Yaka podiya meant opening 2 fronts. Another front of the lend-lease: its role in the victory over fascist Germany. Free march of the Red Army to Europe

Writing:

“The military establishment of the Radyansky Union, as well as Great Britain, was significantly destroyed, as if a front had been created against Hitler at sunset (Northern France) and at night (Arctic).”

However, the USA and England voted on 22-24 chervenya 1941. about their readiness to provide additional assistance to the Radyansky Union, they were in no hurry to make practical approaches to it directly. The messenger confirmed Stalin on June 21, 1941. Churchill stated that “Chiefs of Staff do not hesitate to earn anything on such a scale that it could bring you at least the least amount of profit.”

This explanation is explained by the fact that the flight of 1941 r. In the flood of England, it seems that Churchill and other military leaders believed in the defeat of the USSR by the Wehrmacht on the right for many years. They respected that the German-Radyan war had for some time turned the forces of Germany away from its main enemy - England. Therefore, we are focused on the fact that we can better “drain Russia from the war”, in every way supporting her morally, rather than committing ourselves to any military obligations and material assistance, since everything is still sent to her. Russian technology will be lost to the Germans and will be strengthened Ex. At the same time, in the opinion of British strategists, England is unlikely to take advantage of the time of the Reich’s war with the Russians in order to enhance its position in the Close Convergence and prepare for the upcoming battles against the German invasion of the British Isles.

As early as 1940, when the British troops deprived the European continent, Churchill expressed his enthusiasm for continuing the English language in France.

“Overwhelmingly important,- writing in Chernya 1940, - pin down as many German troops as possible to the line of preserving the lands they buried, and we must begin to organize special troops for these raids on these shores, where the population will be friendly to us ... "

“It is necessary to prepare a low-level operation that will be carried out specially for the new type of military, creating an atmosphere of terror-preservation... A little later... we could launch a rapt attack on Calais or Boulogne... and will eliminate and this region... The war of passive support, as we know so well , maybe buti put the edge.”

Todi, at the 40th birthday, thought so and it was not done. Now, if the Wehrmacht acted against the USSR with its main forces, Churchill was encouraged again:

“At once,- writing from the first days of the invasion of German armies to our land, - If Russia has a lot of borrowings, it’s time to “get it while it’s hot”..."

Alas, this idea has ceased to wow. The main strategic directive for England will be lost at the Close Meeting. There, on the narrow coastal plain near the border areas between Egypt, where the British troops were located, and Libya, the Italian divisions were advancing, from the beginning of 1940. fighting was carried out. Since the beginning of 1941. Before the Italian armies there were a few German units. Commanding the Italian-German groupings was the German General Rommel, the hero of the French Wehrmacht campaign.

The attack of the Third Reich on the USSR would immediately change the situation and both Near and Middle would bring about the destruction of the English. This was hired in London. At the entry into the war of the USSR, things were done differently. Skeptical of Churchill's mid-range strategy, Roosevelt's exponents - J. Marshall, H. Hopkins and others - considered it morally necessary to help the USSR for the sake of American resources. However, the US order in the first half of the war was not in vain, because the USSR was withstanding the onslaught of Hitler’s Germany. The more optimistic people became more optimistic. The British ambassador to Washington informed London:

"American military leaders believe that, although the problem cannot be turned off, the situation in this country and in the near future looks bad, and the Russians are simply miraculous."

Tom on the cob of lime tree 1941 r. The chief of staff of the US Army, J. Marshall, managed to convince Roosevelt that Churchill’s average strategy was not effective enough in the war with Germany and Italy. And if the US government withdrew from the USSR the transfer of military materials necessary for the Radyansky Union, Roosevelt decided to redistribute the supplies received and acquired, so that part of them would be sent to the USSR. Churchill, having learned about the position of the American president and the medical reports of the British ambassador, which were frequent in Moscow, S. Crips and the tensions of the USSR ambassador in London. Maysky about the possibility of a separate peace between the SRSR and Germany, believing that any practical means of helping the SRSR are now simply necessary. Regardless of the support of the Admiralty, which stood for the maximum increase in naval forces at the Close Convergence, it ordered the sending of a small squadron of ships to the Arctic in order to establish mutual relations and activities simultaneously with the military-naval forces of Russia ї. This served the interests of the USSR. As Stalin wrote to Churchill on the 18th, “it is easier to create a front at night: here you will need only naval and air forces without landing troops and artillery.”

The Radyansky government also aims to ensure that maritime communications between the USSR, England and the USA are the basis for their military-economic cooperation. This was seen as unusual from the right: even in the USA, with all efforts to help the Radyansky Union, who are aware that our country is inevitably recognizing defeats. Even after visiting Moscow, on the heels of US President Hopkins’s decision and the optimistic report of England’s Intelligence Committee about those that the Soviet Socialist Republic would endure the war, at sunset it became clear: “Please stand.”

In the difficult situation of the first years of the war, the aim of the Russian foreign policy was to improve military cooperation with the allies, and firstly with England (the USA took part in the war), so as to make stronger efforts to fight against the sleeping enemy. Stalin in his messages, Churchill developed and clarified the idea of ​​​​the need for the allies to support another front in Europe. 3rd spring, he wrote to the English Prime Minister, who described the situation in which he was in the USSR, and wrote:

“I think that there is only one way out of such a situation: to create another front here in the Balkans or in France, which can be drawn from a similar front. —40 German divisions..."

The Axis then established the idea of ​​​​creating a strong front in France. After 10 days, Stalin went to London, having slightly changed the food supply:

“As the creation of another front at the approaching moment, in the opinion of the English order, is impossible,- wrote Vіn, - then, perhaps, it would be possible to find another way to actively help the Radyansky Union against the enemy? “It seems to me that England could, without risk, land 25-30 divisions in Arkhangelsk or transport them through Iran to the abandoned areas of the SRSR for military cooperation with the Radyansky troops on the territory of the SRSR.”

Although, of course, this proposition was impossible - it was impossible for England to plant 25-30 divisions not only in Arkhangelsk, but in any other place, England at that time could not, - it had Stalin’s idea about a coalition strategist іу: to put together very great forces on life is important for Germany directly, threateningly, for example, with the overnight delivery of Swedish ore to Germany or the supply of oil from the regions of the Middle East.

Churchill with the Radyansky ambassador in London and Travnev, calling out the idea of ​​​​landing British troops in France as unrealistic:

“The channel that encourages the Germans to be transferred to England, also encourages the English to be transferred to France. Try the landing force in order to ensure that it fails, there is no need for fear.”

Such now became the arguments of the head of the English order, although at the sight of his drive they were completely different. On another proposition of Stalin, they did not confirm, perhaps, respectfully, that Stalin had realized his lack of usefulness at that time.

It’s clear that the other front, in view of the broad strategic offensive in the Nimechchini gulf, as it would be in 1944-1945, was impossible in 1941. However, real additional help could have been given. The Allies could carry out even minor operations on the European continent that would strengthen the strength of the Reich. One of the most prolific members of the English order, the Minister of State, Lord Beaverbrook, knowing the right possibilities of Great Britain, said in those days:

“The Russians’ operation gives us new possibilities... By creating at least 2 thousand miles of saving for the landing of the English troops. However, the Germans can easily transfer their divisions to the very fact that our generals still regard the continent as a protected zone for the English troops...”

The Ambassador of England to the SRSR S. Cripps thought so himself. Having decisively changed the English order to give the SRSR military assistance:

“Since we give Russia all the support, as they are, then, in my opinion, there is every chance that until now across the river Nimechtina will be defeated.”

Ale leaders of England and the USA in 1941. And they didn’t think about the swift defeat of Nimechchina. They were thinking about something else: why is the Radyansky Union involved? And then the Radyan order marched towards a separate peace from Germany. (There were more rumors about the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact of 1939.)

The defeat of the Germans near Moscow encouraged the idea of ​​a blitzkrieg. It became clear that Germany had entered a protracted war. The military capabilities of the Rads did not doubt the order of England. Ale got a different diet: where did the Radyansky Union stand, like the Wehrmacht 1942. to put the same tight pressure on the Red Army, as a result? Allied reconnaissance gave little information about this drive:

“The country is right, for whichever side we can’t afford to pay for the Swedish insurance, and we will win again, most likely, we will reach the Russian-German agreement as a result of negotiations. Such a situation could arise due to various circumstances, beginning with the balance of forces and ending with the irresistible superiority of the Germans.”

This assessment of the situation led the government of the United States and England to decide on the goal of 1942 - to destroy the Radyansky Union from the war on its own side. How can I reach whom? Necessary and decisive approaches were required, especially since after the Japanese attack on the American military-naval base at Pearl Harbor (Hawaiian Islands), the United States entered into war with Japan and Germany. Tom in the spring of 1942. The US military command destroyed the supply of the allied troops on the French coast. “Not opening the strong western front in France right away meant shifting the entire burden of the war to Russia,”—Writing by US Secretary of State G. Stimson. The strategic importance of the Allied invasion of Western Europe and the opening of another front, where the great forces of the ground forces could operate, was best understood by the command of the US Army. It informed those that in the continental war, which, in essence, was the Other World War, residual victory would be achieved on the land fronts, which would lead to vitally important areas of Germany. The Chief of Staff of the American Army, General J. Marshall, was in favor of ensuring that the American ground forces entered into battle as quickly as possible on the most varied fronts and with greater strength.

And for England, as Churchill realized at that time, the main departments at that time had to preserve the Mediterranean communications of Britain with the Near and Middle Descent and with India. The German and Japanese threat to these regions created great insecurity for British interests.

