Presentation of international trade. International trade. Indicators of obligations of international trade
International trade
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Student 11-B class
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International trade
International trade is a system of international commodity-penny transactions, which consists of foreign trade from all corners of the world.
International trade in wine began in the process of the birth of the light market in the 16th-18th centuries. This development is one of the important factors in the development of the world economy in the New Hour.
The term was first coined in the 12th century by the Italian economist Antonio Margaretti, author of the economic treatise “The Rule of the People in the Night of Italy.”
Advantages of participating in international trade
The intensification of the creative process in national states includes increased specialization, the creation of opportunities for the emergence and development of mass production, an increased level of ownership, increased efficiency news about the advancement of new technologies;
An increase in export supplies causes an increase in employment;
International competition calls for the need to improve enterprises;
Export earnings are a source of accumulated capital, directed towards industrial developments.
Classic theories of international trade
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is a system of views of economists of the 15th-17th centuries, oriented towards the active transfer of power to the ruler's activity. Representatives directly: Thomas Men, Antoine de Montchretien, William Stafford. The term was coined by Adam Smith, who criticized the mercantilists. Basic provisions:
the need to maintain the country's active trade balance (displacement of exports over imports);
recognition of the crust of extraction to the extreme of gold and other expensive metals with the method of promoting goodness;
pennies are a stimulus for trade, since it is important that an increase in the mass of pennies increases the cost of the commodity mass;
There is protectionism, directives for the importation of raw materials and beverages and the exportation of finished products;
exchange for the export of luxury items, which will lead to a flow of gold from the country.
Adam Smith's Theory of Absolute Excellence
The real wealth of the region consists of goods and services available to its citizens. If any country can compete in the same way that other goods are larger and cheaper than other countries, then it has absolute superiority. Some edges can vibrate products more effectively than others. The country's resources flow from profitable industries, leaving the country unable to compete with unprofitable companies. This will lead to an increase in the productivity and qualifications of the workforce; Three periods of development of similar products will ensure stimulation of the development of effective methods of work.
Natural advantages:
climate;
territory;
resources.
Here are the advantages:
vibration technology, then
the ability to prepare a variety of materials
products.
David Ricardo's theory of equal gains
Specialization in a high-volume product, which has maximum equal advantages, is also visible when there are absolute advantages. The country must specialize in the export of goods in which the variety of products has the greatest absolute advantage (as it has an absolute advantage in both goods) or the least absolute advantage (as it has no absolute advantage in each product). Specialization in new types of goods is beneficial for each region and will lead to an increase in the global production rate; there is a motivation to trade in this situation, since one region has absolute superiority in procurement of all goods before another country. However, it may be possible to exchange English cloth for Portuguese wine, which will bring benefits to both countries.
Heckscher-Ohlin theory
It is consistent with this theory that the country exports goods, the production of which is intensively produced by an overabundant official in the production, and imports goods, for which there is a significant shortage of officials in irobnitstva. Necessary washing and washing:
In the country that participates in international exchange, there is a tendency towards the importation of these goods and services, the production of which is important for production officials, which is in excess, and, however, the tendency towards the importation of these products, through there is a shortage of any officials;
It is possible, due to sufficient international mobility of factors, to replace the export of goods with the movement of officials themselves between countries.
Samuelson and Stolper theory
In the middle of the 20th century. (1948 r.) American economists P. Samuelson and W. Stolper refined the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, revealing that there is homogeneity of officials, identity of technology, thorough competition and new mobility The availability of goods in international exchange is the same as the price of exchange between countries. The authors base their concept on Ricardo's model with additions from Heckscher and Ohlin and view trade not just as a mutual exchange, but as a way of speeding up the growth of equal development between countries.
INCOTERMS
INCOTERMS are international rules recognized by government agencies, legal companies and merchants all over the world as the most problematic terms in international trade. The scope of Incoterms expands to cover the rights and obligations of the parties to a purchase and sale agreement for the delivery of goods. The term Incoterms is an abbreviation with three letters. Find different editions of Incoterms (2000, 2005, 2010). Their status is optional on the choice of parties to the contract.
