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Company for the acquisition of church values 1922. Decree on the acquisition of church values. Section II. Bread or gold? Policy of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) regarding religion and churches: goals, methods, organizers

Plan
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1 History
2 Judgments against the authorities for the acquisition of church valuables
List of references

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The expropriation of church values from Russia in 1922 was linked to the mass famine in the Volga region and other regions. As part of the campaign for the profit of the state, objects were obtained that were in the corrupted Orthodox Church, from expensive metals and stones, which appealed to the representatives of the clergy and part of the parishioners. The campaign was accompanied by repressions against clergy. There was a great resonance after the execution of the parafians at Shuya, at which point four people were killed.

Poster to help starving regions of the RRFSR “Hunger is choking the Russian villagers.” The black regions are designated as those with the greatest hunger (Lower Ural-Volga region, Crimea, Day of Ukraine). Alegorical streams, which resemble various religious institutions (Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim), attack the body of the “hunger-spook”

1. History

The All-Russian Central Vikonavchy Committee on the 23rd of 1922 published a decree, which praised the local Rada

The decree ordered “the review of agreements and the actual preparation of descriptions of valuable speeches to be carried out with the obligatory participation of representatives of groups of believers from whom the government was assigned.”

Unfailingly, after the decree was issued, Patriarch Tikhin returned to the believers from the Evolution of the 15th (28th) year of 1922:

<…>We knew that it was possible to allow church parish councils and communities to donate for the needs of the hungry, expensive church decorations and objects that do not interfere with liturgical use, about which we informed the Orthodox population of the 6th (19th) century. We will especially highlight the animals that were allowed by the Order to each other and spread the population among the population.

And after sharp declines in the ordinary newspapers of one hundred hundred spiritual guides of the Church, 10 (23) of the fierce All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee, in order to provide assistance to the hungry, praising you to obtain from the temples all the expensive church speeches, including the sacred judges and and liturgical church items. . From the point of view of the Church, such an act is an act of sacrilege... We cannot praise the sacrilege from churches, even though through voluntary donation, sacred objects, the acquisition of things not for liturgical purposes is protected by the canons of the Universal Church and is punished by It as sacrilege - the laity teachings from Neya , - deposed from dignity (Apostolic Canon 73, Dvor. Ecumenical Council. Rule 10).

Vlada knowingly began to talk about church values in order to launch an intense anti-church campaign (a miracle about the growth of relics in Russia). In Berezna, in the lower place, excesses arose, associated with the deterioration of values, and there was a particularly great resonance in Shuya. We have a connection with them on 19 Bereznya, 1922 r. head of the People's Commissars V. I. Lenin kept the secret sheet. List qualified the pod in Shuya as one of the manifestations of the zagal plan of support for the decree of the Radyansky government from the side of the “influx group of the Black Hundred clergy.”

On February 22, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), based on the leaflet of L. D. Trotsky, praised the plan for approaching repressions against the clergy. Including the arrest of the Synod, the demonstration process at Shuisky law, and also stating - “ Let's begin to learn from the whole country, without being involved in churches at all, as they do not hold significant values ».

Berezna began to finish drinking Patriarch Tikhon: he contacted the GPU, where he was given a signature to read the official notice about those who “emphasize the giant Bellavin as the leader of everything” and the hierarchy of the singing and public significance of its establishment to the counter-revolutionary thought, on which to stand "The hierarchy has been brought to bear upon me."

May 5, 1922 The Patriarch appealed before the trial to the trial of the Moscow clergy. The court privately praised the attraction of Mr. Bellavin to criminal status. After which the Patriarch was under arrest at the Don Monastery, in complete isolation from the outside world. Judging by the number of publications in the Radian press in the spring of 1923, the citizens who wanted to vigorously punish the “Ludozher” Tikhon, the government was preparing to massacre the Patriarch. Tikhon was released after declaring that he was “repenting for his crimes against the sovereign order.”

May 7, 1922 The Moscow revolutionary court for charges of anti-violation of church values, which qualified as counter-revolutionary activity, convicted 49 people, including 11 people (9 priests and 3 world yang). Among them were the executed priests Kh. A. Nadezhdin, V. I. Sokolov, A. N. Zaozersky, hieromonk M. Telegin and layman S. F. Tikhomirov.

In Petrograd, 87 people were arrested through the extraction of valuables from various churches. The trial over them took place from 10 rubles to 5 rubles in 1922. The Petrograd Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced 10 defendants to execution, six of whom had their death sentences commuted. The shooters were Metropolitan Veniamin (Kazan), Archimandrite Sergius (Shein), lawyer I. M. Kovsharov and professor Yu. P. Novitsky.

May 12, 1922 The Novgorod Revolutionary Court issued a statement about the conspiracy in connection with the extortion of values from Ancient Russia. Priests V.I. were sentenced to death. Orlov, V. A. Pilaev and N. M. Smisliv. Another 15 defendants were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.

Don Regional Revolutionary Tribunal from 22 to 30 Serpnya 1922 r. on the right were the ranks of the Rostov Bishop Arseny (Smolenets Oleksandr), 7 priests and 25 parishioners, who took part in the celebrations on the 11th of February 1922 at the Cathedral of Rostov - by force they were beaten. The court sentenced Arseny to death by firing squad, but soon after the fatalities of the Yellow Revolution, an amnesty replaced the punishment in the world with a reduction of will for ten fates.

After the trial of a group of clergy, which took place at Tsaritsa on the 9th of November 1922, the vicar of the Don Diocese of Nizhny-Chirsky Mikola (Orlov) was condemned and shot.

At the Smolensk Vizna Session of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission from 1 to 24 September 1922. I looked at the “Smolensk clergymen” on the right, for which 47 people were received. Of them, before the execution, Zalesky, Pivovarov, Myasoid and Demid were sentenced, and before the end of the sentence, 10 more believers who were held before the court were sentenced.

Revolutionary Court of the Chuva Autonomous Region near Travna, 1922 Having examined the judicial review of the dean archpriest A. A. Solovyov and the group of believers. Dean A. A. Solovyov and an active participant in the support of the murder of N. Ya. Galakhov were sentenced to execution.

Another trial of the clergy of Moscow and the Moscow province, so called “the trial of another group of churchmen,” took place from November 27 to November 31, 1922. The court looked at the 105 accused. Among those accused were priests, professors, teachers, students, labor workers, villagers, etc. The most active participants in the development of values were dealt a death blow. However, in connection with the amnesty, the revolution that was shocked by the fate of the revolution, the execution was replaced by punishment.

Trials against the clergy took place in 1922-1923. all over Russia. The literature states that 250 court certificates were examined in connection with the support of the acquisition of church values. Tilki until mid-1922. There have already been 231 trials, 732 individuals have landed on the dock. Born in 1923 The VI branch ("church") secret-political branch of the GPU had 301 cases on the right, 375 cases were arrested and sent to administrative order, including 146 cases outside the cordon. Until the end of 1924 Nearly half of the entire Russian episcopate – 66 bishops – served in the camps and camps. According to the data of the Orthodox St. Tikhon's Theological Institute, the number of reprisals against church leaders in 1921-1923 is unknown. there were 10 thousand people, at which time the skin heel was shot - a total of close to 2 thousand.

2. Judgment for the expropriation of church values

· Benemansky, Oleksiy Kostyantynovich

List of references:

1. Acts of Patriarch Tikhon and the Tragedy of the Russian Church of the XX century // Issue 18

4. Leaf of L. D. Trotsky in the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) with proposals about repressions against the clergy, adopted by the Politburo as amended by V. M. Molotov on February 22, 1922.

5. Krivova N. A. Vlada and the Church in 1922-1925.

Plan
Enter
1 History
2 Judgments against the authorities for the acquisition of church valuables
List of references

Enter

1. History

The All-Russian Central Vikonavchy Committee on the 23rd of 1922 published a decree, which praised the local Rada

Unfailingly, after the decree was issued, Patriarch Tikhin returned to the believers from the Evolution of the 15th (28th) year of 1922:

After the trial of a group of clergy, which took place at Tsaritsa on the 9th of November 1922, the vicar of the Don Diocese of Nizhny-Chirsky Mikola (Orlov) was condemned and shot.

2. Judgment for the expropriation of church values

· Benemansky, Oleksiy Kostyantynovich

List of references:

1. Acts of Patriarch Tikhon and the Tragedy of the Russian Church of the XX century // Issue 18

5. Krivova N. A. Vlada and the Church in 1922-1925.

The supreme legislative body of Radyansk Russia is the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission (headed by M. I. Kalinin) - 2 June 1922. praising the resolution “On the liquidation of the church lane.” On February 23, 1922, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee published a decree, which praised the local councils “...to obtain from the church mines transferred from the korustovanny groups of all religious religions, for inventories and contracts, all expensive objects made of gold, with There were stones and stones, the effects of which cannot be truly known. the cult itself, and transfer to the People's Commissariat of Finance to help the hungry." The decree ordered “the review of agreements and the actual acquisition of descriptions of valuable speeches to be carried out with the obligatory participation of representatives of groups of believers from whom the government was assigned.” It was true that all valuables were extracted without careful analysis.

Nezabar, after the decree was issued, Patriarch Tikhon wrote to the head of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission Kalinin (formally, the initiative for the development came from the All-Russian Central Military Commission) asking. Without neglecting the rest of the species, Patriarch 15 (28) February 1922 having become angry with the believers of the Zverenenny, which has become widely known over the years, in which we condemned the handing over of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee to the Church authorities, who condemned him for sacrilege:

<…>We found it possible to allow church parish councils and communities to donate for the needs of those who are starving, expensive church decorations and objects that do not last for liturgical use, about which we informed the Orthodox population on the 6th (19th) century. m. we will especially dedicate to the animals, which were allowed by the Order to overwhelm and disseminate the population.
Ale after sharp declines in the ordinary newspapers of one hundred hundred spiritual guides of the Church, 10 (23) of the fierce All-Russian Central Military Commission, for the purpose of providing assistance to the hungry, praising the collection of expensive church speeches from the temples, including the sacred judges and others and liturgical church items. . From the point of view of the Church, such an act is an act of sacrilege... We cannot praise the sacrilege from churches, even though through voluntary sacrifice, sacred objects, the acquisition of things not for liturgical purposes is protected by the canons of the Universal Church and is punished by It as sacrilege - the laity saw teachings from Neya , - deposed from dignity (Apostolic Canon 73, Dvor. Ecumenical Council. Rule 10).

10 Bereznya 1922 r. Lenin rejected the additional memorandum on the need to create a special syndicate there to obtain valuables from the People's Commissar of Foreign Trade L. B. Krasin, and signed a positive resolution.

11 Bereznya 1922 r. L. D. Trotsky sent Lenin a sheet of paper in which he complained about the extent of the commissions of the All-Russian Central Military Commission for the acquisition of values and about the confusion that is in trouble in these commissions. Trotsky ordered the creation of a “secret”, “shock” commission at the head of Sapronov, Unshlikht, Samoilova-Zemlyachka and Galkin to conduct a show show in Moscow. According to Trotsky’s idea, such a commission would be small to deal with “factual violence” and the carelessness of the “political... side of the justice.” The activities of the commission are not secret, everything can work in the name of the Central Committee Pomgol.

The coming day, 12 Bereznya 1922 r. Trotsky wrote to Lenin about the actual progress of the extermination, emphasizing the fact that the right is moving to the stage of “the last “blow”” and the extrusion work must be organized in such a way “so that it happens without political complications,” he added. that the “shock” was created in advance The Moscow Commission has already ordered the work. In order to discredit and cause a split in the Church, a large-scale campaign was planned for the sake of violence on the side of the reformist priests. The struggle with Moscow was planned to be completed before the start of the party rally - Moscow is a small butt: “If Moscow goes well, then the provincial diet will settle itself.” Preparations were underway for the beginning of the action in Petrograd. The report ended like this: “The main work has so far left the area of monasteries, museums, churches, etc. Whose sensei has the greatest vision, but the work is far from finished.” Lenin reacted urgently to Trotsky’s message, and on the same day sent a telephone message to the special secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) Molotov: “It is urgent to send an encrypted telegram in the name of Tsek to all provincial committees about those who will delegate to the party This trip brought with it as much information as possible materials on the values revealed in churches and monasteries and on the progress of work from their learning.”

What is Shuya’s reaction to them from the Bolshevik Christian community?

In the birch, the lower place has developed an appreciation associated with the acquisition of values. A particularly great suspense sound was made by the people in Shuya, on the 15th of February 1922. At the same time, the accumulated believers formed the basis for the acquisition of values. There was a loud fire of machine guns as they approached. As a result of the collision, four were killed and ten were wounded.

The next day, in connection with this, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), including Lenin, praised the decision to slow down the process, and a telegram was sent to the place: “...The Politburo has come back to the news that the organization on the right for the acquisition of church values has not yet been prepared and is awaiting developments...” .

Ale 19 Bereznya born in 1922 Lenin sent a secret letter to members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), who announced his plan to deal with the church, having suffered from hunger and violence from Shuya. List of qualified candidates in Shuya as one of the manifestations of the zagal plan of support for the decree of Radyansky power from the side "The most recent group of the Black Hundred clergy" and the situation desperately needed to end quickly “with the utmost and merciless energy, not hesitating before strangling any support, ... give the most critical and merciless battle to the Black Hundred clergy and strangle that support with such cruelty, so that they do not forget their desire to Only a decade... The greater the number of representatives of the reactionary clergy we get from Whose drive should be shot, it’s better this way”. Lenin pointed out the residual and Swedish reprisal against the Russian Orthodox Church: “You yourself now need to read this public so that for dozens of rocks they don’t even dare to think about any kind of support.”. We understand that with the beginning of the Genoa International Conference, the Bolsheviks placed great hopes on withdrawing diplomatic recognition, of which the RRFSR is still not small, and economic and financial assistance. region Sunset ( “After Genoa it appears, or it may appear that harsh moves against the reactionary clergy will be politically irrational, and may even be unduly dangerous.”), Viconati, such an operation would have been much more important - once Radyanskaya Russia was accepted into the “family of civilized peoples”, they could have inherited the actions of the foreign lands against church repressions and goiters that they would have had to take on themselves. In addition, Lenin, taking into account that the strengthening of church values under the guise of fighting hunger, decided to link himself with representatives of the Russian white emigration, who in other minds would have protested against the suppression. Moreover, Lenin’s plans have added value and no small direct focus on the purchase of food for the hungry - for the money taken during this operation it is necessary “Create a fund… . Without which the government's work has vanished, the government's vitality has ceased and the constant strengthening of its position in Genoa is especially inconceivable. To take control of this fund from hundreds of millions of gold rubles (and maybe even a few billions) would be our fault. And now you can earn money with success.”. In telegrams about the slowdown, Lenin preached not to cut off, so as to “save the sweetness” of the enemy. The participants in Shuya’s crime themselves will be punished during the trial that may “It will end in no other way than with the shooting of a very large number of the most productive and most unsafe Black Hundreds of M. Shuya, and as far as possible in this place, and in Moscow and many other spiritual centers » why send to Shuya "energetic and reasonable" representative who gave youmu "fall asleep" instructions. "Usni directives" Apparently, the court authorities can organize the trial "rebels" .

Based on what was sent in advance to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the project of approaches to violence, disaggregated by Trotsky, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) 22 Berezny 1919 r. praised his plan to the Viconn. Including the arrest of the Synod, the demonstration process at Shuisky law, and also indicating “Let us begin to learn from the whole country, without being involved in churches at all, as they do not hold significant values.” .

May 10, 1922 Shuya archpriest Pavlo Svetozarov, Priest John Rizdvyany and layman Petro Mov were shot.

Campaign to discredit Patriarch Tikhon

I want my secret sheet dated 19th February 1922. Lenin and writing about Patriarch Tikhon “Patriarch Tikhon himself, I think, we shouldn’t even touch…” so that the way of enforced guarding over him would reveal all his connections, and after that same month the Patriarch began to finish drinking. When he contacted the GPU, he was given a signature to read the official notice about those in charge “emphasizes the giant Bellavina as a representative figure of the entire hierarchy of the great and public importance of his position before the counter-revolutionary spirit, on which it stands ordered by him Hierarchy".

Already on the cob grass 1922 rub. In response to Lenin’s proposal, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) decided:

Give a directive to the Moscow Tribunal:
1. It’s important to bring Tikhon to trial.
2. Stop until the world is punished.

Court proceedings related to the extortion of church values

Campaign for the acquisition of church values in the first half of 1922. I called out over 1400 episodes of curves. These cases were followed by 231 judicial proceedings; 732 individuals, most importantly clergy and cenci, fell asleep on the lava of the defendants.

Sued from the authorities for the acquisition of church valuables

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Notes

Literature

Krivova N. A.
Krivova N. A.. //International historical magazine. – No. 1. – 1999.
Latishev A. G. Declassified Lenin. – M.: Berezen, 1996. – 336 p. - ISBN 5-88505-011-2.

