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Psychological sociology of G. Tardi. Gabriel Tarde: biography and photos The integrity of marriage as a result of mutual inheritance

Among the thinkers who have lost significant trace of the married development of marriage, a special place is occupied by the French scholar Gabriel Tarde, whose biography and research work formed the basis of this article. Many of these ideas, developed between the 19th and 20th centuries, have not lost their relevance today.

View of the school before the Sorbonne

Jean Gabriel Tarde was born on the 12th of February 1843 in the town of Sarlat, which is located at the beginning of France, near Bordeaux. The share earned everything in order to straighten out his future life behind the legal path: the boy’s father hugged the court, and his mother walked with seven family of lawyers who embellished with their names the most pressing processes of that hour.

Young Gabriel began his education at the school, which was a Roman Catholic one, which was indicative of the social status of his father. Having graduated from the bachelor's degree in 1860, they decided to give priority to the technical sciences, but they formed such a position that the subject of their study became jurisprudence. Having begun his occupation in his native place, Gabriel Tarde completed it six times later at the walls of the famous

Scientific investigation of the local court

Having turned home as a certified lawyer, the young man continued the family tradition. Having started in 1867 from the prison of the assistant judge and inexorably passing through service gatherings, through this fate he became a permanent judge in the local town of Sarlat, having thus withdrawn the prison, having previously captured his father. Tarde served in this role for twenty years.

However, their interests were not compromised by the food requirements of shipboard practice. Even at the University, Gabriel Tarde became obsessed with criminology and criminal anthropology - a science that studies the psychological, physiological and anthropological characteristics of recidivist criminals.

Engagement in criminology, which brought first glory

It should be noted that in the other half of the nineteenth century, criminology focused on the most serious aspects of crime, such as their causes, methods and methods of prevention, aka, headaches, and the characteristics of the criminals themselves iv, took away a special development from France. The term “criminology” itself appeared there, coined by the anthropologist Paul Topinard.

While he was busy dealing with these problems, Tarde began to publish the results of his research in scientific journals, and in 1887 the Archives of Criminal Anthropology was created in Sarly, becoming its scientific director. Later, the scientific works of Gabriel Tarde began to be published in numerous publications, which made him popular far away in France.

Try to identify “natural evildoers”

Based on the detailed report on his work in this setting, it is important to note that the Archives of Criminal Anthropology has a lot of works, which is why it is so popular, since, at the end of the 19th century, research began to take place. Yisky scientist-criminalist

It seems that their guards were one of the first to use the method of anthropological comparison of the skulls of the evildoers, trying to prove that with the help of singing signs it is possible with a sufficient level of certainty to indicate the sophistication of the There are other people who are involved in illegal actions. To put it simply, we tried to identify the anatomical type of “naturally occurring evildoers.”

With this method, Sarli created special archives that included materials that had been seized as a result of the imprisonment of individuals who had committed criminal crimes. Tarde took up their teachings and systematization in 1887, without interrupting his main activity as a local court.

Moving to Paris and further scientific activity

In 1894, after the death of his mother, Tarde left his native place and once again settled in Paris. Having deprived the former of judicial practice, having lost, decided, the opportunity to devote himself entirely to science, expanding the range of his research, and in parallel with criminology, take up sociology. The reputation of a serious investigator, as well as his popularity among scientific stakes, allowed Gabriel Tarde to take a high position in the Ministry of Justice, having headed the crime statistics section there.

Tarde Gabriel, having lost his popularity not only as a scholar, but also as a teacher who became a leader in a whole galaxy of French lawyers. He began his investigative activity in 1896 at the Vilniy School of Political Sciences, and then continued it, becoming a professor at the primary and postgraduate center of the Collège de France, working right up to his death with 1 904 roci.