Europe has another front, madly, having quickly sensed the hour of war and representing the interests of the peoples of all allied powers. The other front, which was once again necessary for the USSR, was fighting the fascist bloc on a front stretching 6,000 km. But the British were convinced that the Red Army was the only one capable of resisting the Wehrmacht in 1942, and that the most important military-political development of the allies, and first for all England in the Mediterranean. I axis Churchill at the hour of his visit to Washington in 1941. having come up with the idea of ​​​​the landing of the allies in southern Africa, knowing in advance that the “idea of ​​the American handover in Morocco” appealed to the US President. However, his proposition was thrown out as irrelevant. Officials of the US Department of Defense, the American Army and the UPU (G. Stimson, J. Marshall, D. Eisenhower and G. Arnold) believed that “the first step may be given to the most recent invasion across the English Channel” to Western Europe. That's what the British Strategic Planning Committee thought. 8 Bereznya 1942 r. having presented to the British Committee of the Chiefs of Staff evidence with comprehensive arguments on the merits of the Allied landing on the continent. The shortage of judges, it was said in the testimony, includes such a strategic transfer of the English Channel. In connection with the possible stagnation of the situation on the Radyan-German front in 1942. Chief of Staff of the US Army J. Marshall and Chief of the Strategic Planning Department Major General D. Eisenhower prepared in the fierce year of 1942. memorandum on the extent of the Allied invasion of France across the English Channel. This memorandum formed the basis of the American plan for the landing of the allied forces in France in the spring of 1943. forces of 34 infantry and 14 tank divisions (Operation Roundup). Prote, according to Marshall, “once the Russian front faces an extremely unpleasant situation, then. If the success of the German armies will be so great that there will be a threat of defeat of Russia... (b) if the establishment of Germany in Western Europe will sharply sink... ", then there would be no need to carry out an exchange operation from the landing of forces in France at Veresnya-Zhovtnya 1942 ( Operation Sledgehammer). In such a manner, they publicly labored for full-scale preparation until the opening of another front in 1943. in order to develop this plan as a priority over other operations. And due to the extreme situation on the Radian-German front, an additional landing operation in France was planned, and earlier - as early as 1942. With the method of burying the bridgehead, it will be destroyed until Operation Roundup begins.

Roosevelt, after a violent campaign, settled down to this option. When the war with Japan began, it was necessary to transfer American hugeness from the fact that the European theater of the war was important for the Pacific and that the military United States was by no means passive, but was conducting active actions against the enemy a. “I allow you to send to you in a few days a song plan for a strong advance into Europe itself,”— writing to Churchill on February 18.

Ale Churchill and the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal A. Brooke, considered this plan unviable for England, although they both supported the idea of ​​​​invading Europe through the English Channel. At that very hour, the stench overcame the Americans who were born in 1942. the landing of Anglo-American units in Eastern Africa, where many parts of Vichy France took part in the war.

Churchill, after all the failures of the British armored forces both in Southern Africa (the offensive operation of the winter of 1941/42 was not completed), and in the Far East (the fall of Singapore) needed an easy and decisive victory, as would raise the morale of the English people, would provide for the communists The colonies and countries associated with the British Empire would mark the establishment of Great Britain near the Mediterranean, and especially Churchill, the influx of politics from the world.

Tim in the spring 1942 r. it seemed that the American idea was triumphing. Churchill 8th quarter 1942 Having agreed with the Americans that the Swede’s invasion of Western Europe is completely and unnecessary. Therefore, under the concept of “another front”, it is clearly based on the invasion of the Anglo-American troops from France across the English Channel. Also if you have Travni - Chervni 1942 r. People's Commissar of Foreign Inquiries V.M. Molotov held talks in London and Washington about opening another front in 1942, and he was obliged to open such a front. Who was aware of the situation that had developed then? The defeat of the Radyan troops near Crimea and especially near Kharkov could, in the opinion of recent military experts, pose a threat to the defeat of the USSR.

“...I seriously respect that Russians are becoming German and can easily become overwhelmed by the pressures of those closest to them. That's why I don't want anything to do with the operation "Bolero"

the songs were already in use in 1942. We all understand that, due to weather conditions, this operation cannot be completed until the end of the day... The joint headquarters is currently working on the proposal about increasing the number of transport vessels for the ongoing operation "Bolero" not a significant part of materials for sending to Russia, surrounding military dispute, how can you be victorious in the battles of this fate... This will ease the burden of your home fleet, especially the destroyers. I am especially anxious that he (Molotov - O.O.) take away from himself the real results of his mission and at once give Stalin a friendly face. I’m too sick to think that the Russians are just a little bit squeamish.

However, it is important that we can, perhaps, be described and, most certainly, are already facing real difficulties on the Russian front and can be consistent with our plans.”

In the communiqué, published on 11-12 cheryan 1942. In Moscow, Washington and London after the Radian-English and the Radian-American negotiations, it was stated that “homeownership has been achieved again before the unprecedented task of creating another front in 1942.”

Just before the signing of this very important document in London, Churchill handed Molotov a “memoir note” that said:

“...It is impossible to say from afar what the camp will be like to carry out this operation when the hour comes. Well, we can’t give up on someone who’s born, unless we appear healthy and sane, and we won’t be able to implement this plan in life.”

This note already showed Churchill’s idea of ​​not allowing the invasion operation to enter Western Europe. And replace it with a landing in Northern Africa.

The former head of the British amphibious operations department, Admiral Mountbatten, and then Churchill himself go to Washington to defeat Roosevelt at the beginning of the African-African operation. At that time, the situation in the Mediterranean changed worse for Great Britain. During the hour of Churchill's return to the USA, the Germans defeated the British troops in Africa and captured the important fort and port of Tobruk.

The fall of Tobruk and the capitulation of the new English garrison (33 thousand people) signaled the storm in England. The press openly expressed dissatisfaction with the actions of the order. A resolution was submitted to parliament for a vote of no confidence against the “central government of the war” and especially against Churchill.

“The English general, admiral and air marshal cannot recommend the Sledgehammer as an operation carried out in 1942. I sing that “Gymnast” (landing at Pivnichny Africa, later – “Torch”). — A.O.) — This gives a much greater chance for effective relief of action on the Russian front in 1942. This has always been revealed to your people. In fact, this is your dominant idea. This is another front in 1942. I was happy with the cabinet and the defense committee, and we got along with them. This is the safest and worst blow that can be given this autumn.”

Unfortunately, Churchill’s position became global around the time of 1942. Roosevelt, already in the early days, began to take more notice of the cost of the landing operation in New Africa: as well as Churchill, there was a need for the Swede and the reconquest of the victory of the American armor after the low dachas near the war with Japan. The battles with the Germans in France, apart from the difficulties and expenses, initially brought nothing, and the destruction of the entire region of Africa during the war with the German-Italian coalition was more important than the situation with Japan And it was a quick and easy success. And this raised the authority of the president in the eyes of the people ahead of the elections in Congress at the fall of November 1942. And, most importantly, it allowed the United States to increase its inflow from such an important region as Western Africa. Therefore, Roosevelt was at the mercy of Marshall and his staff, a number of great military and political figures (Military Minister H. Stimson, Presidential Secretary H. Hopkins, etc.) supporting Church’s idea. Illya. The American military leaders were supported by the Anglo-American Chiefs of Staff Committee, but it would no longer be possible to overthrow the president. Marshall wrote that with the adoption of the plan for Operation Gymnast, there would have been an invasion of the European continent in 1943.

In order to truly open another front in Europe, Roosevelt and Churchill relied on military-technical reasons. Roosevelt spoke about the shortage of transoceanic transport for transferring troops to England. Churchill wasted no time in telling Roosevelt that “the crucial factor in such an operation is not the great ships that are used for convoys, but the flat landing craft.”

The leaders of the western powers substituted specific negotiations about the term of opening the other front with various kinds of diplomatic tricks and meaningless - words - tricks.

Did you release the Radyansky order to fight another front in 1942? Did Stalin believe the rumors of Roosevelt and Churchill? As a result of the facts, documents, and opinions of the participants in these actions, Moscow realized that the potters of England and the United States were unlikely to agree to such a self-inflicted short term. At that time, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill all needed priority for all political results. This was politically necessary in order to encourage the people of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition after the failures of 1941 - the first half of 1942, to instill in them hope for a quick turnaround in the war.

On the other hand, Roosevelt and Churchill needed to “keep Russia out of war,” and I will certainly not help. Roosevelt’s unconventional words are especially important for Molotov to “give Stalin a friendly signal.”

Churchill, having boasted of his responsibility to the USSR for his dishonesty with his “memorandum”, reassured, however, that there was one threat of invasion before France in 1942. to discourage the Germans from maintaining significant forces there and not strengthening their grouping in Africa.

Stalin, following the words of Molotov, insisted that the allies should not give up their customs, but the very fact of their shouting to the whole world of the utmost importance gave the Radyansky Union a political win. The vastness of this world, with impatience on the lookout for another front, was filled with storms that the foreign powers would destroy their settlements. In addition, this document is a communiqué about supporting another front in 1942. - giving Moscow the opportunity to put a political pressure on the allies, and also explain the failures of the Red Army on the fronts of the other front.

Apart from the private propaganda benefits of the members of the Great Triple, it is important to note that this happened in the spring of 1942. — the most important military-political problem was looming: what would be the strategy of the powers of the anti-Hitler coalition between the USA, the USSR and England, ordered by the common interests of the most roses the thunder of liberation of peoples and countries occupied by the fascist regime, or else it will be carried out to the advantage of his own prudent national interests, if Every great power that will enter the coalition, will pursue its line, refusing to give up its benefit on the evil of the current government: the decline of fascism, the rapid collapse, the destruction of millions of people in death and misunderstanding.

The Radyansky Union (and until the end of 1942 the United States), advocating a coalition strategy from the early days of the Great German War, also lost its national interests: even after the war came territories; In order to speed up the development of another front and thereby ease the minds of the Red Army’s struggle on the main front of this light war - the Radian-German - objectively avoided active interests all coalitions with the vital interests of the peoples of the occupied countries. The moral imperatives of the anti-Hitler coalition, and first of all its achievements in a shorter period of time, defeated the USSR with all its strength.

And under the war and the investigation after the war seems irreproachable: in 1942. The allies needed everything they could to carry out the invasion before the French invasion of 1943.

To the other front in 1943. The allies would encourage the fascist bloc to centralize their armored forces and great resources between the two fronts and thereby save Germany from the time-consuming, or serious, difficulties that were unbearable in the first stages of the war. This would make it possible to create a change of mind to defeat the main forces of the enemy and significantly speed up the path to great victory over fascism!

Ale the coming allies instead of preparations before the landing in 1943. The intense consolidation of forces in France, reinforced by a 30-kilometer channel, was sent in the fall of leaves in 1942. to gain great strength from distant Northern Africa. They gave priority to the interests of the coalition strategy over the national strategy in order to achieve highly pragmatic results.

Thus, the African-African operation, insanely, led to the disintegration of the Allied forces: on the one hand, the concentration of American troops in England (“Bolero”), on the other, the deployment of great forces in Africa. This was especially evident in the growing number of transport and landing forces, the absence of which was emphasized, motivating the violence of the Widow during the invasion of France in 1943. Back in Berezna 1942 Churchill told Maysky that at this time the problem on the other front is “technically easier to resolve, until the last fate, the fragments of which now the English are richly stronger, however, in the wind, and suffer from their orders richly b “More number of special landing craft.”

