Oceans of light. Physical geography - the seas that wash the territory of Russia The eminence of the sea from the lake, tributaries and from the ocean
1. Sea of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean.
2. Seas of the seas.
3. Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
4. Caspian sea-lake.
Sea of Pivnichny Ice Ocean
The Ice Ocean reaches the Pivnichny Sea: the Barents Sea, the White Sea, the Kars Sea, the Laptev Sea, the Skhidno-Siberian Sea and the Chukchi Sea.
All these seas wash the territory of Russia every day. All the seas around the White Sea are outer, and the White Sea is internal. The seas are fortified one by one with archipelagos of islands - natural cordons, and there, where there is no clear boundary between the seas, they must be carried out intelligently. All shelf seas are generally shallow waters, although the shallow waters of the Laptev Sea go to the edge of the Nansen Trench (depth 3385 m). Thus, the Laptev Sea is the largest of the land seas. At another place in depth from the freshwater seas is the Barents, and the most distant is Skhidno-Sibirsk, the average depth of all seas is 185 m.
The seas are open, and between them and the ocean there is a strong water exchange. On the side of the Atlantic, warm and salty water flows into the Barents Sea through two powerful streams: the Spitzbergen and North Cape Currents. At the junction of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean basin with the Pacific Ocean through the narrow Bering Channel (its width is 86 km, depth 42 m), water exchange with the Pacific Ocean is extremely difficult.
The seas of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean are characterized by a large flow from the mainland; about 70% of the flow of the territory of Russia goes to the basin ocean. The influx of river waters reduces the salinity of the seas to 32 ‰. Near the mouth of the great rivers, the salinity drops to 5 ‰, and as the Barents Sea enters the sea, it approaches 35 ‰.
The climate of the seas is suivorous, which is in the first place due to their geographical developments at high latitudes. All the seas, the cream of the White Sea, lie near the Arctic Circle. This fact is evident from the intense cold during the winter, during the polar night. At the same part, an Arctic high-pressure maximum is formed, which is supported by frosty, low-humidity weather. The Icelandic and Aleutian minimums loom on the climate of the freshwater seas. For the western regions of the Arctic, winter is characterized by cyclonic activity, which manifests itself especially clearly in the Barents Sea: frosts will subside, there will be gloom, wind, snowfalls, weather, and possible fog. There is an anticyclone over the central seas and similar ones, so the average daily temperatures change rapidly (directly from the approach to the descent): over the Barents Sea the northern temperature is -5o -15°C, and in the Laptev and Skhidno-Siberian seas The average temperature near the sea today is close to -30°C . Over the Chukchi Sea it is a little warmer - close to -25°C, which indicates the influx of the Aleutian minimum. Near the Northern Pole, the temperature is close to -40°C. The influx is characterized by uninterrupted dormouse radiation throughout the dry polar day.
The cyclonic activity of the influx becomes even weaker, but the wind temperatures no longer remain low, because It is important that most of the sleepy radiation is wasted on the tanning of ice. The average temperature of the lime tree varies from 0°C on the outskirts of the sea to +5°C on the coastal continent and even above the White Sea, the temperature rises to +10°C.
In winter, all seas, except the outskirts of the Barents Sea, freeze. The entire river covers most of the ocean with ice, this ice is preserved in a few rocks and is called pack ice. Ice floats around in stationary Russia. Regardless of thickness (up to 3 m or more), the ice is strong enough to break, and cracks appear between the screens and fillers leak. The surface of the pack ice is clearly flat, but ice ridges up to 5-10 m deep may form. Ice dams, icebergs may form near the seas, which were seen breaking off the covered ice fields, which are present on the arctic islands. As the ice flows in, the ice flows quickly, but drifting ice caps can be found in the seas off the coast. The ice regime is rapidly changing, and due to the warming climate, there is a risk of a decrease in ice storage (for sea vessels). The water temperature throughout the river is low: inlet +1o +5o (near the White Sea up to +10o), winter -1-2oC (and at the outer part of the Barents Sea almost +4oC).
The bioproductivity of the land seas is low, the flora and fauna of these seas are poor, and the depletion of flora and fauna occurs directly from the entry of Skhid, in connection with the harsh climate. Thus, the ichthyofauna of the Barents Sea contains 114 species of fish, and the Laptev Sea contains 37 species. In the Barents Sea, the following fish are found: cod, piksha, halibut, sea bass, herring, etc. In similar seas, salmon (salmon, pink salmon, chum salmon, salmon), whitefish (omul, vendace) and smelt are popular.
Seas of the Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean reaches the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan. The stench washes the shores of Russia. The seas are reinforced from the Pacific Ocean by ridges of islands: the Aleutian, Kuril and Japanese, behind which there are deep-water trenches (the maximum depth at the Kuril-Kamchatka trench is 9717 m). The seas are located near the subduction zone of two lithospheric plates: the Eurasian and the Pacific. The seas are also located in the zone of transition between the continental crust and the oceanic crust, the shelf is small, and the seas of the Pacific Ocean are much deeper. The deepest (4150 m) and largest in size is the Bering Sea. The middle depth of all three seas is 1350 m, which is significantly deeper than the seas of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean. The seas stretched over a distance of 5,000 km from day to day, causing strong water exchange from the Pacific Ocean. The difference between the rise of these seas is the relatively small influx of river waters to them. The Pacific Ocean basin receives less than 20% of the water flow from the territory of Russia.