Controversy with Emile Durkheim

In the practice of sociology, Gabriel Tarde focused on statistical data and promoted historical analysis as the main method of investigation. They often argued with their companion, who also rejected knowledge in scientific stakes, the French sociologist

In contrast to his colleagues, who affirmed that matrimony itself shapes the skin of a person, Tard, looking at other points of view, would be wise to note that matrimony itself is a product of the mutual interaction of the individual iv. In other words, the super-chic between many people was about those who are first and foremost - people who form marriage, and marriage, the product of which is the skin of a person.

The integrity of matrimony as a result of mutual inheritance

At the end of the 19th century, a unique monograph appeared, authored by Gabriel Tarde - “The Laws of Inheritance.” This essence has been reduced to the point that, in the mind of the last, the social-communicative activity of the members of the marriage is based on the main principle of inheritance and copying by some people of the behavior of others. This process includes the systematic repetition of various social attitudes, demonstrating the practical activity of people, as well as conversion and revolution. Inheritance itself tends to create them from generation to generation. It’s important to achieve marriage with a complete structure.

Gifted individuals - drive progress

The development of matrimony, according to Tarde’s theory, stems from the fact that among its members periodically appear in addition to being endowed with special features, thus, escaping from the hidden process of inheritance, say a new word in any corner of human activity. The fruit of their creativity can be either abstract ideas or concrete material values.

The novelties they create—Tarde calls them “vintages”—immediately attract their inheritors and quickly become an established norm. All social institutions were formed in such a manner, in the mind of the future, that the majority of people were important, not yet known, began to inherit the innovators (winners), and vikorize the creations of them. It is also noted that not all innovations are accepted by inheritance, and only those that fit into the culture that formed earlier do not become super-eternal with it.

Criticism of the theory of collective evidence

Nowadays, the book is becoming popular all over the world, as Gabriel Tarde wrote with the remaining fates of his life - “Thoughts and Things.” She determines her critical attitude to life in 2010 and the preservation to this day of the concept of collective knowledge, which is unknown in both individual minds and, indeed, in our own minds. Developing before the idea was established, the author points to the primary role of the evidence of the skin of the individual taken and, as a result, to his responsibility for the actions carried out subsequently.

Let us introduce one more topic, which Tard Gabriel dedicated his work to - “the phenomenon of the onslaught.” Whose nutritionist argues with the French psychologist, who asserted that the 19th century is “hundreds of centuries to come.” Having sensed the youma, Tarde confirmed that it is impossible to mix two completely different concepts - here is the audience.

As the necessary close physical contact between workers and people is formed, the public is shaped by a diversity of thoughts and intelligence. And here people can become, geographically speaking, they are located at a significant distance from each other. This assertion has become especially relevant these days, since these creations are creating a mass of public, directing their thoughts in the direction they need to go.

Other branches of science that inspired Tarde

In addition to other branches of science that Gabriel Tarde took up, sociology was a single field of his activity. In addition to the well-known field of criminology, it has given a lot of respect to such branches of science as political science, economics and mysticism. It is still not necessary to call the question, even if you have graduated from school with a bachelor's degree. In all these areas, the knowledge of Gabriel Tarde has enriched science with knowledge that has been lost since then.

The ideas of the French scientist found wide traction in Russia. Much of this work was translated by the Russian language and became the name of the public even before the revolution. For example, in 1892 a book was published in St. Petersburg (Gabriel Tarde, “The Laws of Inheritance”), a short summary of what had been published. In addition, the world was illuminated by his monographs “The Evil Ones Are Coming”, “The Essence of Mysticism” and others.

Ideas of Tarde in the light of our days

The polemic that flared up in the 19th century between Tarde and Durkheim, driven by what is first: the individual and matrimony, has found its continuation in our days. This reality has given a new impetus to the controversy between supporters of the interpretation of marriage as an independent organism and its opponents, who view it as a collection of independent individuals.

Regardless of the importance in assessing his scientific decline, today they give credit to Tarde as the founder of a number of popular branches of sociology today. Among them, the most important are the analysis of the public thought and the theory of mass culture. However, it should be noted that in the 20th century, Durkheim’s theory about the fact that matrimony flows into the formation of the individual, and not as a result, became the most important. The connection with Tsim Tarde has lost its popularity.

