Cultural revolution bags 1920 1930. Cultural revolution. Bilshoviki and churches
¡In the 20s-40s, rock in the SRSR, it’s insanely, became a strained cultural zsuv. Just as the social revolution dominated in the country a semi-medieval clan, as it distributed the suspension to the "people" and the "upper classes", then the cultural re-revolution for two dozen years ruined the country on the way of the civilization of the common people. In a very short term, the material capacities of people have ceased to be a mere bar among them and taken on an elementary culture, and the social and professional status of people has become much less significant. And for the scale, and for the pace of change and justice, it is possible to respect the out-of-town "cultural revolution".
¡¡¡However, the cultural re-creation, in the first place, appeared to be wide, a little more casual. The stench of breed juvenile, in essence, "semi-culture", depicted on the chimeric spiritual marginality * millions and millions of people. But it’s not a pardon, and it’s not the fault of the Radianskoy power, but it’s not rocky — it couldn’t be a thing: the grandeur of the scale and the lightness of the tempo of the high quality of culture didn’t fail. In another way, the culture "imposed" on the people: the hard regulation of the Silk life - by the collective system, and the Minsk "mobilization capabilities" of the factory shockwaves, the organizational and propagandistic pressure of the government-sponsored plans Tim himself is the progression of consumerism in culture, by the day, the dictate of huge structures and the grip of a suspenseful atmosphere. Tse is still a historical pardon, spawned in singing at the omnipotent "revolutionary grip". Zavziattya, with a hyperpolitized revolutionary way, having pushed to the root of the "culture of a new type" in our land, even in the 20s the rock was given a "Marxist" theoretical objection. Buli "vstanovleni" ci "basic rice"; communal ideology and partisanship, collectiveism, internationalism and patriotism, the essential of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the state of the nation by a systematic development of culture. Itself tse і barefoot "new croc in the spiritual development of people", yogo "top". Our land has become a violent rift in cultural and historical tradition. The fight against the "vices of the old culture" has called for a significant development, and in the case of the history and culture of tradition. * MARGINALNIST (lat. Margo - edge, border) - borderline position of specialty in terms of living up to any social spirituality, which can be applied with a singing video on the psyche and the way of life.
Reform in the field of education and science. ¡¡¡The period of cultural life of the country developed ambiguously among the viewers. At the same time, in the regions of cultural development the boules have reached the significant success. The sphere of illumination is brought before such us. The historical recession of the tsarist regime gave rise to a part of the unwritten population. At the same time, there is a need for a smart industrialization of the land of Vimagal, there is a great number of literate productive workers. The plan of the Zusilla of the Radianskoy state, which was reckoned with the ear of the 1920s, was brought up before that the part of the literate population in Russia was growing poorly. Until 1939, the number of literate people in the Russian Federation was already 89 vids. In 1930/31, obov'yazkovo pochatkovu coverage was introduced. Besides, up to thirty years, the Radianska school steadily went through the wrong revolutionary innovations: the best-class system was introduced, the items were turned into the stock, and they turned into On the cob of the 30s, pp. A number of primary mortgages grew rapidly, as they were engaged in the preparation of engineering, technical, agricultural and pedagogical personnel. In 1936, the All-Union Committee on the right of the right side of the building has the All-Union Committee on the right.
¡At the same hour, Stalinist totalitarianism opened up a serious transition for the normal development of scientific knowledge. Bula is liquidated by the autonomy of the Academy of Sciences. In 1934, the Bula was transferred from Leningrad to Moscow and ordered to Radnark. The consolidation of the administrative methods of critical science by science has called for the fact that there is a lot of promising direct doslijen (for example, genetics, cybernetics) in the party of the bully on the frozen rock. In the context of outside denunciations and gaining the range of repressions of academic debates, they often ended with the right, if one of the opponents, being involved (do not know and not grounded) in political, nefarious, not just letting go A certain share of the bullet has been prepared even more for representatives of the intelligentsia. The victims of the repressions were those of the kind, as a biologist, the founder of Radian genetics, Academician M.I. Vavilov, exercises and designer of rocket technology, in the Maybut Academician and Dvichi Hero of Socialist Pratsi S.P. Korolov and many others.