Terminology
During the development of Incoterms, significant efforts were made to achieve the maximum possible and necessary usability for the various terms that are defined in the thirteen terms. In this manner, a series of different formulas to express one and the same meaning became unique. In addition, to the extent possible, the provisions that apply to the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods can be observed.
To make things easier, all minds are grouped into the following categories:
“E” - mind, which places minimal burden on the seller: the seller is guilty of depriving the goods of the authorized purchaser from the right place - call the authorized seller.
“F” - the mind that the seller delivers the goods for transportation according to the buyer’s instructions
“C” is the mind that the seller of the goods puts on the contract of transportation on the primary mind for a heavy shell
“D” is the mind in which the seller confirms that the goods have arrived at the desired place and the point of destination at the border or the border of import.
Methods of international trade International commercial activity “Commerce (trade on the right)” Institute of International Business and Economics Tsarova V.D., Professor of the Department of Marketing and Commerce
Tsil Tu Zavdannya: Meta: Beauty the Student Correctly Durate Methods on Maine -People at Rinks, and such a zarubiye in the middle, Yaki forget the maximum pass in the indirect zbuti product in the rinks of the INSHSYAN. Objective: - to show the diversity of international trade methods; -See the advantages of direct and indirect trade in the markets of certain goods and services; -dates of information about the types of intermediary operations in current international trade; -See the peculiarities of the international activities of various intermediaries.
Key concepts: Trading methods are ways of creating a trade exchange, a trade operation, or a trading area). Trade and intermediary operations - operations related to the purchase and sale of goods that are agreed upon by the buyer (manufacturer or exporter/importer) by an independent trade intermediary on the basis of the agreement between them or okremogo daruchennya. Trade intermediaries - carry out transactions in their own name and for their own account, deal with regular clients; The commissioners shall appoint one-time authorized commissioners and act in their own name, but for the role of the commissioners. Agents act on the market under the name of Illich and with the assistance of an additional principal. The company arranges the arrangements itself rather than mediating. It is typical to use a trivial term in the agreement. Legally independent.
Advantages of direct trading: SPEEDY VIBRATION LOWER RISK AND LEGALITY OF RESULTS OF ACTIVITY TYPES OF POSSIBLE INTEGRITY AND INCOMPETENCE OF PERFORMANCE CONDITIONS OF CONDITIONS AVAILABLE IN THE FOREIGN MARKET, be aware of the changes and respond promptly to them
Advantages of the indirect method: The intermediary has a higher commercial qualification There is no need to concentrate financial and intellectual resources at the stage of entering the foreign market The risk of causing unknowns is reduced economic, political, legal and social minds in different countries, their traditions and origins
Traditional functions of intermediaries in international trade: 1. Consolidation of goods from different manufacturers into one set, which ensures supply to the local local market 2. Larger batch of goods at the cost of local disparate trade 3. Delivery of goods to the minds of the local local market 4. Physical movement of goods, including transportation, storage, folding 5. Establishment of prices as a result of permanent contact with the local market and various distributors 6. Promotion of goods and advertising 7. Search for buyers and sales of goods 8. Granting credit to the purchaser
New functions of intermediaries: 1. purchase and sale of goods in cash; 2.financing of operations (financial companies, connections between Ukraine and banks); 3.insurance (share your own insurance companies); 4.transportation (toss your fleet); 5.technical maintenance (maintenance of spare parts warehouses); 6.Processing and processing (enterprises are involved not only in processing, but also in other areas); 7. overseas operations (filies move behind the cordon); 8. ordering of dealer firms that orient sales of specific products.
Trade and intermediary operations Under trade and intermediary operations we mean operations related to the purchase and sale of goods that follow the instructions of the buyer (manufacturer or exporter/importer) independently. a trading intermediary on the basis of an agreement between them or a related agreement.
Types of trading and intermediary firms: a.Traders - carry out operations in their own name and for their own account, dealing with regular clients; b.Commissions - to establish one-time assigned committees and act in their own name, but for the role of committees. c. Agents – act on the market under the name of Illich and with the help of an additional principal. The company arranges the arrangements itself rather than mediating. It is typical to use a trivial term in the agreement. Legally independent. d. Brokerage - a special type of intermediary, which includes the function of informing counterparties. According to the laws of many countries, brokers are unable to buy or sell themselves. e. Factories are trading intermediaries, who carry out a wide range of duties on behalf of the exporter, and factories that carry out the export of the principal’s products, and finance export land (payment of advance to the manufacturer, issuing a loan to the buyer).