The climate of the seas is largely determined by the monsoon circulation, which smoothes out the climatic variations of the seas, especially during the winter period. The average air temperature in summer varies from -15-20o C in the winter and up to -5oC in the islands. This is the worst winter in the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk (500 km from Oymyakon). Influence of climatic variations of the foreign seas. The Bering Sea has an average temperature of +7+10o W, and the Sea of Japan has an average temperature of +20o W. During the summer season, typhoons often sweep over the Sea of Japan. During winter, ice forms in the seas: the Sea of Okhotsk freezes all over, and only the Bering and Japanese coasts. During the winter, the water temperature changes from +2 to -2°C, and during the winter, the water temperature changes from +5°C at night to +17°C at daytime. The salinity of water varies from 30‰ in the Sea of Okhotsk to 33‰ in the Bering and Japanese seas.
The Pacific seas are characterized by tidal currents; in the Penzhinsk Bay the highest tidal waves on the Russian coast are observed - up to 13 m; near the Kuril Islands the height of tidal currents is up to 5 m.
The organic light of the seas is abundant, plankton and sea algae are rapidly developing in shallow waters. The ichthyofauna is represented by arctic and boreal species of fish, and in the Sea of Japan by subtropical species of fish. There are about 800 species of fish in the seas of the Far Sea, including over 600 in the Sea of Japan. Commercially important fish include salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon, chavicha and others), herring and Pacific herring, and bottom fish - flounder, halibut, cod, as well as pollock and sea bass; in most of the freshwater areas there are mackerel, sea eels, tuna and sharks. In addition, the Pacific seas are rich in crabs and sea urchins; fur seals and sea otters hang out on the islands.
Sea of the Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Sea: Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Azov Sea.
These seas are internal, the stench washes the small plots of the territory of the region. The connection between these seas and the ocean is weak, and therefore their hydrological regime is unique.
The Baltic Sea (Varyazka) is the largest of the seas of Russia. It is connected to the ocean through the shallow Danish Channel and the shallow Pivnichne Sea. The Baltic Sea itself is still shallow, it subsided at quarter hour and was covered with continental ice to the bottom. The sea is shallow, the maximum depth of the Baltic Sea is 470 m (as of today near Stockholm), near the Finnish Sea the depth does not exceed 50 m.
The climate of the Baltic Sea is shaped by the influx of wind masses from the Atlantic. Cyclones often pass through the sea; the volume of river fallout exceeds 800 mm. Airborne temperatures over the Baltic are 16-18°C, water temperatures are 15-17°C. During the winter, the seas are panicking, the average temperature today is close to 0°C, but due to the invading Arctic winds the temperature can drop to -30°C. Only the Finnish inlet freezes, and in addition to the winter, the sea may also freeze.
About 250 rivers flow into the Baltic Sea, and only 20% of the river flow comes from the Neva River. The salinity of water in the Baltic Sea does not exceed 14 ‰ (the average oceanic value is 35 ‰), while on the coast of Russia (near the Finnish Bute) the salinity becomes 2-3 ‰.
The Baltic fauna is not rich. Commercially important ones include: sprat, herring, vugor, smelt, cod, whitefish, lamprey. In addition, a seal lingers in the sea, the number of which spends the rest of the time passing through the obstructed sea waters.
The Black Sea is the warmest of the seas of Russia. Behind the area, it is much more similar to the Baltic, but it greatly extends through the great depth behind it: the maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2210 m. The Black Sea is connected to the Atlantic through a system of internal seas and channels.
The climate of the Black Sea is close to the Mediterranean (warm, cold winters and generally dry, dry summers). During the winter, fresh winds blow over the sea. When cyclones pass, stormy winds often arise; The average winter temperature fluctuates from 0°C on the coast of Russia to +5°C on the dry coast of the sea. The air flow is influenced by winds from outside to outside, with an average air temperature of +22-25°C. There are many rivers flowing into the sea, the largest flow being from the Danube. The salinity of the waters of the Black Sea becomes 18-22 ‰, but near the mouth of the great rivers the salinity decreases to 5-10 ‰.
Life is livelier than the upper balls of the sea, because... below 180 m near the water of the dispensation there is a severe water day. There are 166 species of fish in the Black Sea: Mediterranean species - mackerel, horse mackerel, sprat, anchovy, tuna, mullet and so on; Freshwater species - pike perch, bream, ram. Pontic relics are preserved here: beluga, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, and oseledets. Dolphins and seals linger around the Black Sea near the Black Sea.
The Sea of Azov is the smallest sea in Russia and the friendliest in the world: its average depth is 7 m, and its greatest depth is 13 m. It is a shelf sea, it joins the Black Sea by the Kerch Channel. Due to its small size and deep internal structure, the sea suffers from a continental climate, rather than a maritime one. The average air temperature in Sichnya is close to -3°C, but in case of stormy winds, the temperature can drop to -25°C, although very rarely. When flying over the Sea of Azov, it warms up to +25°C.
Two great rivers flow into the Sea of Azov: Don and Kuban, which bring over 90% of the river flow. Surrounding this river, about 20 small rivers flow into it. The salinity of the waters is close to 13 ‰; The water near the sea warms up to +25°C until the day, saving it up to +30°C. During the winter, most of the sea freezes, and ice melting begins near the chest, in Taganrozka Zatot. The sea freezes with ice until it’s midnight.