Peculiarities of development of literature ¡The situation in literature has changed significantly. On the cob 30's pp. Priyshov end of the show of great creative groups and groups. By the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated April 23, 1932, "About the overdue of literary and artistic organization", the RAPP was published. And in 1934, at the I All-Union Z'yzdі of Radiansk Writers of the Buv Organizations "Union of Writers", all people who were engaged in literary practice entered into what kind of motions bully all people entered. The Writers Union became an instrument of total control over the creative process. If you do not become a member of the Union, it would be unhappy, since K. In such a way, the writer was relieved of the possibilities of publishing his own creation and, moreover, he was attracted to the point of being attracted to a criminal appeal for "gift". M. Gorky was standing for a turn in the organization of organization, the protest of his head was not very good at all. After his death in 1936, he became A. A. Fadov (Kolishny RAPPovets), who went to the end of the post by stretching out the efforts of the Stalin era (until his suicide in 1956). The movie "Writers 'Union" was organized by the "creative" unions: "Artists' Union", "Architects 'Union", "Composers' Union". In the Radianskiy mystery, the coming period of the same thing. M. Gorky
¡¡The primary style in literature, painting and other types of art became so called “socialist realism”. The style of the tsei mav zі spazzhnіm realism zagalnogo. With the callous "living likeness", I didn’t imagine the action in the present viglyadi, but pushed away the reality of those who were not guilty of being guilty from the point of view of the official ideology. The Bula mystery is imposed on the function of the suspension in strictly defined frameworks of communist morality. Trudoviy entuzizm, the backbone of the ideas of Lenin-Stalin, bolshoi principality - the main thing lived the heroes of the works of the official mystery of that hour. The reality of the ball is more folding and in general is far from the proclaimed ideal. Uninvolved in the ideological dictate and total control, prodovuvala develops and vital literature. Under the threat of reprisals, under the fire of criticism, the writers didn’t hope to see it, because they didn’t try to work out their creativity in anticipation of the steel propaganda. Bagato from them so and did not whip their creation published, but it became even after their death.
Educational art, architecture, theater and cinema art. ¡¡¡In this hour, the meaning of change is seen in the imaginative art. Unimportant for those who in the 20s will continue to promote the Association of Overseas Shows and the Union of Russian Artists, the Association of Artists in the Proletarian Russia, Asociaciya of Artists of the Proletarian Russia, Asociya BV Yoganson's robots became the classic socialist realism in the creative arts. In 1933 he painted the painting "Completes the Communities". The pinnacle of the sculptural development of socialist realism was the composition "Robin and Kolgospnytsia" by Viri Gnativna Mukhinoi (1889 - 1953). The sculptural group of Bula was prepared by V. І. Much for the Radiansky Pavilion at the All-Holy Week in Paris in 1937 r In architecture on the cob of the 30s. We will prodovzhu constructivism, widely victorious for the development of large and living events. The aesthetics of simple geometric forms, dominating constructivism, infused the architecture of Lenin's Mausoleum, prompted in 1930 by the project of A.V. Shchusev. A cinematograph is being developed quickly. There are a lot of pictures. New opportunities were surrounded by the appearance of sound cinematography. In 1938, a film by S. M. Eisenstein "Oleksandr Nevsky" was written on the screen. Know the films on the revolutionary theme.
Pidsumki: ¡Pidsumki is a re-creation of the first rock of the Radianskoy power in the boule culture is far from unambiguous. Behind one side, the boules reached the singing successes in the development of non-writing, as seen in the culture of intellectual activity, as it was violated in the organization of the new and the revival of the old days of comradeships and the establishment of On the other hand, culture has become a part of the state policy, having consumed the control of the party's apparatus.
Cultural life in the USSR in 1920-1930-і rock.
In the culture of the 1920s-1930s you can see three directions:
1. Official culture, adopted by the Radiansky state.
2. Neofitsіyna culture, yak was set by bіlshovik.
3. The culture of the Russian foreign language (emigrantska).
cultural revolution - Changes in the spiritual life of the suspension, health in the SRSR in 20-30-s pp. XX century, Socialist culture. The term “cultural revolution” introduced by V.І. Lenin in 1923 in the robot "About cooperation".
The cycle of the cultural revolution:
1. Reconstruction of the popular masses - the firmness of the Marxist-Leninist, communist ideology as a state.
2. The activity of the "proletarian culture", based on the lower version of the suspension, based on the communist culture.
3. "Communities" and "radianization" of mass testimony through the great ideology of culture.
4. Lіkvіdatsіya non-writing, development of education, expansion of scientific and technical knowledge.
5. Razriv with pre-revolutionary cultural decline.
6. The work of the new radians' intellectuals.
An ear of impersonation of non-writing. Having come to power, the bolsheviks stumbled upon the problem of the low cultural level of the population. The population census in 1920 showed that there were 50 million illiterate people in the country (75% of the population). In 1919 r buv acceptance dec-ret to Radnarkom " About liquidation of non-writing". In 1923 r the zagalnost " Get NOT-literate"On the cholі with the head of the VTsVK M.I. Kalininim... Thousands of hut-reading rooms have been screaming, de-educated for grown-ups and children. For the 1926 census, the literacy rate of the population was 51%. New clubs, libraries, museums, theaters have appeared.
The science. Vlada fired up technical intelligence to improve the economic potential of the Radiansky state. Pid keriv-nystvom academy I.M. Gubkina conducted the vivchennya of the Kursk Magnetic Anomies, the exploration of oil from the Volga and the Urals. Aka-mik A.E. Fersman in the geological vyshukuvannya in the Urals and in the Far East. Insights in the field of theory of advanced space and missile technology were made K.E. Tsіolkovskyі F. Tsán-der. S.V. Lebed having broken the method of otrimannya synthetic rubber. Theory of Aviation dealing with the basics of Litakobuduvannya NOT. Zhu-sky... In 1929, the All-Union Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. V.I. Lenina (VASGNIL, President - N.I. Vavilov).