Volodymyr Illich Ulyanov (Lenin)

Lenin's ideas

Biography

Organizations

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Bibliography

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Lenin's phrases

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After death

Family of Ulyanovs

A lesson that characterizes the decline of church values in Russia in 1922

On the practical side, P'ier is now unsure of the fact that there is a center of energy that was not there before. Before us, the food of every penny, especially the moaning about the pennies, which the rich people, who succumbed to even often, brought him to hopeless contortions and convulsions. “Dati chi not dat?” - Asking it to yourself. “I have it, but I need it. But someone else will need more. Who needs it? Or maybe I’m offended?” And from all this, let it go before without finding a good way out and give as much as possible. In exactly the same vein, I was in the first place for skin nourishment, so I’m in a state of fuss, if one says that I need to do it this way, and the other says another way.
Now, surprisingly, we know that in all these meals there were no more doubts and wonders. Someone now has a judge who, seemingly unknown to the laws themselves, determines what is needed and what is not required to be done.
He was just as before, keen on financial matters; But now he is confident, knowing what he can earn and what is not his fault. The first addition of this new trial was for the new one the full-fledged French colonel who had come before, having spoken richly about his exploits and finally declaring as much as possible that Pierre had given him almost thousands of francs to strengthen his army. Item. Performed without any difficulties and strained himself, marveling at how simple and easy things were that had previously seemed inextricably important. Suddenly, immediately, as the colonel realized, he realized that it was necessary to use cunning in order to force the Italian officer to take the pennies he might have demanded while leaving Orel. A new proof for Pierre of his confirmed view on practical matters was his high-quality food about the borgs of the squad and about the innovations and non-renewals of Moscow booths and dachas.
Having arrived in Orel until the next day, the head keruyuchiy, and with him Pierre, having made a secret account of his income, which was changing. During the fire of Moscow, Peru paid nearly two million for the price of the head of pottery.
The chief executive, on the basis of these expenses, presented the report to P'er about those who, regardless of their expenses, his income will not only not change, but will increase, as he can imagine from paying the Borgs that were lost after the decanter And how can we not There were demands, and because they were not in the same place in the Moscow booths and in the Moscow region, they paid nearly eighty thousand and brought nothing.
“Yes, yes, it’s true,” Pierre said, laughing cheerfully. - Yes, yes, I don’t need anything. I have become richer from the dawn of time.
When Savelich arrived from Moscow, he talked about the development of Moscow, about Koshtoris, who was the architect for the renovation of the house near Moscow, talking about this as well as about the right world. At this hour, Pierre took away the sheet from Prince Vasily and other acquaintances from St. Petersburg. The sheets were about the Borg squad. And Peter decided that the plan for the construction work was incorrect and that he needed to go to St. Petersburg to complete the police report and be in Moscow. There was a need for this without knowing it; Ale vin knowing beyond doubt what is required. The income of his successor changed by three quarters. Ale tse treba bulo; I really understood it.
Willarsky drove to Moscow, and the stinkers decided to leave at once.
Pierre felt at the hour of his dressing in Orlya a feeling of joy, freedom, life; But when it was time for its journey, having settled down in the bright light, having acquired hundreds of new personalities, it seemed even more powerful. The joy of a student on vacation has risen in price all hour. All individuals: the coachman, the lookout, men on the road and in the countryside - all are small for a new sense. The presence and respect of Willarsky, who was constantly grieving poverty, leaving Europe, and the ignorance of Russia, further stimulated Pierre’s joy. There, de Villarskiy studied deadness, Pierre developed the supremely powerful force of vitality, that force, like in the snow, in this expanse, that supported the life of this whole, special and united people. He didn’t respond well to Willarsky and didn’t get along with him (because he was given the opportunity to quickly get around the world, from which nothing could come of it), laughing joyfully, hearing him.

So, it’s important to explain, of course, where the ants rush from the scattered bushes, some come out of the bushes, sticky powders, eggs and dead bodies, others back from the bushes - why do the stinks stick together, pester one another, I’m afraid - just like that It would be important to explain the reasons that agitated the Russian people after the exit of the French to huddle in the place that was previously called Moscow. Well, it’s just like, astonished at the murmurs scattered around the pink bush, unimportant on the outside of the depleted bush, it is evident from the crispness, energy, and innocence of the lumps that are accumulating, that everything is stripped, except for something indestructible, intangible, that is buy all the power, - so was Moscow itself, in the new month, regardless of those who had no authorities, no churches, no shrines, no wealth, no budins, there was the same Moscow that was in the sickle. Everything was arranged, except for the intangible, the possible and the inviolable.
Urging people to rush from all sides to Moscow after its cleansing from the enemy was extremely tempting, special, and at the very least, wild creatures. Only the spontaneity was more intense for everyone - they went there, in that place that was previously called Moscow, to report their activities there.
A week later, Moscow already had fifteen thousand inhabitants, after two there were twenty-five thousand, etc. Everything was growing and growing, and by the fall of 1813 the number had reached a figure that exceeded the population of the 12th century.
The first Russian people who came to Moscow were the Cossacks who corralled Winzingerode, the men from the judiciary who flowed from Moscow and the inhabitants who hung out in their outskirts. The Russians, who entered the devastated Moscow, found the outposts plundered, began to plunder the same. The stench was chewed by those who were afraid of the French. Cartloads of men came to Moscow in order to transport to the villages everything that was thrown along the ruined Moscow booths and streets. The Cossacks brought what they could from their headquarters; The rulers of the booths took everything that they found in other booths, and carried it to themselves under the drive, which was their power.
And after the first robbers came the second, the third, and robbery every day, there are more robbers in the world, becoming important and important and taking on new forms.
The French found Moscow empty, but in all forms of a place that organically lived correctly, with various branches of trade, crafts, luxury, government, religion. The forms were inanimate, but the stench was still there. There were rows, benches, shops, storehouses, bazaars - most of them with goods; there were backwaters, craft deposits; there were palaces, rich cabins, and numerous luxury items; there were hospitals, prisons, public places, churches, cathedrals. Whatever the French were more deprived of, the more they were deprived of these forms of the gentleman's life, and in the end everything was angry in one inseparable, lifeless field of plunder.
The robbery of the French, which was more disturbing, further destroyed the wealth of Moscow and the forces of the robbers. The plunder of the Russians, which began the occupation of the Russian capital, which they continued to enjoy for longer, the more participants there were in the new one, and thus the wealth of Moscow and the proper life of the place.
Crime of robbers, a highly manipulative people, rich in labor - some in labor, some in compulsory service, some in labor - homeowners, clergy, high and low officials, merchants, craftsmen, men - from different sides in, like shelter to the heart, they rushed to Moscow.
A week later, people who arrived with empty carts to deliver speeches were suppressed by their superiors and harassed to the point of transporting dead bodies from the place. Other men, sensing the failure of their comrades, came to the place with bread, grain, and hay, beating the price one by one until the price was lower for an extra price. Artels of artisans, seeking earnings on the road, were now reaching Moscow, and new ones were cut from all sides, and burnt buildings were rejoiced. Merchants at the booths encouraged trade. Taverns and foreign courtyards lived in charred huts. The clergy resumed services in many churches that did not burn down. Altars brought robbed church speeches. Officials polished their tables with cloth and shawls with papers in small rooms. The authorities and the police were in charge of distributing the goods that had been lost after the French. The rulers of these budins, who have a lot of speeches from other budins, snarled at the injustice of transferring all speeches to the Faceted Chamber; Others argued that the French brought speeches from different booths in one place, and it was unfair to give away the same speeches as in the new one. They scolded the police; bribed them; they wrote ten times to Koshtoris in the official speech that they were burned; vimagali helped. Count Rastopchin writing his proclamations.

Finally, today Pierre arrived in Moscow and settled in the entire outbuilding. We went to Count Rostopchin, to several people we knew, who turned back to Moscow, and decided to go to St. Petersburg on the third day. Everyone was triumphant; Life was in full swing near the ruined capital. Everyone was happy about it; everyone wanted to study him, and everyone talked about those who were studying him. Pierre, feeling especially friendly, greeted all the people he had met; All of a sudden, now we are wary of people, so as not to tie ourselves down. The value of all the food that was given to me, the most important and the least, was, however, unknown; Chi fed yogo: Where in life? What will be the name? If you are going to St. Petersburg and would you dare to take a bottle? - Vin confirmed: yes, it’s possible, I think, etc.
I could smell the Rostov wines, the stink in Kostroma, and the thought of Natalya rarely came to mind until now. As soon as she came, it was only as if she had accepted the enemy of the long past. He felt not only free from the minds of life, but also from what he felt, as he thought, he had let loose on himself.
On the third day of his arrival in Moscow, he learned from the Drubetskys that Princess Mary was in Moscow. Death, suffering, and the remaining days of Prince Andrey often occupied Pierre and now fell asleep on his mind with new vigor. Having learned at dinner that Princess Marya was in Moscow and was living at her cottage, not yet burning on Vozdvizhensk, he went to see her that same evening.
On the way to Princess Mary, Pierre kept thinking about Prince Andrey, about his friendship with him, about his differences with him, and especially about his stay in Borodino.
“Did he die in that evil mood in which he died? Didn’t you ever see an explanation of life before your death? - thinking P'ier. Having guessed about Karatayev, about his death and by chance, these two people became equal, so different and at the same time similar in love, like both of them, and the one who lived and died offended.
In a very serious mood, Pierre went to the old prince’s cabin. Budynok of this place. In the new building you can see traces of ruins, but the character of the booth is the same. The old waiter, who is familiar with Pierre, with all his guises, would on time assure the guest that the prince’s absence does not disturb the order of the hut, saying that the princess was allowed to go to her rooms and receive Ilyu.
- Additional information; “Perhaps, accept it,” said P’ier.
“I hear you,” said the police officer, “turn to portrait.”
The waiter and Desalles came out a few miles from P'ierre. Desal, on behalf of the princess, conveyed to Pierre that she was very glad to ask him and ask him to punish him for his impudence, to go up the hill to his room.
Near a low room, illuminated by one candle, sat the princess and everything else beside her, near a black cloth. P'ier remembers that the princesses were always companions. Who these stinks are, these comrades, I don’t know or remember. “She’s one of the companions,” he thought, looking at the lady in black cloth.
Princess Shvidko became alert and extended her hand.
“So,” she said, marveling at his face that had changed, after kissing her hand, “we’re getting closer to each other.” “I’ve been talking about you often for the rest of the time,” she said, turning her eyes from P’era to the companion from the sarcasm, who struck P’era.
- I was so glad when I found out about your routine. There was one joyful sign that we had received from a long time ago. - Once again, the restless princess looked at her companion and wanted to say something; and P'ier interrupted her.
“You can see that I don’t know anything about him,” he said. - I’ll drive it in. Everything I learned, I learned from others through third parties. I only know what I lost to Rostov... What a share!
P'yer saying shvidko, zhvavo. Having glanced once at the companion's appearance, with a respectful and polite glance, straightening up at the new one, and, as often happens near the hour of prayer, I feel that this companion in black cloth is sweet, kind, glorious , you can’t get into trouble with Yogo. sincere friendship with Princess Maria.
And if he had said the remaining words about the Rostovs, the involvement in the special Princess Maria appeared even more strongly. She again switched her eyes from the guise of Pierre to the guise of the woman in black cloth and said:
- You don’t recognize him?
Pier looked once again at the pale, thin, dark eyes and wondrous mouth of the companion. Nowadays, long forgotten, and even more, dearly, I marveled at these respectable eyes.
“Ale no, we can’t do this,” he thought. - Tse suvore, thinner and brighter, old denunciation? You can't help it. It’s all the same.” Just that hour, Princess Mary said: “Natasha.” “I denounced, with respectful eyes, forcibly, how the rusty doors are made,” she grinned, and from these broken doors the raft smelled and filled P’era with those long-forgotten happinesses, which, especially now, he didn’t think about. It smelled, it smelled, it smelled like everything. Once she laughed, there could no longer be any doubt: it was Natalka, and she loved her.
In the first place, Pierre missed the will of both her and Princess Maria, and, of course, telling the unknown to herself the secret place. It’s joyful and terribly painful. You want to capture your praise. If more people want to take him in, then it is clearer - clearer, in the simplest words - it is for themselves, for her, and for Princess Mary, who said that they love her.
“No, it’s not like that, it’s not like I’m restless,” thought P'ier. But when I wanted to continue to chew the rosemova and Princess Marya, I looked at Natasha again, and even stronger farb covered my face, and even stronger praise of joy and fear washed over my soul. He got lost in his words and stumbled in the middle of his speech.
He did not notice Natalka, because he did not recognize much of her here, and because he did not recognize what was in her, because he did not recognize her, the change was great. Vaughn has lost weight and become pale. But it was not worth it that she was unknown: she could not be recognized in the first century, as in the Soviet Union, because on whose face, in the eyes of which before, a smile of the joy of life shone, now, if seam and looking at her first, there was no shades of laughter; They had the same eyes, respectable, kind and extremely nourishing.
P'era's debauchery did not appear on Natasha's debauchery, but only to the satisfaction that the ice clearly illuminated her accusations.

“Vona came to visit before me,” said Princess Maria. - The Count and Countess will be there for days. The Countess is in a terrible situation. Ale Nataltsi himself required a doctor. They were forcibly sent away from me.
- So, what is this family without its own troubles? - Saying P'ier, he goes wild towards Natalka. - You know, it was the same day that we were called out. I'm a bachiv yogo. What a charming boy he is.
Natalka marveled at him, and in response to his words, her eyes became even more flattened and lit up.
– What can you say or think in silence? - said P'ier. - Nothing. Was such a nice, long-lived lad about to die?
“So, in our time it would be important to live without faith...” said Princess Mary.
- So-so. “The truth is true,” P’ier hastily interrupted.
- Like what? - Natalka asked, looking respectfully in P'ier's eyes.
- Why? - said Princess Maria. – One thought about those who are on guard there...
Natalya, not having heard the end of Princess Maria, again marveled at Pierre.
“And so,” continued P’er, “that only those people who believe that there is a God who guides us can recognize such expenses as yours,” said P’er.
Natalka opened her mouth, said what she wanted to say, and started babbling. Pierre hurriedly turned away from her and returned again to Princess Maria with food about the remaining days of his friend’s life. P'era's zbentejennya has now come to an end; I just realized that all my great freedom had come. Having realized that over every word, there is now a judgment, a court that cherishes the judgment of all people in the world. Having spoken now and at the same time in his own words, he understood the hostility that he directed at Natasha. Without saying in person what could be worthy of her; But, no matter what I said, I would have judged myself by looking at her.
Princess Marya, reluctantly, as she always does, began to tell about the encampment in which she found Prince Andrey. Ale P'era's food, his viciously restless look, his three-year-old exposing his guts, they were afraid to go into detail about what she was afraid of being in love with herself.
“Well, well, well, well...” said Pierre, loathing his whole body over Princess Marya and greedily listening out loud to her confession. - So-so; have you calmed down? washed up? In this way, with the strength of the soul, I always searched for one; Be completely kind, so that you cannot be afraid of death. The few people who were in the new one, because there was a stench, were not seen in the new one. Has it faded? - saying P'ier. “I’m so happy that I’m hanging out with you,” he said to Nataltsia, rapping towards her and looking at her with new tears.
Natasha's appearance shuddered. Vona frowned and lowered her eyes. Z Khvilina vagala: what are you talking about?
“So, it’s been happy,” she said in a quiet chesty voice, “for me, melodiously, it’s been happy.” - Vaughn said something. - And vin ... vin ... vin saying that in that hell, when I came to this ... - Natasha’s voice broke. Vona turned red, clasped her hands on her knees and began to rap, perhaps having made a fuss over herself, lowered her head and quickly began to say:
– We didn’t know anything when we left Moscow. I didn’t dare talk about him. And Sonya immediately told me that she was one of us. I didn’t think anything, I couldn’t figure out where I was going; “I just needed to be with him, to be with him,” she said, trembling and gasping. And, without allowing herself to be interrupted, she revealed those that she had not yet revealed to anyone: all those that she experienced in those three years of life and life before Yaroslavl.
He listened to her with a flattened mouth and did not take his eyes off her, full of tears. Hearing her, without thinking about Prince Andrey, nor about death, nor about those who she heard. I heard about her and only felt sorry for her for the suffering that she now felt, recognizing.
The princess, wincing at the fearful stream of tears, sat next to Natasha and listened to the story of these remaining days of her brother’s marriage with Natalka.
This painful and joyful conversation, perhaps, was necessary for Natasha.
Vaughn spoke, mixing the smallest details with intimate secrets, and it seemed that she could never finish. Kilka repeated the same thing many times.
Behind the door you could hear Desalles’ voice, asking if Mikolusci could go away and say goodbye.
“That axis is everything, everything...” said Natalka. She quickly stood up as Mikolka entered, and immediately ran to the door, banged her head on the door covered by the curtain, and groaned as if in pain, as if she was rushing out of the room in confusion.
Peter marveled at the door where she came out, and did not understand why he was the only one who had lost his world.
Princess Maria called him out of disrespect, exchanging her respect for her nephew, who went to the room.
Opestication of mycolus, similar to the dad, in Khvvin’s spiritual rosema, in the yaku p'gr now, having been raising it, so on the nyoye, the VIN, who promised Mikolushka, the Pirkhuhkhi I, the hustka, Vidyshov to Vikn. She wanted to say goodbye to Princess Maria, but she pressed him.
- No, I don’t sleep with Natalka until my third birthday; please, sit down. I order the date of the supper. Go down; We'll come right away.
Persh Nizh P'er Viyshov, the princess said to you:
- She said that about him the first time.

P'era was led to the illuminated great hall; Croki were felt behind a number of bushes, and the princess and Natalka went to the room. Natasha remained calm, at least calmly, without laughing, now appearing again on her face. Princess Mary, Natalya and Pierre, however, sensed the sense of invisibility that follows the completion of a serious and sincere rose. It’s impossible to chew Rozmov’s colossus; It’s disgraceful to talk about dribnitsy, but it’s unacceptable to talk, because you want to talk, but you give these movchanians a lesson. The stinkers came to the table. The waiters pushed in and slipped the tables. Pierre lit a cold serving and, daring to interrupt his muttering, looked at Natalya and Princess Mary. The grievances, obviously, at the same time were considered the same: in both eyes there shone with satisfaction with life and recognition of what, besides grief, there was joy.

The expropriation of church values from Russia in 1922 to the fate of the Radyan rulers from the requisition of church values in 1922 to the drive of the fight against mass famine in the Volga and other regions. As part of the campaign for the power of the state, they obtained samples from expensive metals and precious stones that were found in churches of all denominations. The study was also carried out with objects intended, including for liturgical purposes (sacred judgments), which the clergy and some of the parishioners placed in full swing.

The campaign was accompanied by repressions against clergy. There was a great resonance in the execution of parafians at Shuya on the 15th of March 1922, at which point four people were killed. Head of the Radyansky district V. I. Lenin expected to soon end up with famine and violence in Shuya for the “ruin of the church” of the Orthodox Church. From the very beginning of the operation, the money was taken from the Church, and there were no plans to use violence to fight hunger. At the same time, the Bolshevik regime set the goal of “ruling” (viraz of Archpriest Avakum) the Russian Orthodox Church and put the puppet renewal church on its side.

The dissemination of church values was prepared and carried out by the Bolsheviks systematically and on a wide scale. Vlad began to preach about church values in order to launch an intense anti-church campaign. The development and thorough implementation of the campaign was entrusted to L. D. Trotsky.

The beginning of the foraging campaign

The supreme legislative body of Radyansk Russia is the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission (headed by M. I. Kalinin) - 2 June 1922. praising the resolution “On the liquidation of the church lane.” On February 23, 1922, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee published a decree, which praised the local councils “...to obtain from the church mines transferred from the korustovanny groups of all religious religions, for inventories and contracts, all expensive objects made of gold, with There were stones and stones, the effects of which cannot be truly known. the cult itself, and transfer to the People's Commissariat of Finance to help the hungry." The decree ordered “the review of agreements and the actual preparation of descriptions of valuable speeches to be carried out with the obligatory participation of representatives of groups of believers from whom the government was assigned.” It was true that all valuables were extracted without careful analysis.