It was not for nothing that Churchill spoke about this. We know well that the production of amphibious transport ships for crossing the English Channel was delayed two years ago. 1 lipnya 1940 rub. By order of the Prime Minister, a separate command of landing operations was created. And for these operations, there would be amphibious transports of all types, and firstly tank landing flat-bottomed barges, transporting goods across the English Channel and landing tanks on the shores. Until the end of 1940. Almost 30 tank landing ships were created. And they were not at the state shipyards, and so fascinated by the work of shipbuilding factories, but at machine-building enterprises, so as not to interfere with the everyday life and repair of ships of the fleet.

But these tank landing barges were suitable only for crossing the channel and were completely suitable for difficult sea crossings. Therefore, amphibious operations near Southern Africa required the creation of large-scale transports to transport tanks across the ocean. Then a fully equipped vessel was built for transporting tanks and infantry across the ocean. The technology for producing small landing craft has been forgotten. For their mass release in 1942-1943, a decision was required from Churchill's order, otherwise there would be no such decision. The buzz of the “Atlantic” tank landing vessels (LST) and about the “personnel barges” (LSI), and the news of various airborne assault forces has flared up. In 1941 and until the end of 1942 Over 4,800 transport vessels and landing-landing units for various purposes were created. All the ships could deliver 2,900 tanks or 180 thousand infantry troops to the landing site in one voyage. In this way, the allies in the first echelon could have planted 9 tank and 12 infantry divisions in France.

From the end of 1942 to the beginning of 1943, the United States supplied an additional 314 infantry transports and 341 tank transports. This would have allowed 6 more tank and 7.5 infantry divisions to be transferred across the English Channel. It should not be forgotten that the work of the courts was carried out at a pace that was faster than the 6 month period. Thanks to the technology of naval engineer Henry Kaiser, this term was shortened to 12 days!

The army was well prepared. Even the British had little trimetric evidence of the conduct of military operations. And speaking about the American army, Marshall May 29, 1942. declaring that America has well-ordered ammunition, aircraft, armored forces and a good start in hunting. Churchill, being in Cherna in 1942 from the USA, making an inspection trip to Fort Johnson (Photo Carolina) and then giving a high assessment of the preparation of the American troops.

Thus, the forces and resources for the other front could have been accumulated in sufficient quantities until the spring of 1943. The Allies simply transferred the landing to Western Europe, where it was necessary to conduct very important battles against the main enemy, a landing in Africa, which guaranteed easy and quick success in the buried strategically and economically important region. And here the stinks did not have mercy: this deep-African operation, launched in the leaf fall of 1942, developed successfully.

Moreover, the landing in Africa “showed,” wrote US politician Harriman, a participant in the negotiations about opening another front, “that the incoming allies could launch a similar offensive on the shores of Normandy or Brittany. They didn’t have to beat the blow on the approach.”

Effective, vlitku 1942 r. In England and the United States, they have come to the conclusion that it is better to consolidate until Germany the strategy of “indirect actions”, which was developed in the wake of the withdrawal of continental Europe, which gave direct actions against the main forces of the fascist bloc the greatest importance at the time. not our Red Army. This allowed the allies to suffer both a significant decline in the standard of living in their powers and significant expenses that were inevitable when they invaded Europe.

The national interests of England and the United States, as the leaders of both countries understood, supported the interests of the strong coalition that led to the defeat of the fascists.

Churchill, so that he would bring to ruin the Allied landings at Southern Africa in 1942. sounded more convincing for American politicians and military supporters of the landing to France, in every way reinforcing their ardent concern for the invasion of Western Europe in 1943. So, I guess from the heart of 1942. with Generals D. Eisenhower and M. Clark, participants in the development of the American plan for the landing operation in Western Europe, Churchill wrote:

“We spent the entire hour talking about the main invasion across the English Channel in 1943, about Operation Roundup, as it was then called, which was clearly the focus of their thoughts... To transfer them from my particular interest in this project i, I gave . Here is a copy of the document I wrote for the chiefs of staff on the 15th... From this document I added my first thoughts regarding the method and scale of such an operation. Each time, perhaps, they were very pleased with the spirit of this document. At that time, I knew that the date of this test was the spring or summer of 1943.”

Churchill then needed to persuade the Americans at all costs before accepting his plan for burying Deep Africa. Knowing that Eisenhower and Chief of Staff of the US Army Marshall for the most recent invasion of France, Churchill convinces them that he was the thief of this operation, but not in 1942, but in 1943. It is urgently necessary for the head of the grouping of US armored forces to be sent to the Mediterranean as soon as possible, which was driven by English (or, to a lesser extent, American) interests. When 1943 arrives, a completely different idea will emerge.

“There is no doubt, having informed Radyansky Ambassador M.M. Litvinov from Washington, pushing the problems of another front, What are the military regulations of both powers?(USA and England. - A.O.) will be focused on maximizing the efforts of the Radyansky Union to change its role in the face of the greatest problems posed. They will also contribute to the development of military operations on our front.”

The Anglo-American conference at Casablanza (Morocco, 1943) clearly showed that Germany would face a serious offensive in 1943. the allies are not getting back together. In fact, this was not directly stated in the decisions of the conference; the invasion of France was already planned for 1944.

The full message from Churchill and Roosevelt about the conference proceedings, sent on the 27th day to the head of the Radyansky order, was compiled in separate parts and did not contain any information about specific operations and so on. beyond their terms, and above all determined the fervent hope for those that “these operations at once With your pressing advance, they can melodiously sing the music of Nimechchina, the statues of 1943.”

Moscow clearly had the backing of this policy, as can be seen from the statement of the Head of the Ministers of the USSR dated 30 June 1943, directed to Churchill and Roosevelt:

“Having clearly accepted your decision in advance of the defeat of another front in Europe in 1943, I would be grateful for information about the specific purpose of the operation in this Galusia and intended terms of their creation.”

The fierce one was born in 1943. After divorcing Roosevelt, the British Prime Minister wrote to Stalin:

“We are also vigorously preparing, between our resources, before the operation of the channel.(English Channel - A.O.) at the sickle, in which the British part and part of the Receiving States share their fate. Tonnage and offensive landing forces will also be a limiting factor here. If the operation will be carried out due to weather or for other reasons, then it will be prepared to secure greater forces in the spring.”

Ale and chant of the Allies on the cob, 1943. appeared to be an obvious deception. The stench was drawn from the front of another front with the method of shifting the entire burden of the war to the USSR and with the forces of the Red Army to support the military-economic battle of Germany, and at the same time to limit the weakening of the Radyansky Union. “I want to see Germany in the grave, and Russia on the operating table,” Churchill angrily railed. The Axis so the current ruling stakes protected the forces of the United States and England until the end of the war, so that, having emerged at the remaining moment, they would appropriate the laurels of the conquerors and dictate their minds until the control of the war world.

Nina is well aware that by the end of 1942 the United States already had 10 thousand combat aircraft, 400 ships; The ground forces of the visiting allies had 138 divisions, and Germany at that time controlled France, Belgium and Holland with only 35 divisions. The allies were even more capable in 1943. literally all the military-technical minds for the other front either were already there or could have been quickly secured. Having continued to declare their intention to open another front against Germany as early as 1943, the US and British forces were actually preparing to continue military operations in the Mediterranean theater far away from Germany.

"It is important that part of the English army be in the Middle East of Africa, in the Middle East, and in India, and there is no physical possibility of transporting it by sea back to the British Isles."

The Axis emerged during the Second World War when the Allies decided to land in Africa in 1942. Now there was no strength left to create an urgent grouping of troops and forces for the fleet to invade France.

Well, another front, 1943. Couldn't we open it? Historical studies of the remaining rocks, facts show that the theoretical strength and possibilities for which the advancing powers are small. For this reason, everything is needed: a significant superiority in forces in the air and at sea, and a sufficient number of troops to create a bridgehead in Western Europe and a further increase in forces and capabilities, and the need for Plenty of transport and landing capabilities, and the ability to prevent the enemy from concentrating the necessary military landing in the area to counter the allies. On the cob 1943 r. The number of US armored forces was 5.4 million. The American army was small, 73 divisions and 167 air groups, the British had 65 divisions. (The Allied forces of invasion in 1944 had only 39 divisions and units of special significance.) At the same time, Germany, 1943. There is no small possibility of adequately resisting, except for the Red Army, another persistent enemy on another land front.

"1943 showing,- German historians learned, - “Nimechina no longer has enough strength to achieve the greatest military success in every theater of military action.”

But all the forces and forces of the anti-Hitler coalition needed to be united into a single fist, and to begin in 1942. Now forces and forces were scattered across vast expanses, and the main force of the grouping of the army ended up in Southern Africa. Instead of 1 million soldiers, more than 500 thousand were sent from the USA to England.

“American resources previously allocated for the implementation of the Bolero plan, writing the English historian M. Howard, - were directed to the Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle Cross, and thus preached about the invasion) to Europe in 1943. was unrealistic... Now, on the ruins of a colossal strategy, it was necessary to create a new one.”

However, Casablanza did not create a “new strategy”. To the thought of a number of recent historians, on the cob of 1943. The allies of the guilty bili are Zobov’s ovyni ryzko snakes their strategic il toning all the can, the other front in 1943 Rotsi, the zrozumi nareth "Nejabivability of the tactics of the pligs of the other front". In view of its centric national interests, Varto was about to hurry up: in their desire to continue the Mediterranean policy, England and the United States were robbing Russia, and in the future, a panicky power on the European continent, they were saving If you have the opportunity to speed up your influx to overcome the struggle between the SRSR and Germany, carefully choose that moment, if it were possible to visit France.

From another front, 1943. gave the Allies the last chance to conquer the Chervon Army “on the Vistula, and not on the Elbe.”

Alec died. May 18-25, 1943 Washington hosted the next conference of pottery workers in the USA and England.

The English side insisted on taking the lead into the fall of 1943. the withdrawal of Italy from the war, because, in the words of Churchill, this would be “the shortest way to ease the situation on the Russian front” of his fate. Roosevelt was for “victory against the enemy of all human reserves and military conflict.” We take into account that regardless of further operations in the Mediterranean, the Allies will have a surplus of military personnel and human resources there, which may be used for preparations for the invasion of the European continent. With this, the president said that the best way to fight against Germany was to carry out an operation across the English Channel.