Delegation of power to the humanitarian іntelіgentsії. Vlada surrounded the ability of the humanitarian intellects-Gyonts to participate in political life, injecting into pro-community consciousness. In 1921, the autonomy of the most important navch pawns was eaten away. The professors and the teacher, who did not accept the communist conviction, were called.
In 1921, spіvrobіtnik GPU I'M WITH. Agranov having fabricated the information about "Petrograd Boy Organizatsiya". By the participants of the Bula, a group of students and children of culture, including the professor V.N. Tagantsev i sings NS. Gumilov... Buv razstrilaniy 61 specials, including Gumilov.
In 1922 rotsi boulevard of the opening of the special censorship committee - Golovlit, So zdіysnyuvav control over the "witch-them vi-pads" against the policy of the governing party. by the time Glavrepet-com- the committee for the control of theater repertoires.
V 1922 m from V.I. Lenina and L.D. Trotsky on two "philosophical steam passages" from the edge of the boule vislan ponad 160 oddly adjusted views of them in the history of culture - philosophy ON. Berdyaev, S.N. Bul-gakiv, N.O. Loskiy, S.L. Frank, I.A. Іlyin, L.P. Karsavinі ін. Buv hangs P.A. Z-Sorokin(Win navchavsya in Ivanivs'kyi krai, - in the meantime - the greatest sociologist in the United States).
In 1923 rotsi pid kerivnistvom N.K. Krupskoi there was a cleaning of libraries of "anti-radians and anti-artistic books". They spent their time on the viroblen day of the ancient philosopher Plato and L.N. Tolstoy. Until the middle. 1920s, pp. boules closed private books and magazines.
Vishcha school. Preparation of the news of the intelligentsia. The CPSU (b) took a course on the formation of a new intellectual, unconditional devotion to the regime. “We need to be trained ideologically,” said N.I. Bukharin. - I will be churning out the intellect, we’re going to do it, like in the factory. ” In 1918, the bully was given an introductory education to universities and a fee for education. New institutes and uni-vert were seen (until 1927 - 148, in the pre-Revolutionary hour - 95). For example, in 1918 the building was opened by the Polytechnic Institute in Ivanovo-Metushnya-Senskaya. Since 1919, in the universities of the boulevard, the work of the faculty ( slave faki) For preparatory work before coming to school at the school of robotic and rural youth, which is not a small average education. Until 1925, the graduates of the workers' workers represented half of the students. Vi-Khodtsa from the bourgeois-noble and intellectual "socially alien" verses, access to all the development of boulevard difficulties.
School system of the 1920s, pp. The three-tier structure of middle primary mortgages was eliminated (classical school - real school - commercial school) and replaced with “polytechnical and labor” middle school. From the system of popular education, such school subjects, such as logic, theologian, Latin and walnut mov and інші humanitarian subjects.
The school has become one and only accessible to the public. The won was stored in 2 stu-pens (1st stage - four rock, 2nd - five rock). Schools of industrial and plant education (FZU) and schools of robotic youth (SHRM) were involved in the preparation of robotic cadres, and cadres of administrative-strategic and technical personnel were trained in technical rooms. School programs boules of guiding lines on the communal vikhovannya. The substitute for the history of the Victory Day.
State and Church in 1920s. In 1917 the patriarchy was renewed. U 1921-1922 rr. Under the drive to fight hunger, the bolsheviks began to feel the power of the churches-nі values. In the town of Shuya, there are bouts of construction of paraffians, as they have become overwhelmed by the conversion of church values. In the framework of the policy of "voyivnichesku atheism" churches were shouted, ikons were burned. In 1922, in Moscow and Petrograd, there were organized judicial processes against the servants of the church, and the acts of them were condemned to death for those involved in counterrevolutionary activities.
Vinikla struggle mіzh "staretserkovnіkami" (pat-rіarch Tikhon) І "renovationists" (metropolitan A.I. Vvedensky). Patriarch Tikhon Bouv Areshtovany and Nezbarom died, the patronage was discarded. In 1925 he became the patron saint of the patriarch to the throne. Petro, Ale in the breast 1925 rock vin buv areshtovaniy i hang. Yogo offensive, metropolitan Sergiy And 8 archives in 1927 wrote a beast, in which craws they called priests, who did not recognize the Radiansky power, go to the church records. Against tsih having made a mitro-polit Josip... Bagato priests of boule vislan on Solovki. Representatives of the first respondents gave up on the haunted.