<…>We knew that it was possible to allow parish councils and communities to donate, for the needs of the hungry, expensive church decorations and objects that do not interfere with liturgical use, about which they informed the Orthodox population on 6 (19) of the 19th century. m. we will especially dedicate to the animals, which were allowed by the Order to overwhelm and disseminate the population.

Ale after sharp declines in the ordinary newspapers of one hundred hundred spiritual guides of the Church, 10 (23) of the fierce All-Russian Central Military Commission, for the purpose of providing assistance to the hungry, praising the collection of expensive church speeches from the temples, including the sacred judges and others and liturgical church items. . From the point of view of the Church, such an act is an act of sacrilege... We cannot praise the sacrilege from churches, even though through voluntary sacrifice, sacred objects, the acquisition of things not for liturgical purposes is protected by the canons of the Universal Church and is punished by It as sacrilege - the laity saw teachings from Neya , - deposed from dignity (Apostolic Canon 73, Dvor. Ecumenical Council. Rule 10).

11 Bereznya 1922 r. L. D. Trotsky sent Lenin a sheet of paper in which he complained about the extent of the commissions of the All-Russian Central Military Commission for the acquisition of values and about the confusion that is in trouble in these commissions. Trotsky ordered the creation of a “secret”, “shock” commission at the head of Sapronov, Unshlikht, Samoilova-Zemlyachka and Galkin to conduct a show show in Moscow. According to Trotsky’s idea, such a commission would be small to deal with “factual violence” and the carelessness of the “political... side of the justice.” The activities of the commission are not secret; they are not working in the name of the Central Committee of Pomgol.

Preparations were underway for the beginning of the action in Petrograd. The report ended like this: “The main work has so far left the area of monasteries, museums, churches, etc. Whose sensei has the greatest vision, but the work is far from finished.” Lenin reacted urgently to Trotsky’s information, and on the same day sent a telephone message to the special secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) Molotov: “It is urgent to send, in the name of Tsek, an encrypted telegram to all provincial committees about those who have delegates to the party This trip brought with it as much information and materials as possible about the values found in churches and monasteries and about the way they work from their learning.”

What is Shuya’s reaction to them from the Bolshevik Christian community?

The next day, in connection with this, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), including Lenin, decided to slow down its activities, and a telegram was sent to the place: “... The Politburo has been re-established, and the organization on the right The acquisition of church values has not yet been prepared and is awaiting lines..."

Ale 19 Bereznya born in 1922 Lenin sent a secret letter to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), who announced his plan to deal with the church, having suffered from hunger and violence from Shuya. List of qualified pods in Shuya is just one of those who showed support for the decree of Radyansky power from the side of the “influxing group of the Black Hundred clergy” and insanely grasped the speedy situation and “from the most extreme and merciless energy, not hesitating in the face of strangling himself and mercilessly beating the Black Hundred clergy and strangling him support with such cruelty, so that the stinks do not forget who for many decades... The more representatives of the reactionary bourgeoisie and the reactionary clergy we give in to shooting, the better.”

Lenin pointed out the residual and Swedish reprisal against the Russian Orthodox Church unfailingly: “It is now necessary to read this public so that for several dozen years they do not dare to think about any basis of the stench.” We understand that with the beginning of the Genoa International Conference, the Bolsheviks placed great hopes on withdrawing diplomatic recognition, of which the RRFSR is still not small, and economic and financial assistance. the land of Sunset (“after Genoa, it will appear that it may appear that the zhorstok are coming against reactionary clergy will be politically irrational, it is possible to say that they are unsafe."), the cessation of such an operation would have been much more important - once the adoption of Radyan Russia in the "family of civilized peoples" could have been inherited by from the western lands against church repressions and demands that happened b take it on yourself.

In addition, Lenin, taking into account that the strengthening of church values under the guise of fighting hunger, decided to link himself with representatives of the Russian white emigration, who in other minds would have protested against the suppression. Moreover, behind Lenin’s plans, the increase in value was not directly related to the purchase of food for the hungry - at the expense of this operation, it is necessary to “create a fund... . Without which the government's work has vanished, the government's vitality has ceased and the constant strengthening of its position in Genoa is especially inconceivable. To take control of this fund from hundreds of millions of gold rubles (and maybe even a few billions) would be our fault. But you can only earn money successfully now.”

In telegrams about the slowdown, Lenin preached not to cut off, so as to “save the sweetness” of the enemy. The very participants in Shuya’s action will be punished during the trial which may “end no differently than with the shooting of even a great number of the most productive and most vulnerable Black Hundreds of Shuya, and, if possible, also not deprived of this place, and of Moscow and many other spiritual centers" , we are about to send an “energetic and persistent” representative to Shuya, who will give him “asleep” instructions. “Usni directives” are visible from the court authorities, which may organize the trial of the “rebels”.

Based on what was sent in advance to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the project of approaches to violence, disaggregated by Trotsky, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) 22 Berezny 1919 r. praised his plan to the Viconn. This includes the arrest of the Synod, the demonstrative process of Shuisky, and the directive: “Proceed to the dissemination of the whole country, without dealing with the churches, which hold many significant values.”

May 10, 1922 Shuya archpriests Pavlo Svetozarov, Priest Ioann Rizdvyaniy and layman Petro Mov were shot.

Campaign to discredit Patriarch Tikhon

I want my secret sheet dated 19th February 1922. Lenin wrote about Patriarch Tikhon “Patriarch Tikhon himself, I think, we can’t really digress...” so that all his connections could be revealed by the way of enforced surveillance, and then the same month began to finish drinking the Patriarch. When he contacted the GPU, he was given a signature to read an official notice about those who “emphasize the giant Bellavin as a representative of the entire hierarchy of the great public in the origin of its establishment to the counter-revolutionary level, on which basis your hierarchy is ordered.”

Already on the cob grass 1922 rub. In response to Lenin’s proposal, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) praised the date of the directive to the Moscow Tribunal:
1. It’s important to bring Tikhon to trial.
2. Stop until the world is punished.

May 5, 1922 The Patriarch appealed before the trial to the trial of the Moscow clergy. The court privately praised the attraction of Mr. Bellavin to criminal status. The patriarch was arrested. May 19, 1922 He was transported from the Trinity Podvir, where he was kept under house arrest, at the Don Monastery, where he spent the entire hour in complete isolation from the outside world. Judging by the number of publications in the Radian press in the spring of 1923, the citizens who wanted to vigorously punish the “Ludozher” Tikhon, the government was preparing to massacre the Patriarch. In the face of the execution of the Patriarch, the Bolshevik government was afraid of the stormy reaction to the Sunset - Great Britain, for example, directly stated that the trial of the Patriarch would end, in contrast to the Radyansk Russia of its diplomacy of their representatives Tikhon was released and the right was added to him after declaring that that he “repents for his sins against the sovereign order.” It became the fate of 1923. At that time, Lenin, as a result of a sudden attack of serious illness, was still out of health.

Court proceedings related to the extortion of church values

May 7, 1922 The Moscow revolutionary court for charges of anti-violation of church values, which qualified as counter-revolutionary activity, convicted 49 people, including sentencing 11 people (nine priests) to death and three laymen). Among them were the fired priests Christopher Nadezhdin, Vasil Sokolov, Oleksandr Zaozersky, Hieromonk Macarius (Telegin) and layman S. F. Tikhomirov.

In Petrograd, 87 people were arrested through the extraction of valuables from various churches. The trial against them was held from 10 rubles to 5 rubles in 1922. The Petrograd Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced 10 defendants to execution, six of whom had their death sentences commuted. The shooters were Metropolitan Veniamin (Kazan), Archimandrite Sergius (Shein), lawyer I. M. Kovsharov and professor Yu. P. Novitsky.

May 12, 1922 The Novgorod Revolutionary Court issued a statement about the conspiracy in connection with the extortion of values from Ancient Russia. Before the martyrdom, the priests of U. I. were condemned. Orlov, V. A. Pilaev and N. M. Smisliv. Another 15 defendants were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.

Don Regional Revolutionary Tribunal from 22 to 30 serpnya 1922 r. on the right behind the ranks of the Rostov Bishop Arseny, 7 priests and 25 parishioners, who took part in the worship on 11 February 1922 at the Cathedral of Rostov-on-Don, if members of the commission. The court sentenced Arseny to the firing squad, and after the death-defying Revolution of the Year, an amnesty replaced the punishment for the world with ten fates.

During the trial of a group of clergy, which took place at Tsaritsina on the 9th of November 1922, the vicar of the Don Diocese Mikola (Orlov) was sentenced to execution. However, he was not shot, but died in prison.

The Smolensk session of the Military Collegium of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission was valid from 1st to 24th September 1922. I looked at the “Smolensk clergymen” on the right, for which 47 people were received. Of them, before the execution, Zalesky, Pivovarov, Myasoid and Demid were sentenced, and before the end of the sentence, 10 more believers who were held before the court were sentenced.

Revolutionary Tribunal of the Chuva Autonomous Region near Travna, 1922. Having examined the judicial review of the dean archpriest A. A. Solovyov and the group of believers. Dean A. A. Solovyov and an active participant in the support of the murder of N. Ya. Galakhov were sentenced to execution.

Trials against the clergy took place in 1922-1923. all over Russia. The literature states that 250 court certificates were examined in connection with the support of the acquisition of church values. Born in 1923 The VI branch ("church") secret-political branch of the GPU had 301 cases on the right, 375 cases were arrested and sent to administrative order, including 146 cases outside the cordon. Until the end of 1924 Nearly half of the entire Russian episcopate – 66 bishops – served in the camps and camps. According to the data of the Orthodox St. Tikhon's Theological Institute, the number of reprisals against church officials in 1921-1923 is unknown. there were 10 thousand people, at which time the skin heel was shot - a total of close to 2 thousand. There is great doubt about the reliability of this figure, especially when it comes to the deaths of mortals. Thus, at the largest trial in Petrograd, out of 87 accused, 26 were acquitted, and out of 10 convicted before execution, 6 were pardoned.

Financial results of the operation

The Orthodox Church took over from the Radian state and allowed them to independently engage in the collection of goods to help the hungry and during the period from 19 February, when Patriarch Tikhon’s animal sacrifice was published in newspapers, until 23 February 1922 . In this manner, nearly nine million rubles were collected. The Radian state, under the drive to help the famine-stricken, received from 1922 a share of church values worth about half a million gold rubles. Vlasna, almost one million was spent on the purchase of food from them. All other money was spent on other purposes, with the main goal of “igniting the light revolution.”

An important part of the valuables obtained from the church in 1922 was melted down, and the money taken from sale was spent on the campaigns themselves from their acquisition: anti-church propaganda, technical security (transport, vandals, packaging materials too), nadkostorisny assignments, etc. A significant portion of the values went to the party and government apparatus. At this very hour, the employees of the military personnel of the apparatus received an increase in their salaries, which also ensured their security. D. Some of the gold and valuables were simply stolen, so the judges were able to testify that the Gokhran had passed over the military personnel.

Vlada and the Church at 1922-1925 pp.

The Politburo and the GPU in the struggle for church values and the political order of the clergy

Source: magazine "Swallowtail", No. 1, sich-lyuty. 1999 r. href="http://history.machaon.ru/all/number_01/pervajmo/1_print/index.html

Section II. Bread or gold? Policy of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) regarding religion and churches: goals, methods, organizers

1. 1. Decree of the All-Russian Central Election Commission on the strengthening of church values: from attempts at compromise to confrontation

p align="justify"> A special place in the history of the mutual relationship between power and the church is occupied by the 1922 “rozstrilny” river, due to the updated course of the RCP (b) towards the destruction of the church. The beginning of the period was the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on the strengthening of church values on February 23, 1922. The decree marked the exit from the line of a possible compromise between the church and the government and the launch of an unprecedented campaign for the acquisition of church values. The campaign was dedicated to the famine that swept through Russia in 1921.

The rocks of the Gromadyansk War and “military communism”, devastation and endless confiscations, depleted both the grain reserves of the region and the specific grain reserves. The insignificant size of the new harvests became the result of the current flow of part of the village into the army and the city, as well as the influx of exorbitant taxes. The non-Pivian mechanisms, which were created by power, have not yet produced tangible results. Until all troubles, 1921 r. there was dry land in the Volga region. As a result, the agricultural land was hit by a famine that threatened to develop into a national catastrophe. The great famine destroyed not just the Volga region, but also the Urals, Siberia, Russia and part of Ukraine.

The scale of the famine was bewildering. Russia’s “helping hand” was promoted by foreign countries. Anatole France donated his Nobel Prize to the hungry. American Administrative Assistance (ARA) saw 25 thousand wagons of food. The Christian community called out to the church to help the victims of the great shock. The Pope donated 1 million lire to the hungry.

In the history of Russia, this was not the first famine, although one of the worst. Russia has previously experienced a great scale of neurosis, the legacy of which was especially hard for the rural population of the region. Hunger among the rural masses was associated with major upheavals, one of the most tragic events. Over time, mechanisms developed that guaranteed the peasants’ survival in times of famine. The main middle of them was a community with its peculiarities of economic, social organization and, most importantly, a system of mutual support. The efforts of the official to help the hungry in Russia were due to the old zemstvo traditions, the activity of various partnerships and committees, which encouraged the entire Russian community to fight hunger. The manifestation of such traditions in 1921 Having become a huge Committee to help the starving, around which the greatest efforts of the population were united. The pro-Bolsheviks gave in to zemstvo traditions as a political condemnation, and as a direct ruin. The committee was immediately dissolved by the authorities, and its members were re-examined.

18 Lipnya 1921 r. Having created the structure of the All-Russian Central Military Commission, I called upon the task of combating hunger to the sovereign region, - the Central Commission for Assistance to the Hungry at the All-Russian Central Military Commission (Central Committee Pomgol) under the leadership of M.I. Kalinin, which arose until the spring of 1922. . Now, if Vlada has concentrated on the right to help the starving people in her hands, without depriving everyone of her ability to participate in new huge organizations, the ruined order that centuries have formed, the formation of a union before the threat of national The Russian Orthodox Church took responsibility for the disaster. The active participation of the church in the fight against hunger was traditional. But this tradition was soon destroyed.

The Church began to whisper the way to the famine strikers since the summer of 1921. Patriarch Tikhin, speaking to the Russian flock, to the peoples of the world, to the heads of the Christian churches behind the cordon with sorrowful and passionate messages, his every word cried out to mercy: “...Russia was most famously affected. Pages and fields of entire regions її, which used to be a granary The lands and marveled too much at other peoples, scorched by the sun... Unhealed torments...

In my name and for the sake of Christ, the Holy Church cries out to you through my lips for the feat of brotherly self-given love. Hurry to the aid of those who have hands, true gifts of mercy, a heart, true love, and the veneration of a brother who is a wife.

Help! Help the country, which has always helped others! Help the country, which has grown rich and is dying of hunger..." .

At the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and lower parishes of Moscow, Patriarch Tikhin conducted services and called upon the faithful before making a sacrifice. Suddenly the patriarch came to power with a letter dated September 22, 1921, declaring the church’s readiness to voluntarily help the hungry and organize the collection of penny, speech and food donations. Tikhon’s proposal was a broad program to help the hungry.

To organize the comprehensive systematic collection and distribution of donations, a Church Committee was created between the clergy and laity, the work of which the patriarch took under his special responsibility. In the provinces, the same method was used to create a border between church organizations. The Patriarch showed the number of minds necessary for the uninterrupted development of this activity: giving the Committee the right to collect donations from the streets of sermons, animal slaughter, the settlement of religious and moral readings, and the supply of food in Russia. and collect donations from behind the cordon, manage distant food warehouses and distribution points , open medical aid points; the right to organize periodic meetings of the Committee’s representatives; do not confiscate money or material from the Committee; confidentiality of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate.

The desecration of Patriarch Tikhon evoked mixed reactions from both the ruler and the ruler.

A people who can never fail to hear the most urgent need, immediately responding to the calls of the church and in all the churches of Russia since the beginning of 1921. The collection of voluntary donations has begun. The clergy of their ranks encouraged the creation of diocesan committees to help the hungry.

Great experimentation, the ability to fight hunger could become a possible compromise between the church and the rulers, as if this compromise would be needed by the rulers. And although at an emergency meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Pomgol the creation of the Church Committee was recognized as complete, a dialogue between the church and the authorities did not work out.

V.I.Lenin, L.D.Trotsky, I.V.Stalin, G.I.Zinov'ev, P.A.Krasikov, E.M.Yaroslavsky and other prominent party members sharply opposed the participation of the church in helping the hungry. . Patriarch Tikhon's attempt to direct the activity of the church within the legal framework, to confirm the "Regulations on the Church Committee" was sent to the blank Kremlin wall, it was not immediately possible to break through. The formal basis for strengthening the establishment was the ban on the beneficial activities of all religious organizations by the instructions of the People's Commissariat of Justice dated September 30, 1918. There was no response to the re-announcement of Patriarch Tikhon, addressed directly to M.I. Kalinin on September 31, 1921. The protest against the patriarch was a struggle at the top about the fate of the church in helping the starving population of Russia.

Supporters of church aid were A.I. Rikov, L.B. Kamenev and especially M.I. Kalinin, the head of the Central Committee of Pomgol. This position remains ahead of them. In the meantime, M.I.Kalinin has been trying hard to get rid of the hard course. I was left alone for another hour. The situation in the region worsened even more sharply until the end of the autumn-early winter of 1921, when the number of starving people reached 23 million and their increase to 50 million was predicted, perhaps about opponents of church assistance. 8 breasts 1921 b. After many years, the All-Russian Central Election Commission adopted a resolution that gave the Church Committee official permission to collect food for the hungry.

After allowing the church to make donations, the government began to try to limit the beneficial activity of the church with heavy regulation. There has been a long development of instructions about those on which platforms to allow this activity. Nareshti, 1st February 1922 A definite provision regarding the Church Committee and the role of the church in helping the hungry was confirmed, and a few days later an instruction was issued that established the procedure for collecting donations, their directness and form of publicity.