The essence of a dealer operation: Dealer operations are operations in which a trade intermediary acts as a buyer to the exporter, buying goods under a purchase and sale agreement. He becomes the owner of goods and can sell them at his discretion on any market and at any price. Agreements between the exporter and such intermediary are entered into after the parties have concluded their claims for the purchase and sale agreement.
Distribution operation: Prior to distribution operations there are operations in which the exporter authorizes a commercial intermediary, called the contract merchant, the right to sell his goods in the export territory under the terms of the distribution agreement. sales rights. The agreement establishes strict rules that regulate between the parties the sale of goods on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. For their respective parties, they enter into independent purchase and sale contracts, which establish the quantity and nature of the goods that are supplied, the price, the terms of delivery, the method of payment and the form of distribution, the terms of payment, the mental guarantees of quality, the order given no complaints.
Obligations of the distributor: Restriction of transactions from foreign buyers and placement of them with the distributor in its own name and at its own expense (the buyer acts as a buyer to negotiate with the foreign counterparty). Organization of the importer's warehouse and delivery of goods to the regional warehouse. Organization of advertising. Demonstration of various products in the warehouse
The essence of “commission operations” Commission operations transfer those carried out by one party, called the commission agent, to the commission of other parties, called the commendant, in his own name, ale for the committee's rakhunok. The relationship between the commissioner and the commission agent is regulated by a commission agreement (commission agreement). Apparently, the commissioner does not buy the goods of the commissioner, rather than try to buy and sell goods with the help of the commissioner. This means that the commissioner deprives the owner of the goods before transferring them to the final buyer. The risk of casualty and casualty of such goods, depending on the other parties' ownership, lies with the purchaser. The commissioner, however, is required to take care at all times to ensure the safety of the goods entrusted to him and to pay for their waste or any damage that may result from his fault.
The essence of agency operations: Agency operations are operations in trade that are carried out by one party, called the principal, independent of the other party, who is called an agent (trading, commercial), carrying out actual and legal actions related to sale or purchase of goods on the designated territory for exchange and in the name of the principal. Agency operations are carried out on the basis of a lesser (that is, rich) interest, which is called agency interest.
Main risks of agency operations: The agent is, in most cases, a legal entity registered in the trade register. Although the agent is active between the boundaries of the agency, he does not exercise direct control and supervision from the principal. The agent does not take part in the purchase and sale, but he himself (as a party to the contract) does not take part and does not buy goods with cash. Vіn acts as a representative of the principal within the relationship established by her agency.
Questions for self-control: 1. What methods are used in modern international trading? 2. What are the main advantages and disadvantages of direct trading? 3. What is the role of intermediary operations in international trade? 4. Rearrange the basic forms of current forms of mediation. 5. Show what the difference between a dealer and a distributor is? 6. Describe the importance of commission trading, see current forms of commission trading? 7. Equalize the two concepts6 agent and broker. What is the difference between an agent and a broker? 8. What is the difference between a commercial agent and a commercial agent? 9. Name the main forms of resident mediation.
Recommended literature: 1. Grachov Yu.M. External economic activity. Organization and technology of foreign trade operations. at VGUES, - 124 P. 3. Fomichov V. I. International trade: Pidruchnik - M.: INFRA-M, - 410 S.
The following materials of the presentation: The following materials of this presentation may be considered only in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation on copyright and intellectual property, as well as with the provisions of these Applications. Presentation is the power of the author. You may share a copy of any part of the presentation for a specific non-commercial use, but you may not share a copy of any part of the presentation for any other reason or for any reason to make changes to any part. presentation. Any part of the presentation in any other form, either manually, electronically or in other forms, as well as any part of the presentation in another presentation through mail or other means This is only allowed after the author’s letter has been removed.
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1. Light market and international market of goods
2 The light market is a sphere of stable commodity-penny stocks between countries, based on the international market and other factors of production. The light market is characterized by the following main rices: the category of commercial production, which will have its own products within a national framework; manifests itself in the interstate movement of goods, under the influence of both internal and external supply and propositions; optimizes the selection of selection factors, indicating to the grower which plants and regions can be more effectively isolated; plays a major role in rejecting goods and their producers from international exchange, as it is not possible to ensure an international standard of quality at competitive prices.
