Mao Zedong short biography. Mao Zedong – Great Helmsman of China Mao Zedong personalities in history

Stalin, Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party Stalin, being both by his nature and by his approach to a political character, to the assessment of political figures by people on the side of distrust and suspicion, not trusting Mao Zedong . Mao Zedong is also behind character and style

Zvyazkovy Stalina I.V. Kovalov and Mao Zedong Institute of Viscous, Upgraded and Emissary Wines as a Demand for Radian-Chinese Waters. I would like to say that during the hours of Mikoli II such a reception was sent to China by a trusted authorized person

Stalin, Mao Zedong and V.M. Molotov U chest 1949 b. Stalin sent Molotov to Mao Zedong to learn more about Mao Zedong.

Stalin, Mao Zedong and N.S. Khrushchov N.S. Khrushchev, during the hours of Stalin, was one of the members of the Radyansky kerivnitstva. Stalin entrusted then M.S. Khrushchev's main source of influence was the internal and external policies of Ukraine. Otje, N.S. Khrushchev may be able to stop reaching the end

Stalin, Mao Zedong and Gao Gang From the time of Mao Zedong's stay in Moscow until 1949. – for the cob 1950 rub. Stalin, please try to truly demonstrate both your trust in Mao Zedong and the importance of accepting the value of bilateral special agreements with your Chinese partner,

Posthumous assessment of Stalin and Mao Zedong Khrushchov said: “At the 20th anniversary of the CPRS, we condemned Stalin for his excesses, for those who repressed millions of honest people, and for his one-sided rule, which destroyed principles of collective care. Start Mao

Mao Zedong and his descendants Author's note The book is an ideological and psychological portrait of Mao Zedong and his descendants. This is a continuation of the already known reader's work "Mao Zedong", published in 1976. The book of Vikoristan has different types of dzherela,

MAO ZEDUNG (born 1893 - born 1976) Communist potter of China, who organized the so-called cultural revolution, which led to the development of the country.

Stalin and Mao Zedong At the age of thirty, near the hour of the Long March, Mao Zedong fell seriously ill. Having sent the newly-known film director R. Carmen, Stalin sent the fragments of the Kuomintang to the territory of mainland China without letting them pass, with the proposition that they would withdraw from

Mao Zedong (born 1893 - born 1976) Head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC) (born 1943), one of its leaders. Kerivnik People's Republic of China (1949-1976). One of the brightest political articles of the 20th century. Along with Marx, Engels and Lenin, Mao Zedong was one of the

RR. I will also plant the head of the People's Republic of China. Having carried out a number of violent campaigns, the most prominent of which were the “Great Purge” and the “Cultural Revolution” (-1976), which took the lives of rich millions of people.

The period of Mao Zedong's rule was super judicious. On the one hand, under his kerivnitstvo, the industrialization of the region was carried out, with the increase in the material level of the highest levels of the population. On the other hand, repressions were carried out in the countries, both criticized by capitalist countries and also by socialist countries. Also during this period there was a cult of Mao’s specialness.

The name of Mao Zedong was formed from two parts - Tse-tung. Jie of little sub-meaning: first - “vologoy and wet”, another - “mercy, kindness, beneficence”. Another hieroglyph is “dun” - “skhіd”. Im'ya completely meant “The Malevolent Skhid.” At the same time, the children, following tradition, were given unofficial names. It’s not enough to get involved in special attacks like the grandeur, shanoblive “Yunzhi”. “Yun” means sprout, and “zhi” means or, more precisely, “zhilan” means “orchid.” In this manner, another name meant “Nursed orchid.” Occasionally, another friend had the chance to replace him: he had the “water” sign in geomancy, which seemed to be almost daily. The result turned out to be similar to the first one: Zhunzhi - “An orchid crushed by water.” When the hieroglyph “zhi” was written differently, the name of Zhunzhi evoked another symbolic place: “The one who pleases the ears, who is alive.” Ale Velika Im'ya, I wanted it was a show -off of the bloskoye Maybutnoye for his sin, the prote boulah “Potziymy Vikliko Dolі”, Tom in the Ditinism Mao called the modest zmenseshevalny izhm - Shi Sanya yi -С. I am Kamin").

Biography

Early rocks

Budinok Mao Zedong. Nina Museum

Junius Mao rejected the classical Chinese education at the local school, which included knowledge of the teachings of Confucius and ancient Chinese literature. “I know the classics, but I don’t like them,” Mao Zedong later said in an interview with Edgar Snow. The youth retained a passion for reading and a dislike for classical philosophical treatises and then left school at the age of 13 (the reason for this was the vicious nature of the teacher, who stagnated the teaching methods and often beat the students) and turned to Atkivsky house. Mao Yichang is a well-behaved son, confident that he will become my support in the home and government. However, his recovery did not materialize: young Mao did all kinds of physical work and spent all his free time reading books.

For example, in 1907 - at the beginning of 1908, a terrible conflict arose between father and son in Mao’s family. This was once the reason for friendship, as Mao Yi Ching ruled for his eldest son. Mao's third cousin, Luo Yigu, was married to the future Head. According to the words of Mao Zedong, he did not accept the military squad and imagined living with it. “I am not alive from her at all - neither then nor after. I don’t respect them with my squad,” the Head of Edgar Snow learned through the fates. Shortly after the party, Mao left home and spent most of the summer staying with a well-known unemployed student, also in Shaoshan. I’ve been reading for a long time: at this hour comes my acquaintance with the classic Chinese historiography – “Historical Records” by Sima Qian and “History of the Han Dynasty” by Ban Gu.

For all the stress of his relationship with his father, since the spring of 1910, the young Zedong, who was asking for pennies from his father to continue studying, Mao Yichang could not bear it, and having secured his son’s beginnings in the Dunshan Copper School And the next step. At Mao’s school, there was a witchcraft: the reshtu of the students was inspired by his appearance (his height is 177 cm, atypical for a resident of the present day), his approach (most of the students were the sons of the great land lords) and language (Mao spoke to the end of his life and in the local Xiangtan dialect). However, this did not affect the commitment and diligence with which the new teaching was ready to take up. Mao could write good works in a classical manner, being diligent and, as always, having read widely. Here you will become more familiar with geography and start reading works from foreign history. We have already learned about such famous historical figures as Napoleon, Catherine II, Peter I, Wellington, Gladstone, Rousseau, Montesquiet and Lincoln. The most important books for him at that time were the stories that tell about the Chinese reformers Liang Qichao and Kang Yuwei. Their ideas of constitutional monarchism influenced the scholar Mao, who completely adopted the views of the leaders of the reformist movement.

In Beijing, the formation of the political views of the young Mao was greatly influenced by his acquaintance with Li Dazhao (a supporter of Marxism) and Chen Duxiu, and his acquaintance with the ideas of anarchism, similar to the work of P. A. Kropotkin. After completing the training courses before starting with France, Mao has some remaining training that will be lost from China and will spend his career here.

The beginning of political activity

In 1921, Mao took part in the establishment of the Communist Party of China. Two months later, after returning to Changshu, he becomes secretary of the Hunan branch of the CCP. At the same time, Mao befriends Yang Kaihui, the daughter of Yang Changji. Along the lines of the five fates, they popularize three blues - Anyin, Anqing and Anlong.

Due to the extreme ineffectiveness of the organization of labor workers and the recruitment of new party members in 1922, Mao was prevented from participating in the Second Congress of the CCP.