The organic waters of the Azov Sea are diverse: there are about 80 species of fish, most importantly Mediterranean and freshwater species - sprat, anchovy, pike perch, bream, sturgeon, etc.
Caspian sea-lake
The Caspian Sea extends to the inner drainless basin, a relict lake, and in the Neogene it was connected to the Ocean of Light. The Caspian Lake is the largest lake on Earth, due to its hydrological regime and great size it is even similar to the sea.
The Caspian basin is made up of three parts: subsurface – shelf, with depths up to 50 m; middle – with depths of 200-800 m; pivdenna - deep-water, with a maximum depth of 1025 m. The length of the Caspian Sea from day to day becomes 1200 km, from the approach to the descent - about 300 km.
The climate of the Caspian Sea changes from temperate to subtropical during the day. In winter, the sea is under the tide of the Asian high, and there are winds above it. The average temperature ranges from -8oC on daytime to +10oC on daytime. The dry-water part of the river is covered with ice from today to late summer.
Flying over the Caspian Sea the weather is clear and sunny, the average summer temperature is +25-28oC. The river volume of rainfall over the water area of the Pivnichny Caspian Sea is approximately 300 mm, but during the daytime it falls up to 1500 mm.
More than 130 rivers flow into the sea, and 80% of the river flow comes from the Volga River. The salinity of water varies from 0.5‰ at daytime to 13‰ at dawn.
The organic life of the Caspian Sea is sparse, but endemic, and live here: herring, whippersnappers, sturgeons (blue, stellate sturgeon, sterlet, sturgeon), carp, bream, pike perch, other species of fish, and even seal.
) or PSU (Practical Salinity Units) practical salinity scale (Practical Salinity Scale).
| element | Zmist, mg/l |
|---|---|
| Chlorine | 19 500 |
| Sodium | 10 833 |
| Magnesium | 1 311 |
| Sirka | 910 |
| Calcium | 412 |
| Potassium | 390 |
| Bromine | 65 |
| Vuglets | 20 |
| Strontium | 13 |
| Bor | 4,5 |
| Fluorine | 1,0 |
| Silicon | 0,5 |
| Rubidy | 0,2 |
| Nitrogen | 0,1 |
The salinity of the product is a quantity of solid resin in grams, dissolved in 1 kg of sea water, so that all halogens are replaced with an equivalent quantity of chlorine, all carbonates are converted into oxides, the organic resin is burned.
In 1978, a scale of practical salinity (Practical Salinity Scale 1978, PSS-78) was introduced and approved by all international oceanographic organizations (Practical Salinity Scale 1978, PSS-78), in which world salinity is based on electrical conductivity (conductometry), and not on steamed water. In the 1970s, oceanographic CTD probes were widely withdrawn from marine exploration, and from then on the salinity of the water was determined mainly by the electrical method. To check the electrical conductivity values that are stored in water, use laboratory salt meters. In your case, to check the salt meters, use standard sea water. Standard sea water, recommended by the international organization IAPSO for verifying salinity measurements, is extracted from Great Britain by the Ocean Scientific International Limited (OSIL) laboratory from natural sea water. By adjusting all vimir standards, it is possible to reduce the accuracy of the vimir salinity to 0.001 unit PSU.
The PSS-78 scale gives numerical results close to the extinction of mass frequencies, and the values are marked or, if necessary, the adjustment is accurate to within 0.01 PSU, or if the salt warehouse does not correspond to the standard ocean warehouse some water.
- Atlantic Ocean - 35.4 ‰ The highest salinity of surface waters in the open ocean is found in the subtropical zone (up to 37.25 ‰), and the maximum is in the Mediterranean Sea: 39 ‰. In the equatorial zone, where the volume of rainfall is maximum, the salinity decreases to 34%. Higher desalination of water occurs in the estuary areas (for example, in the La Plata region - 18-19 ‰).
- Indian Ocean - 34.8 ‰. The maximum salinity of surface waters is observed in the Persian confluence and the Red Sea, where it reaches 40-41 ‰. High salinity (above 36 ‰) is also observed in the tropical zone, especially in similar areas, and in the desert region also in the Arabian Sea. In the current Bengal waterway, as a result of the desalination flowing into the Ganga, Brahmaputra and Irrawaddy, the salinity decreases to 30-34 ‰. Seasonal variations in salinity are significantly lower in the Antarctic and Equatorial zones. In winter, desalinated water from the snow-draining part of the ocean is transported by the monsoon current, creating a low salinity until 5° Mon. w. Vlytka Tsya Mova knows.
- Pacific Ocean - 34.5 ‰. Tropical zones have the highest salinity (maximum up to 35.5-35.6 ‰), where intensive evaporation is combined with a relatively small amount of litter. As the cold flows in, the salinity decreases. A large amount of rainfall also reduces salinity, especially at the equator and in the incoming circulation zones of the dead and subpolar latitudes.
- Pivnichny Ice Ocean - 32 ‰. A number of balls of water masses are visible near the Pivnichny Ice Ocean. The top ball has a low temperature (below 0 ° C) and reduced salinity. The remainder is explained by the pressurizing effect of river runoff, melt water and even weak evaporation. Below you can see the subsurface ball, colder (up to -1.8 °C) and more salty (up to 34.3 ‰), which is created when surface waters are mixed with the underlying intermediate water ball. The middle water ball is Atlantic water that comes from the Greenland Sea, with positive temperatures and increased salinity (more than 37 ‰), which expands to a depth of 750-800 m. through the channel between Greenland and the Spitz Bergen The temperature of the clay waters is about -0.9 ° C, the salinity is close to 35 ‰. .