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The essence of the categories of international and foreign trade
3 International trade is the sphere of international commodity-penny transactions, which is the totality of foreign trade from all corners of the world. One hundred percent of one country's trade is called "foreign trade of a power", one hundred percent of the trade of two countries among themselves is "interpower, reciprocal, bilateral trade", and one hundred percent of trade of all countries One and the same - “international and world trade”.
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Structure of the light market
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Rivnovaga on the light market
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Indicators of the development of international trade
6 International trade is characterized by indicators that can be systematized by the following signs: indicators of obligations; displays of structure; dynamics indicators; Results indicators.
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Indicators of obligations of international trade
7 Export is the price of sales of goods and services imported abroad. Before export the following items are included: goods, warped, twisted or damaged edges; goods that were previously imported from abroad, that were processed, as well as goods that were processed under special control. Re-export – sales and imports from the territory of previously imported goods that were subject to processing.
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8 Import – goods and services imported from the country. The following items are imported: goods of foreign origin from the originating or intermediary country; goods for further processing under minute control Re-import - imported goods previously exported from foreign countries that were subject to processing, as well as export operations that took place. For example: return by the buyer of defective goods, return of goods that were not sold through an auction, return of goods not sold through consignment warehouses.
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9 Foreign trade turnover - the sum of the value of exports and imports of the region for the previous period COT = E + І physical trade turnover - assessment of exports and imports at constant prices for one period (usually fate); general (outside) trade – take from the statistics of foreign trade the value of foreign trade turnover with the handling of transit goods; special trade - net foreign trade turnover, such as products imported into or exported from the country: ST = SOT - reexport - reimport
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Indicators of the structure of international trade
10 commodity structure – these are indicators of the division of exports and imports for the main commodity items; geographical structure - distribution of commodity flow across countries, groups of countries and regions of the world; Institutional trade – division of trade between subjects and methods of commodity exchange; species structure - division of trade into types of commodity exchange.
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Indicators of the dynamics of international trade
11 1. Rate of growth: rate of growth for exports rate of growth for imports rate of growth of foreign trade turnover 2. Rate of growth: rate of growth for exports rate of growth for imports rate of growth of foreign trade turnover
Slide 12
Indicators of international trade results
12 trade balance – the difference between the export and import of goods from the local region; The index of “trade intelligence” is a relationship between the index of average prices for exports of a particular product, a country, a group of countries and the index of average prices for imports for the previous period. export per capita import per capita export quota import quota foreign trade quota
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2. Peculiarities of the territorial and commodity structure of international trade and goods growth rate of trade in goods, growth and GDP, 2000-2010 rubles, % per river - SOT data
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The growth rate of trade in goods exceeds the rate of GDP growth, 1960-2008, www.wto.org
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15 Development of MRI and internationalization of production; TNCs are active in the lighting market; Scientific and technological revolution, which brought new capital and new areas of industry; Regulation of MT at the boundaries of SOT; Liberalization of international trade (reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers); Development of trade and economic integration; On the brink of political independence by numerous colonial countries; The collapse of the bipolar light system and the creation of new centers of growth of production (the BRIC countries, the new industrial lands of New Age Asia and Old America); Activation of trading processes between integration groups; Development of financial and credit mechanisms and trade harmonization instruments. Officials who contribute to the growth of international trade
Slide 16
Trends in the development of light trade
16 high level of dynamics of the development of international trade, which outpaces the growth of industrial and agricultural production; significant expansion of the nomenclature and change in the nature of the product; complication of products to world trade; This means the exchange of intermediate products (assemblies, parts, components) produced in factories in different countries; Reduced energy and material vibrancy;
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17 change in the nature and scale of foreign trade (complex “product plus service”, expansion of the practice of “turnkey” deliveries), increasing the scale of domestic trade; Changes in the forces between the main subjects of international trade: in the developing region, over 70% of light exports are accounted for, in the developing regions - 25%, in the largest social sector chnі kraїni" 4%; The growth of international trade in parts of foreign trade.