All activities of the clergy and the collection of donations were carried out without the knowledge of the Radian government. Suvoro demarcated the rights of the patriarch: he could fight with beasts about helping the starving, to the citizens of Russia and foreign powers, to diocesan bishops about organizing donations, to renew the Vishchu Church Administration with new members , if you would like to collect donations, send your representative to collect the collected funds . In the localities, diocesan and council bishops could issue orders for the collection of victims. Assemblies were held at churches during the weekly and holy services on a plate by members of the parish councils, before which the patriarch’s hymn was read out and other sermons were voted on. Other methods of collecting victims were allowed: visiting parish clerks from house to house, giving lectures, etc. The sums collected were entered at the register and transferred to the church elder for saving. The records also recorded the duties of the sacrificers to direct the collected funds. Pislya Mysyatsya Vsalytvyvannya was transmitted to the dean, and the їm іz is the sinking tuning of the same Arkhirei, Yaki at his worm at once, Izumovy Vidystyuvuvuvavuvuvavov by Koshty to the Missy Komi -Pomgol. The commissions carried out the division of victims with the participation of the Parafficial Councils.

All donations from Russia were taken away by the patriarch and were sent to him abroad by the Central Committee of Pomgol. Control over the activity of the Orthodox clergy in providing assistance to the hungry was exercised by the Central Committee of the Pomgol and the bodies of the Labor and Peasant Inspectorate in the center and the Provincial Commissions in the localities. Donations to the church could also consist of church funds, the collection of which was carried out according to special instructions. Praised by the central government, regulatory documents separated the initiative of the church and the Church Committee.

The witchcraft positioned before the activity of the clergy was also guarded from the side of the local government. So, just a little while ago, the diocesan committee to help the hungry in Samara raised 1,250 rubles. Its activity in collecting funds to help the hungry was declared “counter-revolutionary”, all members including Bishop Paul were arrested and sentenced. Two waters of the Head of the All-Russian Central Military Commission of M.I. Kalinin (1st February 27, 1922) to the Samara Gubvikonkomu with permission to allow religious organizations to engage in helping the hungry were left without evidence. Thus, the local authorities ignored both the proposals of the churchmen and other higher structures.

The rulers must completely protect the churches and help the starving people until the cruel year of 1922. she collected over 8 million 926 thousand rubles, including jewelry, gold coins and food aid for the hungry.

Well, all the attempts of the church to find options for a compromise with the power in the right to a vigorous fight against hunger grew stronger based on the power, the basis for the votes of 1918. principles of mutual relations between the proletarian state and the church. Step by step, church initiatives sprang up, and they spent one position after another. The next day, the Church Committee was closed and all collected valuables were transferred to the Central Committee of the Pomgol.

With this order, the church created the basis of voluntary cooperation with the state in the fight against hunger. What Vladimir needed was not an ally church, but an adversary church. Then, perhaps, the idea was born to eradicate famine as a reason for the destruction of the church. It is important to keep in touch with these followers, who are important, because the acquisition of church values was conceived as a major problem with hunger. Fueled by the people's desperation, it was possible to call the church in the sanctuaries of thousands of lives, incite anger towards the church and lead to the need for expropriation of its values on the people consume. Whose sense of hunger is the greatest drive. Understanding that the people will not allow their churches to be plundered and bloodshed will not be allowed to occur, it will be possible to blame the church and the victorious state for its destitution in the bloodshed. The shot was fired in Shuya to sound as a signal before a new “class battle” begins. Only then does it become reasonable to protect the church from taking its part in the fight against hunger.

The development of nutrition about the development of church values was carried out along two lines - behind the party and behind the Christian, the differences between which from church nutrition have not yet manifested themselves so clearly, although they appeared already at the preparatory stage. The same “religious foods” were given to the People’s Commissariat of Justice VIII (from 1922 to V). His job included work between powers and denominations: coordination of the work of central and local authorities, preparation of regulations that regulate the activities of religious organizations, as well as The battle with the destruction of legislation on stumps. Indications and clarifications regulated the entire order of practical nutrition related to the decree on the strengthening of the church from the state and schools from the church. In the localities, under the provincial committees, they acted or confirmed the implementation of the decree; in some provinces, there were commissions from church records. Undeterred by the failure of the NKVS, the GPU concentrated on the “religious nutrition” in their hands, V gave the People’s Commissariat of Justice, having lost their knowledge of the implementation of church policy, although the details were further moving away, transforming into expert advice advisory body

The Presidium and Secretariat of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Center took care of the cultural nutrition. The party bodies concentrated on anti-religious propaganda, which was dealt with by the Committee under the Agitation and Propaganda Committee of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) (Agitpropotdil). The Central Committee of the RCP(b) was primarily concerned with its ideological side. But for the beginning of the last period, it was characterized by equality between these bodies in the world leading to the formation of a sovereign course in line with the pre-church. The campaign for the acquisition of church values became the watershed that initiated the major influx of the party and the GPU-OGPU into the church politics of the Radian state.

The functions between the two heads of power in the development of church values were initially strictly separated. L.D. Trotsky undertook to “forgive” and organize the “religious nutrition” of the party-Chekist control, and he was responsible for the underhanded preparation of the campaign. Another 11 leaves fell, 1921. L.D. Trotsky was recognized as “responsible for consolidation and speedy work in search of foreign exchange reserves regardless of his activities,” and later - Specially Authorized Radnarkom in the area of concentration of values. G.D. Bazilevich became the intercessor of the especially important one. L.D. Trotsky was responsible for a significant scale of work: banks, warehouses, warehouses, then closed monasteries and churches, then museums, palaces, gardens. The work initially “behind the grain”, and then from the development of the values of the church, the organizational basis and the nature of the ongoing campaign have a lot to do with the efforts of L.D. Trotsky. We are constantly working with the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) until the “acceleration” of the exchange of values. So, 12 Sichnya 1922 r. L.D. Trotsky telegraphed to V.I. Lenin about forcing the export of valuables from the monasteries and asking him to recognize a politically prepared and authoritative comrade for this plot.

The preparation of the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission on the procedure for the acquisition and presentation of church values was entrusted to the “central trio” - one of the most important bodies under the leadership of L.D. Trotsky at the warehouse of representatives of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission (P.P. Lebedev), the People's Commissariat stu (P.A. Krasikov) that Agitprop department of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) (L.S. Sosnovsky).

27 breasts 1921 b. the decree of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee “On the values of churches and monasteries” was issued, and literally 5 days later - 2 June 1922, at a meeting of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee a decree was adopted “On the liquidation of the church lane” and a decree on the dissolution of the museum may on. All the “colossal” values of churches and monasteries were divided into three parts based on their historical-mystical and material meanings: Mayno, which has historical-mystical significance and contributes to Weddill’s idea on the right x museums and burials of monuments of history and antiquity of the People's Commissariat of Education (Golovmuz) N.I.Trotskaya; Mainly, material values that extend the vision to Gokhran; Mainly every-day character. The decree transferred Obov'yazkov's fate from the campaign for the training of representatives to the Golovmuseum. At the provincial level, supervision of the campaign was entrusted to the local government bodies of the Rad.

At the same time, the mechanism of transfer of valuables at Gokhran was broken down to the finest details. 14 June 1922 A telegram was sent to local committees, and on June 23, 1922. the instructions given to him for the implementation of the collection of values have been confirmed. For the collection, collection and distribution of valuables to the Gokhran, regardless of what kind of treasures they were stored in (museums, warehouses of the Cheka and Gubernia provinces, closed monasteries, etc.), commissions were created in the provinces for the purpose of concentration of values in Gubernia Economic Committees under the heads of the Governor of the Federal District of the Federal District of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Peredgubcheka, Gubvoenkom. The Commission was entrusted with the utmost care and attention to the “unknown buildings” and the current transportation of valuables from the Gokhran.

A special procedure was carried out during the confiscation of the values of closed monasteries: the values were obtained by the Commission in favor of the Veddiles of the Gubrad Administration for the obligatory presence of representatives of the Gubyust, the Gubernia Museum and the Central Eurasian Expert Commission to the Golovmuseum at the time of handing over the valuables to Derzhobury.

The instructions carefully described the process of packing and folding descriptions. Gold and silver were felt individually from the precise meaning of the skin. Values were destroyed only by mail, passenger and freight trains, obviously, so as not to gain special respect. To protect the values of the Commission, the right was given to the Chief of the Garrison to see the cadets and the most important red army soldiers. At the time of acquisition of valuables, a telegram was given in code from the Gokhran to G.D. Bazilevich indicating the number of the train, the carriage and the hour of departure. After arriving in Moscow, the senior officer quietly phoned to inform Gokhran about the vantage’s arrival. It was pretty clear that special wagons containing valuables are not subject to any kind of scrutiny by any organ.

In this way, from the beginning of the adopted documents, the interests of the cult were addressed, although in a truncated appearance, objects of an everyday nature were kept behind the church. This half-decision was based on the dissatisfied views of opponents of the harsh option for exchanging values. L.D. Trotsky, a follower of the extreme position, who, having rushed to hoard all the gold of the church, not intending to restrain himself on such a decision, forced the preparation of the decree, urging the members of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee: “It seems necessary for me to prepare and the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee on the procedure for the acquisition and presentation of church values ". , about the order of their centralization and the establishment of a special sovereign system for special purposes for the needs of the hungry (bread, porridge, grain, etc.) (mail telegram dated 9 February 1922).

The provisions that formed the basis of the decree were reviewed by the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission at a meeting on February 16, 1922. In addition to the decree about the acquisition of the museum mine, the Council of Ministers spoke about the monthly term “to extract from the church mines, transferred from the collection of religious groups of all religions for inventories and gold, wood and stone, the acquisition of which is not possible the interests of the cult itself will be reflected, and transferred to the authorities People's Commissariat of Finance with special assignments to the Fund of the Central Commission to help the hungry.”

In each province, a Commission was created at the warehouse of representatives of the Gubernia Committee, the Gubernia Committee and the Gubernia Finance Department under the leadership of one of the members of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee with the method of systematically carrying out the exchange, precise expression and transfer of values. Most churches have few access to a special fund for the church and donate exclusively to the needs of the hungry. About all the values and their expenditure of the Central Committee, the following periodically publish reports in the press.

During the negotiations on the decree, the struggle between supporters of different approaches before the campaign was carried out over several points, and attempts were made to reach a compromise. It is necessary to confirm the point of the resolution about the possibility of replacing valuables in wine deposits on an equal basis with the amount of gold and silver in other coins and coins. Prote the remaining option to the decree, having been adopted at the hour of the meeting on February 16, 1922. paragraph. Someone asked about giving away all (!) expensive items. After this, the church adopted another important position - a decree excluding the fate of the clergy at the hour of execution. There was an excess of obligatory persecution of groups of believers, some of whom had church costs.

Thus, the adopted decree on the acquisition of church values dated February 23, 1922. practically ensuring that the church participates in the organization of the distribution of valuables, prohibiting the replacement of expensive items that may be used in “divine services” with an equivalent amount of gold and wood. The voluntary nature of the donation of the church lane was replaced by the Primus, and the rapist - by confiscation.

Following the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission, the Central Committee Pomgol and the People's Commissariat of Justice, instructions were issued on the procedure for the acquisition of church values as of February 23, 1922. (published on February 28, 1922). The provincial commissions for the acquisition of church values, established by decree, can ask all local councils for certified copies of descriptions and agreements with groups of believers from whom the churches were transferred. From these descriptions, the rigor of the study was established, and the main focus was on the richest temples, monasteries, synagogues, etc., the values of which were imported to us in advance, without considering the need for all the descriptions in the province. After this, the day and hour of the conquest was announced, 3-5 representatives were called from among those who were in possession of documents and descriptions, certainly old – up to 1917. Before the work of the Commission, the districts had local Vikoncoms as special representatives of the Finnish and Pogolovs. The creation of a special apparatus was not transferred to the liberation campaign, but the victorious apparatus of the Gubkomov and Ukomov, and the commission of the concentration of values, as such.

When compiling a description of the items that were obtained, all items from gold, wood and precious stones were accurately described, packaged according to instructions dated 23 September 1922, in whose presence a member in the commission, representatives of the believers were listed in church records and entered into a special protocol, what a stink they signed. . If any item was not detected, a special protocol was formed and passed on to the following authorities. There is little right to introduce before the protocol their respect and prohibition to confiscate items, without any kind of religious service it was impossible, and their replacement with other less valuable ones. All collections were sent to the Povit or Provincial Financial Departments for distribution to the Gokhran. The fruitful realization of values in the vicinity was not allowed. The local committees are required to submit once a month to the Central Committee of the Pomgol reports on the received items and monthly reports for publication in newspapers. The provincial commissions were obliged to publish transfers of valuables taken from local churches and monasteries.

Later, the Roboch-Rural Inspectorate tried its part in the campaign for the expropriation of church values. People's Commissar A.D. Tsuryupa issued a circular dated January 27, 1922, which specified the procedure for the participation of RKI bodies in the administration and introduced a clause about the method of packaging valuables. Ale Bureau of the Central Commission for the acquisition of church values by decree of the 10th quarter of 1922. The RKI issued a circular due to the fact that the order of execution was determined directly by the Central Committee of the RCP (b), and the organs of the RKI were not specified. The Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) decided to try to give the campaign the gift of church values to anyone, especially to control them.

After the decree came out, a vigorous propaganda campaign began. Directive of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to all Gubernia Committees dated February 23, 1922. This was the main goal: to bring the incited movement of the important workers and rural masses to the promotion of education to the level of the people, “so that in the first place there would not be a water factory, the water plant would not accept” a decision from their food." The Central Committee of the RCP (b) From the villages of the starving provinces In the Volga region, it is time to send a delegation of villagers and workers to Moscow, so that, in the name of the hungry, we can promote the delivery of “protected” values.

The newspapers kept escalating the situation and described the fears of famine. The press was called upon to set a huge mood against the church, with the obvious method of revealing that it was not indicative of the suffering of millions of starving people. Tim himself was preparing a second blow - not only to confiscate from the church all the valuables that have been collected and preserved for centuries, but to blame her for the famine, for the failure of power to fall into trouble.

Patriarch Tikhon's reaction to the decree was obvious. Still 19 fierce 1922 r. At the time of preparation of the decree, Patriarch Tikhin closed the beasts, in which he confirmed the decision that would ensure the collection of items necessary for the hungry and the conservation of church objects necessary for the administration of the cult, which is valuable in secret cultural significance: creating costs “in the subject of speeches”. , which is the essence of liturgical experience."

For a long time, the Church has been plagued by wickedness, which is used in liturgical practice. From that gold, chalices were prepared - chalices for the communion of the Orthodox, fonts - vessels for baptism, baptism. The chapels are intended for the communion of all paraphions in the temple, and the fonts are small enough to reach the significant value. The most beautiful icons have always been in gold, silver or gilded vestments - metal coverings, which made the face of the saint and his hands invisible. The rhizi were decorated with pearls, diamonds cut in a special way (the so-called Trojans), sapphires and other expensive stones. Expensive frames framed signs for the divine service of the gospel and psalms. The silver was traditionally preserved for cancer, where holy relics were preserved. The Patriarch insisted on saving such precious speeches for the church, without which it would be impossible to carry out the cult. Suddenly the church was ready to go along with the might of the rulers and give up part of the money that was not intended for worship. These could have been various church decorations, embellishments, pendants, etc.

Therefore, Patriarch Tikhin allowed partial exile, indicating the limit to what compromises were possible, otherwise the church could not leave, otherwise the church canons would be violated. This type of action from the side of the church was praised by the Central Committee of Pomgol. However, this day the Drukars’ contribution to the decree was already being prepared and the supply of church gold was placed in advance. And the position of the patriarch, who conveyed the feasibility of the private building of a church bathhouse for the sake of the hungry, was victorious against him. Having allowed the publication of the message of Patriarch Tikhon on February 19, 1922, the government quickly moved to organize sharp attacks on the church workers on the pages of local newspapers, calling on them to help the starving people. m.

These rulers cried out in extreme shock to Patriarch Tikhon, for whom the Saints were not so important to consider the tragedy of the situation. Having thrown up the image, from the list to M.I.Kalinin on February 25, 1922. The patriarch called on the authorities to resist such an uncontested decision that threatens with untransferable inheritances. If Tikhon tried to avoid the inevitable conflict, it was assumed that the “Black Hundred clergy” were trying to steal church property.

That same Patriarch Tikhin issued his message on February 28, 1922, condemning the decree as an “act of sacrilege”: “From the point of view of the Church, such an act is an act of sacrilege... We allowed, considering extremely difficult circumstances, the possibility of donating church objects in, not sanctified We do not urge the faithful children of the Church to make such sacrifices, more than one, so that the sacrifice of a loving heart for the needs of our neighbor would truly provide real help to our suffering brothers, but we cannot praise and voluntarily donations of sacred objects and donations for liturgical purposes are protected by the canons of the Universal Church and are punished by Her as sacrilege...”

With this order, by decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on February 23, 1922. Vlada not only threw out all the attempts of the church to come to the aid of the hungry, did not even reduce its material basis, but turned everything against the church. It became clear that the position of the authorities that had emerged did not bring light to the church. The decision to take values as a priority influenced the conflict between the believers and the powers. The Patriarch of Reasons, who was shocked by the war. Vlada fully demonstrated her God-fighting essence.

The position of Patriarch Tikhon was shared by decree with the majority of Orthodox believers. Birch on the cob 1922 r. The people of Moscow dean gathered together with Archbishop Nikandr (Fenomenov) of Krutitsky, where the bestial work of Patriarch Tikhon was heard and praised. Archbishop Nikandr ordered the dean to hold parafaials, informing them of the brutality of the patriarch and clarifying the unacceptability of extortion. The parishioners began to make decisions directly against the extortion of values; the laity organized themselves into squads for the protection of churches.

In the most popular opinion about church gold, the possibility of a compromise between the Bolshovite regime and the church was undermined by the government’s abrupt exit from the spivratiya with the church in order to help the hungry, which resulted in the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on exile church values, which are held by the corrupt groups of believers, from 23 years old. The struggle over praise for the decree ended with the overcoming of the supporters of the harsh line from the church and the violent extortion of its values. M.I.Kalinin will be confirmed. The relevant goals of the decree - the fight against the church, were veiled, the campaign of confiscation of valuables was portrayed as an attempt to help the hungry. Ale champion of extreme decisions L.D. Trotsky became dissatisfied. He needed absolute control over the situation, the utmost control of the party leadership over all bodies involved in organizing and conducting the campaign. It is better to call the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission against the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and especially with it the residual text of the decree, since the decree was issued independently of the progress of the preparation of the campaign, since the All-Russian Central Military Commission has broken down everything in order to seize campaign and evaluate the decree as a “single shot, ahead of the pops about the need for preparation before the attack." And to be honest, the archives did not reveal any traces of compliance with the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). L.D. Trotsky wanted more decisive approaches. І nezabarom - from the cob-mid bereznya 1922 r. - the party moved to a large-scale campaign for the dissemination of church values, and denied the ability to truly implement its plan.