Literature and art in the 1920s Writers and singers of the "capital of the world" ( A.A. Akh-ma-tova, A. Biliy, V. Ya.Bryusov ta in.) Є.B. Wakh-tango, K. S. Stanislavsky, V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko, actress M.N. Yrmolova. Vlashtovuyas vy-stakes after the "World of Spokus-stva", "Jack of Diamonds", "Black Troyand" and the other artists ( P.P. Konchalovsky, A.V. Lentulov, R.R. Falk ta in . ). Revvo-Lyutsia gave a new impulse to creativity V.V. Mayakovsky, A.A. block, S.A. Esenina. Representatives of the left-modernist trends - futurism, cubism, constructionism - in painting, theater, architecture-tours ( V.E. Meyerhold, V.Є. Tatlin ta in.).
Vinikak without new literary groups and organizations:
Group " Serapionov Brothers» ( M. M. Zoshchenko, V. A. Kaverin, K. A. Fedin ta ін.) whispered new artistic forms of the image of the revolutionary life of the country;
Group " pass» ( MM. Prishvin, V.P. Kataev that in.) stood for the protection of offensiveness and traditions of the Russian literature.
Vinikli Literary-Artistic-ni Objective of the Proletarian-Bilchovic Communist Organization:
- Proletcult(1917-1932 p) - having shaped a new proletarian socialist culture ( A.A. Bogdanov, P.I. Lebediv-Polyansky, Dem'yan Bidny);
Literary group " smithy"(1920-1931 rr.), Entered the RAPP;
- Russian Association of Proletarian Writers(RAPP), (1925-1932 pp.) Vikoristovuchi was extinguished by the "party of literature" fought against other groups. I've seen a magazine "At the post";
LEF Group " Livy Front of Mistresses"(1922-1929 rr.) - sing V.V. Mayakovsky, M.M. Asєєv and other works from the members of the Vimog of Proletkult, have seen the magazine "LEF".
Tsi groups gave the ts'kuvannya of bish-party cultural acts, calling them "internal emigrants" for the bias towards the development of "heroes of revolutionary atrocities". Criticized also were the "passing-chiki" - the letter-tory, who pidtrim the Radiansku possession, or they allowed the "ko-le-bania" ( MM. Zoshchenko, A.N. Tolstoy, V.A. Kaverin, O. G. Bagritsky, M.M. Prishvin ta in.).
Political and social revolution in Russia emerged as a proxy for the cultural revolution. In a short term of demand, the establishment of the development of non-literacy, the establishment of the system of popular education, the formation of frames in the new information of the intellectual and ideological interchange of the old, the establishment of the necessary minds for the development of the mystery of literature Kintsevoyu mark of the building of the proletarian culture. Buv the ideas of ideological prestige, there was a struggle against any manifestations of antiquity, mercilessly victorious religion, from the country vyvani vygany vyatnye culture, and representatives were deprived of mass reprisals.
Development of culture in 1920-1930-і рр. to look through the prism of the understanding of the "cultural revolution" (for the first time V. I. Lenin is alive in the robot "About cooperation"). The great importance of the establishment of cultural activities began with two officials: the cultural education of Russia (80% of the non-written) and the need for the establishment of a "new people".
Mayut mіsce three periods of cultural life:
- During the revolution, in the period of the huge war, the methods of "military communism" were adopted (including Ch. Mobilizatsiya fakhivtsiv and etc.). The zavdannya of shvidnaya podolannya non-literacy was put in place, for which the supervised methods of "linking" were used (they didn’t boggle down to the arehtu).
- NEP: the form of supra-specific methods, singing pluralism in cultural politics. At the same hour on the ear of the nepu "crisis of culture" - the nobility of the bagatokh has been established from the budget and zakrittya.
- З кінця 1920-х рр. a lot in chomu turning to superstitious methods.
liquidation of non-writing
The struggle for out-of-town literacy has become one of the greatest reconsiderations of the indigenous revisions of suspicious people, the people's statehood, and culture. At the chest 1917 r in the People's Commissariat of the Russian Federation, the building of a post-Tashkent branch of the head of N. K. Krupskoy (from 1920 r Glavpolitprosvet), one of the leading establishments of which was the organization of the lack of writing in the land.
Decree of the RNC "On the liquidation of the non-writing among the population of the Russian Federation" (1919), the establishment of the All-Russian supervising committee from the lack of writing and courses of the reader - the "non-writing" (1923), a view of mass primers and books for older adults, an increase in the number of clubs, a hut-reading room, a library, a peasant's budding, an all-Union cultural education for the introduction of technology for the VLKSM (1928) solutions up to 1940th pp. the establishment of the non-writing character.
Osvita and science
In the province of Vinikla, there is a single school system, which can be stored in a school of three types: cobs (1-4 classes), non-middle (1-7 classes) and middle (1-9, and sometimes 1-10 classes). In 1934, a decision was taken about the renewal of the history of the history, as the story of the revolution was skewed. To fix the overwhelming average special and vital education. As early as 1919, robotic faculties began to appear in universities, which are guilty of bully mayzhe, I am illiterate, and young people from the village were brought up to get good education. On the cob 20's pp. Reform of the victories of the scientific sciences at universities is to become a part of the party members. To fix the "cleaning" of the week and the student. Introduced the class principle of selection of students to their chief pledges - children of the so-called kolishnich (noblemen, clergy, officers of the royal army, merchants, officials) were given the right to reject them.