The salinity of ocean waters varies depending on geographic latitude, from the open part of the ocean to the shores. Near the surface waters of the oceans there is a low area of the equator, in polar latitudes.
| Name | Salinity, ‰ |
|---|---|
Magellan opened the Pacific Ocean in the spring of 1520 and called the ocean the Pacific Ocean, “because,” as one of the participants reports, in an hour’s passage from the Land of Pognaja to the Philippine Islands, more than three months - we never they experienced a water storm.” Beyond the vastness (about 10 thousand) and the arctic area of the islands (about 3.6 million km²), the Pacific Ocean sits in the middle of the oceans first. At the bottom part - Aleutsky; at the entrance - Kuril, Sakhalin, Japanese, Philippine, Great and Mali Sunda, New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania; near the central one there are numerous smaller islands. The bottom relief is varied. At the convergence - the Pacific Rise, in the central part there are a lot of trenches (Pivnichno-Skhidna, Pivnichno-Zakhidna, Central, Skhidna, Pivdenna etc.), deep-water troughs: at the bottom - Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatsky, Izu-Boninsky; at the entrance - Mariansky (with the maximum depth of the Light Ocean - 11,022 m), Philippine terrain; at the meeting – Central American, Peruvian and others.
The main surface currents: in the subsurface part of the Pacific Ocean - warm Kuroshio, subsurface-Pacific and Alaskan and cold Californian and Kuril; In the daytime part - the warmth of the Rainy-Pastry and Skhidno-Australian and the cold of the Setting Winds and the Peruvian. The water temperature on the surface near the equator is 26 to 29 °C, in the polar regions up to -0.5 °C. Salinity 30-36.5 ‰. The Pacific Ocean accounts for nearly half of the world's fish catch (pollock, herring, salmon, cod, sea bass, etc.). Species of crabs, shrimps, oysters.
The Pacific Ocean is crossed by important maritime and windy communications between the edges of the Pacific basin and transit routes between the edges of the Atlantic and Indian oceans. Great ports: Vladivostok, Znakhidka (Russia), Shanghai (China), Singapore (Singapore), Sydney (Australia), Vancouver (Canada), Los Angeles, Long Beach (USA), Huasco (Chile). The date line passes through the Pacific Ocean along the 180th meridian.
Roslinna life (including bacteria and lower fungi) is concentrated in the upper 200th sphere, in the so-called euphotic zone. Creatures and bacteria inhabit all the waters and bottom of the ocean. Life develops most clearly in the shelf zone, especially in shallow depths, where in the shallow ocean zones the flora of brown algae and the rich fauna of mollusks, worms, crustaceans, and seaweeds are diversely represented. in organisms. At tropical latitudes, the milky-water zone is characterized by widespread and strong development of coral reefs, including teacups along the shore itself. As tropical species move out of cold zones, the number of species increases sharply, and the density of their subdivisions decreases. In the Bering Sea there are about 50 species of coastal algae - macrophytes, in the Japanese Islands - over 200, in the waters of the Malay Archipelago - over 800. In the Radian distant seas there are about 4000 species of creatures, and in the waters of Malay archipelago - no less than 4. In the cold and temperate zones of the ocean, with a relatively small number of species of plants and animals during the mass development of certain species, the vegetative biomass grows strongly; in the tropical zones, around the form, plates of sharp importance do not swell, although the number of species And it’s really big.
With greater distances to the central parts of the ocean and greater depths, life becomes less varied and less varied. In general, the fauna of Nina T. o. includes about 100 thousand species, but only 4-5% of them are found below 2000 m. At depths below 5000 m there are about 800 species of creatures, more than 6000 m - about 500, depths below 7000 m - a little more than 200, and more than 10 thousand m - There are almost 20 species.
Among the coastal algae - macrophytes - in the coastal zones one can especially see a large number of fucus and laminaria. At tropical latitudes they are replaced by brown algae - sargassie, green algae - caulerpa and halimeda and a number of red algae. The upper zone of the pelagic zone is characterized by a massive development of unicellular algae (phytoplankton), the main rank of diatoms, peridiniums and cococolithophores. In zooplankton, the most important species are various crustaceans and their larvae, mainly copepods (at least 1000 species) and euphausids; It is home to radiolarians (nearly hundreds of species), gut-dwelling fish (siphonophora, jellyfish, ctenophores), eggs and larvae of fish and bottom-dwelling spineless fish. At T. o. It is possible to distinguish between the littoral and sublittoral zones, the transition zone (up to 500-1000 m), the bathyal, abyssal and ultra-abyssal, and the zone of deep-water trenches (from 6-7 to 11 thousand m).