Biography

Born in the small town of Sarlat in modern France (near Bordeaux) to a family of lawyers: his mother worked as a family of lawyers, and his father worked as a judge in the local town of a lad. Tart received his first knowledge from the local school, which graduated in 1860 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. We decided to continue our studies in the field of polytechnic sciences, but through health problems, we would have to apply for a medical license in the native Sarli. Having begun to study law in his provincial town, he completed his legal studies in Paris in 1866.

After achieving greater clarity, I returned to Sarlat and continued the family’s professional tradition. In 1867, the family took over the seat of the assistant judge in a local town, just two years later becoming a temporary judge of Sarlat, and three years later he became a permanent judge.

From shipboard practice to getting involved in science. Since 1880, works have been regularly published by the Philosophical Review. Since 1887, in parallel with the death of the court, he worked as the director of the Archives of Criminal Anthropology. Tarde's first robots were dedicated to criminology. Most important among them are the monographs “Penalty of Malice” (1886) and “Philosophy of Punishment” (1890). These events gave their author the reputation of a serious follower, who was known far from his native town.

In addition to criminology, Tarde began to study sociology. Tarde developed his original sociological theory back in the 1870s, but did not publish it for a long time.

However, only after the death of his mother in 1894. Tard began to follow the science completely. He left the provincial Sarlat and went to Paris to become director of the crime statistics section of the French Ministry of Justice.

Look at science

The theory of the functioning of marriage

In sociology, like his fellow Emile Durkheim, he based his theories on statistical data, based on the nature of social norms, giving great respect to the method of scientific research. Contrary to the theories of Durkheim, where the central role has always belonged to matrimony, which shapes people, Tarde concentrated his respect on the cultivated mutual relations of people (individuals), the product of which is matrimony. Having placed the main emphasis on affected individuals, he actively advocated the creation of social psychology as a science, which could become the foundation of sociology.

According to Tarde, the basis for the development of matrimony is the social-communicative activity of individuals in the form of inheritance (imitation) - “marriage, resolution, and inheritance” ( "la société, c'est l'imitation"). During the process of inheritance there is an elementary copying and repetition by some people of the behavior of others. The processes of copying and repetition involve various practices, concepts, and attitudes that are created from generation to generation and are always inherited. This process preserves the integrity of the marriage.

Thus, the activity of few innovators and the innovations they found are, in G. Tarda’s opinion, the main driver of social evolution, supporting the development of marriage. In this case, we believe that the greatest expansion will come not from “winners”, but from those that generally fit into the already existing culture and do not overprint its foundations.

The struggle one by one with different “findings”, which in different ways determine the problems facing the marriage, will lead to the emergence of opposition (against innovation). This is the result of various kinds of conflicts, conflicts and confrontations (even up to military actions). If any opposition is to be replaced, adaptation will come, adopted by the “winner”. At which point the cycle of social processes ends, and the marriage does not change until an innovator generates a new “input.”

Investigation of the phenomenon at the same time

A special theme of Tarde's research was the constant attention of the general public. Polemicizing with G. Lebon, Tarde spoke out against the description of his daily activity as “a hundred on the offensive.” In my opinion, the 19th century is a century of public. Contrasting these two concepts, Tarde spoke about the need for close physical contact between people whenever there is a threat, and the sufficiency of pink connections for the guilty public. Such spiritual unity has long been understood as a diversity of thoughts, intellectual diversity. A great role in the established “community of the public” is played by snakes, which shape people’s diversity of thoughts regardless of their growth.

Other scientific interests

In the sphere of respect of G. Tarde there was a hidden sociological theory in the development of marriage, and special branches of marriage science - such as political science (the work “The Re-Creation of Power”), economics (“Economic Psychology”, “ Reform of political economy"), criminology (" Equal malignity" and "Philosophy of Punishment"), mysticism ("The Essence of Mystery").