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International trade, its place and role in the system of international economic transactionsSlide 2
1. Theories of international trade. 2. Dynamics and structure of world trade 3. Current foreign trade policy. Protectionism, liberalism 4. Tariffs and non-tariff methods of regulating foreign trade 5. International regulation of light trade 6. COT, its role in regulated international trade vli
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1.Theories of international trade: Protectionism and freedom of trade. Look at the mercantilists The theory of factors of generation and their interactions; The concept of the life cycle of M. Porter's theory of competition. Current approaches to the problem of international competition A. Smith and D. Ricardo talk about absolute and equal advantages.
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Protectionism and freedom of trade. Look at the mercantilists Representatives of the theory: A. Montchretien, T. Men. The increase in gold reserves is the most important task of a power, and foreign trade can primarily ensure the withdrawal of gold. The trade policy was oriented towards all desires for export and exchange of imported goods between the countries and the establishment of foreign goods.
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The theory of factors of generation and their interconnection The founder of the theory is J.B. Say, the followers of E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin. The officials’ assessment is based on three circumstances: the country that participates in international exchanges has a tendency to export goods and services, which are produced by officials, which are in excess, and, however, before importing them. and products, through which there is a shortage of any officials; The development of international trade will lead to the leveling of “factor” prices, then. income gained by the ruler of this factor; Due to sufficient international mobility of production factors, it becomes possible to replace the export of goods with the movement of the factors themselves between countries.
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The concept of the life cycle Representatives of this approach are R. Vernon, C. Kindelberger and L. Wales. The life cycle of a product includes the following main stages: Production - this is characterized by labor-intensive production; Growth – exports are expanding due to innovation, competition is intensifying, and there is a tendency to increase the capital intensity of production; Maturity – market pressure begins to be felt at the edge of innovation, demand stabilizes, and the role of pricing policy becomes stronger; Western Europe is characterized by a vibrant market in developing countries and a higher concentration of virus production in developing countries.
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Three stages in the development of foreign trade 1. 40 rubles for the beginning of the First World War (increased 3 times); 2. Between the First and Another World Wars (without getting any worse, stagnation began); 3. 1950-1970 born – “Golden century” of trade (sharp increase in trade).
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Reasons for the establishment of foreign trade transactions: International exchange of trade mutualism
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1. INVESTMENT CAPITAL 2. E-TRADE 3. TNCs Factors that contribute to the dynamic development of international trade
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Necessary minds for the region's participation in international trade: Availability of export resources Currency denominations External trade infrastructure has been developed: - transport facilities - warehouse facilities - linking facilities
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The main forms of m/n trade: Lease – widely practiced in the trade of machines and installations, in the form of export credit. When renting, the transfer of ownership of the goods is carried out. See: short-line, middle-line, long-line
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Participatory trade is a collection of goods, at the time of installation, the purchase of products is accompanied by the supply of goods from the supplier. Types of foreign trade: Barter – equivalent exchange of goods. The goods may be placed on the goods, which may, however, be dangerous. Negativity of barter: increased inflation, daily taxes. Positivity: simplicity of pleasure, no financial transactions. Participatory purchasing is an agreement that transfers the export of products from a country to the purchase of low-quality goods from that country.
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Compensatory benefit - the benefit transfers sales of the waste installation to the issuance of commercial loans from the upcoming repayments of the company with the supply of products issued to its installation. Clearing - the difference between prices - a system of unprepared distributions, based on the exchange of mutual demands of the parties to take part in the distributions. Offset sites - trade in expensive installations - the future of nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants, sales of equipment, ships - a site that is considered to be part of the futures exchange.
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M/n bidding and tenders - a form that conveys the vote to the competition for sellers of goods with outstanding technical and economic characteristics. Types of trading: open (public) and closed. Commodity exchanges are one of the most important types of trade in agricultural goods. The main commodity products: grains, tsukor, cocoa, kava, rubber, bean, other types of color metals, naphtha products and chemical products. Prices for exchange goods are set on the basis of exchange quotations. The implementation takes place without looking in advance, at the standards and in advance of the established sizes of the minimum batch.
Slide 16
M/n auctions are a way to sell multiple lots of items that are put on display for inspection and are sold to the highest bidder. Main auction items: khutro, nemita vovna, tea, spices, antiques.