Plankton and bottom creatures serve as food for fish and sea lions (nekton). The fauna of fish is rich, including at least 2000 species in tropical latitudes and about 800 in the remote seas, in addition, 35 species of sea lions. The most commercially important fish are: anchovies, wild salmon, herring, mackerel, sardine, saury, sea bass, tuna, flounder, cod and pollock; From the sea - sperm whale, several species of minke whales, fur seal, sea otter, walrus, sea lion; from spineless ones - crabs (including king crabs), shrimp, oysters, scallops, cephalopods and much more; from roses – kelp (sea kale), agarone-anfelcia, sea grass zoster and philospadix. There are a lot of representatives of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean - endemic (pelagic cephalopod nautilus, most Pacific salmon, saury, greenling fish, fur seal, steller sea lion, sea otter and much more).
The great extent of the Pacific Ocean from Pivnochi to Pivdni means the range of its climates - from equatorial to subarctic at Pivdni and Antarctic at Pivdni. Atmospheric circulation over the Pacific Ocean is indicated by the main areas of atmospheric pressure: the Aleutian minimum, the Pivno-Pacific, the Pivden-Pacific and the Antarctic highs. The designated centers of the atmosphere in mutual interaction account for the great strength of the daytime winds of moderate strength - the winds - in the tropical and subtropical areas in early parts of the sea and strong setting winds in lower latitudes. Particularly strong winds occur at midday latitudes, where the frequency of storms becomes 25-35%, at midday latitudes there is a winter - 30%, an influx - 5%. At the end of the tropical zone, from the dark to the fall of the leaves, tropical hurricanes - typhoons occur. The ocean is characterized by a monsoon circulation of the atmosphere in the southern part of the sea. The average wind temperature in severe weather varies from 26-27 ° C near the equator to -20 ° C in the Bering Prototoy and -10 ° C on the coast of Antarctica. In the sickle, the average temperature varies from 26-28 ° C near the equator to 6-8 ° C near the Bering Protocy and to -25 ° C on the coast of Antarctica. Throughout the entire expanse of the Pacific Ocean, located at 40° latitude, there is a constant fluctuation in temperature between the outgoing and outgoing parts of the ocean, the emergence of species Every day there are warm or cold currents and the nature of the winds. At tropical and subtropical latitudes, the surface temperature is 4-8 °W lower, the lower the Sun. At the upper and lower latitudes, the temperature is 8-12 °W higher, the lower the Sun. Average river gloominess in areas of low atmospheric pressure becomes 60-90%. high vice – 10-30%. The average river rainfall volume at the equator is over 3000 mm, at mid-latitudes – 1000 mm at the Sunset. and 2000-3000 mm in the East. The least amount of fallfall (100-200 mm) occurs in similar areas of subtropical regions of high atmospheric pressure; at the leading parts, the amount of fall increases to 1500–2000 mm. Fogs are typical for low latitudes, especially near the Kuril Islands.
Under the influx of atmospheric circulation that develops over the Pacific Ocean, surface currents create anticyclonic gyres in subtropical and tropical latitudes and cyclonic gyres in daytime low and rainy high latitudes rotah. In the upper part of the ocean, the circulation is formed by warm currents: the Upper Pacific - Kuroshio and the Upper Pacific and cold California currents. At the upper latitudes at Sunset the cold Kuril Current is falling, and at Skhod the Alaskan Current is warm. In the wet part of the ocean, anticyclonic circulation is formed by warm currents: the new Pacific current, the Skhodno-Australian current, the zonal Powder-Pacific current and the cold Peruvian current. Above the equator, between 2-4° and 8-12° of the sea latitude, the sea and day circulation are subject to inter-passage (equatorial) flow.
The average temperature of the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean (19.37 °C) is 2 °C higher than the temperature of the waters of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, which is the result of the apparently large size of this part of the Pacific Ocean, which is located in latitudes that warm up well (over 20 k cal/ cm2v river), and the connection with the Pivnichny Ice Ocean. The average water temperature in severe weather varies from 26-28 ° C at the equator to -0.5, -1 ° C at daytime at 58 ° above sea latitude, near the Kuril Islands and at daytime at 67 ° above sea latitude. In the sickle, the temperature is still 25-29 ° C near the equator, 5-8 ° C in the Bering Prototype and -0.5, -1 ° C on the day at 60-62 ° C in the winter latitude. Between 40° subsurface latitude and 40° subsurface latitude, the temperature at the connecting part is the same. 3-5 ° C lower, lower at the entrance part. Above 40 ° above sea latitude - note: at Skhid the temperature is 4-7 ° C higher, lower at Sunset At daytime it is 40 ° above latitude, which matters the zonal transport of surface waters, the difference between water temperatures at Skhod And there is no sign of Zakhod. In the Pacific Ocean, there is more rainfall and less water evaporates. Due to the regulation of river flow, over 30 thousand km3 of fresh water comes here. Therefore, the salinity of surface waters is T. o. lower, lower in other oceans (average salinity is still 34.58 ‰). The lowest salinity (30.0-31.0 ‰ and less) is found at the beginning and end of the upper latitudes and in coastal areas similar to the ocean, the highest (35.5 ‰ and 36.5 ‰) - in Likely in primordial and subtropical subtropicals latitudes Near the equator, water salinity changes from 34.5 ‰ and less, at high latitudes - up to 32.0 ‰ and less on Pivdni, up to 33.5 ‰ and less on Pivdni.
