such a hurry that it was deprived of its ensign, and in harm’s way it did not get riveted and even more valuable. I threw the signal books on board.

It was impossible for the English to convince the Cossacks to defeat the Jasper. From the 14th to the 18th, the lime tree was baked and fired at the Crooked Spit with two steam melts, then nine. They tried unsuccessfully to turn around the stinks of the burnt and sank gunboat and, having taken revenge, landed on the shore and burned the Krivokosky khutir, which is why the Cossacks could not cross, because they had no artillery.

Well, up to two harmatas from the “Jasper”, which, as S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky writes, were sent to Novocherkassk, the capital of the Viysk-Don region, then the stench was a 24-pound caronade, and the harmata was large, as it could not be removed from the ship far away, bula 92-lb.

In 1907, the inhabitants of the village of Kriva Kosa, Erast Ivanovich Dudar and Vasil Ivanovich Pomazan, discovered in the sea, about a hundred meters from the shore, three harmati, of which one was worth a hundred pounds and a second arshin, without any great and small nuclei and There are dozens of steam-melting grates. “Following the revelations of the old-timers,” the district chief of the Taganroz district informs the Don Otaman, “at the place where it was found that the English steamboat sank during the Sevastopol War.”

Six or more than ten years have passed, but the people remember the fires that flared up in these places during the heroic defense of Sevastopol.

On the "Jasper", as we remember, the Cossacks deprived them of only one harmata, so they could not smell the stench. The fact that Dudar and Pomazan found three harmatians and a large number of steam-floating grates confirms that in this place the Russian steam-floats were sunk, the treasures and values ​​of which were so treasured by the Anglo-French narrow squadron.

Tsikavo, that of the three harmatas found by the Krivokos, two were delivered to the Don Museum in Novocherkassk, and one was lost for the village government in Novomykolayivska (nine m. Novoazovsk, Donetsk region). Unfortunately, I don’t know anything about the further share of these trophies.

3. Leaders of Volonterivka

One of the villages located in the Illichivsky district of Mariupol is called Volonterivka. The name - it’s hard to guess - was due to the fact that the residents of the village and the leaders of the campaign turned out to be volunteers. It is true that we were volunteers of the Greek Legion, participants in the defense of Sevastopol during the war of 1853 - 1856.

This battalion (it is called that way) acted at the warehouse of the Russian army at the beginning of the war, when fighting flared up in the Danube principalities. They were formed mainly from the kingdom of Greece, but also included words from various Balkan countries. These people are small in particular, wearing Turkish fireplaces. The people, who had been stinking for so long, had been under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire for many centuries, and the volunteers were eager to fight, under the fire they acted cold-bloodedly and courageously, and quickly won the respect of the Russian soldiers.

After the fall of Sevastopol, volunteers were given a river salary and given a choice: those who want to return to Fatherlandism, and those who want to lose themselves from Russia, can settle in some place in the region. 200 legionnaires, most importantly people without families, decided to settle with their fellow tribesmen - near Mariupol. They saw the metropolitan plot of land, then the place six miles from Mariupol, where Metropolitan Ignatius initially settled after arriving in the Azov region. “First of all, I’ll be happy,” write I. A. Oleksandrovich at the book “A Short Look at the Mariupol District” (1884), - volunteers took care of everything in order, and the booths for them were asked for the help of their spivvitchniks,” or Mariupol Greeks.

The village was named Novo-Mykolaivsky, a fragment of the official Greek Legion bearing the name of Mikoli I, but among the people it was first called Volunteerivka, and this name was preserved by the Don.

Since the settlement has since become a city warehouse, we can say that in the defense of Sevastopol, the Mariupol people took their part in the fact that they supplied their soldiers with food and fodder, provided strong support for the hostile landing forces, and immediately went on strike ionah places.

The feat of the founders of Volunteering was inspired by scientific and artistic literature. Zokrema, S. N. Sergeev-Tsensky dedicated several pages of his novel “Sevastopol Harvest” to them.

We meet with them in the novel for the current situation. When the Russian troops were driven into Evpatoria, General Khrulov began an assault on the place, keeping an eye on the reinforcements - the 8th division. Then the Greek volunteers, five companies, about six hundred people in all, came unsatisfied and declared that the 8th division could not come immediately through the impassable ford.

Volunteers were reluctant to go to Sevastopol, but before Evpatoria they killed on their own, having sensed that the head commander was now Khrulov, whom the stench had encountered in the wake of the devastation on the Danube, and that the Turks under the command of Omer were standing against him - the pashas, ​​and the Turks, write S N Sergeev-Tsensky, the stinks knew better than Khrulov. “They themselves wanted to fight with the Turks now, as before; before them the stench was of the same fiery hatred.”

The writer depicts the modern appearance of the Greek volunteers with the Soviet farbs: “They wore brown and blue, lavishly embroidered short jackets, more similar in shape to vests, under which, behind wide sashes, shawls grew all over the place. their majestic arsenal: pistols, scimitars, daggers, a few pieces of skin lesions; In addition, the skin of the head has a curved Turkish shawl hanging up to the same waist, and behind it there is a beautiful carabiner... On the heads are round, low cloth caps with tassels; exposing everyone's swarthy, weather-beaten, stiff, sharp, eagle-like noses, erasing their dashing hairs..."