In power, the terms of the opening of another front of disunity were reduced to the offensive: the British wanted to focus the operation of invading Western Europe on an undefined term, and the Americans insisted on a specific hour, or not earlier spring 1944 Therefore, it was decided to continue to concentrate forces and assets. England, so as to “begin the operation on May 1, 1944 with a bridgehead on the continent, from which further offensive actions could be carried out.” The operation involved the participation of 29 divisions. 7 divisions were transferred to the territory of Great Britain after the fall of the fall of 1943 from the Mediterranean Sea region, as well as 3-5 divisions from the USA at the same time.

On the 4th day in Moscow, a message from Roosevelt was rejected, in which, in his own name and in the name of Churchill, he informed the government about the decision taken by Washington. It was also reported that people were living in the Far East in Africa, and that they were planning to bring Italy out of war as soon as possible. Before a new term for attacking another front, 1944, Roosevelt wrote:

“Today with the current plans for the British Isles in the spring of 1944. "A large number of people and materials may be concentrated to allow a full-blown invasion of the continent to begin at this hour."

On the 11th, the head of the Radyansky order sent a confirmation to the US President about his decision about the decision, praising Washington. The text of this version is also a message to Churchill. It was pointed out that the new phase of the Anglo-American invasion of Europe “creates significant difficulties for the Radyansky Union, which has already been at war for two years with the main forces of Germany and its satellites with the extreme strain of all its own.” strength, and represents the Radyan Army, as it is not difficult to fight for your country, and for your allies, for your powerful forces, and for the sake of single combat with an even stronger and more careless enemy.”

“It is necessary to talk about the importance and negative hostility in the Radyansky Union - both among the people and in the army. —To save the price of a new contribution to another front, the surplus of our army, which brought so many victims, without serious support from the side of the Anglo-American armies.

Because the Radyansky District is worried, it is not possible for us to accept such a decision, which was previously made without any participation and without trying to discuss the price of the most important food and important inheritance for the further course of the war.”

The English premier at the envoy of the 19th century confirmed that the withdrawal of Italy from the war would allow the withdrawal of “far more Germans” from the Radian-German front, without further assistance whatever else is available to you.”

This exchange of messages further inflamed the situation: the foreign allies had conflicting arguments to justify their violation of the regime on another front in 1943. 24 cherni Stalin wrote to W. Churchill (text of a message to F. Roosevelt):

“I am obliged to tell you that what I am talking about here is not only about the disenchantment of the Radyansky order, but about the preservation of his trust in the allies, which recognizes important experiments. We cannot forget about the need to save millions of lives in the occupied areas of Western Europe and Russia and the reduction of the colossal victims of the Radian armies, which are bound to make the victims of the Anglo-American armies small.”

In this manner, vlitku 1943 r. The decision to open another front meant a crisis between the Soviet Union and its lost allies. And at this hour, on the convergent front of Chervona, the Army and the Wehrmacht were preparing for the final battle of 1943. Moscow realized that only the great military successes of the Radyan armies could, having encouraged the allies to rely on the interests of the USSR, create a change of mind for the most obvious opening of another front and the implementation of a narrow coalition strategy ii.

The Battle of Kursk became such a grand strategic event. The victory of the Red Army at Kursk and the advance to the Dnieper abruptly changed the strategic situation to the cause of the anti-Hitler coalition, completing a fundamental turning point during the hour of Another World War. An important contribution to this process was the sinking of the island of Sicily by the allies and the invasion of the Anglo-American troops into the Apennine Peninsula near Serpnya-Vesny in 1943.

Further, the uninterrupted advance of the Radian troops to the closing cordons of the SRSR did not eliminate doubts among the world community that the entry of the Red Army to the edges of Converging Europe - on the right in the near future.

The strategic initiative was still retained by the Radian armored forces. Friendly minds formed around the developments of the secret strategic offensive of the Red Army. The defeat of the Wehrmacht at Kursk Duzi shook the Third Reich. There was faith in the victory of the German army. Anti-fascist sentiments in the region grew stronger. The international prestige of Nimechchina has fallen. 25 lime trees in Italy were felled by Mussolina. Other satellites of fascist Germany began to feverishly joke about a way out of the war and would like to loosen ties with the Third Reich. The Spanish dictator Franco hastily called back the defeated “Blanket Division” from the retreating front. Mannerheim encouraged Hitler to plant the commander-in-chief of the Finnish and German troops in Finland. The Ugric district, through its representatives in Switzerland, began searching for contacts with England and the USA.

Intermittent offensive of the Red Army in 1943. waged a great war in the neutral region, in the east, against Turkey, Sweden and Portugal. The ruling stake of Turechchina has remained over-confused, so it is not safe to tie up their share with Nimechchina. The Swedish district voted against the transportation of German military materials through Sweden. Portugal hastened to transfer its military bases. Azores Islands of England.

The results of the Battle of Kursk obviously changed the positions of the Allies before the USSR. The ruling stakes of the United States and England were in a panic: they realized that “the Radian armies could independently... defeat Fascism and unite Europe.” And the concern about this started even earlier...

And now, fearing the withdrawal of the Radian armies from Central and Western Europe before their armies, the Western Allies began active preparations for the invasion of Western France through the English Channel.

14-24 sickles 1943 r. A conference of the heads of departments and representatives of the high command of the United States and England was held in Quebec (Canada). It was necessary to choose a new strategic course for the approaching powers. Reuters reported these days:

“It is noteworthy that the summer victories of the Red Army, as well as the Anglo-American successes in Tunisia and Sicily, made it necessary to quickly reconsider the plans of the allies no more than ten years after the Washington conference".

The main thing at the conference was food to support another front. Churchill did not dare to directly oppose the current idea of ​​the Americans about the extent of the invasion to France in the spring of 1944. Ale vin formulated three main principles, without which, as he argued, this operation is impossible:

1) significantly change the number of German heavy aviation in Northern-Western Europe to the beginning;

2) launch the operation only in the event that the French will have no more than 12 active divisions for the Wehrmacht and the Germans will not be able to form another 15 divisions within the next two months ій;

3) to ensure safe passage across the English Channel for the start of the operation, we would like two floating harbors.

Their minds, obviously, torpedoed the idea of ​​​​opening another front in the future. The American government has come to the conclusion about the need to take into account the strategic planning of future operations.

“Looking at the evidence of 1942, when decisions that were made in the city were tied up in linden,- wrote the famous American historian K.R. Sherwood, American chiefs of staff were afraid that the Quebec Conference would end with a new review of the already praised decision on the cost of sabotage, eccentric operations in the Mediterranean region against the soft daughter of Europe.(This is what Churchill called the Balkans. - A.O.).

The preparation of the plan of action for the Allies was also destroyed due to the sudden weakening of the support of Germany and it was about to collapse again. This plan (code-named “Rankine”), for the disintegration of the Allied military headquarters, was approved by the heads of departments at a conference in Quebec on September 13, 1943. Having presented a number of options for a safe landing of the Allied troops in Western Europe and the most obvious occupation of the times of great strategic success of the Germans or, on the contrary, their sharp weakening in the On one front.

Chief of Staff of the US Army J. Marshall put the food even more broadly:

“Once the Russians achieve significant success, why won’t the Germans accept our entry before Germany in order to date the Russians?”

There, near Quebec, the allies first began to scramble, “to establish an Anglo-American monopoly on the nuclear war, which may be directly opposed to the USSR.” But there they themselves supplied food and about opening another front in Northern France (as the Russians do not deny “we will win on our own before”) from the grass in 1944. The transfer of goods and operations in Italy is intended to remove them from the war. The topic of opening up another front was at the center of the conference of foreign ministers of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, which was held in Moscow in the early 1943s. Radyansky representatives insisted that the first item in order was “the consideration of approaches to speeding up the terms of the war against Germany and its satellites.” All the departing allies inveterately flinched in the face of any firm challenges to the Soviet Socialist Republic, defending themselves against another front in Europe in the spring of 1944.

The invasion of Western Europe in the area that extends to the cordons of Nimecchina, of course, supported the strategy of the offensive operations of the Red Army and the allied forces, which was agreed upon by the Radyansky Union. Operations are carried out consistently to a single strategic idea and according to convenient, at least even planned, plans. All this could have remained entirely between the heads of departments of the USSR, and Great Britain.

Despite the stubbornness of the Radyan representatives, the conference still ended with the signing of a “specially secret protocol”, in which the United States and Great Britain confirmed their intention to launch an offensive before the French Revolution in the spring of 1944.

The credibility of the new line or any changes to the existing positions was lost. This explained the desire of the British side, and especially of Churchill, to preserve freedom of action without binding oneself to specific obligations. Despite its strategy of “indirect actions,” Great Britain still intends to head straight for the spring and summer of 1944. to explore the Balkans, with plans to reach the new borders of Nimecchina. In this case, in the opinion of the British Prime Minister, the main driver of the battles with the German armies was to blame for the partisan formation of Yugoslavia and Greece, formed by the American armor and British military instructions ori. The hope was that the destruction of the British fleet in the Mediterranean Sea and the Anglo-American aviation would allow the Yugoslav and Greek partisan forces to be protected by the well-equipped equipment and to protect the soil on the side of the Mediterranean Sea. Churchill decided to establish British control over the Balkans.

It’s all about the expansion of the empire and the English ruling stake. There is another threat: having outpaced the Red Army, weaken the ties of the peoples of the Phantom-Convergence Europe with the Radian Union and establish regimes in these countries with an Anglo-American orientation.

The British were especially troubled in Yugoslavia and Greece: there the free struggle against the fascists was combined with the struggle against the monarchical regimes, which still had the status of emigrant orders in London.

However, the US was aware that Churchill’s Mediterranean strategy, which he had pushed until mid-1943, had lost its effectiveness. Washington is aware that the armies of its incoming allies could get stuck in the Balkans, while the Chervona Army could destroy the whole of Europe. And the other front is at Sunset, writing the American historian T. Higgins, giving the opportunity “to prevent the Red Army from entering the vitally important areas of the Ruhr and the Rhine, which an attack from the side of the Mediterranean would never have reached.”

The rest of the food will be spent on the other front at the conference of heads of departments of the USSR, in England.

Are we holding a conference? The thoughts of the heads of departments were divided. Churchill proposed to carry it out in Cyprus or in Southern Africa, Roosevelt called Alaska. Stalin favored Moscow, and at least Tehran. Now it’s time to push, rather than ask. During the summer-autumn campaign, the Radian-German front advanced 500-1300 km. Two-thirds of the Radyansky territory buried by the fascists was liberated. Zmіtsnіv Radyansky style. The Red Army began to take away everything necessary for the possible continuation of the war. She emphasized the strategic initiative and carried out further new offensive operations.