Development of the ideas of G. Tarde

In Russia, the end of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century. Tarde's ideas achieved great popularity. A lot of books were translated into Russian language after their publication in France. Much attention was drawn to the concept of the Russian “subjective school” (P. L. Lavrov, N. K. Mikhailovsky, S. N. Yuzhakov, N. I. Kareev).

The continuity of Durkheim's and Tarde's approaches to the ultimate problem in the fact that marriage and the individual are primary, gave rise to the current controversy of the interpretation of marriage as a single organism and its opponents, and respect matrimony as a sum of independent individuals.

Today we recognize the importance of Tarde’s contribution to the developments of sociological science. The German sociologist Jürgen Habermas appreciates that Tarde himself became the founder of such popular areas of sociology today as the theory of mass culture and the analysis of the public mind. There are fragments, however, of sociology in the 20th century. The dominant idea is about the initial influx of matrimony onto the individual, and if not like Tarde, then today Tarde is the least popular, the least opponent of Durkheim.

Create

"Les lois de l'imitation" (1890, "The Laws of Inheritance")
"Essais et mélanges sociologiques"(1895, collection of articles)
"La foule criminelle" (1892, "Evil NATO")
"Les transformations du droit" (1893)
"Logique sociale" (1895, "Social logic")
"L'opposition universelle" (1897)
"Études de psychologie sociale" (1898)
"Les lois sociales" (1898)
"Les transformations du pouvoir" (1899)
L'opinion et la foule /G. Tarde. - Paris: Felix Alcan, editeur, 1901. - 226, p.