The thickness of water on the surface of the Pacific Ocean increases evenly from the equator to high latitudes, which is consistent with the geological nature of the distribution of temperature and salinity: at the equator 1.0215-1.0225 g/cm3, at Pivnoch - 1 .0265 g/cm3 and more, on Pivdni - 1.027 and more. The color of the water in subtropical and tropical latitudes is blue, the clearness in some places is more than 50 m. At the lower latitudes, the dark blue color of the water prevails, the white shores are green, the clearing is 15-25 m. In Antarctic latitudes, the color of the water is green, the visibility is up to 25.
The tides in the lower part of the Pacific Ocean are dominated by irregular tides (up to 5.4 m near Alaska) and tides (up to 12.9 m near the Penzhinsk Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk). Near the Solomon Islands and in part of the coast of New Guinea, high tides reach up to 2.5 m. The strongest wind conditions are observed between 40 and 60 ° of the fresh latitude, in the latitudes of the sunset storms in іtrіv ("Magpies", who roar), in Pivnіchnіy pіvkulі - above 40 ° above latitude. The maximum height of wind tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean is 15 m or more, the maximum is over 300 m. Characteristic tsunamis that are especially often detected during the day, rainy-sunday and rainy-sunday and parts of the Pacific Ocean.
Ice in the lower part of the Pacific Ocean forms in the seas with extreme winter climatic conditions (Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, Zhovte) and in the inlets of the shores of the island of Hokkaido, the Kamchatka Peninsula and Alaska. During the winter and spring, the ice flows along the Kuril Current into the outermost part of the Pacific Ocean. Near Alaska, small icebergs are growing. In the dry part of the Pacific Ocean, ice and icebergs form on the shores of Antarctica and are carried by currents and winds to the open ocean. Between the floating ice, the influx takes place at 61-64° fresh latitude, the influx moves to 70° fresh latitude, icebergs eventually settle up to 46-48° fresh latitude. Icebergs are formed. head rank of the Ross Sea.
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and oldest on our planet. He is so majestic that he can easily contain all the continents and islands at once, and therefore he is often called the Great. The area of the Pacific Ocean becomes 178.6 million square meters. km, which represents 1/3 of the surface of the entire earth's core.
Zagalny characteristic
The Pacific Ocean is the most important part of the Light Ocean; its fragments contain 53% of its total water. It will turn out to be 19 thousand kilometers immediately after sunset, and 16 thousand kilometers from the day before. At the same time, most of its waters are drained at the snow latitudes, and a minority - at the snow latitudes.
The Pacific Ocean is not only the largest, but also the deepest water basin. The maximum depth of the Pacific Ocean is 10,994 m - the same depth as the famous Mariana Trench. The average display ranges between 4 thousand meters.
Small 1. Mariana Depression.
The Pacific Ocean was given its name to the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan. At the hour of the trip, the ocean expanses were filled with calm and calm weather, without any storms or storms.
The bottom topography shows great diversity.
Here they are condensed:
- tax authorities (Pivdenna, Pivnichno-Skhidna, Skhidna, Central);
- deep-water gouges (Marian, Philippine, Peruvian);
- high (Pacific Rising).
The powers of water are formed when interacting with the atmosphere and are largely susceptible to change. The salinity of the Pacific Ocean becomes 30-36.5%.
To lie down as the waters grow:
- maximum salinity (35.5-36.5%) prevails in waters near tropical zones, where the amount of sediments that meet with intense evaporation is obviously small;
- salinity decreases with the influx of cold currents;
- Salinity also decreases with the influx of rainfall, especially in the equator.
Geographical position
The Pacific Ocean is divided into two areas - the freshwater and the subsurface, between which lies the line of the equator. The ocean has colossal dimensions, and serves to protect the many continents and oceans that often intersect.
At the northern part of the cordon between the Pacific and the Northern Ice Oceans there is a line that connects Dezhnev Island and Prince of Wales Island.
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Small 2. Ms. Dezhneva.
At the convergence, the Pacific Ocean intersects with the shores of New and Old America. For a short time, the modern border between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans stretches from Misa Horn to Antarctica.
At sunset, the waters of the Pacific Ocean wash Australia and Eurasia, then the cordon passes along the Bass Channel on the same side, and descends along the sea meridian to Antarctica.
Particularities of climate
The climate of the Pacific Ocean is subject to the order of latitudinal zonality and the extreme seasonal influx of the Asian continent. Across a large area, the ocean is characterized by almost all climatic zones.
- In the tropical and subtropical zones, the fresh air is humming.
- The equatorial zone is characterized by calm weather throughout the winter.
- In the tropics and subtropics, the rainy season is filled with rain. Tropical hurricanes of extreme strength - typhoons - will form in the tropics.
The average air temperature in the equatorial and tropical zones is 25 degrees Celsius. On the surface, the water temperature does not fluctuate more than 25-30°C, while in the polar regions it drops to 0°C.
In the region of the equator, the amount of rainfall reaches 2000 mm, decreasing to 50 mm on the river to protect the United States.
Seas and islands
The coastline of the Pacific Ocean is most severely damaged on the way in, and least so on the way out. At night, the Georgia Channel cuts deep into the mainland. The largest Pacific inflows are the Californian, Panama and Alaskan.
The outer area of the seas, inlets and channels that lie on the Pacific Ocean, occupies 18% of the outer area of the ocean. Most of the seas are distributed along the coasts of Eurasia (Okhotsk, Beringovsk, Japan, Zhovt, Philippine, Skhidno-Chinese), along the Australian coast (Solomonov, Novogvineisk, Tasmanov, F Idzhi, Koralov). The coldest seas are found near Antarctica: Ross, Amundsen, Somov, D'Urville, Bellingshausen.