For Stalin it was now important to turn the military success into political success. Then it was necessary to implement the decisions that the Radyansky diplomacy had been struggling with for two years already: to unite the allies to open another front in Europe and to recognize the borders of the Radyansky Union of 1941. The change in the course of the Red Army made it possible to no longer ask, not to demand dues, as in the front line, but to prevail. It was necessary to show both allies and opponents that the USSR had become a power of world magnitude, which could not but be respected.

Tse rozumov and US President Roosevelt. Motivated by the urgent need to open another front, he indicated that the Radian army was located only “60 miles from the Polish cordon and 40 miles from Bessarabia. As soon as the stinks cross the But River, the stinks can be generated in the nearest two years, the stinks will kick up in the wake of Rumunia.”

The Radyansky district knew that the swords of interests would clash at the summit of the “Great Three”. Why was it necessary to find a place for negotiations that was more favorable for the USSR, so that the success of the Radyan policy would not be undermined? This is how Stalin transformed Tehran. The Iranian capital was located several years away from Baku, and a large group of Radian armies was stationed in Iran. The USSR Embassy in Tehran, in order and arrangement with the British Embassy, ​​created an ideal environment for negotiations. Well, once the military situation changes, it would be possible to quickly turn to the USSR. Unfazed by the opposition of Roosevelt and Churchill, of whom Tehran had the least control, Stalin set his sights on his own.

The alliance of the heads of departments of the USSR, along with Great Britain, fell to Tehran from 28 leaves to 1 breast, 1943 r. Churchill continued to raise the “peripheral” strategy. Roosevelt, being directly in favor of landing on France and occupying, together with England, most of Europe, not including the possibility of carrying out private operations in the Adriatic Sea region before this. Stalin firmly stood on the fact that “the greatest result would be a blow to the enemy in Pivnichny or Pivnichny-Western France,” which is “the weakest place of Germany.”

At the Tehran Conference, the Radian delegation achieved a lot. The most important news was about the establishment of another front in Western Europe in 1944, and Churchill’s “Mediterranean strategy” proved to be a failure: Roosevelt supported Stalin. Mutual understanding was reached over the Radyan's proposals about the military cordons of the USSR. The main problem here was the cordons from Poland. The Radian delegation managed to achieve the desired result. The Allies took advantage of the fact that the Radian-Polish cordon may pass through the “Curzon Line”, and the outgoing cordon of Poland - the Oder, as a result of Stalin.

The most important document, “The World Decisions of the Tehran Conference,” which was not published, stated that “Operation Overlord” would be carried out throughout the year 1944. simultaneously with the operation against Pride of France. In this document, Stalin’s statement was recorded that “the Radyan army would launch an attack at approximately the same hour in order to avoid the transfer of German forces to the rear.”

The conference's announcement and these papers are a confirmation of the recognition by the US and England of the great contribution that the Radyansky Union contributed to the defeat of the aggressor bloc on the right, recognition of the important role of the USSR in major international problems.

The establishment of a harsh term in opposition to the other front in Europe was the greatest achievement of Radian diplomacy. First, during the course of the war, the main plans of action for the armored forces of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain in the war against the enemy were settled.

The Tehran conference showed that the foreign allies were completely aware of the primary role of the Radyansky Union in the ongoing activities of the anti-Hitler coalition. It became clear that a power of world significance had entered the forefront of history. It became clear that Moscow could no longer dictate its own minds, as had been the case in the past. It is impossible that the Red Army played a major role in the fight against the Wehrmacht on the battlefields, and the Radyansky Union, as a power, showed its great capabilities, becoming one of the leading edges of the anti-Hitler coalition tsії. It became clear that the opening of another front was the only chance for the United States and Great Britain to “meet with the Red Army on the Vistula, and not on the Elbe.” It was completely obvious that the front in Western Europe could no longer become the first, the leading, the most important. You can also play a different role for your friend, which will speed up your victory over German fascism.

Alexander Orlov
BEHIND THE SCENES OF THE OTHER FRONT

The idea of ​​​​creating another front was suggested by Stalin in his first message to Churchill on June 18, 1941. He wrote: “It seems to me that the military establishment of the Radian Union, as well as Great Britain, would have been significantly strengthened, as if the front against Hitler had been created in the West (French France) and in the Pivnoch (Arctic). ront on the night in France not just a moment It would attract Hitler's forces immediately, rather than make it impossible for Hitler to invade England. The creation of such a front would be popular both in the British army and among the entire population of New England. I would do more than just for the sake of our good fortune, and for the sake of the interests of England itself."

Another front in 1941-1943 pp. being the first and main point of disengagement among the allies. Food about the other front, stretching for at least three years, will be a daily subject of debate in the Anti-Hitler coalition. Only after the entry of the Radian armies into the Converging Europe, the problem of regulation and strengthening of cordons in Europe first appeared.

At the beginning of the war, the opening of another front was vitally important to Moscow. Germany concentrated almost all of its land army on the Similar Front.

First, the Anglo-American command carried out a “test of strength” in the English Channel - a reconnaissance and sabotage operation for private operational and tactical purposes in the Dieppe region Kirillov V.V. History of Russia. Primary handbook. M.: Yurayt Publishing House 2007. – 403 With.

The operation ended in great failure and great casualties. The raid on Dieppe, on the one hand, demonstrated the feasibility of forcing the channel, and on the other hand, unnerving the Allied command, having overcome the significant difficulties associated with such an operation and, having resolved, the correctness of the decision about the raid ovu since the invasion of the continent in 1942.

Many American military and political leaders seriously doubted the ability of the Radyansky Union to withstand the terrible blow of the Wehrmacht. Among the Allied officials who were worried about fighting on another front, the most important role was played by the participation of the broad masses of the United States and Great Britain in their ability to carry out landings of the Allied troops in Western Europe.

One of the first major actions was the decision of the USSR and England to introduce Radian and British troops to Iran in 1941. Then there was a landing of the Anglo-American allies near Northern Africa, as they presented it as a sign of another front. The SRSR, at its own expense, only informed Great Britain that it did not regard this landing as supporting another front.

1943, having appeared in the waters between the allies in the Anti-Hitler Coalition. The Anglo-American armies landed in Italy at the end of the lime tree in 1943. The fascist regime of Mussolina never failed, as a result of the palace coup it fell, and the military actions continued. However, the other front (understood as the Allied landing in France) was not closed. The orders of the United States and Great Britain explained that there were not enough vessels for transferring troops to the continent. The Radyansky district showed open dissatisfaction with the delays on the other front.

Already from the beginning of 1943, after the Battle of Kursk, another front in Europe was of fundamental importance to the Radyansky Union in the political plan. On the other front, in the eyes of Moscow, it was not the share of Germany, but a change in the future world. At that very hour of anger, sharing from the USSR the fruits of victory over Nazi Germany, victories, the largest contribution from the Chervona Army, became a salient argument for Roosevelt and Churchill.

Early in 1943, in Moscow, there was a conference of ministers of foreign affairs of the three powers, in which the incoming allies informed the Radyan side about plans to open another front and the landing of the allies near Northern France at Travna 1944 rock.

Well, after the fate of 1944, another front was supported by the allies. Until this hour, the Radiansky Armed Forces experienced great losses, the war left millions of people without a life, the income dropped to 40%, the money became scarce, the cards could no longer be purchased, speculation and naturalization increased This is the exchange. Everything was driven by steady psychological tension. The original heroic robots have been around since 1943. It was possible to achieve a steady superiority of the Red Army over the enemy in terms of military equipment.

Thus, the opening of the other front from the military view was clearly late, because the result of the war is to think ahead. The USSR recognized the greatest losses during the war, and on the other hand, the advance of the allied armies accelerated the defeat of fascist Germany, acquiring up to 1/3 of its ground forces.

As is evident from various decisions, the terms of the operation under the code name "Overlord" were established at the Tehran Conference - May 31, 1944 - formerly, against the destruction. The landing of the Anglo-American troops on the French coast took place only in the dark of 1944. The Allied landing operation was carried out by the forces of the 21st Allied Army Group, which had 45 divisions, supported by 11 thousand combat pilots. The total number of troops was 2876 thousand. people (1.5 million of them were Americans).

In the spring of 1944, after Operation Overlord, the Allies carried out another naval landing operation - a landing in Pivdennaya France (Operation Envil, from 27 June 1944 - "Dragoon"). The landing was secured and supported by 817 warships, up to 1.5 thousand. airborne landing units and 5 thousand. combat pilots. The creation of a bridgehead on the Free France allowed the new 6th group of allied armies to flare up here at the warehouse of the American and the first French.

• On June 16, 1944, the Germans launched an offensive in the Ardennes. The stench caused serious damage to the opposing American divisions, straight to the Meuse River.
• On September 1, 1945, fascism faced a new blow, looming to take Alsace. In connection with the important situation of the 6th century, Churchill returned to Stalin with the following messages: “Even more important battles are going on at the end, and at any time the Supreme Command may need great decisions. You yourself know from your lordship I'm going as anxious as I become , if you happen to capture an even wide front after the time-consuming waste of initiative. General Eisenhower is very important and necessary to know in the background what you plan to do, so that, of course, you will be involved in all of our decisions yah.

I will be happy if you can tell me that we can insure you for the great Russian offensive on the front Wesley, otherwise here in another place it will continue for a long time and in some other moments that you may be wondering about tell fortunes I will not convey to anyone the value of this great secret information... I respect the right terminology."

Writing in his memoirs about the Other World War, Churchill noted that “on the side of the Russian and their kurivniks, it was a miraculous effort to speed up their broad offensive, undoubtedly, at the cost of important human costs.” Eisenhower would act. but even relieved by the newness that I told you.”

The important news is that the Chervona Army was rushing forward with a new strong surge, captured by the allied armies in the countries with enthusiasm.

The unsafe university has lost its grip on the intrigues that have arisen around Berlin. As soon as the capture of Berlin by the Radian armies dragged on, the most important inheritances could have been recovered. In the minds of a complex and confused situation, it was necessary to recognize the behind-the-scenes diplomatic maneuvers of the Anglo-Americans and Germans on the way to the defeat of the forces of the Wehrmacht, which had already been lost, and the Volodin capital of Niemečin.

The Allies planned to take most of Germany under control of the United States and Great Britain. “In the summer of 1945, the Allied headquarters entered into separate negotiations with the Nazi military authorities prior to the capitulation of the Third Reich to the United States and England on the minds that were not discussed with Moscow. The act of surrender , signings at Reims, in essence, marking the decline of the anti-Hitlers.