Vidannya Russian

Laws of inheritance = (Les lois de l'imitation): Prov. From fr. / [Op.] J. Tarde. - St. Petersburg: F. Pavlenkov, 1892. - , IV, 370 p.
Zlochini natovpu/G. Tarde; Prov. Dr. I. F. Yordansky, ed. prof. A. I. Smirnova. – Kazan: N. Ya. Bashmakov, 1893. – 44 p.
The essence of mysticism = (L'art et la logique) / Transl. From fr. per ed. and from the retranslation. L. E. Obolensky; R. Tarde. - St. Petersburg: St. I. Gubinsky, 1895. - 112 p.
- ... – [M.]: LKI, 2007. – 120 p. ISBN 978-5-382-00106-7
The behavior of the family and power: (Translated from French): From arrival. Naris L. E. Obolensky: About the relationship between family and power from the theory of evolutionists and economical materialists. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1897. - 147 p.
- ... – [M.]: LKI, 2007. – 152 p. ISBN 978-5-382-00048-0
Young Zlochyntsi: [Listen to Buisson, prof. at Sorbonne]: Prov. From fr. / [Op.] G. Tarda, member. International Institute of Sociology. - St. Petersburg: Type. A. A. Porokhovshchikova, 1899. – 30 p.
Public and natovp: Study by Gabriel Tarde / Trans. F. Laterner. - St. Petersburg: B-ka kolishniy. Ivanova, 1899. – 48 p.
Reform of political economy: [Z "La logique sociale"] / [Op.] G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. per ed. L. E. Obolensky; Z rewritten. Well about Tarde’s sleeping ideas. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1899. - 100 p.
Social laws = (Les lois sociales): Particular creativity among the laws of nature and matrimony / Gabriel Tarde; Prov. From fr. A.F. for ed. and from the retranslation. L. E. Obolensky. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1900. - 120 p.
- Social laws/G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. F. Shipulinsky. - St. Petersburg: Type. P. P. Soikina, 1901. – 63 p.
  - ... – [M.]: LKI, 2009. – 64 p. ISBN 978-5-397-00856-3
Social Logic/Tarde; Prov. From fr. M. Tseytlin. - St. Petersburg: Type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1901. – VIII, 491 p.
- Social logic - St. Petersburg: Social-psychological center, 1996. ISBN 5-89121-001-0
Thought about NATO. - St. Petersburg, 1901.
- Thought and NATO // Psychology of NATO. - M: Institute of Psychology RAS; Vidavnitstvo KSP+, 1999. – 416 p. - (Library of Social Psychology.) ISBN 5-201-02259-6, 5-89692-002-4
Gromadska dumka ta natovp = (L'opinion et la foule) / G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. per ed. P.Z. Kogan. - M.: t-type. A. I. Mamontova, 1902. – IV, 201 p.
- Particularity and natovp = (L'opinion et la foule): Drawings from social. psychology/G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. E. A. Predtechensky. - St. Petersburg: A. Bolshakov and D. Golov, 1903. - , II, 178 p.
Social studies/[Op.] G. Tarde; Prov. I. Goldenberg. – St. Petersburg: F. Pavlenkov, 1902. – VIII, 366 p.
Lessons from the history of the future = Fragment d'histoire future/Trans. N. N. Polyansky. – M.: V. M. Shablin, 1906. – 79 p.
- Lessons from the history of today/Trans. K. I. F[fucking]; Tarde. - St. Petersburg: Popular Sciences. b-ka, 1907 (region 1908). – 90 s.
Social laws = (Les lois sociales): Particular creativity among the laws of nature and matrimony / Gabriel Tarde; Prov. From fr. A.F. for ed. and from the retranslation. L. E. Obolensky. - 2nd view. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1906. - 120 p.
- Reform of the political economy: [Z "La logique sociale"] / Gabriel Tarde; Prov. From fr. per ed. L. E. Obolensky; Z rewritten. Well about Tarde’s sleeping ideas. - 2nd view. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1906. - 100 p.
Zlochinets and Zlochin / G. Tard; Prov. E. V. Vistavkino, ed. M. N. Gerneta with preface. N. N. Polyansky. - M: t-vo I. D. Sitina, 1906. - XX, 324 p. - (Library for self-enlightenment, which is edited by A. S. Belkin, A. A. Kisewetter ... [and others]; 29).
- Zlochynets ta zlochin. Equally evil. Get angry at the same time. / Order. that rewritten V. S. Ovchinsky. – M.: INFRA-M, 2009. – 391 p. ISBN 5-16-001978-2
Equal malignity: Trans. From fr. / Tard. - M: t-vo I. D. Sitina, 1907. - 267 p.

Literature

Tarnovsky E. N. Characteristics of Gabriel Tarde in the movie by A. Espinas [Text] / E. N. Tarnovsky. // Journal of the Ministry of Justice. – 1910. – No. 1, today. – P. 102-110.
Shanis L. The theory of Tarde and Lombroso about the evils of the anarchists / L. Shanis. // Bulletin of Law. – 1899. – No. 10, chest. – pp. 312-323.
Shumakov S.[Review] R. Tard. Similarity of family and power. I’ll draw L. E. Obolensky. About the relationship between family and power from the theories of evolutionists and economical materialists. St. Petersburg, 1897 [Text]/P. Shumakov. // Journal of the Legal Partnership for the Imperial St. Petersburg University. – 1897. – A friend’s book, Lyutiy. – P. 1-4.
Bachinin V. A. History of philosophy and sociology of law: For students of legal, sociological and philosophical specialties / V. A. Bachinin. - St. Petersburg: Mikhailov U. A. Publishing House, 2001. - 335 z. ISBN 5-8016-0244-5

Notes

Posilannya

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 add.). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

Categories:

Persons behind the book
Vcheni behind the abetka
Narodzheni 12 Bereznya
Narodzheni 1843 roku
Died on the 13th
Died 1904
Criminologists
Psychologists of France
Sociologists of France
Psychologists behind the abetka
Died near Paris

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Wonder what “Tarde, Gabriel” is in other dictionaries:

– (1843 1904) fr. sociologist and psychologist, one of the founders of social psychology and leading representatives of psychology directly in sociology. Having presented a theory that explains social connections and the characteristics of three factors: inheritance, ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

One of the founders of subjective-psychological directivity in modern sociology.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 2

✪ Social psychology. Intermental psychology by Gabriel Tarde.