Small 3. Coral Sea.
All the rivers in the Pacific Ocean basin are short, but have a rapid flow of water. The largest river that flows into the ocean is the Amur.
There are about 25 thousand large and small islands in the Pacific Ocean, with unique creatures and plants. The greatest stench occurs in equatorial, tropical and subtropical natural complexes.
The great archipelagos of the Pacific Ocean include the Hawaiian Islands, the Philippine Archipelago, Indonesia, and the largest island is New Guinea.
The main problem of the sea is the obstruction of its waters. Industrial outputs, naphtha floats, thoughtless blaming of the bastards on the ocean, causing wrongful harm to the Pacific Ocean, destroying the tendencies of its ecosystem.
What did we find out?
At the time of learning about the “Pacific Ocean” we learned a short description of the ocean, its geographical formation. We knew that the islands, seas and rivers that lie on the Pacific Ocean, due to the peculiarities of its climate, became aware of the main environmental problems.
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The distribution of salinity in the oceans lies, chiefly, in climatic minds, who often want to infuse the salinity with other reasons, especially the nature and direction of the flow. Due to the middle influx of land, the salinity of surface waters in the oceans ranges from 32 to 37.9 ppm.
The distribution of salinity on the surface of the ocean, the position of the middle influx of flow from the land, is indicated to us immediately before the incoming and outgoing balance of fresh water. If the inflow of fresh water (precipitation + condensation) is greater than the outflow (evaporation), then the inflow-outflow balance of fresh water is positive, the salinity of surface waters will be lower than normal (35 ppm). If the influx of fresh water is less than the input, then the influent-vitrate balance is negative, the salinity will be higher than 35 ppm.
A decrease in salinity is observed near the equator, in a calm smoothie. The salinity here is as high as 34-35 ppm, due to the fact that there is a large amount of atmospheric fallout here that outweighs evaporation.
In the afternoon and afternoon, the salinity will begin to improve. The area of greatest salinity is found in the southern part of the pastures (approximately between 20 and 30 ° of the day and sun latitude). We can see on the map that the lines of this line are especially clear near the Pacific Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, salinity is greater than in other oceans, and the maximum is found near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. In the Indian Ocean the maximum is close to 35° lat. w.
In the afternoon and afternoon, from its maximum, salinity changes, and in the middle latitudes of the world zone it is below normal; even less in the Pivnichny Ice Ocean. The same change in salinity is observed in the flooded circumpolar basin; there it is 32 ppm and even lower.
Such an uneven distribution of salinity lies under the distribution of barometric pressure, wind and fall. In the equatorial smoothie, the winds are not strong, the evaporation is not great (even if it’s dusty, otherwise the sky will be filled with gloom); Everywhere in the forest, there is a lot of steam, and a lot of waste falls out. As a result of fairly small evaporation and dilution of salt water with sediments, the salinity becomes much lower than normal. On afternoons and afternoons above the equator, up to 30° mon. w. Ta Yu. sh., - an area of high barometric pressure, with a thrust up to the equator: winds blow (steady snow-descent and snow-descent winds).
Similar streams of wind, powering areas of high pressure, descending to the surface of the ocean, heat up and move away to become saturated; There is little gloominess, little fallout, fresh winds remove evaporation. Due to the great evaporation, the income-vitrate balance of fresh water is negative, the salinity of the water is normal.
Throughout the day and afternoon there will be strong winds, mainly from day to day and from day to day. The climate here is much higher, the sky is cloudy, there is a lot of rainfall, the balance of fresh water is positive, and the salinity is less than 35 ppm. In the circumpolar regions, the melting of ice that accumulates also increases the influx of fresh water.
The change in salinity in the polar regions is explained by the low temperature in these areas, insignificant vapor, and high humidity. In addition, to the ancient polar seas there are great expanses of land with great fresh rivers; the great influx of fresh water greatly changes the salinity.
We have indicated the salty rice to the diversification of salinity in the oceans, and in other places there is relief from the illegal rule of currents. Warm flows from low latitudes increase salinity: cold temperatures, however, change. Such an influx is caused especially by the Gulf Stream on the salinity of the downstream part of the Atlantic Ocean. We believe that in that part of the Barents Sea, where the warm Gulf Stream flows, the salinity is moving up.
The influx of cold currents is observed, for example, on the shores of the Great America, and the Peruvian current changes the salinity. The Benguela Current also flows into the changing salinity of the western shores of Africa. When Newfoundland experiences two currents, a warm one - the Gulf Stream and a cold one - the Labradorian (desalinated by the mountains), the salinity changes at an even insignificant difference. You can note the color of the water: . You can see how there are streaks of two colors - black (warm flow) and green (cold flow). Sometimes great rivers cleanse the shores of the ocean, such as the Congo and Niger in the Atlantic Ocean. The influx of the Amazon is indicated at a distance of 300 nautical miles from the arm, and the Yenisei and Ob at a greater distance.
Perhaps there is one more feature in the salinity category that has lost its mystery at this time, and let us look at the greatest salinity of the oceans.