The repetition of the surrender ceremony on May 9, 1945 at Karlshorst (Berlin) did not change the reality. The London reserve has a plan for unleashing war on the USSR, which on the other hand will involve 10 divisions of the Wehrmacht. Preparation before it began with Bereznya, assigned to the linen 1945 rock 1”.

Having captured Berlin by the Red Army, the installation of the Red Ensign over the Reichstag cut the wall of intrigue and the light reaction that was bound to be completed before the end of the war. The victory of the Radyan army was no less great, and the victory of the Radyan diplomacy in its struggle to preserve the unity of the Anti-Hitler coalition. The tireless activity of the Radyan order gave a deep infusion not only to the fight against the pressing enemy on the battlefields, but also to the success of rising foreign political problems. The Radian diplomacy succeeded in building up the approaches to the enemies of the USSR, preserving the strong Anti-Hitler coalition of the powers of the protracted social systems, ensuring its unity in the minds of the war, and successfully in To uphold the core interests of our country, to ensure its strong position with the military world.

You can make a zagalny visnovok. The avoidance of current military interests brought together the coalition participants to coordinate their efforts, and a different approach to military prospects supported the desire for supernity.

It is entirely obvious that throughout the entire war, the resolve of the USSR to fight Hitlerism to the end, to its residual defeat, was incomparable. Our people, in the greatest minds, are peaceful by nature, but the wild atrocities committed against us screamed with such ferocity and storminess that their character changed. We overcame the war with over-human gains, paying for the victory with ordinary sacrifices 3 . Orlov A.S., Georgiev V.A. History of Russia from the most recent hours of Donina. Pidruchnik.- M.: "PROSPECT", 1997.-447 p. If there is a shortage of allies, then we come to the conclusion that they have not been assigned a leading role in the Other World War. Victory would still have been for the Radian Union, only if it had come later and caused even greater casualties.

Before the 70th Allied landing at Normandy (Operation Overlord)

The 70th anniversary of the 70th anniversary of Operation Overlord confirms the outbreak of the celestial knowledge of those who, after the 6th of June 1944, experienced a turning point in another world war. , and the liberation of Europe under Hitlerism began. The admission to this level of purity has become evidence of positive and negative assessments of this and other countries, regardless of its historical role in the negotiations over Nazi Germany and its allies.

Therefore, against the request of the president of our land, which raised a huge contribution to the victory, an evil campaign flared up in Zakhoda. Natomism was promptly requested on the strength of Poroshenko, who had not yet been sworn in, whose victory in the elections became possible, survivable, and the beginning of the rampant neo-Nazi forces in Ukraine.

Why does the front at the end of Europe respect “others”?

Similar levels of cleanliness were never carried out at the request of the heads of state and the powers participating in the anti-Hitler coalition since the jubilee battles near Moscow, Stalingrad and on the Kursk Duse, which, in fact, became turning points. It's the hour of Another Light War. It's not surprising. Please contact us for such dates. It is practically impossible to reveal secrets about this battle among school assistants in western countries, just as they talked about the military actions of the Red Army. The front, which was discovered by the allies of the USSR at Normandy and which was then called “other” in the whole world, now has a lot of effort from obtaining suspenseful evidence and is the greatest in the battles of 70 years ago i.

The concept of “another front” was first adopted by Stalin in his envoy to Churchill on the 3rd spring of 1941, in which he returned to his earlier proposal to open a “front against Hitler at the West (French France) and on the Nights (Arctic)". Pointing to the fact that the Radyansky Union appeared “before a mortal threat,” Stalin wrote: “There is only one way out of such a situation: to create another front here in the Balkans or in France.”

This is understood by Churchill who gradually became victorious, starting with his testimony to Stalin on June 6, 1941. And just like that, the words “another front” became ingrained, fragments of the first, and the Radian-German became the leading front. About the correctness of such assessments that were formed during the hardships of Another World War, according to data provided by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences G.A. Kumanyovim. He wrote: “Over 1,418 days and nights, the active work of the Radian-German front was 1,320 battles here, while on Western Europe it was 293.” Kumanev noted that the length of the Radian-German front became 3000 to 6200 km, while the length of Zakhidny was 800 km.

“Out of the sheer volume of human losses that the Nazi Army experienced in the Other World War, over 73% falls on the Similar Front.” Kumanev also pointed out that on the German-German front Germany and his allies spent over 75% of their aircraft, 74% of their artillery, 75% of their tanks and assault weapons.

The myth about the unbreakable Atlantic Wall

It is also true that throughout the three years of war, the “other front” was an abstract concept that did not represent reality. The foreign allies of our country were responsible for such speeches. Based on Stalin's proposals about opening another front, Churchill constantly relied on the inability of the German defense to protect the English Channel. In the spring of 1941, he wrote: “The Germans in France alone have forty divisions, and saving more and more fate was marked by the daily German diligence and were loaded with shells, prickly dart ". Churchill argued that the British landing would have played into the hands of Hitler and would have brought harm not only to England, but also to the USSR. Vin wrote: “To carry out a landing with great forces would mean knowing a bloody defeat, and small raids would lead to more misfortunes and would cause a lot more harm, even worse, for both of us.”

However, every time, when the allies realized that the Red Army could reach Western Europe without them, they stopped talking about the difficulties of landing across the English Channel. So it was after the beginning of the counterattack of the Red Army during the battle of Moscow, and then after the Battle of Stalingrad. However, as the Germans went on the offensive, the Allies again realized that a landing across the English Channel could be a disaster for the Allies and for the Red Army. Therefore, they took back their challenge in Churchill’s message to Stalin on June 18, 1942, when the Nazi armies broke up, which began three years ago, and then - in Roosevelt’s message, in which Stalin rejected 4 Chervnya 1943 r. after the Red Army lost Kharkov and Bilgorod and the Germans began preparing for Operation Citadel. Until the fall of the leaves in 1943, when the Chervona Army continued its offensive along the entire Radian-German front, the Allies did not utter their grievances, as they had done at the Great Triple Conference. Then in Tehran they informed Stalin about the preparation of an amphibious operation in Northern France, which was called “Overlord”.

It would seem that in the two years that had passed since the Allies announced to the whole world about their intention to open another front, the Germans could have truly made their defense along the English Channel impregnable. However, they were overcome by the forces of the Radyan-German front. German Lieutenant General B. Zimmerman wrote after the war: “In spite of those that the Supreme High Command tried everything possible to force the entry and military forces, all the entries in 1943 were more than a drop into the sea, but How many times did the descent effortlessly gain new strength... The Germans were not able to create operational reserves at Sunset! it didn't happen And that’s why only the “garrisons” escaped, who, in essence, were absolutely hopeless here.”

Regardless of the fact that German intelligence had little information about the Swedish invasion of the Allies, the Reich's military forces continued to exert their main forces on the Radian-German front.

Until the devil of 1944. there were 165 of the largest combat divisions. 59 smaller combat divisions were scattered to the Wehrmacht, according to the words of General and historian Kurt Tippelskirch, to the best of our ability “from Antwerp to the Biscay inlet.” According to his assessment, these divisions had no more than “50% of the staff strength.” American General Omar Bradley guessed that the German divisions “were extremely heterogeneous. Seventeen divisions were field and assigned for counterattacks. However, most of them had long since been lost without transport, due to the fact that Lastly, the coastal defense divisions were also extremely diverse behind their warehouse and small There is even less wastage due to lack of transport. Other divisions were initial formations, staffed by top rank recruits."

Relying on the weight of Anglo-American military technology

Preparing for Operation Overlord, the Allies took advantage of the great potential of the military industries of the United States and Great Britain. Therefore, the allies had an undeniable advantage over the Germans in the military forces. Before the invasion, wrote Tippelskirch, "the ordered Allies had 5,049 light bombers, 1,467 heavy bombers, 1,645 medium and light bombers, including torpedo planes, 2,316 transport planes and 2590 transport aircraft and 2590 transport aircraft, transport aircraft, of which 90 bombers in total And 70 people were in full combat readiness.

This advantage was strengthened by the direct actions of the Anglo-American aviation. In Sichna 1944 Allied aviation lost 1311 German flights, the fierce one - 2121, and the Bereznaya - 2115. The English historian Max Hastings wrote: “However, what was catastrophic for the Luftwaffe was not the loss of flights, but the loss of of several pilots... Until the devil, the Germans are no longer small enough "There are no pilots, no airmen, so as to create nothing more than a symbolic counter-invasion of the Allies in France."

From afar, the Allies began to shout about the reduction of ammunition for German aviation. U Travna, born 1944 They poured synthetic fire into the creeks.

As a result of the supply of aviation alcohol to the Luftwaffe, the drop fell from 180 thousand tons in Kvitna to 50 thousand tons in Chervna and up to 10 thousand in Serpnya.

B. Zimmerman stated: “The superiority of the advancing allies in aviation was reversed in the spring of 1944 by the dawn of their defeat in the world. The time has come when the Anglo-American aviation began to collapse not only Ekti, and industrial enterprises. At the purchase of ruins everything has changed the most important railway junctions, the entire transport system of the outlying areas fell into extreme chaos, information was now only supported by various tricks and time-sensitive calls, the outer ring of the Parisian railway junction knew such blows from the wind that for several days everything went out of harmony with the Vinishchuvachs “The enemy’s bombers, which penetrated far into the depths of the country, turned off the possible collapse of the roads every day and caused great losses among the military and civilian population.”

As the German Admiral Marshall stated, “on the day of the landing, the incoming Allies brought up to 6,700 airmen, who were opposed by only 319 German vehicles.”

Hastings noted that “the victory of the Americans in the final battle over Germany was achieved many years before the first soldier of the allied armies set foot on the French coast.”

A great advantage was achieved by the allies at sea.

Marshall wrote: “Before the landing and during it, 317 enemy minesweepers cleared almost all the German mine fences. Under the cover of light ships and in support of the efforts of the fleet, the warehouse was 6 years away. ncors, 23 cruisers and 104 destroyers, to save Normandy , having previously weakened the weak forces of the German guards.

Over three years, 4,600 landing craft were created in Britain. Already after the landing, the British and Americans began, in the words of Marshall, to scrounge for "piece ports, which were built for 60 specially owned merchant ships, 146 gigantic 6000-ton floating quesons and up to 100 floating ships and marinas." and converted to a piece-meal cover of the 8 km section."