In the early 1920s. in the region, a system for the training of faculty members in technical universities was introduced for 3-4 years. In the 1930s, pp. The number of such universities has grown rapidly, the release of engineers and technicians has grown rapidly. While the universities have expanded to the region, humanitarian education has become popular in the general community since the mid-1930s. With the entry of "A short course of history of the CPSU (b)" І. V. Stalin emerged as a kind of "etalon", behind which all written and vislovlen raged. Serious achievements of the first two ten years of Radian power can be given the status of universities and technical universities in all national unions of republics. New Bulo Ideologizovanim. In the course of the cultural revolution, a new radiance was formed.
Scientific atheism has become one of the new basic subjects in all universities. Bully close all spiritual mortgages. The All-Union Suspension of the Atheists was established, yaka conducted a mass antireligion visit. Goloshuvalosya, who was transferred to the ranks of the Communist Party and the Komsomol, pioneers insanely. In fact, the message was about replacing the glance and being robbed by the rapist's way.
The center of scientific life in Russia was the Academy of Sciences, yak until the end of the 1920s. became a part of the radian ideological and cultural system. On the ear of the 1930s, pp. international contacts were reduced, the radians were practically not allowed to go to the foreign countries, and the foreign countries were no longer requested from the SRSR.
policy of the district
On one side - the strangulation of the oysters: in 1921, together with the poet N. Gumilyov, the great pravozstrilany V. Tagantsev; in 1922 - "philosophical steam-float", famous for the hanging of the intellectual property (philosopher Berdyayev, historian Karsavin, sociologist P. Sorokin, all close to 200 people); from the beginning of the 1920s. - a series of processes over engineering and technical intelligence ("Shakhtinska on the right", "academic right"); the process of "Industrial Party"; on the right of the "Labor Village Party" and in. The intelligence of the bull is angry.
At the same hour, for the improvement of the economic and vital potential of the land, there are actions taken directly from science, which may be of practical importance.
A) An unprecedented idea of revolution for the first time in Russia, the building of scientific-pre-past institute for the development of atomic problems from the critical academician A. Ioffe. Until 1937, there were 867 scientific institutes in the country.
B) U 20-30-i pp. There have been a number of the most significant achievements: S. Lebed, having broken the process of removing synthetic rubber; Tsіolkovskiy, Tsander, Kondratyuk - change your mind for the rocket and space technology. The robot is successfully promoted by the classics of Physiology Academician I. Pavlov і famous breeder І. Michurina. In the development of science, a great role was played by the glaciers of the Arctic O. Yu. Shmidt and I. D. Papanin, geologist I.M. Gubkin, biologist N.I. Vavilov, physicists A. F. Ioffe, P. L. Kapitsa, I. V . Kurchatov, aircraft designers A. N. Tupolev and O. K. Antonov, geokhimik V. I. Vernadsky.
The main scientific and design efforts are focused on the improvement of vital efforts. The bullets were designed in the light of the modern technology, the T-34 tank and the reactive minomet ("Katyusha").
C) In the other half of the 1930s, pp. having done the process of politicalization and ideology of radio science. Bulo republished by vchenі-agrarian N. D. Kondrat'ev and A. V. Chayanov, philosopher P. A. Florensky, biologist N. I. Vavilov, writer I. E. Babel, singing by O. E. Mandelstam. It was registered and processed in a special design bureau-in-avia design A. N. Tupolev and N. N. Polikarpov, physicist L. D. Landau.
Artistic life
The regime, admitting singular versatility, eliminated powerless leaks and deterioration. Extremist with a hand, she stood for a re-shaping of the “old culture” (organizing Proletkult); the written organization of the RAPP stood for purely "proletarian literature." Repairing from the other half of the 1920s. Literature and art were looked at as one from the communist education and the master. At the frontiers of the 1920s-1930s a large number of literary objects have been created: the Pereval group, LEF, the Union of Peasant Writers, the Serapionov Brothers group, the Literary Center for Constructiveism, the Association of Moscow Artists of the Revolution, Through the development of creative spilki, the state directed and controlled the entire activity of creative intelligence in the required direct.
From the beginning of the 1920s to the 1930s. The headquarters of the policy of "cultural unification" is the stifling of all business and social relations. In 1934, the Union of Radianskih Writers was formed (Oholiv M. Gorky, the founder of the method of socialist realism). A.N. Tolstoy, M.A.Sholokhov, A.A. On theatrical stages, there are pictures of the classic repertoire (A. N. Ostrovsky, A. P. Chekhov, A. M. Gorky) there were pershі radianski p'usi - "Lyudin with a rushnitsa" by N. F. Pogodin, "Lyubov Yarov" K. A. Trenova і ін. Bagato cultural figures became victims of reprisals (poets N. Klyuv and O. Mandelstam, theater reformer Vs. Meyerhold et al.); In the last few years, the rock wasted the power of the publication (M. Bulgakov), the third put their talent in the service of the regime, they became attached (A. Tolstoy).