The highest salinities of the oceans:
Near the fresh part of the Atlantic Ocean......37.9 ppm
Near the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean......37.6 ppm
In the Indian Ocean...................36.4 ppm
Near the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.........35.9 ppm,
Near the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.........36.9 ppm
As a matter of fact, the greatest salinity is in the Atlantic Ocean; The Pacific Ocean is smaller, and it would seem that this might be the case, since the largest rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean, and its basin is twice as large as the Pacific Ocean. Near the Pacific Ocean in America there are small coastal rivers (Columbia and Colorado); Only Asia flows into the Pacific Ocean, where important rivers such as the Amur, Yellow River, and Yangtze River drain.
Prof. Voeikov gave such an explanation of this phenomenon. The steam from the Pacific Ocean does not spread all over the middle of the land, but is thickened by the regional mountains and turns back around the river looking into the ocean. The waste of the Atlantic Ocean is carried far inland, especially in Asia, and the stench spreads to the Stanovoy Range. The river flow is less, only about 25% of the litter goes back to the ocean. In addition, to the cordons of the Atlantic basin there are many drainage-free regions: the Sahara, the Volga basin, Central Asia, where great rivers (Sir Darya, Amu Darya) carry water into the drainage basin of the Aral Sea. Apparently, most of the water from these drainless areas does not flow into the ocean. All this is due to the salinity of the Atlantic Ocean compared to others. In this way, food supply may depend on the balance of fresh water.
Let's move on to look at the salinity of the appendage seas. Stinks; reveal significantly greater dynamism in your relationship. Since the seas are connected by direct and deep channels to the ocean, their salinity differs little from the salinity of the rest; If there are underwater rapids that allow ocean waters to penetrate the sea without interruption, then the salinity of the sea is similar to the salinity of the ocean. So, for example, in the outer seas; In Asia, salinity varies little with the salinity of the ocean, and mostly depends on the latitude and ice.
In the Bering and Okhotsk seas, with cold currents, salinity............... 30-32 ppm
Near the Sea of Japan, which generates heat flowing from the ocean ........................... 34-35 ppm
In the Australian-Asian Sea, the salinity is higher in the bottom part, and lower in the bottom part. It is explained that it lies under the equator and here a lot of rainfall falls on the mountainous islands, as bets are frequent.
The freshwater sea is open to the side of the ocean, and its salinity differs little from the salinity of the rest. The other is on the right in the seas, fortified by the ocean with underwater rapids.
The Baltic, Black, Mediterranean and Red Seas have a wide range of salinity.
Since a sea basin receives little litter, a small river flows into it, and evaporation is high, the salinity is high. This is especially true in the Mediterranean Sea, where the salinity is 37 ppm, and at the same time it tends to be 39 ppm. The Red Sea has a salinity of 39 ppm, and the upper part of it has a salinity of 41 ppm. Persian butter has a salinity of 38 ppm. These three seas may have increased salinity, so the incoming and outgoing balance of fresh water in their skin is sharply negative.
The Black Sea has low salinity, with only 18 ppm on the surface. The basin of this sea is quite small. Great rivers flow here and become very dry.
The excess of fresh water over the drained water is created as a countermeasure to the drainage from the land.
As a matter of fact, there are about two seas lying here, with very different salinity. There is a continuous exchange of water between them. The more desalinated waters of the Black Sea flow through the surface current into the Mediterranean Sea, and the salts and important waters of the remaining clay flow into the Black Sea.
This same exchange takes place between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Here the surface water flows directly from the Atlantic Ocean, and the deep water flows from the Mediterranean Sea to the ocean.
The Baltic Sea has low salinity. The channels of the Kattegat, especially the Sound and Belta, are even milky. The Fresh Sea salinity is 32-34 ppm, the Skagerrak salinity is 16 ppm, the shores of Schleswig are 16 ppm, and at the exit from the Sound line there is the island of Rügen, at the outer part of the Baltics whose seas are only 7-8 ppm, at Botnytsia zatotsya 3-5 ppm, The Finnish confluence has a salinity of 5 ppm, which is less than a third of the inflow, in the middle there is 4.5 ppm, and in the draining part, where the Neva pours a lot of fresh water, it is only 1-2 ppm.
There are also two currents between the Baltic and Pivnichny seas: the surface one from the Baltic to the Pivnichny and the clay, more salty, from the Pivnichny to the Baltic.
With depth, the salinity in the oceans and seas changes differently.
In the oceans, salinity and depth change little, just as in inland seas - depending on the physical-geographical minds of the sea.
On the surface of the ocean, the water evaporates, concentrates, and the upper ball of water is forced to sink down, and since the temperature at an insignificant depth is already low and the cold water has great thickness, then the surface salt water sinks to an even insignificant depth, starting to During the course of the day, the salinity changes little. to the distant ruins.
In the inland seas, the water is more salty and in most falls it can drop from the surface to the bottom, so that the salinity increases in this direction. However, such a division of saltiness is not a crazy rule. Thus, in the Black Sea we know that the salinity in Sweden increases to depths of 60-100 m, then the salinity gradually increases up to 400 m, where it reaches a value of 22.5 ppm and, starting to change, is lost even further. to the bottom. The increased salinity in the depths is explained by the penetration of important and salty Mediterranean waters near the Chorne Sea.
In some places of the light ocean, the thickness of the surface varies no more than between 1.0276-1.0220. The greatest thickness is observed in the polar regions, least in the tropical regions, and the geographical distribution of the thickness of sea water lying on the surface depends on the distribution of water temperature, and not salinity.