By the way, the Communist Party of China was going through a major crisis. The number of its members dropped to 10,000, of which only 3% were assigned to work. The new leader of the party is Li Lisan, as a result of several serious defeats on the military and ideological front, as well as differences with Stalin and expulsions from the Central Committee. Against this background, Mao’s position, which, having relied on the countryside and whose actions were very successful, will prevail in the party, regardless of the part of the conflict with the party leadership. With his opponents on the local level in Jiangxi, Mao dealt with - mm. For additional reprisals, during the course of many local ceremonies, they were killed or thrown into custody as agents of the famous AB-Tuaniv partnership. On the right, “AB-tuaniv” became, in essence, the first “purge” in the history of the CCP.

At the same time, Mao suffered a special loss: Kuomintang agents were able to gather up his squad of Yang Kaihui. Vaughn was killed in 1930, and later the young son Mao Anlong died of dysentery. Another son of Kaihui, Mao Anying, died during the Korean War.

In the fall of 1931, the Chinese Radian Republic was created on the territory of 10 Radyansky districts of Central China, controlled by the Chinese Red Army and its guerrillas close to it. Mao Zedong became part of the Timchasovo central government (for the sake of the people's commissars).

Great March

As the anti-Japanese struggle flared up, Mao Zedong instigated a revolution under the name of “correction of the forces” ( "zhenfeng"; 1942-43). The reason for this is the sharp growth of the party, which is filled with defectors from the army of Chiang Kai-shek and villagers who are not familiar with the party ideology. The Rukh includes the communist indoctrination of new party members, the active indoctrination of Mao’s ancestry, as well as “self-criticism” campaigns, which especially targeted Mao’s head rival, Wang Ming, as a result of which the communist intelligentsia actually freethinking is suppressed. The result of the Zhengfeng is the increasing concentration of internal party power in the hands of Mao Zedong. Born in 1943 he became the head of the Politburo and the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, and in 1945. - Head of the Central Committee of the CPC. This period marks the first stage in the formation of Mao’s cult of specialness.

Mao embraces the classics of modern philosophy, especially Marxism. On the basis of Marxism-Leninism, certain aspects of traditional Chinese philosophy and, not least, a wealth of ideas, Mao enlists the help of his special secretary Chen Boda to create and “theoretically outline” a new direction ok to Marxism - Maoism. Maosm was conceived as a pragmatic form of Marxism, which would have been better suited to the Chinese realities of that time. Its main features may be a clear orientation towards the rural population (and not towards the proletariat), as well as Great Han nationalism. The infusion of traditional Chinese philosophy into Marxism in the Maoist version was revealed in the vulgarization of dialectics.

Victory of the CCP in the Gromadianska War

"The Great Streak Forward"

Regardless of everything, the pace of growth of the Chinese economy since the 1950s has deprived the majority of the best. The productivity of agricultural products was regressing. Moreover, Mao was not concerned about the absence of the “revolutionary spirit” among the people’s masses. Before the rise of these problems, we decided to go within the framework of the policy of “Three Red Ensigns”, which was called for to ensure the “Great Strike Forward” in all parts of the people's rule, which started in 1958. So that after 15 years of reaching the obligations of the Great Britain, it was decided to organize almost all the rural (and also often the small town) population of the region in an autonomous “community”. Life in communes was largely collectivized - due to the promotion of collectives, the privacy of life and, what’s more, power was practically eradicated. The communal commune was obliged not only to provide itself with food products, but also to produce industrial products, chiefly steel, which was smelted in small furnaces in the backyards of the commune members: in this way it was realized that the mass enthusiast It is important to make up for the lack of professionalism.

The policy of the “Great Stripping” ended in a colossal failure. Products vibrated in communes

it was very low; The cultivation of collective fields went very badly: 1) the villagers lost economic motivation from their work, 2) a lot of hands were involved in “metallurgy” and 3) the fields were deprived of uncultivated, the remains of the optimistic “statistics” were reported to the unknown And they give birth. In just two years, the production of food products has fallen to a catastrophically low level. At this point, the provincial farmers informed Mao about the unprecedented successes of the new policy, provoking a rise in the levels of grain sales and the production of “domestic” steel. Critics of the “Great Strip”, for example, Defense Minister Pen Dehuai, enjoyed their posts. In 1959-1961 pp. The country suffered a severe famine, the victims of which, according to various estimates, were 10 to 30 million people.

Before the “Cultural Revolution”

The domestic political situation in China is also changing dramatically. After the catastrophic failure of the “Great Stripping”, many ceramicists both at home and at the local level are beginning to recognize Mao among their followers. Inspection trips to the country of Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi (who replaced Mao Zedong as head of state in 1959) reveal the greedy legacy of politics, as a result of which most members of the Central Committee of the great men We should openly switch to the side of the “liberals.” Lunayut veiled vimogi vіdstavki head PDA. As a result, Mao Zedong often recognizes the failure of the “Great Stroke” and admits his fault in this. Preserving authority, he ceases at any time to actively engage with the government of the country, guarding from the side, like Den and Liu, to pursue a realistic policy, which radically diverges from his imperious glances - dissolves communes, allows private landowners and elements of free trade in rural areas are seriously weakening grip of censorship.

At the same time, the left wing of the party strengthened its position, especially from Shanghai. Thus, the new Minister of Defense Lin Biao is actively promoting the cult of Mao’s specialness, especially among the subordinate People’s Army (division below). First of all, Jiang Qing, Mao's remaining squad, began to give in to politics - firstly to the politics of culture. Vaughn sharply attacks democratically inspired writers and poets of China, as well as authors of “bourgeois” literature who write without the overtones of class struggle. In Shanghai, in the name of the left-radical journalist Yao Wenyuan, an article is published that succumbs to poor criticism of the drama of the famous historian and writer, the protector of the mayor of Beijing Wu Han, “The Rise of Hai Rui” (海瑞罢官), which in an allegorical form, on the butt, illustrated corruption, Swaville , sanctity and lack of freedom, which is why China is panicking. Regardless of the efforts of the liberal bloc, the discussion around this drama sets a precedent for the beginning of great changes in the sphere of culture, and, last but not least, the Cultural Revolution. It is conveyed that the image of Hai Rui is allegorically illustrated by none other than the defender of Pen Dehuai, who was demoted for his strong criticism of the Head’s policies.

Cultural Revolution

Despite the high rate of development of the Chinese economy after the introduction of the “Three Red Ensigns” policy, Mao is not going to put up with the liberal trend of developing the people’s rule. He is also not ready to forget the ideals of permanent revolution and allow “bourgeois values” (the importance of economics over ideology) in the life of the Chinese. Please note that most of the pictures do not contribute to your view. The direction of the “Committee of the Cultural Revolution” is to avoid taking harsh approaches against critics of the regime. In this scenario, Mao is likely to carry out a new global upheaval, as it is not enough to turn the marriage into the fold of revolution and “true socialism.” The cream of the leftist radicals is Chen Boda, Jiang Qing and Lin Biao, an ally of Mao Zedong in whose enterprise little ranks ahead of all Chinese youth.