✪ Briefly about the sociological period in social psychology.

Subtitle

Biography

Born in the small town of Sarlat in modern France (near Bordeaux) to a family of lawyers: his mother worked as a family of lawyers, and his father worked as a judge in the local town of a lad. The beginning of Tarde's awareness was added to the local school, which, when she graduated in 1860, led to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. We decided to continue our studies in the field of polytechnic sciences, but through health problems, we would have to apply for a medical license in the native Sarli. Having begun to study law in his provincial town, he completed his legal studies in Paris in 1866.

After achieving greater clarity, I returned to Sarlat and continued the family’s professional tradition. In 1867, he took over the seat of the deputy judge in his native town, just two years later he became a temporary judge of Sarlat, and three years later he became a permanent judge.

From shipboard practice to getting involved in science. Since 1880, works have been regularly published by the Philosophical Review. Since 1887, at the same time as the Vikonanny, the judges have been planted, serving as co-director of the Archives of Criminal Anthropology. Tarde's first robots were dedicated to criminology. Most important among them are the monographs “Penalty of Malice” (1886) and “Philosophy of Punishment” (1890). These events gave their author the reputation of a serious follower, who was known far from his native town.

In addition to criminology, Tarde began to study sociology. Tarde developed his original sociological theory back in the 1870s, but did not publish it for a long time. [ ]

However, only after the death of his mother in 1894, G. Tarde began to embrace science. He left the provincial Sarlat and went to Paris to become director of the crime statistics section of the French Ministry of Justice.

Look at science

The theory of the functioning of marriage

In sociology, Tarde, like his fellow Emile Durkheim, based his theories on statistical data, based on the nature of social norms, giving great respect to the method of scientific investigation. However, contrary to the theories of Durkheim, where the central role has always been given to matrimony, which shapes people, Tarde concentrated his respect on the cultivated mutual relations of people (individuals), the product of which is matrimony. Having placed the main emphasis on the affected individuals, he actively advocated the creation of social psychology as a science that became the foundation of sociology.

According to Tarde, the basis for the development of matrimony is the social-communicative activity of individuals in the form of inheritance (imitation) - “marriage, resolution, and inheritance” ( "la société, c'est l'imitation"). [ ] During the process of inheritance there is an elementary copying and repetition by some people of the behavior of others. The processes of copying and repetition involve various practices, concepts, and attitudes that are created from generation to generation and are always inherited. This process preserves the integrity of the marriage.

Thus, the activity of few innovators and the innovations they found are, in G. Tarda’s opinion, the main driver of social evolution, supporting the development of marriage. It is important to note that the greatest expansion is not in the “winners”, but in those that generally fit into the existing culture and do not contradict its fundamentals.

Investigation of the phenomenon at the same time

Other scientific interests

Development of the ideas of G. Tarde

Create

"Les lois de l'imitation" (1890, "The Laws of Inheritance")
"Essais et mélanges sociologiques"(1895, collection of articles)
"La foule criminelle" (1892, "Evil NATO")
"Les transformations du droit" (1893)
"Logique sociale" (1895, "Social logic")
"L'opposition universelle" (1897)
"Études de psychologie sociale" (1898)
"Les lois sociales" (1898)
"Les transformations du pouvoir" (1899)
L'opinion et la foule /G. Tarde. - Paris: Felix Alcan, editeur, 1901. - 226, p.