The end of the campaign began on January 11, 1922. the affirmations of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) the proposals of L.D. Trotsky, the generous creation of a special shock of the Moscow Commission from the acquisition of church valuables from the warehouse: member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee T.V. Sapronov (head), first patron of the Head of the GPU I.S.Unshlikht ( intercessor) or the head of the Moscow provincial branch of the GPU F.D. Medved, R.S. Samoilova-Zemlyachka and pop-frocked M.V. Galkin. This decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) implemented L.D. Trotsky’s desire to establish strict party control over the commissions of the fortress, the administration of the entire campaign, distributed from various departments. The order of the previously created commission on the part of L.D. Trotsky with the participation of the GPU and the prosecutor's office, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission by decree of February 23, 1922. created its own commission from representatives of the Central Committee of the Pomgol, the heads of the Gubernia Economic Committees and the Gubernia Finance Committees. Against this, a new “secret strike” with a “hepeushny” warehouse was launched. She was called upon in secret to immediately prepare the political, organizational and technical backing of the campaign. The strict terms of the campaign were determined - “in fact, the gains will begin a little during the new month and will then end in the short term.” Within a few days, a compromise solution will be found, but in the meantime, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission, the Presidium of Mosradi and the Central Committee of the Central Committee will recognize the commission as “unified in this matter and to assist in any way.” Prote, the real structure of the civil liberation campaign was kept under wraps, the commission that was being created was “completely secret.” A screen was put in place to cover this activity by Pomgol: “formal training from Moscow is underway from the Central Committee of Pomgol, de Sapronov is the mother of his adopted anniversary.”

Dopoviduchi 12 Bereznya 1922 r. To V.I. Lenin about the inactivity of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission, L.D. Trotsky wrote, “that practically nothing has been obtained from the church.” The situation was corrected by the decisions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) that were praised in advance. Preparations for the military training, in the opinion of L.D. Trotsky, will not be carried out “in such a manner that it would take place without political complications.” At a critical moment, L.D. Trotsky, having allowed himself to gain representatives of the clergy who “stand for the struggle and support against the patriarch,” I am in the respect of the renovationists. This idea was successfully developed, supported by the renewalist movement and the Nazis on the henchmen of Patriarch Tikhon. Of particular importance was given to the campaign in the capital, and “as soon as things went well in Moscow, then in the provinces the food supply would take care of itself.” At the same time, little work is being done to prepare the robot in Petrograd. Feeling the significance of the war, L.D. Trotsky paid attention to the fact that the work is still closed in monasteries, museums, and monasteries and is far from being completed, but “the largest kind of work.” It turned out that after the requisition of church wealth, the transfer for silver would amount to 525 thousand poods.

It was planned to tell the story until the 11th anniversary of the RCP (b), which was scheduled for February 27 - April 2, 1922. Tom in encrypted, straightened 12 Bereznya 1922 r. at the meeting signed by the Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) V.M. Molotov, it was necessary to go through all the visits before the delegates brought reports and materials about the values in the churches i monasteries, and about the progress of their training.

When it’s time to eat, take a look at the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) at its meeting on February 13, 1922. and recorded in the protocol of two short series of decisions, it opened a new turn in the entire history of the relationship between the Radian rule and the church: the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) agrees with L.D. Trotsky about the temporary dismissal of the “radyansky” part of the clergy to Pomgol’s organs in connection with the extortion of church values. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the GPU will move to active work with the renewalist movement so that it is initiated and stimulated by the church schism for the further collapse of the church in the middle. Such a choice was made by Vlada immediately. Once the ephemeral nature of the plans for the liquidation of religion and the church in one fell swoop is realized, and in the middle of the church the problems that have accumulated have become even worse, and renewal has actively manifested itself, at the top there is a simple principle of “share and feed”, and d Yaky L.D. Trotsky pіdvede " historical and philosophical". theoretical basis ". His idea about the split of the church during the revolution in numerous theoretical papers, practical decisions and on the right. The resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) dated 13 February 1922 - the first "brush" thrown by the authorities at the innovations.

The initiator of the term presentation of the renewal at the meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was the same L.D. Trotsky, who sent a note to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) before the meeting dated 12 February 1922. . A telegram had arrived earlier from Petrograd from Privorotsky, who was convinced of the values of Privorotsky, informing about the achievements of the joint meeting of the commission with representatives of the clergy (the Onovlentsy) for which the clergy were obliged to comply with Until the voluntary surrender of values under mental control. Privorotsky was favored by his position in the center. It was necessary to show up.

L.D. Trotsky emphasized the admission of modernists to the Pomgol’s organs and propounded the entire strategy during the period of splitting the clergy from a specific nutritional and cultural values. Before the execution, it was planned to separate the clergy from the different sides of the baricades. L.D. Trotsky noted that “the fragments of the food of the hosts, those fragments of this soil can and may take on even a host character.” It was obvious for the authorities to introduce the reformists before the end of the year in order to remove suspicion and doubt about the value that was being requisitioned and wasted not on the needs of the hungry. The proposal of L.D. Trotsky found support among members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b).

At the same time, the work of organizing the acquisition of church values from the GPU began to actively develop, and the first meeting about the campaign was announced on January 8, 1922. The decree issued was issued without the “saw eye” of this department, so that all forward and future developments will be concentrated in their hands on the right from the separation of the church from the state, the split and destruction of the church. The Prote GPU was hesitant to call on maternity leave and to inform him that it was necessary to carry out the training carefully. Aware of the possible consequences of the campaign and the need for further serious “brainwashing”, the GPU tried to pull out the beginnings of practical training before retrieving the results of the agitation. In connection with this, the GPU launched a broad propaganda program by the Central Committee of the RCP(b): The provincial committees were encouraged to see the best practitioners who demanded that their interests be reported about the achievements of the Central Commission; the editors of all newspapers were ordered to publish articles about nutrition; Before this, the robots planned to obtain the GPU apparatus; The Gubernia Committee relied on the organization of evidence-disputes from the participation of groups of believers and from the mobilization of all party forces; It was recommended to widely highlight the camp of the starving provinces by organizing textile exhibitions, cinematographs, etc. etc. Thus, after the reversal of the first results of the suppression of the Central Committee of the Pomgol, it was immediately possible to send food routes to the starving provinces, widely informing the population about the bread taken away by the way of implementing church values. The propaganda was carried out even if it was a little forgiving in nature, but it could have been fake, since it was playing up the biggest problems.

In the first days there was a birth in 1922. The provincial commissions were assigned to work for the acquisition of church values.

In the regions of Moscow and the Moscow province, under the presidencies of the Vikonkom, subcommittees were created to ensure the organization of the export of valuable speeches from churches. From the point of view of the disaggregation of the “Rules and procedure for the operation of district and povitovyh subcommittees for the acquisition of church values”, the Head or a member of the Presidium of Rayradi (for the Moscow region) or Vikonkomu (for the povyt) were included in the viduvach fіnddilu, representative of Pomgol and viddіlu. In modern terms, the commission rarely presented church inventories, which resulted in the establishment of the evil spirit of the fortress. “The rules...” were passed on to the perseverance of the work in many churches, monasteries, synagogues, etc. .

The organization of the meeting of the commission of the Moscow province took place on February 14, 1922. at the warehouse of T.V. Sapronov, P.A. Krasikov, A.M. Vinokurov, representative of the Narkomfin in the Small Radnarkom G.M. Galkin, F.D.Vedmedya and editor of the newspaper "Moscow Robotnik" I.M.Stukov. We found out that the commission has jurisdiction over Moscow. Within the framework of the commission, a technical subcommittee was established, which was tasked with developing a technical training plan within a 4-day period. The meeting confirmed the instructions on the procedure for the work of district and district committees, which necessarily included representatives of the party government - the District Committee and the Ukom of the RCP (b). It was decided to ask the Moscow Committee of the Party to issue a secret circular to the Party about the care of placing poor rural churches, especially in disadvantaged areas, which, if possible, would not disturb such churches. This decision demonstrated one of the cautious approaches of the authorities before the campaign - an attempt to avoid attacking the main body of temples, without causing excesses. The evidence of different approaches from this nutrition has led to obvious super-eternity in the positions of power. Regarding the ransom and fate of the faithful, the Pomgolia Commission determined unequivocally: the ransom of church supplies with bread and food at any time is not allowed, in case of guilt, exchange for equal items is allowed.

The Moscow Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) promptly began work on March 14, 1922, and decided to flare up an anti-religious campaign on March 19, 1922.

However, having launched the campaign and planning to carry it out in the short term, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) is planning to change tactics in the coming days. The first results will demonstrate the impossibility of taking the church gold with a “cavalry attack” and demonstrate the success of the plan before the campaign. Moscow is rejecting a whole new level of alarm.

Extremely dissatisfied with the GPU’s assessments of the mood of the villagers of the Tambov province: in the Blagomsky district, they ignited the Commission from the force, in one of the villages of the district, the villagers and the clergy praised the decision to beat the head of the Commission . There was such distrust of the government that in the Lipetsk region the villagers decided to give up their values to the patriarch and themselves organized a special commission that would exchange the values for bread and distribute it among the starving. In the Likhvinsky district of the Kaluzka province, villagers are committing lynching over the upgrading of values and the policeman. Be the first to be informed about the opening of villagers in the Taruska district of Kaluzka province, and a ban will be sent to strangle them. An alarming situation occurred in Novgorod, Cherepovets, Yaroslavl, Kharkov and other provinces.

The situation in the capital was unfavorable. At a number of parishes, priests preached anti-order sermons. Everywhere, parish meetings adopted resolutions against the exile and letters of protest were sent to the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission. A significant part of the protests is small, one text, apparently raised at the meetings of deans, which interprets extortion as sacrilege, in contrast to the greatest image. Most of the protests were signed by the heads of parish councils, although there were also signatures from priests. This was obviously connected with the order of the member of the Holy Synod, Bishop Seraphim, to directly protest against the disciplining not in the name of the clergy, but in the name of the parishioners, a remnant of the Radian legislation about the cult of the value of the church was the power of groups of believers. Having paid tribute to the organization of Professor Yukhimov, the protest of the Orthodox community to the Church of the Resurrection in Kadashi was signed by 833 paraffians, including workers from the Mints factory. Behind the data of the GPU, among those who signed the protests, the labor workers were poorly represented, although at the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee there was a protest with 174 signatures of the labor workers and service workers of the Moscow state-owned Goznak factories. In this situation, respect has been gained, fragments in distant places, the fact of the participation of robot workers in the opposition to the anti-church policies of the government will be recorded, in spite of the oppressions of the GPU to capture him. Confirming to F.D. Medved about the situation in Moscow, the 6 departments of the Secret Branch of the Moscow Gubernia branch of the GPU M.M. Shmelov confirmed the isolation of the initiators and organizers of the protests and submitted a list from 26 individuals, including priests.

In the intelligence information department of the 6th branch of the GPU, a miraculous episode was indicated. Before Patriarch Tikhon, a delegation from Vishny Volochok, Tver province, appeared with prayers to bless the believers for replacing church values with bread for the hungry. The Patriarch sent a delegation to M.I. Kalinin, not finding anyone, the delegates turned to his intercessor P.G. Smidovich. The rest gave a very ostentatious testimony: “what is needed is not bread, but gold.” In connection with this, the Holy Synod was told that the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on the acquisition of church values was transferred not at all to helping the hungry, but other goals, about which the church had little voice to the people.

Aware of the inevitability of the evil that is attacking the Church, Patriarch Tikhon in the publication of 15 February 1922. in the "Izvestia of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee" they called on the Commission from the acquisition under Pomgol with "diligent care" to be taken until the liquidation of the valuable mine", an artistic point of view of liturgical objects. At the same time, the patriarch survived, so the church does not exist such a quantity of gold that the sum was raised from the sale of church objects will not be as significant as the Bolsheviks expect.

Until the middle of 1922, in this way, the extermination was practically carried out on the same scale as planned by L.D. Trotsky. Vlada everywhere carried out preparations for the work, the acquisition of values and negotiations with believers, at which point it became obvious that it would not be possible to take values from great places without resorting to violent approaches.

Examining the real situation, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) at its meeting on February 16, 1922. It was concluded that “the organization on the right has not yet prepared for the acquisition of church values.” There was a dilemma: what a long way to go. Be content with little, then make voluntary sacrifices, compromise with the church and gain strength. Neither the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), nor the members of the government authorities had an unequivocal thought. Ale has not yet hurried to stop Vlad’s violence. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) praised the fact that all important actions have been taken forward. T.V. Sapronov was entrusted with feeding L.D. Trotsky’s idea about the organization of the Central Commission from the acquisition of church values under the leadership of M.I. Kalinin, the warehouse and further work, after which to carry it through the Central Committee of Pomgol.

The damn harsh directives from the campaign were strengthened by the Commission in the form of a concentration of values at the meeting of 20 February 1922. with the participation of the main action figures of the campaign, which is gaining momentum: L.D. Trotsky, M.I. Kalinin, G.D. Bazilevich, A.A. N.Vinokurova, I.S.Unshlikhta and others. The terms for the acquisition of values from the churches of the capital were separated by the time of the party congress, and the provinces were established according to the year by the delegates to the congress. The adage came to the point: where there is no risk of excesses, there is a surplus to be gained; where the preparation of the work was insufficient and there was a risk of excesses - delay the training until the party congress, and delegates from the Central Commission at the same time, based on church values, establish the necessary terms. With this agitrobot it was necessary to chew through it. The installation was repeated about the beginning of the actual training in front of the village's rich churches and about the care of the poor village parishes. Particular attention was attached to the situation in Petrograd, where the requisition of church wealth generated “special urgency and energy.” All circulars of the Golovmuseum for the collection of valuables from churches followed the Bureau of the Central Commission.

The press was punished to “give more frank and open expression to the voice” of the priests, opponents of Patriarch Tikhon, and also to give material from the theft of valuables by the clergy. Under the Bureau of the Central Commission, a so-called literary commission was created to supply the press with necessary material, and the final censorship of all materials was placed in the hands of P.A. Krasikov, M.V. Galkin and the intercessor of the governor. to the Agitprop Department of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) Y.A.Yakovlev .

The GPU was entrusted with ensuring safe passage to Moscow for loyal priests calling for justice, as well as preparing material for the arrest of the most active opponents of the clergy and the laity. The Moscow Commission was ordered to cancel the obvious votes and signatures of workers during protests at the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee. Now the reason for the “weak representation” of robot workers has become clear. For propaganda purposes, G.D. Bazilevich needed to seize the property already taken from the church, in short, to make purchases for them for the hungry and “publish widely about it” from the press. All expenses spent on carrying out the planned visits were covered for the calculation of the costs of government departments, except the above-mentioned expenses were covered for the rate of additional expenses, which are seen by the Central Commission from the acquisition of church ceremonies nnostnosti.

Within a few days the road will take a new turn. In the meantime, Moscow is overwhelmed by propaganda hysteria. All forces of the Agitprop Department of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) were mobilized, becoming the RKSM. The work was carried out among the workers, first of all the largest enterprises, and the Red Army. A special campaign was organized by the editorial office of Robotnikov Moscow, and leaflets and other propaganda materials were prepared.

The main effort was put into staging the gathering. In Moscow, 358 collections were held, and in the districts of the Moscow province – 157. Together with the agitators, delegates from the starving regions – villagers, “about whom it is clear that they are truly philanderers of the forcible”, and reformist priests – were directly present at the assembly. After evidence of the extent of the deprivation and the help that was expected to be insufficient, the guilty party was forced to confess to the confiscation of the church’s gold for the benefit of the hungry and adopt a similar resolution. However, the perceived uniformity and praise of the government did not come out.

There were no great incidents, but the witchcraft of various enterprises in Moscow was guarded until the end. For example, 110 collections were held in the Chervono-Presnensky district, 90 of which went well, but in 20 it was not possible to pass the necessary resolution. At the “Geo-physics” of Sokolnitsky district, those present said: “You have issued a decree and convict, there is nothing to feed us.” The assemblies at the Danilivsky Manufactory were hectic: one worker named a priest who would speak at the assemblies for bribery. At a meeting of students of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the 1st State University, 50 voted for the resolution, 20 voted against, and 700 voted against. The Mensheviks carried out active agitation against the exile. Butikov's factory threw a resolution at the menschovik's head, declaring: "We certainly won't rob the church."

The head of food, which was the greatest benefit to those present in the factories and factories, and not without prejudice, is the amount of gold that was obtained from the starving people. More often, the following thoughts were voiced: “All religious workers and villagers are not against the acquisition of church values, but there is no doubt about wasting these values on the hungry and helping them.” It was quite reasonably stated that a hungry person does not need gold, he needs bread, and how you can buy bread outside the border for koshti, which were exchanged for currency, as the bourgeois lands are trained in witchcraft to Radian Russia. It was not clear to the workers that it was obvious - “why the order does not agree with the actions of the church so that the church itself can help the starving people in power... The church is strengthened as a power, so that we can overcome the costs.” Lunali also vimogi dati zvit - “where the gold of the banks went, all the gold of the Kremlin.” There were also radical statements: “If you want to take over Russia, then go, because you cannot be indignant... Go out of power, let others, like all those starving, go hungry...” There were episodes, if the presence of spirits did not help ness. At the Bakhrushinsky hospital in the Sokolnitsky district, where Priest V.D. Kalinovsky gave a special testimony, the resolution on the dissemination of the gospel was not promulgated, and threats were made at the priest’s address.

In the Rogozko-Simonovsky district of Moscow, a leaflet “Where does the church gold go” was spreading, which openly called forcible looting, which had nothing to do with the current problem of hunger. To prove this, the authors of the leaflet pointed to the words of N.I. Trotskaya, said to I.E. Grabar: “...You have nothing but papirians, and you think that the stink is needed in Genoa. It is necessary to create a new revolutionary foundation, about how many people With gold we can reach the recognition of our dominion.”