Born in Lipny 1966 Having flooded the Yangtze River and thereby achieving his own “fighting power,” Mao turns to leadership, arrives in Beijing and launches a vigorous attack on the liberal wing of the party, led by Liu Shaoqi. Within a few years, the Central Committee behind the Caucasus Mao will approve the document “Sixteen Points”, which practically becomes the program of the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”. The beginning of this is an attack on the science of Beijing University by lecturer Nie Yuanji. Following this, students and secondary schools, in opposition to conservative and often corrupt teachers and professors, inspired by revolutionary sentiments and the cult of the “Great Kermanich - the head of Mao”, which the “leftists” blatantly spat out, began to organize be called to the pen. okhorontsiv" (can also be translated as "chervonogvardiytsiv"). The press, which is controlled by the left, is starting a campaign against the liberal intelligentsia. Not vigilant deeds and representatives, as well as party officials, commit suicide.

On September 5, Mao Zedong published his daziba under the title “Fire at the Headquarters”, which called “certain comrades at the center and in the localities” to the fact that the stench “was creating a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie and was trying to strangle the bourgeoisie” "The Libyan movement of the great proletarian cultural revolution." Qia Dajibao, in essence, called until the defeat of the central and local party bodies, deafened by the bourgeois headquarters.

With the logistical support of the People's Army (Lin Biao), the Red Guards' revolution has become global in nature. All over the country mass trials of religious clergymen, professors are held, and at times they recognize severe humiliation, and they often fight. At the million-dollar rally at Serpna Mao, there was renewed support for the praise of the Red Guards, who are consistently creating an army of revolutionary leftist terror. In line with the official repressions of the party leaders, brutal reprisals by the Red Guards are increasingly taking place. Among other representatives of the intelligentsia, having recognized the brutal cakes and ending a life of self-destruction, the most famous Chinese writer Lao She.

Terror will swallow up all the corners of life, including the regions of the country. Not without speciality, but also common citizens recognize robbery, beating, torture and physical deprivation, often under the least pressure. The Red Guards produce numerous works of mysticism, burn millions of books, thousands of monasteries, temples, and libraries. Nezabar, near the Red Guards, organizes the herding of revolutionary robotic youth - “Zaofan” (“rebels”), and the resentment of the Rukhs is fragmented into hostile groupings, which wage an hour-long bloody struggle among themselves. When terrorism reaches its peak and life in the rich places is dying out, regional ceremonies and the People's Liberation Army dare to act against the plunder. The conflict between the army and the Red Guards, as well as internal tensions between the revolutionary youth, put China under the threat of a huge war. Having become aware of the chaos in the world, and having panicked, Mao threatens to unleash revolutionary terror. Millions of Red Guards and Zaofans, some of them party workers, simply force their way to the village. The main event of the cultural revolution is over, China figuratively (and often literally) lies in ruins.

The 9th Congress of the CPC, which took place in Beijing from the 1st to the 24th quarter of 1969, praising the first steps of the “cultural revolution”. The testimony of one of Mao Zedong's closest associates, Marshal Ling Biao, was highly occupied by the praise of the “great Kermanich,” whose ideas were called “the most important stage in the development of Marxism-Leninism”... The main one in the new statute of K The PC was officially consolidated with the ideas of the basis of the PDA. Before the software part, the statute passed an unprecedented situation about those who Lin Biao “prodovzhuvachem honor Comrade Mao Zedong.” All the power of the party, and also the army, was concentrated in the hands of the Head of the CPC, his protector and the Standing Committee of the Politburo of the Central Committee.

The final stage of the cultural revolution

After the end of the Cultural Revolution, China's foreign policy is about to undergo a reversal. At the end of tensions with the Radian Union (especially after the violent conflict on Damansky Island), Mao is increasingly focused on drawing closer to the United States of America, against which Lin Biao, an important official, sharply spoke out Another attacker of Mao. After the Cultural Revolution, his power grew sharply, turbulent by Mao Zedong. If you try Lin Biao to conduct an independent policy, you will clutter your head and be left disappointed with someone else, against Lin they will begin to fabricate on the right. Having learned about this, Lin Biao flows from the edge on the 13th spring, and then recognizes the accident due to the unclear situation over the Khentii aimag in the Mongolian People's Republic. President Nixon is already leading China.

The Last Rocks of Mao

Born in 1971 Mao is very ill and does not often go out in public. After the death of Lin Biao, behind the back of the old Head, an internal factional struggle arose in the CCP. One can stand alone against the grouping of “leftist radicals” (along with the leaders of the Cultural Revolution, the so-called “gang of four” - Jiang Qing, Wang Hongwen, Zhang Chongqiao and Yao Wenyuan) and the grouping of “pragmatists” (along with the deceased Zhou Ye ng Xiaoping). Mao Zedong is trying to promote equal power between the two factions, which, on the one hand, allow for weakening of the economy, and on the other hand, support the mass campaigns of the leftists, for example, “K the rhetoric of Confucius and Lin Biao.” Hua Guofeng, the Maoist's missionary, became Mao's new champion and will remain in power until his death.

The struggle between the two factions escalates in 1976. after the death of Zhou Enlai. His commemoration consisted of mass public demonstrations, in which people paid attention to the rest and protested against the policies of leftist radicals. The convicts are cruelly bowed down, Zhou Enlai is posthumously branded as a “Kapputist” (that is, a follower of the capitalist way - a label that was victorious during the hour of the Cultural Revolution), and Deng Xiaoping is deceived. At that time, Mao was already seriously ill with Parkinson’s disease and was not in a position to actively get involved in politics.

After two important heart attacks, on the 9th spring of 1976, at about 0:10 a.m. in the Beijing hour, in his 83rd birthday, Mao Zedong died. Over a million people came to the funeral of the “Great Kermanich”. The body of the deceased was embalmed using a Chinese method and was placed for viewing across the river after death in the mausoleum, built in Tiananmen Square under the orders of Hua Guofeng. At the beginning of the mausoleum of Mao, nearly 158 million people were raised.

Cult of specialness

The cult of Mao Zedong's specialness began to emerge as early as the 1940s during the Yan'an period. Already in training, the development of the theory of communism is being promoted to the top rank of Mao. In 1943, newspapers began to appear with Mao’s portrait on the front page, and the “Ideas of Mao Zedong” suddenly became the official program of the CCP. After the Communists' victory in the Great War, lamentations, portraits, and then statues of Mao appear in public squares, offices, and in front of people's apartments. The cult of Mao was brought to grotesque proportions by Lin Biao in the mid-1960s. It was then that Mao’s quotation book, “The Little Book of Reds,” was first published, and became the Bible of the Cultural Revolution. In propaganda works, such as, for example, in “Schodenniku Lei Fen”, the cult of the “leader” has grown to the point of absurdity. Let young people drive themselves into hysteria by violating toasts to the “red sun of our hearts” - “to the wisest head of Mao.” Mao Zedong is becoming a figure in which almost everything is considered in China.

At the rocks of the Cultural Revolution, a real psychosis reigned: the Red Guards beat cyclists, they dared to appear without the image of Mao Zedong; Passengers on buses and trains chanted Mao's quotes in unison; classical and contemporary creations were in short supply; books were burned so that the Chinese could read only one author - the “great Kermanic” Mao Zedong, who was seen in tens of millions of copies. About the planting of the cult of an individual, let us note the upcoming fact. The Red Guards wrote in their manifesto:

We are the red guards of Mao’s Head, we are writhing in front of the ships in the dark. We are looting calendars, expensive vases, scarves from the USA and England, amulets, old little ones, and the portrait of the Head of Mao is raised above everything.