Following Khrulov’s disposition, the Greek volunteers were the first to attack. The writer learns about this year from the treasures. I’m hesitant to give, perhaps, a long quotation from the Sevastopol bias,” or even better for the author’s information about those who fought in that war, the leaders of the village near Mariupol - Volunteers:

“In front of the skin mouth, the captain rode the tops. These five captains seemed to laugh at each other in their youth, so bravely they swam on their horses and so waved their crooked Turkish swords.

Well done, Greeks! - shouted Vin (Khrulov) at his side, otherwise the stench could have been felt. - You’ll be amazed at their tactics! - I went wild first to Volkov, then to Tsitovich.

Watching their battalion commander Panaev at this hour, the Greeks quickly disbanded, breaking up their ranks and moving forward, completely emerging from the arms of their comrades, with a wide and generous croche! Their carbines began to smell from behind the backs of only a few people when they reached the rampart on the towel line, when they began to take out the solid map from the fortifications and pour round Turkish coolers into their rows.

Then parts of their mouths fell to the ground in a rapture, like being shot, and the stars, covering themselves with some ledges, stones, bushes, opened the shooters themselves, while other parts of the mouths ran forward, so that they all fell at once And start the fire when they started to run over with their fire first.

This is the same discordant manner that was introduced into the Russian army after the Crimean War.”

The volunteers who miraculously fought, not a little, prote, the calls for agricultural labor and for the new place of residence near Mariupol sounded with great difficulties. They faced such a delicate problem: perhaps all of them were unarmed, and in Mariupol the number of human souls still outnumbered the number of women, so that there were no names left for the natives. How the new settlers left this camp - such details have not reached us, but soon the Volunteer (born 18, 1874) was openly a people's zemstvo school and girls and boys, blues and daughters of important people began to study there the sources of Sevastopol, who took root Mariupol land.

Then the population of the village became richly national, it took an active part in the revolution and the huge war, and after Zhovtnya it was not uncommon to be called Chervona Volunteerivka.

Lev Yarutsky,

"Mariupol old man".

KOSTROMSKY 19th INFANTRY REGIMENT moldings 25 rubles 1700 rub. Prince Repnin with a recruit, at the warehouse there are 10 companies, under the name of the lustful Mikoly von Verdun regiment. After the formation of the regiment, it set out on a campaign against the Swedes and on the 19th leaf fall 1700 r. at the battle of Narva.

The advancing regiment took part in the campaign of Prince Repnin to Livonia; 1702 rub. hired by the Dedyut regiment, and 10 Bereznya 1708 r. - Lutsk lust.

At 1711 r. The regiment suffered its fate in the Prut campaign, and in 1712 He was sent to Finland, served on galleys and took part in many expeditions to Sweden and the Aland Islands.

At 1722 r. The 4th company regiment was assigned to the warehouse of the Lower Corps and, having taken part in the campaign to Persia, served on 23 September 1722. Derbent is about to get busy. 9 rubles 1724 rub. These companies were formed into the Astrabad Infantry Regiment, and in their place, new companies were formed under the Lutsk Regiment.

From 16 fierce to 13 leaf fall 1727 r. The regiment was given the name Tula Infantry Regiment. 13 leaf fall 1727 r. The regiment was hired by the Velikolutsk infantry.

At the hour of the Crimean campaigns 1736-37. The regiment was with the army of the gr. Minikha and having taken part in the storming of Perekop, Bakhchisarai and Ochakov.

17 serpnya 1739 r. The Velikolutsk regiment took part in the battle of Stavuchany and Ovolodin Khotyn.

The Swedish war was born in 1741-42. The regiment accepted its fate from the capture of Vilmanstrand.

17 Sep 1747 r. The regiment was brought down to a 3-battalion warehouse with 3 grenadier companies.

During the reign of Emperor Peter III, the regiment was called from 25 kvitnya to 5 chervenya 1762 r. Let's hunt down Major General Lyapunov with a regiment.

In 1788 r. The regiment took part in the war with the Swedes and experienced battles near the villages of Utti, Gekforsi and Pardakoski.

When Emperor Paul ascended the throne, the regiment was brought to a 2-battalion warehouse and was called after the chiefs; Major General Glazov (from 31 June 1798), Vyatkina (from 1799) and Kasteliya (from 1800). 31 bereznya 1801 r. The regiment was renamed Velikolutsk and brought to the warehouse of 3 battalions.

29 sickle 1805 rub. From 6 companies of Velikolutsk and 2 companies of Wilmanstrand and Kexholm garrison battalions, with the addition of recruits formed by Major General Prince Shcherbatov, the 3rd battalion of the Kostroma Musketeer Regiment.

In 1806 r. The Kostroma Regiment, at the warehouse of Bennigsen’s corps, suffered the fate of the 14th at the Battle of Golimin. When our army arrived from Yankov to Preissish-Eylau, the regiment became the rearguard of Barclay de Tolly's drive and for 4 days took part in non-stop battles with the French.