Let us know Bishop Antonin (Granovsky), on whom the great hopes of the right split of the church rested, having anticipated that the orderly approach to the destruction of church values for the needs of the hungry does not resonate with the Orthodox population, which is not what they believe I really don’t want to help the government fight against hunger. Religious conscience protects them from giving value, and this includes the fact that these masses do not smear every day before the extinguishment of which the entire approach is carried out. Believers boasted that church values can serve other purposes, alien to the hearts.”

Comprehensive reports about the conduct of the campaign, activists of the Agitprop Department of the MK RKP(b) explained the main reason for the failure of the collection of the “non-working warehouse” of enterprises and the revaluation of women. However, having attempted to expand this propaganda myth, the authorities taught themselves, immediately pointing out that such enterprises as the locomotive mines of Mykolayivska and Kazanskaya Zaliznytsya, the foolishness of the assertion about the “re-importance” of wives is obvious. The right reasons - the witchcraft set before the looting of temples, of course, got lost.

The gatherings that took place in the districts of the Moscow province demonstrated the same pre-violence. The workers of the Yakhroma factory in Dmitry district said that they “protest against the Primus selection of church values, because everything selected is not worth it and only a hundredth of the money collected goes to help the hungry, the amount of gold and everything "Values will be used as payment for the royal borgs." The villagers of the village of Saburovo, Moscow district, did not allow the agitator to speak, and, “having touched the butt of his gold teeth, they indicated that the value would go to the gold teeth of the communists.”

Following the message of Patriarch Tikhon on February 28, 1922, who openly called out before the end of the church funeral, Archbishop Nikandr (Phenomenov) issued similar orders to the dean of the Moscow Diocese: “Values are not in Please, do not elect representatives of the Radian government from the commission from obtaining its representatives for extortion, to show up to all independent members of the community to stand up for the church lane.” A prominent spiritual figure of the church, Bishop Hilarion of Vereisky (Troitsky), spoke directly against the plunder of churches.

In parallel with this, paralegal meetings were held everywhere, which praised the values not to be seen, but to be replaced with pennies, or food. In many churches, behind the establishment of the GPU, there was open agitation against extortion. Thus, the priest of the Church of Ivan the Warrior near Zamoskvorichya Kh. Nadezhdin, during the hour of the sermon, called for the opposition to the policy of the Radyan rule of “expansion of the Russian state.” In the Baumansky district, at the candle factory, among the villagers who were waiting, their emotions widened, so that the authorities would not risk proceeding before the protest, otherwise there might be a protest against the people, and at a meeting of the region’s faithful, a resolution was adopted to protest against the decree of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission. Parishioners of the Church of the Myrrhbearer's Druzhina in the Serpukhiv district voiced that they "take it from those who show up to select church speeches." Two priests of the Church of the Seven Ecumenical Councils 3-4 Bereznya 1922 They walked around their parishioners in their apartments, agitating against the sale of valuables, and as a result of the coming day, paraffin collections praised the values not to be seen, and already on the 6th of March 1922. a lot of valuables have disappeared from the church without a trace.

Vlada was concerned about the campaign’s plans and what was taking shape, as well as the futility of its implementation. Because of the fear that “organizational and instructional work from the acquisition of values from the capital will continue to become obsolete,” L.D. Trotsky sent 29 February 1922. post-telegram to L.B. Kamenev, I.O. and I.S.Unshlikhtu. He spoke of the utmost importance of the “correctness of the training” in Moscow and complained about the employment of those responsible for the campaign of his comrades away. L.D. Trotsky wanted to speed up the preparation of his work in Moscow.

Also, the important role of organizing the campaign for the acquisition of church values in 1922. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) played. Its directives established strict party control over the political, organizational and technical side of the campaign. To carry out decisions in life, the vikorysts used not only the mechanism of the Secretariat, the Organizing Bureau and the Agitprop Department of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), which was agreed upon, but also a special network of commissions was created. The Central Commission for the Extraction of Church Values, which functioned throughout the entire period of the campaign in the spring-summer of 1922, was constantly involved in the acquisitions. In the localities, the campaign was carried out by provincial commission bodies. The commission of all the rulers included representatives of the party and government authorities, law enforcement agencies, justice agencies and the prosecutor's office.

The initial role in all this dissolution was played by the leaders of the party and security forces. The fate of the members of the GPU in the commissions created by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) was symptomatic and meant the strengthening of the role of the punitive body in the implementation of specific tasks of education, and in the designated church policies.

In reality, the party-Chekist campaign took place behind the “screen” of Pomgol. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and its bodies were assigned the role of a guardian, although its leaders (M.I. Kalinin, A.N. Vinokurov) during the campaign had to implement even more practical nutritional training.

The propaganda campaign, which carried out the violence, and its first results demonstrated the war of the population before the anti-church policy of the Bolsheviks, which prompted the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) to carry out a decisive attack on the church and think about the problem the use of force methods. The beginnings of the campaign dragged on. Until 10 April 1922 The propaganda campaign in Moscow ended on April 20, 1922. in the province. The results of the government’s agitation performances appeared as soon as they began the actual dissemination of church values, which flared up in the provinces and districts of Russia since the middle of the war, a little later in Moscow - from 31 ber death 1922, and in Petrograd - 21st April 1922. The violence began with endless bloody battles between the people in power.

The grounds in Shuya occupy a special place in the history of the Radyansky kingdom and the church. Local support in the district town gained the significance of an open anti-government offensive and the first bloodshed during the campaign to seize church values, which became the driver for the Bolsheviks’ attack on the church. The chronicle of Shuya's life is in full view. A more detailed description of what happened and the current actions of the current government will give the key to the rationalization of church policy of the government not only in the chronological period that is going on, but also in the coming decade.

Shuya was one of the factory centers where the textile industry had been around for a long time. They had a special way of life that ruled the industrial villages and places that were based on them, whose residents were engaged in trade and had a high level of ability and literacy. This was one of the most guilty provincial towns in the Volodymyr province, where before the revolution there were 9 churches, a theater, gymnasiums, and a religious school. Shuya was home to a place with a prolific textile industry, military revolutionary past, and, at the same time, local Orthodox traditions, being a center of pilgrimage. At the Resurrection Cathedral, the famous miraculous icon of the Shuisk-Smolensk Mother of God was preserved, which was collected from all over Russia.

One of the popular priests of the place is Pavlo Svitlozarov. Before the revolution, he was richly engaged in beneficial activities. After the early revolution, there were arrests for those who violated the teaching of the Law of God in schools, and the lessons were moved to the Council. At the hour of the Kronstadt uprising, as a politically unfavorable incident, there were sudden arrests. The famine was one of the first to encourage the idea of partial transfer of values from the church to the benefit of the hungry.

Such active development in Shuya has little to do with its history. At the parish meeting for the sake of the Cathedral Church, 26 June 1922. They discussed the issue of “increasing sensitivity among the faithful about the selection of parts of the church lane from the church” and the collection was praised for “collecting necessary materials.” 27 Sep 1922 r. The parish council voted, regardless of the direct statement of the decree published in the local press, about giving a description of the church lane to Vikonkom, without “telling Vikonkom that in an hour since 1919 there were no new additions and victims at the Cathedral. є".

After the decree of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission with the initiative of the clergy of Ivanovo-Voznesensk was issued, a meeting of representatives of parafial councils was called upon, at which it is important to discuss the increase in values in the localities, having previously passed May but for the descriptions, after which take the secret paralegal collections. 2 Bereznya 1922 r. Pavlo Svetozarov called for an emergency meeting for paralegal reasons, because after becoming aware of the decree, he decided to go to Vikonkomu for permission to spend the 12th of February 1922. underground gatherings of believers for the election of members of the Commission.

The affairs of the district government, which obviously did not diverge from the frontal line of the campaign, did not yet allow any special advances to be made. 3 Bereznya 1922 r. By decree of Shuisky, the Vikonsky was created a provincial commission for the acquisition of church values under the supervision of A.N.Vitsin. The work was planned to be published from the proletarian areas, where the best churches were located. In many churches, it was necessary to immediately check the inventory of the church lane. The head of the Provincial Department of the GPU, D.I. Shorokhov, made an optimistic forecast of the situation in the province and underestimated the danger that threatened: “... it was explained through information that when the decree was carried out, the values of special values among the believers were not "will be." The forecast turned out to be correct and later the entire province was transformed into a military tabir.

Starting from now on, Pavlo Svetlozarov began to enter into operations in order to hide the most valuable items from confiscation. The Resurrection Cathedral was striking with its richness of internal decoration, its mass of gold and silver embellishments. The Bolsheviks stood to profit. For evidence O.M. Vitsina, 6 Bereznya 1922 r. (behind other dates, 7 February 1922) at the hour of the Sunday of the Resurrection Cathedral for the compilation of a description of values, the commission found Pavel Svetozarov at work from the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God with a simple sacrilege and replacement Others are pearls. At the meeting about the reason for this “re-dressing” of the icon, Pavlo Svetlozarov knew and gave the lizard a confirmation. The pearl robe was dressed on the icon at the temple sacredly, so the “change of clothes” was an attempt to cover the precious robe from being worn. The priest assured that the commission would not remove the robe from the icon, which was essential for the service. Already at the time of their arrival at the temple, the commission was judged by the clergy unkindly: they were condemning the entry of the Radyan government with orders to destroy the religious cult of believers.

12 Bereznya 1922 r. a meeting was held of the faithful parishioners of the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross under the head of priest Oleksandr Smelchakov and of the Trinity Church under the head of priest Ioann Lavrov, who unanimously praised the representatives of the Commission not to extort from the church the famine You won’t see the good ones, but replace them with a collection of donations. As soon as the resolution was adopted by the faithful, the operative Maximov said: “In good faith, the resolution was adopted by the sense that the selection of church values by Radyanskaya Vlada, we believe, is defrauding the church, repair active support for those who select ". The gatherings at the Resurrection Cathedral were hectic. It was decided not to make any fuss with Vikoncom about replacing them with an alternative purchaser and to make voluntary donations. There was no response from the Vikonian Committee to all the fuss about replacing the costs. The election of members of the commission could not be carried out without another trial. The parishioners reacted with cries of praise to Pavel Svitlozarov’s call to support him and not give away his value.

Coming day 13 Bereznya 1922 r. Masses of people flocked to the Cathedral, the mood was awakening. After the end of the service, the parishioners did not leave, and when the commission went to the Cathedral for work on the 12th anniversary, the people of Zustria with their warlike cries and whistles. When the members of the commission left before the end of the day, the crowd began to hear unnatural cries and huskies at the address of the commission and the Radian government. In response to the proposal of the Head of the Commission A.M. Vitsin to Pavel Svetozarov, to live until the “cleansing” of the church from the awakened mass, the priest declared that we cannot influence the believers, and we also have no right to turn away those who pray from the temple. After the second, said in a more cruel form, the commission of Pavlo Svetozarov turned to the believers, to which cries lulled: “We are not going, don’t let them go, the stars have come.” Bachachi, what kind of minds have been created, the work is impossible, the members of the commission deprived the Council and asked representatives of the believers to come to them for negotiations. After the exit of the commission, Pavlo Svetlozarov held a prayer service before the icon of the Smolensk Mother of God. On Cathedral Square this hour there was a noticeable increase in the threatening gathering of people, whom the police had repeatedly spotted, but they were gathering again. The Church was deprived of the open air of this day.

The commission, together with the requested representatives from the parafians, went to negotiations. But home ownership was not achieved. Then the commission told the believers about personal responsibility for buying people on the square and pressed them on it. The commission announced that the study could be carried out on February 15, 1922. Representatives of the faithful immediately announced that the execution was scheduled for the 15th of March. Until the evening, people became more and more angry, many of whom had lost the ability to bury the Cathedral “in front of the Bolsheviks, so that they wouldn’t rob you at night.”

Bachachi shvidko growing threat of hvilyuvan, Vlada negainly lived until the funeral in order. The Presidium of Vikoncom of the same day, by order No. 8, restored the superordinate military camp in the area. Vlada was actually handed over to the chief of the garrison and the chief of police. Huge illegal gatherings were defended, the individuals who drilled until the robbery were arrested and handed over to the Revolutionary Tribunal. All the ship's certificates of guilt could be examined without the slightest solicitation. The chief of the garrison and the chief of police were obliged to block all entry points, right up to the point of stopping the armor. How little is Vlad afraid of the “fanatically groomed wives” who brought the army into combat readiness! In this manner, the punitive nature of reprisals against peaceful people was established even before the end of March 15, 1922.

The coming day 14 Bereznya 1922 r. - Tuesday is market day at Shuya, they passed calmly, the fragments of power voiced that on this day, the learning of nothing is being carried out with tactful merchandising. The commission did not mark the hour of the day in a calm atmosphere and took into account the value of the synagogue. Among the villagers who came to the market that day, a strong campaign was carried out asking them to show up the next day before the market.

After February 12, 1922, when the paralegal elections took place, there was a sign of “wandering” at the United Manufactory factory. Robotniks were actively discussing the possible transfer of valuables from local churches. According to the declared directorate, established after the 15th February, the women took part in these “group trials”, but there were no active actions on the side of the men. This stereotype, which is widely expressed by the authorities about the importance of fanatically trained women-believers against the campaign for the suppression of church values, has been repeated more than once in the explanations of the authorities of various regions. Ale their power has been confirmed more than once. Frequent tests of the workers of Shu and the decline of work were already completed on the 13th of Birth, 1922, and on the 15th of Birth, 1922. The mass was hovering above. At plant No. 6, a roboticist-turner in the mechanical workshop of Polyakov was at the forefront of his voice, so that “members of the Commission for the acquisition of church values were rushing to the church, and a member of the commission, Comrade Volkov, was singing, and Comrade Vitsin u vivtar u shaptsi". Such roses shouted to awaken the robot workers, and the atmosphere became inflamed. 15 Bereznya 1922 r. The machine shop has attached a robot. The workers of two textile factories, who came out into the street, after the sound of the bell, “the daily calls were no longer heard.”

15 Bereznya 1922 r. From the very morning, people began to flock to the Resurrection Cathedral. How many times, according to the evidence, “the organization of the squad was obvious.” The chief of police, Bashenkov, left the horse corral on the square and began to bloom. They lulled their way to the police to take away the area. Fields, sticks, and hoops fell, then the crowd, armed with sticks, began to push the policemen. To protect the Cathedral, children stood up and brought weapons of war - stakes, stones. Activities in schools that day were connected with the conference of teachers, which was held as a conference, and the children fell asleep on the square. A pogrom was launched and about 50 people were sent to defeat the Military Commissariat. Sent for guidance, close to 14 Red Army soldiers were pressed.

The encampment became more menacing. The head of the Tyuleniv garrison ordered the immediate dispatch of Red Army soldiers at full combat readiness. When the Red Army attacked the people, they, leaking out of the way, attacked the Red Army with their swords. A dozen of the Red Army soldiers were cut, unharmed and beaten. From the rifles they had collected, they fired at the Red Army troops who were advancing.

At the rally there was a flash of fire and with all the extra forces the villagers began to flock to Shuya. The robot workers of the Tezin and Shakhomskaya manufactories deprived them of their robots and sent them straight to Cathedral Square. The alarm bell rang for the second year and a large crowd of people gathered in the square.

After this, two vantages with machine guns were sent, from which the trench was initially fired upon, and then the fire was fired over the attack. The situation reached a critical point when, when the cars appeared, people rushed at them in anger. They lulled and shot. Unarmed people were shot at.

The next day, order was restored and arrests began. That same evening, representatives of the faithful delivered 3.5 poods from the Cathedral to Vikonkomu.

The investigation established that there were eleven people who were believed to be unregistered with the medicine, of which five were killed; On the side of the Red Army there were three seriously beaten people and easily - twenty four. The numbers are even different from those stated in another cipher telegram from I.I. Korotkov to the Central Committee of the RCP (b) dated 20 February 1922: “The Red Army was beaten and wounded, 4 of them are important.” division, three civilians were killed, 8 were wounded. The numbers are clearly underestimated, in addition, reports of killed civilians are completely unknown. According to the assessment of the All-Russian Central Military Commission commission, which was later sent to Shuya, nearly 3 thousand individuals were killed, 6 individuals were killed, 8 were injured. Data from the senior SO GPU J.A. Stammer, assigned to this committee Yes, let’s see what has come to the surface close to 5-6 thousand. The information about the scale of the ledge can be expanded to indicate that the total number of inhabitants of Shuya at the beginning of the century was approximately 23 thousand people. According to the data of the GPU, it turned out that approximately a quarter of the residents of the city came to the square. Once the Chekist J.A. Stammer has gone overboard and taken as a basis the support of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission, then the scope of the intervention is unprecedented.

The investigation carried out by us revealed a wide social background of the participants and meant that V.I. played an important role. Druzhkov (a top city official) and N.M. Sazhin (to take over without singers, a top member of the RCP(b)). The investigation identified among the most active participants the leader Gureev, the villager Sharonov, the sklar Sizov, the giants Sukhanova and Shakhova (a villager and a small-town woman), and the readers Ryabtsov and Borisova. The materials of the investigation have a quotation of just one Black Hundred, which wasted from the Black Hundreds of losses. The fate of the robot workers in the Shuya districts was accepted by the authorities. The information from Gubkoy's secretary I.I. Korotkov to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) about the ongoing work at two factories is proof of the positive. This professional conference confirms that it was held shortly after it adopted a resolution condemning the workers who joined the offensive.

The secret testimony of the Secretary of Shuisky to the Vikonkom S. Edelman among those who “awakened the mood of the attack” will include the names of numerous members of the RCP (b): S. Molkov and O. Stolbunova. The 29th-year teacher of the Novogirkinsk school O.Y. Stolbunova, a party member from 1918 to 1920, who came before Shoya to the teacher’s conference, actively campaigned from the porch of the Cathedral, not least against the exaltation of values, y, how to compare the investigative materials, against Vladi. Having learned about the events in the city, on the 11th anniversary of the morning, she hurried to the square and joined a group of women who had gathered at the very entrance to the Cathedral, in order to bring organization to its center and avoid violence. As agent data and the confession of O. Stolbunova herself showed, she was acting not at all by religious spontaneity, but by victorious conspiracy to oppose the authorities. Vaughn stated that workers and villagers are not supporters of the new government and therefore should not oppose it, and that other parties that could immediately become active exponents of their thoughts are “pressed down.”