After the defeat of the "Bandi of the Fourth", the excitement around Mao is clearly felt. It is still a “galleon figure” of Chinese communism, which is still being revived, there are still monuments to Mao in places, whose image adorns Chinese banknotes, badges and stickers. The current cult of Mao among cross-border citizens, especially young people, should soon be taken up with the manifestations of current pop culture, and not with a clear kowtowing to the thoughts and deeds of this people.

The significance of Mao's decline

Portrait of Mao on the gate of Heavenly Peace in Beijing

Head of the Standing Committee of the NPC Ye Jianying, born in 1979. characterizing the hour of Mao Zedong's reign as a “feudal-fascist dictatorship.” A different rating was given later.

“Comrade Mao Zedong is a great Marxist, a great proletarian revolutionary, strategist and theorist. If we look at his life and activity as a whole, then his services to the Chinese revolution greatly outweigh his mistakes, regardless of the serious concessions made to him by the “cultural revolution.” His merits belong to the brand, and mercy belongs to another place” (Kerivniki KPK, 1981).

Mao deprived his attackers of the country in a deep, all-pervasive crisis. The Great Stribka is the cultural revolution of Ekononika China Stagnuval, the cultural of Zhitti Bulo is roded by the livami radicals, the culture of the Budsutnya Bula Vidsutnya, through the oversight of Gromadsu, the half -tynologiy chaos. A particularly important downfall for Mao’s regime was the increased proportion of tens of millions of people throughout China who suffered as a result of reckless and cruel campaigns. During the Cultural Revolution, according to reports, up to 20 million people perished, and another 100 million also suffered during its course. The number of victims of the “Great Slash” was even greater, but because most of them fell on the rural population, there are unknown approximate figures that characterize the scale of the disaster.

On the other hand, one cannot help but know that Mao, who gave up in 1949. a little-provoked agrarian region that has become mired in corruption and insidious devastation, and in short order has managed to build from it a difficult, independent power that is in the midst of nuclear devastation. During his reign, the illiteracy rate dropped from 80% to 7%, the poverty of life increased by 2 times, the population grew by more than 2 times, and industrial products increased by more than 10 times. He managed to unite China, and also include Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Western Turkestan, destroying the right of these peoples to self-identification after the collapse of the Qing Empire. The ideology of Maoism also influenced the development of the left, including terrorist movements in rich countries of the world - the Red Khmers in Cambodia, the Holy Path in Peru, the revolutionary movement in Nepal, the communist movements in the USA and Europe. Nowadays, China itself, after the death of Mao, has its economy that is far beyond the ideas of Mao Zedong, having retained communist ideology. Reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1979. And continued by successors, de facto China’s economy became capitalist, with obvious consequences for domestic and foreign policy. In China, Mao's personality is assessed with extreme ambiguity. On the one hand, part of the population appreciates the charismatic specialness of the new hero of the Gromadyanskaya War, a strong ruler. Older Chinese are nostalgic for the future of tomorrow, the equality and the presence of corruption, which they thought existed in the era of Mao. On the other hand, many people cannot be convinced of Mao’s cruelty and pardons by his mass campaigns, especially the cultural revolution. Today in China there is quite a debate about the role of Mao in the current history of the country, and publications are being published about the policies of the “Great Kermanich” being subject to harsh criticism. The PRC's official formula for assessing its activity does not include the figure given by Mao himself as a characteristic of Stalin's activity (as was confirmed by Khrushchev's secret leader): 70 hundred units won and 3 0 hundreds of benefits. The CCP legitimizes its power in the minds if the bourgeois economy in the PRC unites with communist ideology.

Motherland connections

Fathers:

• Wen Qimei(文七妹, 1867-1919), mother.
• Mao Shunsheng(毛顺生, 1870-1920), father.

Brothers and sisters

• Mao Zemin(毛泽民, 1895-1943), younger brother.
• Mao Zetan(毛泽覃, 1905-1935), younger brother.
• Mao Zehong, (毛泽红, 1905-1929)) young sister.

Mao Zedong's three other brothers and one sister died in early life. Mao Zemin and Zetang died in the fight against the communists, Mao Zehong was killed by the Kuomintang.

Friends

• Luo Yixiu(罗一秀, 1889-1910), formally the squad since 1907, the imposition of whores, the misfortunes of Mao.
• Yang Kaihui(杨开慧, 1901-1930), squad from 1921 to 1927.
• He Zizhen(贺子珍, 1910-1984), squad from 1928 to 1939
• Jiang Qing(江青, 1914-1991), squad from 1938 to 1976.

Children

by Yang Kaihui

• Anyin(毛岸英, 1922-1950)
• Anqing(毛岸青, born 1923)
• Anlong(毛岸龙, 1927-1931)

Viewed by He Zizhen

• Xiao Mao(born in 1932, in 1934)
• Li Min(李敏, born 1936)
• syn (1939-1940)

Two other children were deprived of other people's families during the great war in 1929 and 1935. These later searches did not lead to anything.

as seen by Jiang Qing

• Chi Na(李讷, born 1940),

There are also approximately a handful of loving children.

Div. also

Vibran create

• « About practice"(实天论), 1937
• « Clean it thoroughly"(矛盾论), 1937
• « Against liberalism"(反对自由主义), 1937
• « About the protracted war"(论持久战), 1938
• "About new democracy"(新民主主义论), 1940
• « About literature and mysticism", 1942
• « Serve the people"(为人民服务), 1944
• « Methods of work of party committees", 1949
• « About the right thing to do in the middle of the people» ( 正确处理人民内部矛盾问题 ), 1957
• « Bring the revolution to an end", 1960

In addition to political prose, before the literary decline of Mao Zedong, there are a number of verses (nearly 20) written in the classical form of the Tang Dynasty. The leaders of Mao are still trying to gain popularity from China behind the border. The most familiar of them are: Changsha(长沙, 1925), Great March(长征, 1935), Snow (雪, 1936), Vіdpovid Li Shu-i(答李淑一, 1957) i Ode to plum blossoms(咏梅, 1961).