Vidannya Russian

Monadology and sociology / Prov. From fr. A. Shestakova; p_slyasl. D. Zhikharevich. – Perm: Gile Pres, 2016. – 124 p.
Laws of inheritance = (Les lois de l'imitation): Prov. From fr. / [Op.] J. Tarde. - St. Petersburg: F. Pavlenkov, 1892. - , IV, 370 p.
Zlochini natovpu/G. Tarde; Prov. Dr. I. F. Yordansky, ed. prof. A. I. Smirnova. – Kazan: N. Ya. Bashmakov, 1893. – 44 p.
The essence of mysticism = (L'art et la logique) / Transl. From fr. per ed. and from the retranslation. L. E. Obolensky; R. Tarde. - St. Petersburg: St. I. Gubinsky, 1895. - 112 p.
- ... – [M.]: LKI, 2007. – 120 p. ISBN 978-5-382-00106-7
The behavior of the family and power: (Translated from French): From arrival. Naris L. E. Obolensky: About the relationship between family and power from the theory of evolutionists and economical materialists. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1897. - 147 p.
- ... – [M.]: LKI, 2007. – 152 p. ISBN 978-5-382-00048-0
Young Zlochyntsi: [Listen to Buisson, prof. at Sorbonne]: Prov. From fr. / [Op.] G. Tarda, member. International Institute of Sociology. - St. Petersburg: Type. A. A. Porokhovshchikova, 1899. – 30 p.
Public and natovp: Study by Gabriel Tarde / Trans. F. Laterner. - St. Petersburg: B-ka kolishniy. Ivanova, 1899. – 48 p.
Reform of political economy: [Z "La logique sociale"] / [Op.] G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. per ed. L. E. Obolensky; Z rewritten. Well about Tarde’s sleeping ideas. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1899. - 100 p.
Social laws = (Les lois sociales): Particular creativity among the laws of nature and matrimony / Gabriel Tarde; Prov. From fr. A.F. for ed. and from the retranslation. L. E. Obolensky. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1900. - 120 p.
- Social laws/G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. F. Shipulinsky. - St. Petersburg: Type. P. P. Soikina, 1901. – 63 p.
  - ... – [M.]: LKI, 2009. – 64 p. ISBN 978-5-397-00856-3
Social Logic/Tarde; Prov. From fr. M. Tseytlin. - St. Petersburg: Type. Yu. N. Erlikh, 1901. – VIII, 491 p.
- Social logic - St. Petersburg: Social-psychological center, 1996. ISBN 5-89121-001-0
Thought about NATO. - St. Petersburg, 1901.
- Thought and NATO // Psychology of NATO. - M: Institute of Psychology RAS; Vidavnitstvo KSP+, 1999. – 416 p. - (Library of Social Psychology.) ISBN 5-201-02259-6, 5-89692-002-4
Gromadska dumka ta natovp = (L'opinion et la foule) / G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. per ed. P.Z. Kogan. - M.: t-type. A. I. Mamontova, 1902. – IV, 201 p.
- Particularity and natovp = (L'opinion et la foule): Drawings from social. psychology/G. Tarde; Prov. From fr. E. A. Predtechensky. - St. Petersburg: A. Bolshakov and D. Golov, 1903. - , II, 178 p.
Social studies/[Op.] G. Tarde; Prov. I. Goldenberg. – St. Petersburg: F. Pavlenkov, 1902. – VIII, 366 p.
Lessons from the history of the future = Fragment d'histoire future/Trans. N. N. Polyansky. - M.: St. M. Shablin, 1906. - 79 p.
- Lessons from the history of today/Trans. K. I. F[fucking]; Tarde. - St. Petersburg: Popular Sciences. b-ka, 1907 (region 1908). – 90 s.
Social laws = (Les lois sociales): Particular creativity among the laws of nature and matrimony / Gabriel Tarde; Prov. From fr. A.F. for ed. and from the retranslation. L. E. Obolensky. - 2nd view. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1906. - 120 p.
- Reform of the political economy: [Z "La logique sociale"] / Gabriel Tarde; Prov. From fr. per ed. L. E. Obolensky; Z rewritten. Well about Tarde’s sleeping ideas. - 2nd view. - St. Petersburg: Art I. Gubinsky, 1906. - 100 p.
Zlochinets and Zlochin / G. Tard; Prov. E. V. Vistavkino, ed. M. N. Gerneta with preface. N. N. Polyansky. - M: t-vo I. D. Sitina, 1906. - XX, 324 p. - (Library for self-enlightenment, which is edited by A. S. Belkin, A. A. Kisewetter ... [and others]; 29).
- Zlochynets ta zlochin. Equally evil. Get angry at the same time. / Order. that rewritten V. S. Ovchinsky. – M.: INFRA-M, 2009. – 391 p. ISBN 5-16-001978-2
Equal malignity: Trans. From fr. / Tard. - M: t-vo I. D. Sitina, 1907. - 267 p.