The events in Shuya revealed one very important situation, as a result of which special respect was gained. The protest of numerous members of the RCP(b) against the expropriation of church values is indicative of the opposition of the RCP(b) itself, which has become involved in connection with the campaign. The greatest anti-church action was organized by those party leaders who wanted power, whose policy of extremes and repression was not shared by all communists. The result of the communists' dissatisfaction with the policies of their leaders was the exit of the rich from the party lava. Not only the opposition RCP(b) parties, but also the larger communities themselves actively supported the Bolsheviks' political policy. As evidenced by the investigative materials, the violent methods of obtaining church gold and the use of armed forces against peaceful people have fueled the growth of anti-Bolshevik sentiments.

Miska Vlad immediately lived through the harshest approaches. At the Ekstrona Presidan of Shuisky Viconkom, the bun was about the 3rd year of noon, Bulo wasaned by the Revolution of P'yatyrku at the Stari Vikonzom, the head of the garnizon, the head of the Militziya Ta Vikonmoy. The rebels were given the utmost importance to eliminate the crime in the area: carrying out searches and arrests of crime participants, conducting investigations and filing indictments. The Presidency praised the request of the Gubernia Executive Committee to urgently send the Military Section to the Revolutionary Tribunal to examine the case on the spot, otherwise transfer the rights of the Revolutionary Revolution.

At the upcoming emergency meeting on the 3rd anniversary of the night, the Presidium of Vikonkomu, already in the hands of an order from Gubvikonkomu, praised the liquidation of the revolution and the creation of a supervising commission of three members to explain the reasons for theft and identification of active participants in the process. On 16 Bereznya 1922 r. a meeting of directors of plants and factories, representatives of the regional trade union bureau of Spilka Tekstilnikov was held to explain the reasons for the slowdown in work on the 15th of February 1922. All schools in the area were planning to hold a meeting about the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on the development of values and explanations. The Presidium of the Vikonkomu entrusted legal responsibility for the decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on clergy and church elders, and entrusted the regional commission with the development of terms to issue the forward work in the form and re-verification of the lane in churches according to vitu.

16 Bereznya 1922 r. The meeting of the Bureau of Ivanovo-Voznesensky Sponge was urgently closed. The Bureau praised the creation of a commission to investigate the issue: the head is a member of the All-Russian Central Military Commission I.P. Firsov, a police officer of the GPU I.P. Tsarkov, the head of the Gubernia Tribunal S.F. Pavlov, the Gubernia Committee A.I. Zhugin. By order No. 39 of the provincial government and the commandant of the town of Ivanovo-Voznesensk, they were voted out at the military camp. Vlada began to restore order. Until 23 Bereznya 1922 r. 26 participants were arrested, and the arrests were continued.

Suddenly, the local government launched a broad propaganda campaign, organized rallies and delegate assemblies of workers and villagers, which condemned the participants in the campaign and praised the actions of the government, which “univocally” voted for the government. learning values. 18 Bereznya 1922 r. The plenum of Shuisky to the Vikonkom was held. At the head of M. Osinkin and other speakers, there was an assessment of what was “behind the prepared attack”, in which “not just individuals who were fanatically trained, but also the well-known counter-revolutionaries” took part, who were killed first. The actions of the rulers before the dispersal of the demonstration and the propaganda of the military camp were recognized as correct and “along with the famous actions they began to achieve humaneness.” The Shuya government became aware of the real threat to the extermination campaign that posed to both the clergy and the laity. In the opinion of the speakers, the line of behavior of the parafacial councils of Shuya and Ivanov “reduces to one password - Patriarch Tikhon, who may expand through it, and that representatives of the authorities will carry out orders to the central government in order to strengthen values firmly and to the end."

However, among the members of Vikonkomu there was no uniformity. The head of the Land Department Losev, declaring that when carrying out the decree, “it was necessary to take it more seriously and find peaceful ways that respect the psychology of the believers,” to carry out the preliminary work. Losev, having condemned the behavior of certain prominent practitioners, who “tactlessly found 15 Berezny in relation to people, completely third-party approaches, pointing to the facts, like the children of a child’s home under the threat of a gun butt The wok was smashed into the gate of the booth." At the end of the day, Losev decided to leave the warehouse of Vikoncom and leave the planting, so he judges the line of behavior of the Presidium of Vikoncom. The plenum was pleased with Losev's prostitute. The behavior of member of the Vikonkomu Losev reflected that anti-church approach, both to the methods of training, and to the origin of the anti-church policy, which was found in the party and secular authorities. This harsh repressive practice, perhaps, caused dissatisfaction with the representatives of the Radyan government.

The news about the tragic events in Shuya spread throughout the area and was accepted “without any doubt.” The clergy of the district began to prepare for the withdrawal. The priest of the church of the village of Palekh, 30 versts from Shuya, I.S. Rozhdestvensky, having voiced the bestiality of Patriarch Tikhon in his sermon, calls not to voluntarily give church funerals. As the patriarch lost the bestial life, he did not confess to the court. Around Shui, the clergy and laity were forced out of power at the factory towns of Lezhnev and Teykov. The large gathering of parishioners took place on the 2nd quarter of 1922. near Lusia, near the village of Yakovlev, Savinsky district. It was especially unsettled in the Volzhsky districts of Kineshma, Navolotsia, Vichuzi. Perhaps the entire textile region has risen to defend the church.

The Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) immediately responded to Shuya. On February 18, 1922, having received a telegram from I.I. Korotkov, the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) adopted a resolution, which was later confirmed at the meeting on February 20, 1922. To investigate this, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) sent to the rebellious Special Punishment Commission of the All-Russian Central Military Commission at the warehouse of the member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission P.G. Smidovich, the commander of the military of the Moscow Military District M.I. Muralov and the Head of the Central Committee of the Sp. ilki textile workers, member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee І.І .Kutuzova. V.M. Molotov informed I.I. Korotkov about his life on the 19th February 1922, using his own information about the situation in the province.

Vlada acted brilliantly. 21 Bereznya 1922 r. The All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission was on the move. The investigation was carried out with the utmost precision. Already 23 Bereznya 1922 r. The commission came to the conclusion that “the actions of the district commission are correct”, and the actions of the local government are “correct, and not to be energetic and systematic, as in the preparation of work in both for the recovery of valuables and for the protection of public order.” The Provincial Committee was encouraged to “bring its work to completion.” The right about the cases at the place for the residual analysis and punishment of the participants was transferred to the Revolutionary Tribunal.

Following the latest directives to the center, on the same day M.I. Muralov carried out the initial and demonstrative transfer of values from the Resurrection Cathedral. For which he was called upon to form a company of the 146th regiment, a machine gun team, a CHON company, and 6 horse militiamen. The military closed off the Cathedral and Market Square, covered all the exits to the adjacent streets, first clearing the area of people. Following the words of M.I. Muralov, all the Red Army and commanders “not only sensed the need for revenge, but also expressed the verbal imperative to “shoot the priests and speculators.” And with other tools, having given the order not to shoot without his permission They began to forge the woodworker and cut the wood from the throne, and the members of the commission began to remove from the icons expensive garments and precious stones and leather goods, so as to “give a final lesson to all the soldiers of the superiority of our strength before the power of priests and gods...” As a result, most of the Features - 10 poods of food - was built in Ufinviddil, and the most valuable items (expensive stones, pearl robe, etc.) were found for description from the Gokhran.More than 4 poods of silver, robe from icons and frames were obtained from the Trinity which church. And until the 20th quarter, as many as 22 The volosts had not completed their work, the district commission reported the results of its work - 48 poods, 28 pounds of silver and 5 pounds of gold.

Confirming to L.D. Trotsky about the operation, N.I. Muralov pointed out the low reasons that they called out, on his thought, praise from Shuya. Among them are “acts of technical irregularities” in the actions of representatives of the military department, the informing of workers about the Sensitive Decree of the All-Russian Central Military Commission on training and the number of rallies is poor. Ya.A. Stammer reported to the head of the Investigative Branch of the Special Branch of the GPU, V.D. Feldman, about the weak intelligence apparatus and the poor functioning of the information apparatus. In the assessment of the participants, the speech given by M.I. Muralov, emphasizing the disrespectful tone: “the cry of a woman,” “village and township concerns.” The most colorful figures, in my opinion, were Pokhlebkin, Mov and Pavlo Svetlozarov. Others - “junk..., dissatisfied, rationless inhabitants.” Without getting any help from the actions of the active cob of any singing organization and security officer J.A. Stammer.

Based on the results of the investigation conducted by M.I. Muralov, recommendations were issued for all commissions for the development of church values in the localities: introduce representatives of the military department to the commission warehouse and conduct tactfully “I will prepare a campaign,” or “it is important to mercilessly extract the maximum amount of values.”

The activity of N.I. Muralov in Shuya became a symbol of the campaign of disintegration, and of the anti-church politics of the Radyansky government, because from now on the authorities of all the equals are no longer actively victorious in the army and units of special importance , remaking the teachings of church values in 1922. The most violent action of the Bolsheviks is against the church. Before the campaign, army headquarters, garrison chiefs, army political agencies, the Revolutionary Guard and the General Staff will be involved. The army squads will stand as a punitive force.

In connection with the preparation of repressions in Shuya, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) again turned to focus on the development of church values and immediately slowed down active actions, promoting "to concentrate all forces on preparation and clarification" Yuvalniy roboti", about what 19 bereznya 1922 r. M. Molotov telegraphed to the city. The careful position of V.M.Molotov will be regarded by V.I.Lenin as Pomilkov. If we want to know the zastosuvannaya and it, because it was sent by telegrams, in V.I. Lenin’s thought, “the enemy has discovered it, no matter what we expect, no one will dare to attack us.”

Ale about the vaganya could not be said and the movie. V.I. Lenin of the same day is published on the page to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), which became the program document of the party at the same time as the Russian Orthodox Church for the next decade. Nowadays, with the help of the documents of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), it became possible to take a good look at the followers and extensively quoted sheets in combination with all other documents that are inextricably linked with it and will highlight Here is the whole varied and super-chalvy context of these days.

A special meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), which reviewed Shuya’s nutrition and nutritional campaigns, confirmed the adoption of the 18th February 1922. The training of members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was decided on March 20, 1922. The list of those present at that noteworthy meeting included L.B. Kamenev, I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov, L.D. Trotsky, A.I. Rikov and member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee A.D. Tsyurupa. Before the meeting, two documents that were important for the understanding of the logic of making upcoming decisions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) were prepared. The first one is a letter from V.I. Lenin to V.M. Molotov for members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) about the ideas of M. Shuya and the policy of the church dated 19 February 1922. The other is L.D. Trotsky’s proclamation of the draft directive of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on the organization of the acquisition of church values from 17 February 1922, which is a practical plan for the campaign. The provisions of these documents formed the basis for the rich decisions of the government in 1922-1925.

The sheet of V.I. Lenin is one of his most famous documents and, it would seem, would not require comments. Regardless of the ambiguity of his position and extremely harsh tone, his followers still explain the motives that prompted the leader to write the sheet, to solve the problem of hunger for the help of church gold. Let’s read the sheet again, everything is said there.

The security document is classified as “top secret” with a special categorical note from the author: “In every case, copies should not be made, and every member of the Politburo (Comrade Kalinin) will write his notes on the document itself.” The top secrecy of the document meant borderline cynicism and unaddressed cruelty. After the bloodshed in Shuya, there was no longer any need to dress up in the toga of a fighter against hunger in front of those very fighters. List of spellings shvidko, rishuche and uncompromisingly. V.I. Lenin was in a hurry, never waiting for the very moment when the first blood would be shed and his entire plan could be revealed. Having caught up in the moment, you will turn to evil and find your most vulnerable ideological opponent. Shuya sounded as a signal before the attack on the church and V.I. Lenin hastened to give the order.

A firm decision was made by Shuya V.I. Lenin, who advocated accepting “in connection with the secret plan to fight in this direction,” in order to vikorize the steps in the provincial town to fight against the church as a whole. The actions of the clergy through all kinds of training and the same monotony and commitment, due to which the parishioners of their spiritual leaders all over Russia seized churches from the outside, were assessed as having fully considered the implementation of the plan, prepared by the “Black Hundred clergy” in collaboration with Patriarch Tikhon. "The appearance in Shuya is only one of the manifestations of the stastosuvaniya of this evil plan." V.I.Lenin is a powerful scheme of a secret “counter-revolutionary” church movement, which all churches will follow, and under the Black Hundred clergy the entire church will be respected.

Speaking about the need to link the confiscation of gold with the ravenous famine that has afflicted Russia, V.I. Lenin emphasizes that “for us, this very moment is not only a favorable one, but we have sunk in one moment, if we can 9 9th zi 100". There are no chances for further success in breaking the enemy and securing the positions we need for many decades, now and only now, if there are people dying in hungry localities, there are hundreds lying on the roads, as if not thousands of corpses And we can (and therefore may) carry out the acquisition of church values with the most crazy and merciless energy and not hesitating before the strangulation of any support, now and only now the great majority of the rural masses will either be for us, or they will not be able to support and how many times will I decide that rubbish of the Black Hundred clergy and the reactionary philistinism , who can and want to recognize the violent policies of the Radyansky decree." Several times V.I. Lenin shows respect for the importance of the moment associated with hunger in that sense that every other moment, the most extreme hunger oh, don’t let me get into that mood broad rural masses, if the stench or will be sensitive to the attempts of the authorities to solve the problem of hunger to bring about the ruins of the church, or it will be impossible to support the inevitable support. And there was an urge to hurry.

There is no mention of the donation of church gold to buy bread for the hungry. Who can talk about the starving people if they talk about gold! “It is necessary for us to carry out the acquisition of church values in the greatest and greatest manner, with which we can secure our fund of several hundred millions of gold rubles (the need to discover the gigantic riches of active monasteries and laurel). , and Genoa’s insistence on his position, especially, is completely inconceivable.” And such a meta is incredibly true in any way: “...It is necessary for the current political strategy to proceed at a low level of cruelty, then it is necessary to act on them more energetically and in the shortest possible time, because The stagnation of the cruelty of the people cannot be tolerated."

The international formation of Russia, from the view of the leader,” gave the Bolsheviks the opportunity to successfully defeat the clergy, because “after Genoa it will appear or may appear that violent attacks against the reactionary clergy will be politically irrational, perhaps Livo, navіt must be careless." Infection, if the fight is a headache foreign opponents of the Russian emigration - the Socialists and Milyukovs - against the Bolsheviks is made difficult, victory over the clergy, in V.I. Lenin's opinion, is ensured throughout. And with such cruelty, so that the stench does not forget whom for many decades." The order of the leader of the Buv Viconnies is too much.

To comply with the plan, V.I. Lenin gives further instructions. And again there will be secrecy, “false accounting”, and again the recruitment of real organizers and leaders of the campaign. It is only M.I. Kalinin who is guilty of acting officially in any way; L.D. Trotsky is never guilty of acting either in the press or in any other capacity before the public.

In Shuyu, V.I. Lenin recommended sending one of the most energetic, persistent and orderly members of the All-Russian Central Military Commission and other representatives of the central government, more than one, at least. Through a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), he was given a verbal instruction to “arrest at least a few dozen representatives of the local clergy, local magistracy and sectional bourgeoisie under suspicion of direct or indirect participation in the government. "You are obliged to give evidence at the new meetings of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), then the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in the presence of evidence gives "a detailed directive to the judicial authorities, so that the process against the riots no one, who carried out support for the hungry, was carrying out with maximum fluidity and ending in no other way than the shooting of a very large number of the most productive and most vulnerable black hundreds of M. Shui, and, if possible, also not just this place, but Mo skve and many other spiritual centers.” investigations in Moscow and were not aware of their bags, and in Petrograd the campaign had not yet begun, even before the investigation was carried out in Shuya, V.I. Lenin initiates the court proceedings and gives an unambiguous option in Irokiv. shoot.

As for Patriarch Tikhon, then V.I. Lenin, having respected him further, did not respect him yet, wanting to give a secret directive from the GPU to keep him under guard, about what F.E. Dzerzhinsky and I.S.

V.I. Lenin planned at the 11th meeting of the RCP(b) to organize a secret meeting of delegates together with the leading officials of the GPU, the People's Commissariat of Justice and the Revolutionary Tribunal, to hold a secret meeting about those in order to develop values, especially rich laurels, monasteries And the Church, may be carried out with merciless determination, without any hesitation and in the shortest possible time. For dozens of years they didn’t even dare to think about any basis of the stench. The meeting recognizes a special, extremely secret, commission to carry out the planned approaches for the obligatory part of L.D. Trotsky and M.I. Kalinin, and conduct all the work not in the name of the commission, but in Zagalnoradyansky and all-party order.

Also, V.I. Lenin thought out the strategy and tactics of the campaign from the acquisition of church values, determined the balance of forces, determined the purpose and purpose of the campaign. Meta-fund has hundreds of millions of gold rubles, discrediting and shooting down the clergy of Shuya, Moscow and other spiritual centers. Koshti - “low cruelty, the more you risk being shot, the better.” Terms are the shortest. Lenin's list did not find a place to talk about the hungry. Constantly insisting on the importance of the results of the planned plan for the next decade, V.I. Lenin addressed the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) dated 19 February 1922. having identified broader goals: to destroy the institution of the church, to liquidate the clergy, to find gold for the secular revolution of the proletarian state.

Not planning to particularly be present at the meeting on February 20, 1922, V.I. Lenin asked V.M. Molotov to try to send the sheet to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) at the circle of the same day and evening, turning with short notes. There is only one visible sign on the sheet, written by V.M. Molotov: “Good. However, I propose to expand the campaign not to all provinces and places, but to those that are actually of great value, concentrating but respect the party" . V.M. Molotov was now anxiously trying to limit the scope of the exercise, now he would like to focus on all the provinces and places, and those where there is the greatest value. But the weak support of V.M. Molotov will not know the support of the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Similar positions can be found in the documents that reflected the view at the same meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of another document - the project of L.D. Trotsky.

The project of L.D. Trotsky was used to supply food and carry out a campaign for the extraction of values and preparations even before the information from Shuya arrived. In the process of approving the project as a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), serious divisions between members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) and the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee from church nutrition and the “behind the scenes” struggle between them were clearly revealed.

The very important preamble to the document, which did not reach the rest of the text of the resolution, reflected serious differences between the All-Russian Central Military Commission and the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) from church nutrition, L.D. Trotsky, having stated his position before the All-Russian Central Military Commission’s decree about the disenfranchisement, agrees with the All-Russian Central Military Commission for what is with him, L.D. campaign." L.D. Trotsky's main claim to the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee was that the decree did not transfer the harsh party leadership to the right-wing force. Yogo Dumku , led to uneasiness in the center and “continued discord in the provinces.”