The operation's specialists had long chosen the most suitable equipment for the landing, reflecting the conditions of the sea, the monthly light and a variety of other conditions. It seemed that everything was prepared for a quick victory. What is important is the military technology and material security, constant multi-million-dollar training, during which soldiers learned about the minds of the landing force, converted many of them to defeat the German forces You will be a poor woman and a beggar.

Peresichny Lindley Higgins guessed that until the beginning of the invasion, “we truly believed that the entire Reich Axis would collapse. hands."

The generals also increased the popularity of the Swedish Peremosa. They also appreciated that this victory could lead to a new triumph for the United States and Great Britain. As O. Bradley predicted, in the spring of 1944, General George Patton supported the proposal for the creation of Anglo-American clubs, saying: “The idea that forms the basis for the organization of such clubs is even more appropriate, because, without a doubt, we are destined to share in ruling in with this light." Patton's words resonated widely.

D-Day

Kerivnitsvo assigned to the expeditionary corps "D-Day" -

the day of the operation - for 5 rubles. D. Eisenhower said: “All of England was filled with troops, who were checking for the remaining commands. There were purchases of military materials and a lot of military equipment, prepared for transfer across the English Channel... All this effort was strained. , like a compressed spring, ready at the moment of need to go directly across the English Channel to implement the greatest history of the landing operation." However, “as the prospects for decent weather became worse and worse, the tension among the command grew.”

From the wound of 5 cherubs, as Eisenhower foretold, “our small tabernacle shuddered under the gusts of wind, which reached almost hurricane force, and the floor, it seemed, was standing still.” It was impossible to think about the beginning of the operation. Prote meteorologists said: “At the beginning of the morning, the period of good weather will be almost thirty-six years.” Eisenhower said: “The possible heirs of the distant darkness vindicated the great rizik and I quickly voted the decision to proceed before the landing of the 6th... None of those present could tell their misfortunes, however, in their guises in a song of enlightenment appeared, and the skin, without solemn words, leaned into the command, so as to please your troops with the decisions that will lead them to the ruins.”

Describing the first few years after the start of Operation Overlord on June 6, 1944, Kurt Tippelskirch wrote: “From now on, aircraft and ships began to hibernate, saving Normandy from the river. A hail of air bombs and shells rained down to the inlet of the Gran-Ve, and the defense units collapsed. ", the troops swept away the fence, depleted my fields and chewed up my lines. Under the cover of this scorching fire, the landing craft approached the shore."

However, despite the forecast, the weather turned nasty. Tippelskirch wrote: “The storm force of the north-west, having raised the tide of the river, the lower tides began to overwhelm the blocked shore. reefs or amphibious tanks thrown onto the water, for the sake of such efforts, it was necessary to come to land. The fence, placed near the shore itself, in the wake of the storm, was impossible to completely put in, so the stench of significant expenses was lost on the shore."

Tippelskirkh learned that “all the regiments, mostly manned by military personnel and stationed at five landing points, went on the offensive against the weaker Germans, stretched out to protect Normandy division, from which only units could enter into battle in the regions attack points without a middle ground. And yet, regardless of the obvious superiority of the Anglo-American forces, the Germans managed to organize counterattacks. Thus, as Tippelskirch noted, “the Americans in their landing areas throughout this day did not go beyond their control captivity of the narrow bridgeheads. It was especially important for the two regiments that were advancing in the Verville area: the stench spread here to the 352nd division... The advancing Americans suffered “heavy losses, and for an hour it seemed that the stench would not be able to go away.”

However, Dwyatt Eisenhower said in his own mind: “The landing was going to be successful.” Vіn dully guessed the foul weather on the day of the invasion and “including the fierce battle” that flared up on one side of the front.

Although the battlefields were generally fought, many soldiers first realized how great the difference was between those who planned the operation and those who ended it. Their thoughts were depicted by the writer Irvin Shaw in his novel “The Young Lions”.

“The people on the mission,” wrote I. Shaw, “were not consulted about the dangers of airborne preparations. Forecasters did not instruct them about the rise and decline of tides in the Black Sea and the possible severity of storms. meetings where it was discussed how many divisions could be spent , in order to reach the required line before 16.00... The stinks of the helmet, vomit, green water, geysers from the bulges, clouds of smoke, letaki, blood plasma, which are interrupted under the water, pereshkodi, harmati, blidi, bezluzdi oblicha , ruthless natovp some run, some fall, and all the same, there is no desire to keep up with what they began from these days, when they left their jobs and their squads in order to wear the military uniform of their country... When people are injured in the world ena chi is injured її sir, if a sailor on the spot shouts in a high, girlish voice: “Mom!”, since there is nothing below the belt anymore, then the people on the spot feel that they have lost the greedy beater and cannot help themselves show up 80 miles away This is a new person who gave this beat, cooked it, and now we can tell that everything is going according to plan.

Informing Stalin on the 7th about the progress of the operation, Churchill wrote: “We crossed over at little expense. We provided insurance coverage for about 10 thousand people. millions of people, including a significant number of armored forces, were brought ashore. special vessels or reached the shore under their own power."

Another front?

Over the course of about 50 days (from 6 rubles to 24 limes), the allies continued to build up their forces on the French coast, often pushing forward. During this hour, 2,876,439 military personnel from the United States, Great Britain and Canada and a large amount of military equipment were sent to France. 25 linden flared up the attack on the corner of the European continent.

On the 24th of September, the Anglo-American forces advanced to Paris, and Ernest Hemingway, who accompanied the American forces as a military correspondent, described how the soldiers of the war were recognized when his binoculars were turned gray And what a beautiful place it is."

American General Omar Bradley wrote: “Until the 1st of June, a pitiful mass of demoralized enemy soldiers had been lost on the Western Front... We could have taken the roads of Europe, along with optimism and heavenly hopes... The defeat of the enemy on the way out of Paris was now Because our military is poor, They rushed swiftly forward on 2.5-ton vantazhivkas, and began to regard such a rapid offensive as a herald of a swift transfer to the Chinese-Burmese-Indian theater of military operations. but they insured transport facilities and ensured that they could spend as much as possible I'll get home to Rizdva."

Prote, as Bradley knew, “the spring of 1944 is marked on our calendars as the month of the great bankruptcy... Our march to the Rhine appeared in the distance, and at the same time our cherished hope for the Swedish capitulation of Germany blossomed.”

Why did the Anglo-American armies, which had so thoroughly overthrown the Germans step by step and in every degree of development, “get stuck,” in Bradley’s words, “with the steel teeth of the Siegfried line”? Significantly, this was explained by the “human factor”, ahead of the low military and psychological preparation for combat operations of American soldiers and officers, which became the largest part of the expeditionary corps.

Hastings wrote: “The American forces appeared to be seriously unprepared; they were destroyed by commanders who were insufficiently competent to conquer the task that needed to be established... From the first to the last day of the war, the American army was never able to would be mistaken for anything else, less That's right - huge people in the military uniform... Where in the German army officers made up only 2.86% of the special forces, in the American army there were 7% of them, and most of them had never been on duty fly close to the front" .

Hastings noted that, having joined forces with the armed forces, everyone who could afford it tried to take control of those troops that were not involved in action on the battlefield. He wrote: “At the hour of the Second World War, young Englishmen from privileged faiths were still heavy on infantry and tank regiments, while their American counterparts gave greater prestige to the advantage.” they are recognized in aviation, in strategic management services, in administrative positions in the army or in the diplomatic department.

Serving as an officer in combat squads at the front never became fashionable among young Americans.

The army experienced few losses through the destruction of the Volodin and, not surprisingly, the lack of training of soldiers. Hastings respected: “The quantity of ammunition for the riflemen in the German infantry company was more than double that of a similar set in the American infantry company: 56,000 per unit.” їв и 21 000". Even after the war, it became clear that the American soldier did not want to trade ammunition for food supplies, as he was struggling with his speech bag.

Having twice less ammunition than the Germans, American soldiers took away much more food rations than the Germans. Max Hastings wrote: "The skinny ration of the American soldier in Normandy became six and a half pounds against three pounds and little for the German soldier." In this case, the Americans were given “one ounce of malt, two ounces of biscuits, and one package of chewing gum for the skin of a person.” As a result, it was important for American soldiers to walk with their tightly stuffed speech bags there, where the distance between the walls was small and the stench of English carriages barking behind the narrow doors.

And yet, not caring about food supply, the Americans, like all wars that took part during the War of Independence, poorly endured the uncomfortable, military life and often fell ill.

The Germans were killed and illnesses caused significant harm to the American army. In the words of Tippelskirch, “the American infantry constantly experienced significant losses, so many of them were killed through illness. I had the opportunity... to produce, as far as possible in mass quantities, a replacement human personnel at headquarters, military personnel, women, and also to recruit dedicated service personnel from parts of the UPU."

Regardless of the fact that the forces of the Allies on the Western Front were sorely outnumbered by the Germans (for special forces the ratio was 2:1, for armor - 4:1, for aviation - 6:1), the German army began to 1 6th April 1944 attack on the Belgian Ardennes plateau. Explaining the motives of the German actions, the English historian Chester Wilmont asserted: “The German offensive in the Ardennes was military by its nature and would lead Hitler to the failure of the Allies’ attempts to restore their capabilities There is little and political meta, the fragments of Hitler rushed to split the Great Union. compromising world and not letting the Russians reach Germany.

Charles Wilmont called this offensive the “Pearl Harbor of the war in Europe.” The Allied defenses were broken, and the American units of Bastogne were driven away.

A large number of American pilots were destitute of land. A lot of them were buried, including the recent American writer Kurt Vonnegut. On September 1, 1945, the Germans launched an offensive in Alsace.

Then there was the famous brutalization of Churchill to Stalin for the support of the military operations on the German-German front. For the sake of the advancing allies, it was decided to speed up the rise of the Red Army in 1945. The Germans again transferred the most important part of their forces to Skhid. However, unconcerned with the massive surrender of the Germans to the Allies and the secret negotiations with Himmler about capitulation to the incoming powers, the Anglo-American troops clearly stood up at their advance to the center of the Reich in the Radian troops.

that the “Russian armies, no doubt, will bury all of Austria and withdraw from Widen. If they bury Berlin as well, then they must not make too much of a statement about those who made an important contribution to our army. y, and you can’t bring it up Do they have such a mind-set, what are the serious and even more significant difficulties in the future? Therefore, I respect that from a political point of view, we should stick our heads in Nimechchyna as they found out at the gathering and in the event that Berlin will end up in between the limits of reach, we, undoubtedly, loom yogo take."