25 June 1807 r. The Kostroma Regiment attacked near the village of Gough with the enemy's numerical cavalry and, after overwhelming support, wasted their ensigns. Then the regiment fought at Preussisch-Eylau, Gutstadt, Heilsberg and Friedland.

Assigned 10 breasts 1809 rub. to the warehouse of the Moldavian Army, the 1st and 2nd battalions and regiments met their fate on 22 June 1810. At the recent assault of Rushchuk, they spent over 80% of their stock (1 general, 3 staff officers, 26 chief officers and 8 ranks).

During the Vietnam War, the Kostroma Regiment entered the warehouse of the 3rd Reserve Army and took part in the battles of Gorodechna, Vizhva and Stakhov.

In 1813 The regiment was present at the siege of Thorne and in the battle of Königswart. At the battle for Bautsen, the Kostroma regiment covered the battery of the village of Gleina and blocked Ney’s advance. Assigned to the warehouse of the Silesian Army, the regiment later took part in the battles of Katzbach and the 20th century crossing the Rhine. Campaign 1814 The bula commemorated the regiment's participation in the battles of Brienne, La Rottierrie, Montmiral and Chateau-Thierry. In the remaining battle, the Kostroma regiment was cut down by the French, but, having spent about 60%, made its way with bagnets to its troops. For the duties issued in the Napoleonic Wars, the regiment was given St. George's trumpets, which, according to the High Order, were replaced on the 16th of 1833 by signs on the headdress with the inscription “For the Sign”. 30 rubles 1828 rub. The 1st and 2nd battalions of the regiment set out on a campaign against the Turks and, having crossed the Danube at Kalarash, took part in the region of Silistria. The advancing fate of the Kostroma Regiment was assigned to the military warehouse, which was blocking Zhurzha.

I slaughtered 1831 rubles for an ear of Polish. The regiment was assigned to Lithuania and suffered a lot of troubles with the rebels. 28 June 1833, with the reorganization of all infantry, the regiment was added to the new 9th Jaeger Regiment, renamed the Kostroma Jaeger Regiment.

2 quarters 1833 r., Adjutant General Prince A. G. Shcherbatov, who formed a regiment in 1805 r., was appointed chief of the Kostroma regiment and stayed with its rank until his death, which came on the 15th of 1848 r.

In 1849, as a result of the war with Ugorshchina, the regiment set out on a campaign and took part in the crossing of the Tisa and the battle of Debrechin.

In 1854 The Kostroma Regiment, which was in the Lublin province and held observation posts along the Austrian cordon, was assigned to reinforce the army near Crimea. 27 lipnya 1855 rub. The regiment arrived in position in the river. Kacha ta 4 sickles took their fate from the battle on the river. Chorny. On this day, the Kostroma Regiment was dispatched to reinforce the right flank, heroically attacking the Fedyukhin heights and losing 26 officers and 900 lower ranks. After entering the Nar. The regiment was in position at the Inkerman Heights and, through significant expenses, was brought to the 2-battalion warehouse. On the 25th Serpnya the regiment entered Sevastopol and on the 27th fought a baked battle for the Gervais battery. For the regiment, which was discharged on this day, it was given orders on September 20, 1856 “to march for the military sign.”

17 kv. 1856, after the reduction of the Jaeger Regiment, the regiment was named Kostroma Infantry and brought to the warehouse 4 battalions with 4 rifle companies.

6th quarter 1863 r. From the 4th battalion and without lines, the Kostroma Reserve Regiment was formed, named 13 September 1863. Trinity hunters. On the cob of the Polish rebel 1863 r. The regiment's company was uncontrollably attacked by the rebels and lost 1 staff officer and 18 lower ranks. Commands later in the Sedletsk province, the Kostroma regiment took the same fate from the strangled and stabbed and took the fate from numerous matters and jokes. 25 Bereznya 1864 r. Before the name of the regiment, No. 19 was added.

The Russian-Turkish war was born in 1877-78. The regiment met its fate in the nearby assault on Pleven on 8 days and lost 23 officers and 914 lower ranks from its new regimental commander, Colonel Kleinhaus.

After the defeat of Plevna, the regiment went on a winter campaign through the Balkans and took part in the 19th century in the battle of Tashkisen. For the fate of the war of 1877 r. regiment of letters of honor of the St. George's ensign with the inscriptions: “For crossing the Balkans in 1877. and for Tashkisen" and "1700 - 1850".

In 1879 from 3 rifle companies and the newly created 16th company of the formations of the 4th battalion.

29 rubles 1900 rub. The regiment celebrated the 200th anniversary and took off the new St. George's ensign with the inscription: “For crossing the Balkans 1877 r. and for Tashkisen” and “1700 – 1900”, with the Oleksandrivsky Jubilee Stitch.

At the hour of the Russian-Japanese War, the Kostroma Regiment was mobilized and retired in 1904. to the theater of military operations, but without taking part in them.

(The chronology is based on the World Encyclopedia 1911–1914)