Notes

1. , With. 13
2. , With. 19
3. , With. 24
4. , With. 25
5. , With. 33
6. , With. 36
7. , With. 37-38
8. , With. 47
9. , With. thirty
10. , With. 94
11. , With. 92
12. , With. 114
13. , With. 119
14. , With. 140
15. , With. 45
16. , With. 197-198
17. , With. 49
18. ibid., pp. 451-58
19. Short, Pilip. Mao Zedong. AST, Moscow, 2001, P.229-32
20. Meliksetov, A. St, Pisarev, A. A., ..., History of China. Faculty of Moscow University, Moscow, 2004, p.519
21. Selden, Marc. Yanan Legacy: The Mass Line in: "Chinese Communist Politics in Action", Seattle, London 1970, pp. 101-109
22. Holm, David. Art and Ideology in Revolutionary China. Oxford 1991, pp.53.88; Mao, Zedong. Die Gesammelten Werke. Volume II, Beijing 1969; P.246
23. Worldwide history of warfare. – Minsk: Harverst, 2004. – 558 p.
24. Gray, Jack. Rebellions and Revolutions. China from 1800 to 1980. (The Short Oxford History of the Modern World). Oxford, 1990, pp.285-8; Spence, Jonathan. Chinas Weg in die Moderne. DTV, Munchen, 2001, pp. 590-600
25. Ledovsky A. M. SRSR, USA and the Chinese revolution as eyewitnesses 1946-1949. M: Institute of Far-Range RAS, 2005, P. 67
26. Meliksetov, A. St, Pisarev, A. A., …, History of China. Faculty of Moscow University, Moscow, 2004, p.634
27. Spence, Jonathan. Chinas Weg in die Moderne. DTV, Munchen, 2001, P.674
28. Short, Pilip. Mao Zedong. AST, Moscow, 2001, P.467; Spence, Jonathan. Chinas Weg in die Moderne. DTV, Munchen, 2001, P.688; Meliksetov, A. St, Pisarev, A. A., ..., History of China. Faculty of Moscow University, Moscow, 2004, p.667
29. Galenovich Yu.M. Russia in the “Chinese mirror”. Interpretation in the People's Republic of China of the beginning of the 21st century of Russian history and Russian-Chinese conflicts. Moscow: Skhidna kniga, 2011, p. p.29-30
30. Short, Pilip. Mao Zedong. AST, Moscow, 2001, P.470-73
31. Mao, Tse Tung. Knights from creativity. The publication of literature by foreign languages, Beijing, 1966, pp. 302-303
32. New history. Details. – M.: Astrel, Olimp, AST, 2000. – 310 p.
33. Malyavin, Volodymyr. Chinese culture. FST, Moscow, 2003, pp. 100-101; Meliksetov, A. St, Pisarev, A. A., ..., History of China. Faculty of Moscow University, Moscow, 2004, P.678-81; Short, Pilip. Mao Zedong. AST, Moscow, 2001, P.505-511
34. div. vische; and also: Meliksetov, A.V., Pisarev, A.A., ..., History of China. Faculty of Moscow University, Moscow, 2004, pp. 679-86
35. History of China from the earliest hours of the 19th century. M., 1974. – p.504-514.
36. Spence, Jonathan. Chinas Weg in die Moderne. DTV, Munchen, 2001, P.728
37. When Richard Nixon joined forces with Mao in 1972, he told him that his day had changed the culture and civilization of China. Mao Verdov: “All that I have learned is only Beijing and the whole region.” For everyone, it was a nightmare for those who, after 20 years of struggle and after so many struggles aimed at creating a communist supremacy, had achieved so little that they could live for many hours. This led to the fact that, in order to achieve their goal in life, they began to sacrifice more and more people. Otherwise, as we have taken into account, the historical process is right for every life. (Henry Kissinger)
38. Business sweatshirt "Competitor" - Newspaper
39. 100 popular dictators. – M.: Viche, 2002. – 491 p.
40. Galenovich Yu. M. Russia “to the Chinese mirror”. Interpretation in the People's Republic of China of the beginning of the 21st century of Russian history and Russian-Chinese conflicts. Moscow: Skhidna kniga, 2011, p. 265
41. http://www.russianews.ru/archive/pdfs/2007/43/8-43-2007.pdf

Literature

• Galenovich Yu. M. Mao Zedong is nearby. – M.: “Russian Panorama”, 2006. – 325 p. - (Leaders to China). - 1000 copies. - ISBN 5-93165-158-6
• Pantsov A.V. Mao Zedong / Oleksandr Pantsov. – M.: Young Guard, 2007. – 867 p. - (The lives of miracle people). - 5000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-235-02983-5
• Yun Zhang, Holliday J. Nevidomy Mao = Mao: The Unknown Story/Trans. from English I.A. Igorevsky. – M.: ZAT Tsentrpoligraf, 2007. – 845 p. - 20,000 units. - ISBN 978-5-9524-2896-6
• Short F. Mao Zedong = Mao. A Life / Philip Short, Prov. from English Yu. G. Kir'yaka. – M.: AST, 2005. – 606 p. - (Exposing in history). - 4000 copies. - ISBN 5-17-028288-5

Posilannya

• Biography of Mao Zedong I, Russian.
• Biography of Mao Zedong II, Russian.
• Maoist Library, Russian.
• Creations of Mao Zedong I, Russian.
• Creations of Mao Zedong II, Russian.

Mao Zedong is the biography and activity of the great Chinese sovereign and political figure of the 20th century, the leading theorist of Maoism according to this article.

Mao Zedong short biography

Mao was born on April 26, 1893 near the village of Shaoshan, Hunan Province to a native landowner. Taking the butt from the mother, he advocated Buddhism until his late childhood, after which he became convinced of the new one. Yogo dads did not know how to read and write. Father Zedong stayed at school for only 2 years, but his mother did not start.

In 1919, the revolution entered the Marxist flock. Since 1921, Zedong has become one of the founders of the Communist Party of China. At the onset of the fate of Mao, he abandoned the organizational nature of the CPC ceremonies and became active in the creation of rural groups.

Following its successful activity, the Explorer already organized the Chinese Radian Republic in 1928-1934, which was established in the rural areas of Central China. After the defeat of the Great Communist era, the famous Great March began in ancient China.

In 1957-1958, Zedong launched the famous program of socio-economic development. Today, it is known as a “great blow” and a small one in respect:

• Creation of rural communes
• Creation of other industrial enterprises in villages
• The principle of equal division of income has been restored
• The surpluses of private enterprises were liquidated
• The system of material incentives was eliminated

This program led to a deep depression in the PRC. In 1959, fate deprived the head of state of his position.

On the earnings of the 60s, Mao got into the deeds of half a half-meaded pits: Vyn, who was hobbled, the Vidnet VID IDE “Great Stribka” Zamyv is far from the Kerivnitvi comparty, I do not want to be inquired. It was in 1966 that the world learned about Zedong’s new project - the “cultural revolution”. Ale vona did not bring the best results.

Mao Zedong is the creator of the Cultural Revolution, one of the most dangerous tyrants of the twentieth century.

The creator of the "Cultural Revolution", one of the most crooked tyrants of the twentieth century, Mao Zedong, committed to the classical trinity: Marx, Engels, Lenin, adhering to one of the pillars of Marxist politics thoughts. Ruthlessness, single-mindedness and straightforwardness irritated one of the founders of the Communist Party of China and the creator of the People's Republic of China. (1949).

Mao Zedong was born on the 26th birthday, 1893. with the family of a possible villager Mao Zhen'sheng in Hunan Province. The local early school received a classical Chinese education, which included familiarity with the philosophy of Confucius and traditional literature.

The beginning was interrupted by the revolution of 1911. The military forces under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Manchu Qing dynasty. Mao, having served in the army for a long time, ended up wrapping the bandage at the paddock.

In 1912-1913 pp. Thanks to his relatives, he had the opportunity to attend a commercial school. From 1913 to 1918 Mao lives in the administrative center of Changsha, where he began his studies at the Normal School. They traveled to the river (1918-1919), to Beijing, and worked at the library of Peking University.

In 1918 r. Together with the like-minded Mao, he created the “New People” partnership in Changsha with the method of “searching for new ways and methods for re-creating China.” Until 1919, he gained a reputation as a leading political activist. It was at whose fate that he first became acquainted with Marxism and became an ardent follower of his passion. 1920 births of rapes. Mao organized the “Cultural Reading Association for the Expansion of Revolutionary Ideas”, creating communist groups in Changsha, making friends with Yang Kaihai, the daughter of one of his admirers. He became the leading delegate from the province of Hunan at the inaugural meeting of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which was held near Shanghai in Lipnya in 1921. Together with other members of the CPC, Mao joined the nationalist Kuomintang Party in 1923. and send reserve elections to the Kuomintang Committee in 1924.