And wanting to restore the Red Army to his beloved Churchill, he would be ready to give in to the help of German soldiers, having given orders not to disperse them, but to stand ready (Operation “Unacceptable”), which would it was too late and didn’t lead to anything. General Patton's dream that the triumph of the Allies would demonstrate the right of the United States and Great Britain to rule the world turned out to be illusory. Although the advancing allies decided to liberate France and Belgium, and then occupy the western part of Germany, contributions to another front on the right to the defeat of Hitlerism were clearly smaller than those of the Red Army.

Especially for Stolitt

ANOTHER FRONT against fascist Germany, its allies and satellites in Europe Another world war .

Discovered on 6/6/1944 by the landing of the Anglo-American expeditionary forces near Pivnichno-Zhadnaya France. The goal of another front was formulated in the promo of the British Prime Minister W. Churchill already on June 22, 1941, on the day of the treacherous invasion of the German Wehrmacht between the USSR and the beginning of the Great White War: protect G Hitler and the Nazi regime, give help to Russia and the Russian Nazi regime It is unsafe both for England and for America, and the struggle of a skinny Russian people for their home and rot is the struggle of a skinny, free people in any piece of earth.

The decision to create another front was praised by representatives of the USSR, the USA and England (div. Anti-Hitler coalition) at the link with an important development go to Radian-German Front, Who has owls? people actually fought with Wehrmacht and the armies of the European allies of Germany. The final communiqué, adopted on June 12, 1942, stated that “new homeownership has been achieved before the unprecedented task of creating another front in Europe in 1942.”

This decision could not only have given great assistance to the Radyansky Union, which was the main force in the fight against fascist Germany and its allies, and would have significantly accelerated the defeat of the fascist bloc, shortening the duration of the war. the number of victims.

However, instead of creating another front in Europe, the Anglo-American troops landed in Southern Africa and carried out the Southern African landing operation in 1942. The attack on another front was transferred (without favor from the USSR) to 1943. Alas, the other front is not open. The Allied forces, having carried out the Sicilian landing operation of 1943 and launched the Italian campaign, removed from the main German Front - the Radian-German Front (similar front) no more than 6-7% of the Wehrmacht's forces . Glad. The Union continued to bear the lead load of the war.

Operation Overlord

70 years ago it began Operation Normandy or Operation Overlord- strategic operation of the Allies with the landing of troops at Normandy (France).

The decision to open another front against Hitler's Nazi Germany in Western Europe during the Second World War was accepted by the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain after negotiations in London and Washington. out of 1942 rock. At the Tehran Conference of 1943, the Western Allies pledged to open another front in the 1944 battle.

Prote Another front was opened on June 6, 1944 as a result of the landing of Anglo-American troops at Normandy.

The Normandy operation took place in two stages:

Operation "Neptune" - the codename of the initial phase of Operation Overlord - began on June 6, 1944 (the date is also published
as “D-Day”) ended on June 1, 1944. This was the goal of gaining a bridgehead on the continent, which took up to 25 years;

Operation Cobra - the invasion and attack on the territory of France was carried out by the Allies immediately after the end of the first operation (“Neptune”). At the same time, from 15 September until the beginning of autumn, the American and French armies successfully carried out The original French operation, as an extension to the Normandy operation. Further, these operations, the Allied armies advanced from the night and day of France, united and continued the attack to the German cordon, covering almost the entire territory of France.

The landing sectors were mainly the beaches of Normandy, as code names were determined. « Omaha», « Sword», « Juneau», « Gold"ta"Utah».

The invasion began with a massive night parachute landing and landing on gliders, airborne attacks and shelling of German coastal positions by the fleet, and early in the 6th century the landing of troops from the sea began. Visajuvania was carried out every day, both during the day and at night.

The operation lasted more than two months and involved the established, strengthened and expanded coastal bridgeheads
advancing. It ended with the liberation of Paris and the fall of the Falaise cauldron at the end of the 1944 sickle.

Due to its scale and the number of forces and equipment that took part, this landing became the largest amphibious operation of all wars.

The High Command made every effort to ensure the secrecy of its preparations and the rapidity of the landing of the great grouped army on an unprotected shore, to ensure the close interaction of all the troops during the landing, and during the landing and battles for the bridgehead, as well as the transfer of a large number of military and material resources through the river. .

On the coast of Northern France, Belgium and the Netherlands, the German Army Group B under the command of Field Marshal E. Rommel defended the warehouse with about 530 thousand troops, two thousand tanks, 6, 7 thousand garmats and mortars for minor aviation support in the warehouse for up to 160 flights . . In this case, the preparation of their positions in engineering terms was not completed until the end.

The expeditionary forces of the Allies under the command of General Dwight Eisenhower reached 3 million troops, about 10.9 thousand combat troops and 2.3 thousand transport aircraft, as well as about 7 thousand ships and vessels.

The plan of the Normandy landing of the Operations of the Visaditi Khotryani troops on the Uzbek Senzkoki Bukhti To to click the bridgehead of the glybin 15-20 kilometer, and on the 20th day of the operation to the Cordon Avranshe-Donfron-Falez.

From the end of the 1944 season, allied aviation made systematic attacks on important enemy targets in France, and a long stretch of grass and wormwood destroyed a large number of defense units, control points, airfields, and halls. iznichnyh stations and bridges. Strategic aviation during this period carried out massive strikes on military-industrial targets in Germany, which sharply reduced the strength of the German troops.

At the beginning of the 6th century, at the same time as the naval landing forces were approaching, allied aviation launched massive strikes on artillery, control points, as well as areas of concentration and enemy forces. At night, two American airborne divisions were landed on the daylight departure from Carentan and one British airborne division, regardless of the inconvenience of the actions, They provided great assistance to the amphibious landing forces at the Western and buried bridgeheads. Under this, the Airborne Forces recognized significant losses (up to 40% of the hidden costs of the allies of the early days)

The passage of the landing forces across the English Channel in stormy weather proved unsatisfactory for the German command, since, regardless of advanced reconnaissance, it was not ready for the day. So, Field Marshal Rommel,
succumbing to chants about the bad weather, on the 5th of June, Nimechchinu, and most of the commanders of the divisions and regiments of the 7th Army, on the orders of the commander, Colonel-General Dolman, had nothing against the 6th of August in Rennes on I am pleased with the command attitude with the offensive military battle.

About the 6th year of the 30th century, 6th century, following massive air strikes and fire preparation of naval artillery, the landing of the allied troops on the Normandy coast began. The German troops who defended it suffered significant losses from aviation and the fire of naval artillery, and carried out minor support operations. At the end of the day of the Allied military
They buried five bridgeheads buried two to nine kilometers away. On the shores of Normandy the main forces of five infantry and three airborne divisions landed at a warehouse of at least 156 thousand troops, 900 tanks and armored vehicles, 600 armored vehicles.

The German command fully responded to the landing of the allied troops and did not immediately reach out from the depths of the operational reserve for it, still not believing that the enemy’s main landing operation had begun here.

Five years after D-Day, misinformed German generals believed that the landing in Normandy amounted to “sabotage”, and everyone relied on their heads in the Pas-de-Cali, afraid to throw their miraculously equipped 15th Army to the rescue 7th . Here the Germans began making illegal pardons. When they realized that the Americans had fooled them, it was already too late - the allies began to attack and break out from the bridgehead.

Undeterred by the cost, the allied forces were able to concentrate for three gains on the buried bridgeheads up to 12 divisions, and 9 worms renewed the offensive to create a single bridgehead. At the end of the 12th century they were busy saving
with a length of 80 kilometers along the front and 13-18 kilometers at the depths and increased the grouping of troops to 20 divisions.

At that time, the German command pulled three reserve tank and motorized divisions to the bridgehead, increasing the consolidation of their troops at Normandy to 12 divisions. Not far away, an attempt was made to disengage the grouping of the Allied armies between the rivers Orn and Vir. However, without any threat of proper protection from the wind, the German divisions were aware of the great losses of the Allied forces.
Aircraft and ships were losing their lives.

The 12th round of troops of the American 1st Army began to advance from the area entering Sainte-Mère-Eglise at the approaching direction, and the 17th round came out at the exit along the coast of the Cotentin pier, and the 27th round was captured Cherbourg, thoroughly cleaned up to 1 line of linden fascist troops.

When the Anglo-Canadian troops built 25-26 rubles for burying the Kan, the snow did not reach. Unfazed by the heavy fire support of aviation and artillery, they did not manage to heat up the baked operation of the Hitlerites and only a little poked their head in as they entered the river. Kan.

Until the end of the war, the Allies' bridgehead had reached 100 kilometers along the front and 20-40 kilometers in the depths of the Anglo-American troops that were in New York, which had 23 airfields for the base of tactical aircraft. They stood up to 18 significantly shabby German divisions. Steady strikes by Allied air forces and partisans of the French support through their communications prevented the German command from transferring troops from other areas of France.

However, one of the main reasons why the Wehrmacht was not allowed to force its entry was offensive of the Radian army Belarus.

Stretching out the line of the American army, continuing to expand the bridgehead, they reached out directly to the Pivden at 10-15
kilometers and took the place of Saint-Lo. The British concentrated their efforts directly on the burial sites of Kan, with which their armies dug 21 lindens.

At the end of the 24th, the Allies reached the Lesse line in the afternoon from Saint-Lô, Comon, Caen, having created a bridgehead of about 100 kilometers along the front and up to 50 kilometers in depth.

As a result of the operation, the Allies, looming complete panic at sea and at sea, established a strategic bridgehead
And they concentrated on a new great number of forces and capabilities for an offensive in a similar direction.

The expenditures of the Nazi troops amounted to approximately 115 thousand troops, 2120 tanks and assault ships, seven submarines, 57 surface ships and combat boats, 913 airmen.

The Allied forces spent 122 thousand osib, 2.4 thousand. tanks, 65 surface ships and vessels, over 1.5 thousand. letakiv. Bilya 800 ships during the landing during the hour of the storm were thrown ashore or sank.

The Allied offensive at Normandy in the spring of 1944 caused the collapse of the entire German Western Front, with which the German troops were able to establish a new front line only in the spring of 1944 at the western cordon i Nimechchini, s
I will help you with “Siegfried’s Line”.

In this manner, it can be confirmed that the Norman offensive operation was of little importance in achieving victory over fascism, but during which it was not the key and initial battle. Of course, it shortened the time of success of the war, helped save people’s lives and became one of the factors that the bloody war ended in the summer of 1945, and not in the summer of 1946.