Until the mid-1920s, pp. the beginning of the inflow of the "middle capital" of the Russian mystery. Bagatyokh maestrіv drowned in the idea of creating a highly classic culture for the people. Vinikli new forms of propaganda of the mystery: meetings, concerts, theater performances on streets and squares. Mid-1920s The diversity of forms of creativity began to stifle. The communist party has pushed to put on its own control over the spirit of the people of the art, when evaluating these creations on the first plan, it is not the artistic value and the main character of the creators, but the ideological attitudes, the vitality of steel
U 1930-i pp. The material base for the promotion of culture has been significantly expanded: the opening of hundreds of new theaters, the encouragement of thousands of clubs and libraries, museums. The widespread expansion was neglected by the artist's self-help.
Great significance was given to the cinema. Particularly popular were films about the revolution ("Lenin at Zhovtna", "Trilogy about Maxim", films by S. M. Eizenshtein "Battleship" Potomkin "" , comedy ("Volga-Volga", "Circus").
BV Yoganson's robots became the classic socialist realism in the imaginative mystery of art (1933 - the paintings "Finish the Communities", "At the Old Ural Factory", "Vistup V. I. Lenin at the Third Komsomol Week"). U 1930-i pp. KS Petrov-Vodkin, P. P. Konchalovsky, A. Deineka, and a series of beautiful portraits of contemporary life by M. V. Nesterov. The creativity of the artists began to step by step over the revolutionary themes and the demonstration of "heroic beasts".
The pinnacle of the development of the sculpture of socialist realism was the composition "Robin and Kolgospnitsa" by V.I. Mukhinaya (1889-1953), prepared for the Radiansk pavilion at the All-Union Vistavtsi in Paris in 1937
In the architecture of the cob of the 1930s. Let's carry on prodovzhu constructivism (Lenin's Mausoleum behind the project of A.V. Shchusev, 1930). Until the end of the 1930s. in vogue write lipnina, majestic colonies with pseudoclastic capitals, manifest hygantomania and agility to navmisny richness of refreshment, often between nezmakom. The style of tsei іncoli is called "Stalinist empire".
The warehouse part of the cultural life of the suspensions began to be occupied by physical culture and sports, to the power of the land, - the land of the nation needs physical community of people, so be able to stand in the ranks of the battles of the Chervona Army, in the news of the future factories of the minds. For zahochennya to go in for sports in the 1930s. The system for setting the standards of the TRP (ready to start and defense), DSO (ready to sanitary defense), "Voroshilovskiy stroilok" was activated. Progressively becoming a professional sport.
A number of peoples have adopted the alphabet on the Russian basis. Tsim took the link to the roots of the national culture. The land of the Bula was brought into being from the Russian zarubizhiya, and the zhorstka censorship.
Cultural revolution bags
- The growing level of literacy.
- A system has been set up for education and training.
- Science and art have gained significant development.
- The mace was shaped by an official culture, based on the Marxist-class ideology, the “communist culture”, the mass culture and education, which is necessary for the preparation of the great middle class of robotic frame-work.
- Totalitarian harmony afterwards and methodically knowing freedom of creativity, spiritual joke, artistic self-expression.
Characteristic rice NEPU. The reasons for the defeat of the antiradyanskih forces. Causes nipple throat. Characteristics of the Radianskogo totalitarian regime. Economic redevelopment. The inheritance of the community's wines. All-Union z'їzd Glad. Visnovok V.I. Lenina. "Chergovi Zavdannya Radianskoi Vlady". The basis for the course is the concept of development of the country. Pid bags in the political sphere. Kinets of the 20's - nipple throat.
"Culture in the SRSR 1920-1930" - Mystery of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. "A Pass to Life" 1931, Pudovkin. Plan ... "Nova Moscow". We see communism. Resolution 1932r. Worker and colgospnitsa, 1937 Steel. Bagatobarvny and dіvіtelny ... .. ". "Deputy of the Baltic". Scho bulo. "Mastering the tractor". "On the weekends of new workshops" 1932. "Maybutny people" 1938. Z. Stini Kitay-mista. Sculptor Vira Mukhina. "Traktoristi", 1939r. S. Kirsanov “Our hands will all hang around All the riddles in knots.
"Budivnistvo to communism" - For every hour. Power with strict procedures. Yakim viyshov new booth. Radiansk people have gone for such a short term to take the land. The workers chose for the sake of the people's deputies. That will be buduvati. Rozrukha. What will be cheruvati will be. Those who were not pleased were severely punished. Our booth. All the people took part in the future. There will be booths. Yak people yajavali new budinok-power. Hunger. Vіyna mіzh residents of the same state for power in the country.