Through illness at the end of that same fate, Mao had a chance to return to Hunan, but he did not sit there idle. He fell inexorably to the left, creating a group of soldiers and villagers, which became the reason for his arrest. Voseni 1925 r. Mao turned to Canton, de spіvpratsyuvat with the radical tyzhnevik.

A few years later, he gained the respect of Chiang Kai-shek and became a master of Kuomin-Dang propaganda. Political differences with Chan immediately appeared, and in the grassroots of 1925. Mao was put away.

Having become a student of the training courses for ceramic workers of the rural movement, which represented the far left wing of the CCP. However, the date of birth is 1927. Chiang Kai-shek broke the alliance with the CCP and launched an attack on members of the CCP during his “Day Campaign”. Mao is on the rise from the underground and will immediately lead to the members of the CCP, organizing a revolutionary army in the middle of the 8th-19th spring, when the “Autumn Harvest” insurrection began. The uprising was not far away, and Mao was forced to join the CCP. At the end of the war, having collected the surplus of his loyal forces, he united with another outcast of the CCP, Zhu De, who entered the mountain in 1928. creating an army under the name "Line on the Mass".

Mao Ta Zhu simultaneously organized a powerful Radian republic in the Jingang Mountains on the border of the province of Hunan and Jiangxi, until 1934. there were fifteen million people in the population. At this time, they were found to be in disobedience not only to the Kuomin-dan and Chiang Kai-shek, but also to the Comintern, which was under the influx of the Radyan kerivniks, which ordered all future revolutionaries and communists to concentrate on buried places Contrary to the orthodox Marxist doctrine, Mao and Zhu placed their bets not on the Russian proletariat, but on the peasantry.

From 1924 to 1934, the forces, victorious and guerrilla tactics, successfully defeated the Kuomintang's attempts to conquer Poland. In 1930 The Kuomintang killed Mao's squad - Yang Kaihai. After the fifth attack on the army in Jinggan in 1934. Mao had to leave this region of 86,000 men and women.

This massive result of Mao’s army from Jingang included the famous “Long March” of approximately 12,000 km, ending in the province of Shanxi. U zhovtni 1935 r. Mao and his henchmen, numbering more than 4,000 people, created a new party headquarters.

At this point, the Japanese invasion of China caused the CPC and the Kuomintang to unite, and in 1936 Mao made peace with Chiang Kai-shek. Mao carried out the operation, known as “The Day of a Hundred Regiments,” against the Japanese in the period from the 20th sickle to the 30th leaf fall of 1940, and in other periods, showing less activity in operations against the Japanese, and focusing all his attention on the The valuable position of the CCP in ancient China its strong formation of the party. Birch 1940 he was crowned the Head of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee.

In the hour of war, Mao not only organized the villagers, but carried out a program of purges, which ensured that they were in control of the Kvitna in 1945. decreed by the permanent Head of the Central Committee of the Party. At this time, Mao wrote and published a series of drawings, which formulated and developed the foundations of the Chinese version of communism. He saw three most important components of the party's working style: solid theory and practice, close ties with the masses and self-criticism. The CCP, which had 40,000 members until the beginning of military operations, in 1945. When she came out of the war, she had 200,000 people in her lavas.

With the end of the war, the truce between the CCP and the Kuomintang also ended. Despite the attempt to create a coalition, a huge war broke out. In the period from 1946 to 1949. Mao's troops handed Chiang Kai-shek's armies one defeat after another, prompting them to decide to flee to Taiwan. Like 1949. Mao and his communist cronies voted to the mainland of the People's Republic of China.

The gained States, which were supported by Chiang Kai-shek and nationalist China, inspired Mao's attempts to establish diplomatic relations with them, which encouraged him to join forces with Stalin's Radian Union. In breastfeeding 1949 Mao led the USSR. Together with Premier Zhou-en-lai, he negotiated with Stalin and signed before returning to China in the fierce 1950s. Chinese-Russian Treaty of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance.

From 1949 to 1954 Mao mercilessly purged the party of his opponents. He spoke out against the landowners, voting for a program of violent collectivization in the village, similar to Stalin’s five-year period of the 30s. From leaf fall 1950 r. until Lipnya 1953 r. The PRC, following Mao's orders, was committed to a war between New and Old Korea, which meant that Communist China and the New States were locked in the battlefield.

During this period, Mao achieved events of great importance in the communist world. After the death of Stalin in 1953, a group of wines emerged as the most prominent of the Marxist activists. Mao clearly expressed dissatisfaction with the rapid pace of revolutionary changes in the Chinese countryside, indicating that important party officials are often seen as representatives of large noble classes.

Born in 1957 Mao, having become the initiator of the revolution, “Let a hundred knights blossom,” the faintest words were: “Let a hundred knights blossom, let a thousand schools of different world-viewers flourish.” Creative practitioners wanted to boldly criticize the party and its methods of political policy and management. It was planned so far in advance that simply being angry at the hostile tone of criticism, Mao quickly turned the tide of “One Hundred Quits” against the dissenters, which had rapidly grown, and proceeded to the creation of a powerful cult of specialness, which eventually brought Stalin to fruition. Suddenly, Mao renewed his pressure on the villagers, calling for a complete reduction of private power, the elimination of commodity production and the creation of people's communes. He published the “Great Stripping” program, which accelerated industrialization throughout the entire region. At party meetings there were banners like: “Three rocks of hard work and ten thousand rocks of prosperity” or “In fifteen rocks to catch up and overtake England for the most important industrial products,” which are not true gave the real camp reference from China, did not spiral on objective economic laws.

At the same time, following the collapse of the “great harvest”, a campaign for the universal creation of people’s communes flared up among industrial producers in rural areas, and the special power of their members increased; ї pratsi.

Already until the end of 1958. Signs began to appear that the policy of the “great slaughter” and “communization of the village” was going nowhere. Prote Mao continued to follow the intended course. Prorahunki and pardons of the “great purge” became the reason for the important development of the people's rule of the People's Republic of China. Serious imbalances in the industrial sector resulted, inflation intensified, sharply reducing the level of living standards of the population. The obsessiveness of rural farming and industrial production has become quickly noticeable. There was no grain growing in the country. All of this, combined with administrative chaos and filthy natural minds, screamed for a burning hunger.

The policy of the “great eradication” has attracted both popular support and sharp criticism from prominent CCP figures Peng Dehuai, Zhang Wentan and others. Mao resigned as head of state and replaced Liu Shaoqi; for example, 1950 - at the beginning of 1960. Mao allowed himself to live on his own and in peace, but entirely in inactivity; born in the middle of 1960 he turned to enormous activity and resolutely organized an attack on Liu Shaoqi. Mao’s “great proletarian cultural revolution” became the basis of the struggle.