To correct this situation, L.D. Trotsky advocated emphasizing the control of the party, the GPU and the army over the right, extortion with the help of low specific approaches, including at 17 points, which meant a turn in the development of the campaign for extortion of church gold.

At the center and in the localities, a network of “secret political commissions” was created from the transfer of values to the capital of the Moscow Sapronov-Unschlicht Commission, established by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) a few days before - 11- 13 Bereznya 1922 r., with obov'yazkovim input to them either the secretary of Gubkoy, or the head of the propaganda department of Gubkoy.

The personal warehouse of the Central Commission was identified from the acquisition of church values: head – M.I. Kalinin, members - Y.A.Yakovlev, T.V.Sapronov (after his departure, A.G.Biloborodiv entered as a member of the commission), I.S.Unshlikht, P.A.Krasikov (protector M.V. Galkin), A.M. Vinokurov, G.D. Bazilevich. The commission is a small working bureau - Y.A.Yakovlev, T.V.Sapronov (or A.G.Biloborodiv), I.S.Unshlikht and M.V.Galkin. Once a week, a commission was elected for the participation of L. D. Trotsky.

Such a person was beginning to feel that the party and the Radian lines of the Kerivnitsya were angry in the same committee. But there is no need to be hostile, since the leading figure of the Radyan line was M.I. Kalinin, and the warehouse was practically similar to the warehouse of the previous commission (I.S. Unshlikht, P.A. Krasikov and others) assigned to M.I. Kalinina - the head of the official body of the rank of government of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee - the head of the commission implemented the revolution of V.I. Lenin and L.D. Trotsky to cover the self-government of the party and the GPU with the “legal” authorities. In the provincial towns, at the warehouse of the commission, there was a commissar of a division, a brigade, and a chief of flight department. This point the role of the army L.D. Trotsky was given at many points to the project.

The scheme of L.D. Trotsky was seriously innovative. It is important to note that behind the plan of L.D. Trotsky the main force of this campaign is extremely small: the arrangement of secret preparatory commissions in places with parallel screens for cover - official commissions and tables at the committees helped the hungry for the formal capture of values, negotiations with groups of believers. A subordinate system of special secrecy was created when the official committees of the Radyan government acted as a real mechanism for the acquisition of church values as party-Chekist secret commissions. The plan of L.D. Trotsky created a system of all-Russian significance. L.D. Trotsky urged “to carefully ensure that the national warehouse of these official commissions does not provide a drive for chauvinistic agitation.”

Further, the project elaborated in detail the methods of organizing agitation work, which was planned to be carried out informally, without going public, by reaching out to the most extreme agitators outside the military. Their main goals are the fight against religion and the church, rather than hiding behind helping the starving.

The main goals of the campaign set the project’s milestones:

to cause a split among the clergy, taking under the protection of the sovereign power of these priests, who are openly advocating for the sake of extortion, in which the agitation of the government and the agitation of loyal priests have no reason to be angry, but their own agitation This Vlada may rely on those who are “an important part of the clergy encouraged the fight against... the “princes of the church”;
In opposition to the agitation of the clergy, “organize a demonstration for the participation of the garrison during the battle with posters: “Church values for the sake of the life of the hungry” and so on.”
Chiniti VISK on the Vidide representers of the clergy, according to the can do not work to Kinza Campanay, allabidly through the Gupolitovіddii, PID Rosication, "Transferred, the once, if you were axsewl vanovy, to dadu it are rendered."

For the entire duration of the campaign, for its successful development, L.D. Trotsky will ensure “up-to-date information about everything that is being reported in various groups of clergy, believers and others,” which was implemented by the GPU on an unprecedented scale oh, and also "at times revealed as the organizers came to the aid of bourgeois merchant elements, high-ranking officials and others to arrest them."

In order to carry out the organizational work, instructions were given in every detail: to prepare such a device for fabrication and training in order to carry out the work in the shortest possible time; to begin the training from the church, where a loyal priest stands, or from the most important temple; with the enforcement of “the communists are guilty on all the streets, not allowing buying, the most reliable part, especially CHON, is guilty near that other.”; through the doors of churches, at meetings, and at barracks, representatives of those starving from the most obvious violation of values; less than loyal clergy should be allowed to display values during church hours at the center and in the localities; widely inform the population that I can follow this, so that “the thirsty crisis of the church funeral does not take away any other significance than helping the hungry.”

The project of L.D. Trotsky conveyed the possibility of holding negotiations with believers about the replacement of values with a liquidation, but it is not enough to see in the skin-colored fit in the Central Committee of Pomgol, with which, for the first time, the work will not be carried out. This scheme of exchange of values was important, since it was often impossible to negotiate at the last moment of development, especially if harsh terms were used.

Further, L.D. Trotsky outlined the terms of the campaign at the center and in the localities. In Moscow - started later than 31 Bereznya 1922 r. In Petrograd, it was possible to establish approximately the term for the year with G.E. Zinoviev, but also for the medical establishment of Petrograd, L.D. Trotsky recommended at all times not to force the campaign there and not to go to the point of stagnation of power, “while the body is political everything the operation will not be completely secure." In the provinces, the terms were assigned by the Gubernia Committees themselves, but “narrowly with the terms assigned by Moscow and under the control of the Central Commission”, on the one hand, and on the other - “do not delay on the right for every day.”

Also, the 17th principles of L.D. Trotsky’s plan meant a transition from the imitation of the legal ones, which were observed by the All-Russian Central Military Commission, to the police and military methods of conducting the campaign.

The first initiative project of L.D. Trotsky was reviewed by members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on February 18, 1922, but was still confirmed at the meeting on February 20, 1922. already with low change. First of all, an important preamble was raised. In another way, at the meeting a handwritten correction of the text was made. Amendments were included in paragraphs 1, 2 and 17 of the draft.

Point 1 added an essential note that establishes the harsh terms and callousness of the campaign: the most important provinces are the closest, the less important ones are later, according to the information about the violence in Petrograd And in other central provinces to expand throughout Russia.

The most recently developed paragraph 2 about the personal warehouse of the Central “secret” commission: in the intermediate version of the text of the amendments that was considered at the meeting, paragraph 2 emphasized the special role of Ya. A. Yakovlev as a representative of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) commissions, or in the final version, adopted as a decree of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the nickname of Ya.A. Yakovlev was lost, since Posad’s affiliation with the Central Committee of the RCP (b) was claimed. Tim himself carefully camouflaged the fate of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) at the commission.

Proposition at the meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) version 17 of paragraph 1, apparently recorded on the sheet of V.I. Lenin after V.M. ": terms in localities guilty buti established “in such a manner that the most important provinces would go ahead of us.”

The remaining version of the text of the draft was adopted as a resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) “On the organization of the acquisition of church values” at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on 20 February 1922. Having withdrawn the support of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), L.D. Trotsky expanded his crazy activity from the pursuit of his own plan in life.

According to this order, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) issued the 20th February 1922. marked a turning point in the mood of the party and radyansky leaders towards the use of harsh, offensive methods of extortion and became a turning point in the course of the campaign. 24 Bereznya 1922 r. Izvestia published an editorial in which it was stated in a harsh tone that the peaceful period of the campaign for the exchange of values was over. The war against the church was loudly voiced. "... The Radyanska government showed that where people's interests prevail, they can put a firm hand on demand...".

Following this, it was officially announced about the events that took place in Shuya (in the “Vista VTsVK” dated 28 February 1922), which was published and adopted by the Presidium of the VTsVK as a matter of order on 27 Bereznya 1922 “About the views in the Shui area in connection with the development of church values,” which clearly describes the views and gives them general assessments. Vlada cynically stated that “the idea of any kind of re-investigation against the believers and against the church is alien to the order, since it does not constitute an organization of counter-revolutionary struggle against the robotic-rural powers... The mass of the lower clergy is important. La and recognizes this decree as insanely correct and fair Only the clique "The princes of the church, which resounded with luxury, gold, embroidery and precious stones, do not want to give up their treasures to the right of millions to perish." It was confirmed that the clergy had “fallen under the influence of Radyan’s rule.”

These were the actions of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) in the small district town of Shuya, the logical, and more precisely, the most technical completion of what was decided by the Revolutionary Tribunal. It was a difficult process and the organizers did their best.

The court session of the Visiting Session of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Military Commission was held in Ivanovo-Voznesensk from the 21st to the 25th quarter of 1922. under the veneration of a great priest, who became a member of the People's Commissariat of Justice and a longtime fighter against religion, M.V. Galkin in the presence of members of the Tribunal. . The accused was Smirnov, and the accused were Angorsky, Vlasov, Ivanov and Novikov. The process was organized according to the strictest traditions: a wide voice was given from the right, the press was asked, working delegations were assembled, the entrance to the hall was free. The influx of voyeurs on the table was so significant that, open the head in the former Mistsevoy Women's Gymnasium, the meeting was then, through the darkness, transferred to the Mestsevoy Theater, where it was played with success. y".

24 individuals were lost to the lava. Sufficient legal bases for executions, as V.I. Lenin pointed out in his paper, were not revealed during the investigation and trial. More effort was expended on the prosecution of the class actions of the accused. All the respect was concentrated down to the most indescribable details, the evidence wandered among the witnesses. The painstaking and guarantee of the village of Palekh for the priest I.S. Rozhdestvensky, signed by 70 paraffians, was immediately received before the court and viconnium. Moreover, the report of the head of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk province to the GPU D.I. Shorokhov from the GPU SO about the dishonesty of I.S. Rozhdestvensky to Shuya was ignored. Local security officers established that the beast of Patriarch Tikhon, the reading of which was incriminated by the priests, was lost to Palekh from Shuya and Ivanovo-Voznesensk. As a result, with complete evidence, it was possible to talk about the innocence of the Shuya priests. Ale sacrifices were attributed to the written script.

Smirnov accused the Shuya process and ordered execution of four participants: Svetlozarova, Movna, Pokhlebkina and Sizova. However, the court upheld the full severity of the punitive oath on the priests, remembering Lenin’s sayings. On the fifth day, member of the Tribunal Nemtsov heard the vote. Before the execution, Petro Yazikov, priests Pavlo Svitlozarov and Ivan Rizdvyaniy were sued. Until the five-year anniversary - Pokhlebkin, Stolbunova, Borisov and Kryukov. The decision of the participants is up to different terms of understanding - from one to three fates. Zagal condemned 19 people. All atrocities were assessed as “acts of a counter-revolutionary nature.”

The parishioners of the church in the village of Palekh made a remarkable attempt to create a spiritual shepherd. A. Salautik’s prayers were sent on April 25, 1922. before the Ivanovo-Voznesensk telegram, in which it was said that the parafians were about to slow down the decree until the decision was made in order to destroy the fuss in front of the All-Russian Central Exhibition Commission. But the telegram did not imply on the judges, just as the intercession of a greater person, less respectful, did not imply.

Having learned about the virus, M.I. Kalinin on the coming day, April 26, 1922. with a telegram “all manner of pose” in the name of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission, announcing the Session to the Tribunal to suspend the death of the mortal viroc. This is an extraordinary act of disrespect for those who madly claimed the right of pardon from the All-Russian Central Exhibition Committee. Unsatisfied with the directives of V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky and the directives of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), M.I. Kalinin dares not to obey and act as the Head of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission. The repressive machine was started and misfired.

In the evening of the same day, having read M.I. Kalinin’s telegram, M.V. Galkin went to the right to the morning. The court recognized the residual decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). And it didn’t bother me for a long time. I.V.Stalin, not paying attention to the final meeting, put the proposals of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission for voting to the members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) May 2, 1922 r. .

The decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) about the execution of Shuya priests has been documented several times. One round of research contains 5 documents.

Note by I.V. Stalin (autograph) “On the nutrition of members of the PB” with a report on the conduct of the All-Russian Central Military Commission and the proposal to vote from nutrition may be even more noticeably corrected. At the top, “The Presidium [VTsVK] proposes to convey the decisions to the Revolutionary Tribunal...”, I.V. Vladi's organ , even M.I. Kalinin is also a candidate member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). For the support of the voices, the voice of M.I. Kalinin himself was not vindicated, although in other cases there was a completely different order: the voice, having sung those other decisions, was vindicated. As a result, the death penalty was confirmed on May 2, 1922. Several votes were against three: V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov voted for confirming the decision to the Revolutionary Tribunal. A.I.Rikov, M.P.Tomsky, L.B.Kamenev - for viroku.

Resolution dated May 4, 1922 The Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) authorized its forward decision on May 2 - to confirm the first session of the Revolutionary Tribunal. At the meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) on May 4, 1922, the following were present: V.I. Lenin, L.D. Trotsky, I.V. Stalin, L.B. Kamenev, G.I. Zinov’ev, A.I. Rikov, V.M.Molotov, M.I.Kalinin, member of the Central Committee M.V.Frunze. Why was the decision made in advance on the 2nd herb at the meeting on the 4th herb confirmed for two days: based on the formulas “About Shuya’s priests - Confirm the decision of the Politburo on the 2.V. c.r.” (item 5); Then the firing line was confirmed once again before both priests were sent for training on the 2nd herb (item 23).

In this manner, the decision about the share of participants in the speech in Shuya was praised by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RKPR (b), and the idea of the All-Russian Central Military Commission was not supported by it. May 5, 1922 The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Military Commission was embarrassed, agreed with him and praised the firing squad to be removed from force.

Vlada hastened to oust the virok, about which the Head of the Supreme Tribunal of the All-Russian Central Military Commission M.V. Krilenko telegraphed May 9, 1922. to the Ivanovo-Voznesensky Gubrev Tribunal to S.F. Pavlov. S.F. Pavlov reported the coming day - virok buv Viconnia 10 May 1922 r. about the 2nd anniversary of the night. The convicts were shot on the outskirts of the Dmitryvskaya Vyaznitsa, where the remaining days of their life had passed. For all the mourning of Pavel Svitlozarov’s daughter, the father took away Vidmova. Those who were shot were buried in the place where they were shot.

This is how the story of the rebellious Shuya ended. The most spontaneous support of power in a small factory town sparked a turn in the ongoing campaign for the strengthening of church values - a transition to harsh military methods of its implementation. The tragedy in Shuya has opened the door to the crooked lives of peaceful, unarmored people with the troops thrown at them to strangle them. A precedent has been set. Shuya was a small lesson as to the disobedient ones, who are ahead of the legacy of their possible interventions, and who are in charge, opening a new round of the course towards a sharp confrontation with the church.

The operation at Shuya changed the alignment of our forces in the implementation of higher echelons of power, weakening the positions of opponents of harsh and decisive approaches to the fight against the church, overruled by M.I. Kalinin, and allowed V.I. Lenin, L D.Trotsky and his followers should go on the offensive. At the same time, the Shuya government showed, albeit faintly, dissatisfaction on the part of the party and government apparatus with the repressive policies of the leaders. Let us brighten up the evidence of the party's dissent and the growth of anti-Bolshovite sentiments during the campaign, which became the fate of many communists for the sake of church gold and the church.

At Shuya, like at the mirror, the rocs that have dug up Russia against the plunder of Orthodox churches have emerged. On the ground of the strengthening of church values, there was a protest of the broad masses against the policies of the Bolsheviks, which was developing in the face of the essence of power. The image of a seemingly religious people led to social and political changes. Believers expressed dissatisfaction with the absolute power of the opposition forces.

The lands of Shuya became a cordon for the church politics of the Radian state. In connection with the incident of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) at its meeting on 20 February 1922. praised the decisions that marked the main goals of the decade. The alignment of the campaign for the transfer of church values to the high-ranking party-Chekist dictatorship under the guise of Pomgol, supported by the active victorious army against the people, ushered in a new period for the state-church sins, the main extinguishers of which were Lenin’s directives - to smash, to shoot.

Pokrovsky N.M. Dzhereloznastvo... P.26.

Right there.

APRF. F.3. Op.60. D.23. L.17-18; Pokrovsky N.M. Dzhereloznastvo... P.26.

News of VTsVK. 1922. 24 Bereznya.

GARF. F.1235. Op.2. D.45. L.30.

GARF. F.1005. Op.1a. D.377. L.73-73 pro.

Right there. L.58-59.

Central Election Commission FSB. F.1. Op.6. D.411. L.68.

Badelin V.I. Op. op. P.186

GARF. F.1005. Op.1a. D.377. L.103-104.

Right there. L.107.

Right there. L.106-106 a.

Right there. L.106.

APRF. F.3. Op.60. D.24. L.1.

Right there. L 4; Pokrovsky N.M. Dzhereloznastvo... P.32.

APRF. F.3.Op.60. D.24 L.5; Pokrovsky N.M. Dzhereloznastvo... P.32.

GARF. F.1005. Op.1a. D.377. L.111.

Right there. L.112-113.

Badelin V. Op. op. P.191.

Company for the acquisition of church values ​​1922. Decree on the acquisition of church values. Section II. Bread or gold? Policy of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) regarding religion and churches: goals, methods, organizers

What is Shuya’s reaction to them from the Bolshevik Christian community?

Campaign to discredit Patriarch Tikhon

Court proceedings related to the extortion of church values

Sued from the authorities for the acquisition of church valuables

Div. also

Write a commentary on the article “Disruption of Church Values ​​in Russia in 1922”

Notes

Literature

A lesson that characterizes the decline of church values ​​in Russia in 1922

The beginning of the foraging campaign

What is Shuya’s reaction to them from the Bolshevik Christian community?

Campaign to discredit Patriarch Tikhon

Court proceedings related to the extortion of church values

Financial results of the operation

Vlada and the Church at 1922-1925 pp.

The Politburo and the GPU in the struggle for church values ​​and the political order of the clergy

Section II. Bread or gold? Policy of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) regarding religion and churches: goals, methods, organizers

1. 1. Decree of the All-Russian Central Election Commission on the strengthening of church values: from attempts at compromise to confrontation

Company for the acquisition of church values 1922. Decree on the acquisition of church values. Section II. Bread or gold? Policy of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(B) regarding religion and churches: goals, methods, organizers

Write a commentary on the article “Disruption of Church Values in Russia in 1922”

A lesson that characterizes the decline of church values in Russia in 1922

The Politburo and the GPU in the struggle for church values and the political order of the clergy