"Politics NEPu" - Maino Church. Instructions. Zmini. Proletarian culture. New economic policy. Private hands. Work control. Chervonets. The sector of the buv maloputkovyh. New economic policy. The need to go to NEP. High tempi of economical growth. Krzhizhanovsky. Prodzagon. Light bulb Illicha. Combi. Rocky NEPu. Nebezpeka. The people of the people. The strangulation of Kronstadt will be stabbed to death. Party censorship. Replacing the food with a fee.
"NEP in Siberia" - System of economic reforms for the period of NEP. NEP: new strategy or new tactics. Krasnoyarov: five centuries of history. NEP: zdobutki that vtrati. Ruling Reforms to the Period of NEP and Suffered Russia. Krasnoyarsk Territory in the History of the Week. The name of labor migration in the period of NEPU. Slid respect, but the interpretation of NEP has been steadily changing. NEP in Siberia. Nova ekonomichna polіtika (NEP) made a positive contribution.
"Development of SRCP at 20-30 rr." - NEP. Concession. The name of the policy of the CPSR in the 20-th pp. Characteristic. Basic stages of industrialization. Suspilno-political life in the 30s. Culture of the SRCP in 20-30-s pp. Visit the land Collectiveization. Head problems. Industrialization of the CPSR. СРСР in 20-30-і pp. The name of the policy of the SRSR in the 30th rr. National-state building. Genuezka conference. Three Rise of the Period of Cultural Life.
With the head mark of cultural re-creation, which was carried out by the Bolsheviks in the 1920s-1930s, Bulo introduced the order of science and mystery of Marxist ideology. The culture of the Bula was put under the control of the state, as a pragne of the cheruvati to the spiritual lives of the suspension, to the vikhovuvati of its members in the nation of panivnaya ideology.
1) Education
The first People's Commissar of Education of the Russian Federation of the Russian Federation, A.V. Lunacharsky (1917-1929) 1919 - decree "On the liquidation of non-writing"
Bula is a state-of-the-art system of public education, a vinykla radianska school of dekilkoh steps. In the 1st p'yatirichtsi, the bulo is viscous, and in the 2nd p'yatirichtsi, the semicircular illumination. There were universities and technical colleges, robotic faculties (faculties for the preparation of robots before joining the school and middle ground). Navchannya had an ideological character. A new, radianska іntelіgentsіya was formed, before the old іntelіgentsіі vlada bіlshovikіv was put in adolescence. The first rocky Radianskoi vlady diala is an innovative school: no school desks, no school system, home establishments, children, educators, vidmotok.
May 1934 - decree on the structure of the school: the introduction of a cob, non-identical middle and middle school.
To accept the role of the school: the student of zobov'yatsii shanuvati the leader, vikrivati vorog_v to the people, to navi the ends of the members of this family.
Politics of Radianskiy Kerivnistva in Halus culture in the 20-30th rr. I will name cultural revolution.
meta:
Allocation of cultural equals to the people
Change of Marxism-Leninism as the ideological basis of the life of the suspension
pidbags:
liquidation of non-writing
Obov'yazkove Semir_ichne Navchannya
Vidkrittya 20 yew. Shkil
Introducing Marxist Ideas into the Navchannia System
Repressions of disagreeable teachers and students.
2) Science
The honors of the old intellectuals, but they didn’t come across the bolshoviks, but they bachelled their Borg in robots for the country: N. Zhukovsky (aviator), V. Vernadsky (biohimik), N. Zelinsky (chemolkov), K. Tsіvnikov. Pavlov (physiologist), K. Timiryazev (botanik), І. Michurin (biologist-breeder).
Advances in natural sciences: S. Vavilov (optics), M. Vavilov (genetics and selection), S. Lebedev (production of synthetic rubber), I. Kurchatov (pre-development of the atomic nucleus), P. Kapitsa (physics of low temperatures and strong magnetic fields), P. Florensky (mathematics), A. Chizhevsky (history, heliology).
U 30-i pp. Stalin stating that all sciences are of a political nature. Respect for the pursuit of genetics, sociology, psychoanalysis, which called for the release of their sales in the SRSR. The history began to be victorious in order to evolve the people, developing the ideas of Radiansky patriotism.
In 1922, in Russia, 160 of the greatest students, philosophers, historians, economists, did not share ideological attitudes towards great scholarship. The panuvannya of the great ideology was also promoted in anti-church propaganda, the ruined churches, the plundered lane of the church. Patriarch Tikhon, turned in the fall of leaves 1917 r Pomisnom cathedral, buv zapeshteniyami. Reported honorable agrarian N.D. Kondrat'ev, A.V. Chayanov, philosopher P.A. Pilnyak, actor and director V.E. Meyerhold and many people. Aviation designers A. N. Tupolev, N. N. Polikarpov, physicist L. D. Landau, one of the creators of the aerodynamic institute S. P. Korolov and I. N. They stayed in t.v. "Sharashkakh" (design bureaus and laboratories in works of letting go).
The head organizer in the suspense-political preliminaries became the visions in 1938 " Short course history of the VKP (b) »Editors І. V. Stalina.