The period was approximately from 1966 to 1969. Mao and his third squad, Jian Qing, captured the entire country before a heated discussion about the drive of this political event, and then, as Mao again imprisoned the head of the party and the head of the state, they threw China into the camp of permanent revolution. Vaughn was aimed, first and foremost, at getting rid of all those who were undesirable from her policy from the party’s key organs, to impose on the party and the people her scheme for the development of China from the spiritual-Lebanese concepts of “barracks communism”, accelerated everyday life your socialism, based on methods of economic stimulation . These ideas were clearly reflected in the slogans: “Industry should be taken into account by the Daqing oil workers, by the rural government – ​​a successful mining brigade”, “The whole country should be taken into account in the army”, “Increase preparation for the fall of the avoid any spontaneous storms." Overnight, Mao Zedong's cult of specialness continued to develop. Constantly violating the principles of collective leadership of the party, Mao at that time appointed himself over the CPC Central Committee, the Politburo of the Central Committee, the party, often discussing with the rest of the decisions he accepted in the name of the party.

The first stage of the “cultural revolution” took place from 1966 to 1969. This was the most active and ruinous phase of the revolution. The impetus for the rise of the cob was the publication in leaf fall of 1965. article by Yao Wenyun "About the new edition of the historical drama "The Retribution of Hai Rui." The play was written in 1960 by a prominent Chinese historian, protector of the mayor of Beijing Wu Han. dear China, inciting injustice persecution and dismissal of the Marshal, former Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China Peng Dehuai, who in 1959 gave a negative assessment of the "great eradication" and the people's communes of the People's Republic of China as "anti-socialist poisonous grass", which was followed by a protest against the church and the Beijing Municipal CCP and the propaganda department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

U travni born 1966 At an expanded meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPC, a report was heard that contained the main ideas of Mao Zedong about the “cultural revolution”, after which it was sharply criticized, and then withdrawn from their own planted a number of high-ranking members of the party, the order and the army. . The Group on the Right of the Cultural Revolution (GKR) was also created with Mao's former secretary Chen Boda. Mao's squad Jiang Qin and the secretary of the Shanghai Municipal Party Zhang Chunqiao became his defenders, and the secretary of the CPC Central Committee Kang Shen, who oversaw the security authorities, became the group's leader. The GKR gradually replaced the Politburo and the Party Secretariat and, through the efforts of Mao, became the “headquarters of the cultural revolution.”

To suppress the opposition forces in Mao Zedong's party, his henchmen vikorist politically immature youth, from which the assault pens of the Red Guards - "red guards" (the first Red Guards appeared in the grass) were formed 1966 at the middle school of Beijing Qing University The first manifesto of the Red Guards said : “We are the guardians who are seizing the red power, the Central Committee of the Party. The head of Mao is our support. The salvation of all mankind is our obligation. The ideas of Mao Zedong are the most prominent in all our actions. We swear that for the protection of K., zakhistu “The great leader of the Head of Mao, without hesitation, I will leave a drop of blood, and we will definitely bring the cultural revolution to an end.”

The work in schools with Mao's initiative was done so that the schools would not get in the way of carrying out a “cultural revolution.” Re-investigations of the intelligentsia, party members and Komsomol began. Professors, school teachers, active science and mysticism, and then prominent party and government officials were taken to the “court mas” at the Blaznivsky koppaks, beaten, tortured over him for their “roars” "Isionist actions", but in reality - for independent judgments about the formation of region, for critical observations about the internal and external policies of the PRC.

According to far from recent data presented to the Beijing branches of the Ministry of State Security, in the spring of 1956. The Red Guards in Beijing killed 1,722 individuals, confiscated a total of 33,695 families, and shelled over 85 thousand in booths. osіb, then left the table. Until 3rd October 1966 All over the country, 397,400 individuals of “evil spirits” were driven out of the area.

Terror in the middle of the country was supplemented by aggressive foreign policy. Mao decisively spoke out against the cult of Stalin’s personality, against all the policies of the Khrushchev branch. From the end of the 50s. Chinese propaganda began to call the CPRS leaders against great-power chauvinism, trying to get help from China's internal authorities and control their actions. Mao declared that in the international arena China could fight against any manifestations of great-power chauvinism and hegemonism.

Mao, having become a member of the Soviet Socialist Republic, was transferred to a friendship agreement in 1950. A campaign was flared up against the Radian fakhists with the aim of preventing them from staying in China. The government of the People's Republic of China began to artificially complicate the situation at the Radian-Chinese border, openly raising territorial claims to the USSR. Born in 1969 on the right we reached the open brown spots in the area of ​​Damansky Island and in the Semipalatinsk region.

Torishny sickle 1966 r. The plenum of the Central Committee of the CPC was held, from which the fate of many members of the Central Committee who died as victims of repression was taken. On the 5th of September, Mao especially wrote and hung outside the meeting room his official Dajibao “Fire at the headquarters!” and calling for a “fire at the headquarters”, allowing everyone to defeat or paralyze the important party bodies in the center and in the localities, people’s committees, mass organizations of workers, and then create a new “revolution” ni" organi vladi.

After the “reorganization” of the party leadership at the plenum, the head of the party Central Committee lost five defenders - Minister of Defense Lin Biao, who was referred to as the “defender” of Mao Zedong. As a result, Mao was captured from the Red Guards and before the plenum (this is due to the respect of his leafleting with the Red Guards, in cooperation with them), calls to open a “fire at headquarters”, the excesses of the Red Guards after the plenum occurred on a larger scale. The destruction of government bodies, large organizations, and party committees began. The Red Guards were, in essence, placed above the party and government bodies.

Life in the country was disorganized, the economy was in grave disarray, hundreds of thousands of CCP members were subject to repression, and efforts were made to reinvestigate the intelligentsia. As a result of the fate of the “cultural revolution”, the accused was brought to justice by the “four” (born in 1981), re-examined, culture and poverty were recognized by “a large number of zealous workers of the Central Committee of the CPC, community bodies which security of the lower levels, the prosecutor's office, the court, the army, and propaganda agencies. According to the document, the victims of the “four” and Lin Biao included over 727 thousand people, of whom over 34 thousand were “brought to death.” According to official Chinese data, the number of victims during the “Cultural Revolution” ї" collected close to 100 million man

Infant born 1966 The enclosures of the Red Guards turned out to be the enclosures of zaofan (rebels), from whom young people were produced, including unskilled workers, service workers, and scientists. It is unlikely that the “cultural revolution” will be transferred to enterprises, until it is established that the workers will rely on the Red Guards. All the workers responded to the call of the CCP committees, and often spontaneously gave in to all the unruly Red Guards and Zaofans, sought to improve their material status, flew to the capital to present their claims, kicked the robot, announced strikes , entered the battle with the pogromists. The destruction of the party organs was opposed by many of the region’s leading politicians. In order to destroy the bases of the opponents of the “cultural revolution”, a campaign of “the seizure of power” was flared up. In Sichna, born 1967. The citizens of Shanghai buried the party and administrative power in the city. Following this, the cry of “the hoarding of power” from “those with power and those who walk along the capitalist path” reverberated throughout China. Beijing has 19-7 p.m. in the middle of today. Vlada Bula was buried in 300 departments and installations. The party committees and government authorities felt that the stench of 17 years since the collapse of the PRC had forced them to “restorate capitalism.” The “burial of power” took place over the entire army, which oppressed the operation and created control over communications, communications, warehouses, storage and distribution of secret documents, banks, central archives. To support the “rebels”, special units were seen, since in the army there was little dissatisfaction with the atrocities of the Red Guards and Tsaofans. Shvidko failed to make a plan for burying the property. The strikes of the militants widened, bloody conflicts with the Tsaofan were observed everywhere, and there were disputes between various organizations of the Red Guards and the Tsaofan. As Chinese historians write: “China transformed into a power, having fallen into chaos and ruled by terror. Party and government bodies at all levels were paralyzed. Key cadres and intellectuals who provided knowledge and resources I'm going home, they knew the persecution." From today 19-7 p. The creation of new anti-constitutional bodies of the city government - the “revolutionary committees” - began. Initially, the leaders of the Red Guards and Tsaofan took over their dominance, which aroused the dissatisfaction of party workers and military officials. In the center and in the localities, political struggle began, and in a number of regions, disputes between the military units and organizations of the Red Guards and Tsaofan were being discussed. For example, the summer of 1971. The country was actually taken under military control. What did you find out from the woman born in 1968? Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPC, at which was close to the third warehouse of the Central Committee, some of the others were at that time repressed, sanctioning all the actions of the “cultural revolution”, “once again” excluding Liu Shaoqi from the party, removing him from all positions iv, praising the draft of the new CPC statute. Preparations have begun intensified before the 9th sign of the CCP.