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Structure of international trade International trade Export Import Import of goods Import of goods through goods outside the cordon External trade balance = E - І External trade turnover = E + І "Umovi trade" - spi introduction of indices of export and import prices. (+, as the Ets grows more quickly per Ets) Re-export – imported goods before imported ones, which were not subject to processing. Re-import is the return of imported goods from foreign countries into the country that have not received processing.
Slide 18
CHANGES IN THE GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF WORLD TRADE - Leadership of the guilty countries - 3/4 of world exports of goods 1. USA 2. Germany 3. Japan - Increased share of mutual trade between developing countries - 58% countries with economies in transition - 3.5% world trade
Slide 19
Western countries - exporters (according to COT data) Germany-9.3% USA-8.7% China-7.3% Japan, France, Netherlands, Great Britain, Italy Canada, Belgium According to COT economists, export of Russian goods to Russia y 2012 growth by 17% to $355 billion. Russia is now in 7th place, and its share of world goods exports was 3.5%. During this period, imports of goods from Russia increased by as much as 35% to $223. At 2.1% of world imports of goods and 10th place in the world. In terms of export of commercial services, Russia with $38 billion (+25% up to 2008) is 25th in the world, and in terms of import with $57 billion (+30%) - 16th. Foreign trade turnover of Russia from the methodology of the balance of payments in the spring of 2012. becoming (at actual prices) 42.7 billion US dollars (1351.1 billion rubles), exports - 27.1 billion dollars (857.2 billion rubles), imports - 15.6 billion dollars ( 493.9 billion rubles).
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Foreign trade policy is a combination of government policies and methods in the sphere of foreign trade, direct regulation of exports and imports, thereby changing the position of the country. The main goals of the current trade policy are: changing the method and stage of inclusion of this region in international trade; change of duty to export and import; change in the structure of foreign trade; providing the country with necessary resources; change in the ratio of export and import prices.
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Types of regulation of international trade: Unilateral-Bilateral-Multilateral-
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Forms of foreign trade policy: 1) Autarky – this policy is a relic of the past. This policy conveys the isolation of the country, a closed, self-sufficient economy: self-isolation is forced, for example, Southern Korea is self-isolated, Cuba, Iraq is forced.
Slide 24
2. Protectionism is a foreign trade policy of the state, a direct protection of the domestic market from foreign competition, and leads to the support of the domestic market in foreign markets. 3. Liberalization is the process of reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to the development of international trade. 4. Deadly trade policy -
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Forms of protectionism: selective protectionism – directing goods against other countries; Galuzian protectionism - protects the songs of Galuzian, before the rural dominion; collective protectionism – carried out by the united states of countries other than countries; The desire for protectionism is achieved through methods of domestic economic policy.
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Tariff methods; Non-tariff methods. The essence of the first method. The global organization that regulates tariffs and tariffs for the world trade is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Mita is a penny collection, or an instrument of administrative-communal regulation of imports, which is acquired by the state through a series of minor installations of goods, mines and values when they cross the border of the country. Mitny tariffs - the transfer of goods and the system of rates for which they are subject to a fee; A classic example of foreign-power economical import management
Slide 28
The mint tariff is in place: - the name and classification of supplied goods - the mit rates - the ways of charging and paying the mint taxes - the transfer of unmitigated viruses that are missed - the transfer of goods fenced before being exported and imported into the country. Goals: -Reducing imports (pre-export) -Fiscal goals -Preventing “unreasonable competition”
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It is necessary to directly address the flow of goods, import tariffs, export transit tariffs, and the method of establishing ad valorem combinations of specific ones.
Slide 30
Non-tariff exchanges Non-tariff connections are those that enter into trade, and that go beyond the borders specified in the regulatory legal act on the national tariff. This approach can be determined by how the rules and regulations, in addition to which the power directly influences the subjects of foreign trade activities, means the structure of the domestic market, which ensures it through import supplies, as well as Considering the possibility of a shortage of domestic goods on this market.
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Non-tariff methods: A. Kilkisna exchange 1. Quota for import-export -export -import 2. Licensing - -auction -system of obvious transfers -distribution of licenses on a non-price basis 3. "Voluntary і» export exchanges