3) Literature
A part of the culture of culture appeared in emigration: І. Bunin, O. Kuprin, K. Balmont, (middle writers: M. Chagall, I. Rapin, S. Prokof'ev, S. Rakhmaninov, F. Shalyapin, etc.)
A. Akhmatova, O. Mandel'shtam, M. Prishvin, N. Gumilov got caught up in Batkivshchyna.
In literature and mystery, the method " socialist realism"(The image is for the right not so, as it is є, but as such, as it is guilty from the point of view of interest in fighting for socialism), glorifying the party, the leaders, the heroes of the revolution. A. N. Tolstoy ("Petro Pershiy"), A. T. Tvardovskiy were hanging around among the writers.
The genre of satire is developing (I. Ilf and I. Petrov "Gold of the Body", "12 Styles"), novels and stories about the revolution and Gromadyanska vіynu (M. A. Sholokhov ("Quiet Don"), A. A. Fadev (rozgrom), M. Zoshchenko, D. Furmanov ("Chapaev"), I. Babel ("Cavalry"), K. Trenov ("Lyubov Yarova").
Creative work of the 20-ies: Proletkult (it stood for the stem of a special proletarian culture, they lifted the decline of the past as an unused mottle), RAPP (Russian association of proletarian writers), MAPP
1932 - stem list of writers.
4) Painting
stem Association of Artists in Revolution (AHR), Khiba of Traditions of the Itinerants.
A. Deineka, M. Grekov, B. Johanson
K. Petrov-Vodkin, B. Kustodiev, P. Filonov, K. Malevich, M. Nesterov, P. Konchalovsky and I.
K. Petrov-Vodkin ("Bathing of the Red Horse", "1918 Rik at Petrograd", "Death of a Komisar")
K. Yuon ("Nova Planet")
Y. Pimenov ("Give me the importance of the industry!")
M. Grekov ("Tachanka")
5) Muzyka
The greatest manifestations in the musical life were the works of S. S. Prokof'ev (music before the film "Oleksandr Nevsky"), A. I. Khachaturian (music up to the film "Masquerade"), D. D. Shostakovich (opera "Ledi Macbeth of Mtsensk Povita", fenced in 1936). Pisni I. Dunaevsky, A. Alexandrov, V. Solovyova-Sєdogo.
6) Cinematograph.
Significant croc in its development was crushed by cinematography: films "Chapaev" S. and G. Vasil'vikh, "Battleship" Potomkin "," Oleksandr Nevsky "," Ivan the Terrible "S. Eizenshtein, comedy by G. Aleksandrov "Happy Boys", "Circus", M. Romm's film "Lenin at Zhovtni", "Lenin at 1918 Rotsi", І. Pir'єva "Pig and shepherd".
There are dozens of actors (among them M. Zharov, M. Ladinina, L. Orlova, N. Kryuchkov, V. Zeldin, N. Cherkasov)
7) Sculpture.
Naybilsh is a prominent sculptural work of the 1930s. becoming a monument to V. Mukhinaya "Robin and Kolgospnitsa".
N. Andrv - Obelisk of the Radian Constitution in Moscow
L. Sherwood - Monument to A. Radishchev
S. Merkurov - monuments to K. Timiryazev and F. Dostoevsky
8) Architecture
Poshuk of new forms and styles: constructivism
At Leningrad - A. Hegel (Palace of Culture im. Gorky, Veliky Budynok (awaken NKVS).
Moscow has brothers Vesnini (project Palats Pratsi, Palats of Culture im. Likhachov, Budivlya newspaper "Leningradska Pravda"), S. Melnikov (Budinok kultury im.
B. Iofan - living room on the Embankment (є one-man novel by Y. Trifonov about the Stalinist repressions)
9) Bolshoi and churches
U 20-i pp. repentance for church values, terror against clergy.
For the propaganda of atheism, the "Union of the Atheists" was created.
Politics in Halus culture in the 1920s and 1930s.
Zagalna:
The introduction of non-literacy, development of schools and education, the formation of new radians' intellectuals by the most important politicians (the concept of a cultural revolution)
Vizannaya kul'tury i motstva important vikhovannya mas in the Communist Party
The Party and the Radianskiy State Party to establish culture under strict control
Visuvannya on the first plan when evaluating the creation of mystery and culture on the principle of partisanship.
| 1920-i | 1930-i |
| - Do shkіlnіy osvіtі - Prostir for eksperimentіv that іnnovatsіy (bezotsіnochne navchannya Brigadier method іn i.) - Mozhlivіst rozvitku rіznih hudozhnіh stilіv i napryamkіv in mistetstvі - Іsnuvannya rіznih CREATIVE organіzatsіy i ob'єdnan - Pіdtrimka powers proletarskogo Mistetstvo, organіzatsіy, pobudovanih on Yogo principles, from them so called companions, fellow travelers and in. | - In school education - the renewal of the traditional forms of science, the condemnation of experiments as a result. - The consolidation of socialist realism as a single official artistic method in the arts |