IX Congress of the CPC (Kviten 1969), in which delegates were not recruited, but were recognized, praising and legitimizing all actions that took place in the region 1965-1969. The main evidence from Lin Biao's speech at the meeting was the intention to continue the cleansing of party organizations and government institutions, issued in the spring of 1968. The entire history of the party was presented as a struggle of the “Mao Zedong line” against various “deviations.” The IX Congress praised the course towards “uninterrupted revolution” and preparations for war.

The new Statute of the party, adopted herein, to replace the Statute adopted in 1956, did not include the party’s mission in the sphere of economic and cultural life, the improvement of the people’s life, and the development of democracy. The theoretical basis for the activities of the CCP was the “idea of ​​Mao Zedong”. In the program (part of the Statute there was a provision recognizing Lin Biao as the “advocate” of Mao Zedong. The provision about the aggressor, characteristic of monarchical absolutism, was introduced before the Statute of the CPC, and was considered an “innovative phenomenon” by the galusi of the international communist movement. It is effective was an innovation for that sensi, that since the dawn of the world's communist movement such a wondrous phenomenon has never happened.

After the IX departure, the actions of these politicians, who managed to preserve their positions, were emphasized by Mao in the correction of extremist attitudes in the Galusian economy with an eye on the urgent needs of the country's development. From these initiatives from the beginning of the 70s. Elements of planning, practical activities, and material stimulation began to be carefully introduced. There was also an increase in the management of the people's dominion and the organization of production. There were changes in politics in the cultural sphere, although strict control over cultural life, as before, was preserved.

In 1970-1971 pp. Pods arose that represented a new crisis in the middle of the Chinese economy. Birch born 1970 Mao praised the decision to revise the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and formulated a proposal for cutting off the head of the People's Republic of China. Minister of Defense Lin Biao and the cerebral group on the right of the cultural revolution, Chen Boda, were no good to him.

As a result of the struggle for power, which flared up, Chen Boda entered the political scene, and in the spring of 1971. The time has come for Lin Biao and a group of military pottery workers. According to the Chinese side, Lin Biao died in a plane crash on the territory of the Mongolian People's Republic, and is trying to enter the border after the "coup". After this, a new purge took place in the army, during which tens of thousands of officers became victims of repression.

The country could not live without violence. Born in 1972 The mode will become soft. The process of updating the activities of the Komsomol, trade unions, and women's federations is intensifying. X Congress of the CCP, held in September 1973, sanctioning all these visits, and also praising the rehabilitation of some party and administrative cadres, including Deng Xiaoping.

Born in 1972 Mao created the world by establishing diplomatic and economic relations with the United States, which was adopted in 1972. at President Nixon's Beijing.

Despite the achievements of compromise between various forces in the CCP at the end of the 19th century, the situation in the country continued to become unstable. On the cob 1974 r. Mao praised the plan of a new underground national political-ideological campaign to “criticize Lin Biao and Confucius.” The cob of it was put forward in the press, aimed at the development of Confucianism and the praise of legalism - a long-standing Chinese ideological current that collapsed under Emperor Qin Shihuang - the head of the first foreign Chinese despotism. (3rd century BC). The specific goal of the campaign, like the previous ones, was to expand on historical analogies, to arguments in the history of Chinese political thought with the aim of highlighting current ideological and political problems.

U Sichna 1975 After the 10-day break, Mao began calling to parliament. A new constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted. The Constitution was the result of a compromise: on one side, before it, the installations of 1966-1969 were included. . (In addition, calls are being prepared before the war), and on the other hand, it consolidated the right of commune members to garden plots, recognized the election brigade (and not the commune) as the main state economic unit, conveyed the need for progressive promotion nya material and cultural level of life of the people, payment of praci.

Nezabar, after praising the new constitution of the Visuvans - the “cultural revolution”, they made a new attempt to emphasize their positions. Accordingly, with the initiative of Mao at the turn of 1974-1975. a campaign was flared up under the blaze of the struggle for the “introduction of the theory of dictatorship to the proletariat.” An important goal of this campaign was the struggle against the representatives of the CCP ranks, due to the need to increase respect for economic development and to establish more rational methods of managing the people's rule.

As a result of the new political campaign, the declaration about garden plots and commodity penny notes was voted against by “bourgeois law”, as it is necessary to “demarcate”, then. enter equalizer. Under the guise of the new campaign, the economic interests of the workers were intermingled in many industrial enterprises and communities. In a number of outbreaks, material desires were limited, work was practiced in excess of the norm, and garden plots were liquidated. Everything screamed mass dissatisfaction with the people, strikes and criticism.

After a serious illness in Sichnya in 1976. The Prime Minister of the People's Republic of China, Zhou Enlai, has died. At the anniversary of the ceremony dedicated to his memory, mass displays appeared on the main square of Beijing - Tiananmen. This was a strong blow to the prestige of Mao Zedong. Participants in the protests condemned the activities of his friend Jiang Qing and other members of the Group on the right of the Cultural Revolution and demanded their removal.

These people cried out for a new wave of repression. Deng Xiaoping was removed from all posts, and Hua Guofeng became the Minister of Public Security of the People's Republic of China. In China, a new political campaign has flared up to “fight the right-wing tendency to revise the correct principles of the cultural revolution,” which was aimed directly at Deng Xiaoping and his henchmen. A new round of struggle has begun against “the people who are endowed with power and who are walking along the capitalist path.”

The reign of terror ended on June 9, 1976. Mao Zedong died. The people of the recession suddenly knew of repression. Jian Qing and his closest associates, nicknamed the “gang of four,” were arrested. Mao's strong-willed attacker on his head, Zhao Guofeng, was kicked out of the foreign party stake, as soon as he had fallen under the control of the faded.

The “Cultural Revolution” was a noticeably crazy event. As in the era of “One Hundred Kvits”, the main principles were criticism, questioning the honesty of people who were in power under the doctrine of the “right to protest”. And yet, without a doubt, the method was the creation and consolidation of the mass “cult of specialness” - loyalty to the ideas and especially to Mao Zedong, the ubiquitous image of which was beautiful in all large towns and private booths. "The Little Red Book" - collected from Mao's head ("Quotation Book") - could be read in the hands of literally every man, every woman and every child in China. Not long after Mao’s death, the Chinese Communist Party, in recognition of Mao as the founder of the revolution, condemned the “cultural revolution” for its extremes, including its worship of Mao’s specialness.