Literature

Bazhenov N. N. Gabriel Tarde, peculiarity, ideas and creativity: [Mova, captured in the local river meeting of Moscow. zag. neuropathologists and psychiatrists 31 zhovt. 1904] / N. Bazhenov. - M: typo-lit. I. N. Kushnerev i K °, 1905. - 31 p.
Bachinin V. A. History of philosophy and sociology of law: For students of legal, sociological and philosophical specialties / V. A. Bachinin. - St. Petersburg: Mikhailov U. A. Publishing House, 2001. - 335 z. ISBN 5-8016-0244-5
Davidov E. One more mischief/Є. Davidov. // Journal of the Ministry of Justice: [No. 3. Berezen – No. 4. Kviten]. – St. Petersburg: Drukarnya Uryadovogo Senate, 1899. – No. 3. – P. – 180-189.
Criminology: Handyman / I. Y. Kozachenko, K. V. Korsakov. – M.: NORMA-INFRA-M, 2011. – 304 p. ISBN 978-5-91768-209-9.
Tarnovsky E. N. Characteristics of Gabriel Tarde in the film by A. Espinas [Text]/Є. N. Tarnovsky. // Journal of the Ministry of Justice. – 1910. – No. 1, today. – P. 102-110.
Shanis L. The theory of Tarde and Lombroso about the evils of the anarchists / L. Shanis. // Bulletin of Law. – 1899. – No. 10, chest. – pp. 312-323.
Shumakov S.[Review] R. Tard. Similarity of family and power. I’ll draw L. E. Obolensky. About the relationship between family and power from the theories of evolutionists and economical materialists. St. Petersburg, 1897 [Text]/P. Shumakov. // Journal of the Legal Partnership for the Imperial St. Petersburg University. – 1897. – A friend’s book, Lyutiy. – P. 1-4.

TARDE, JEAN GABRIEL(Tarde, Jean-Gabriel) (1843-1904) - French sociologist and criminologist, one of the founders of subjective-psychological research directly in modern sociology.

The biography is clearly divided into two uneven and unequal parts. B about For most of my life, following a family tradition, having pursued a career as a great, but still provincial lawyer, I have been engaged in scientific activity only as much as I can. It was only during the remaining ten years of his life that he gained his true reputation as one of the leading sociologists of France.

He was born on the 12th of February 1843 and spent most of his life in the small town of Sarlat in modern France (near Bordeaux). He was a retired lawyer: his mother worked for a family of lawyers, and his father worked as a judge for a local boy. The beginning of Tarde's knowledge came from the local school, which was completed in 1860. Bachelor of Arts level. We decided to continue our studies in the field of polytechnic sciences, but through health problems, we would have to apply for a medical license in the native Sarli. Having begun to study law in his provincial town, he completed his legal studies in Paris in 1866.

After achieving greater clarity, I returned to Sarlat and continued the family’s professional tradition. In 1867, he planted a deputy judge in a local town, just two years later he became temporary judge of Sarlat, and from 1875 to 1894 he became permanent judge.

From shipboard practice to getting involved in science. Since 1880, works have been regularly published in Philosophical review; Since 1887, in parallel with the Vikonanny, the court has been planted, serving as the director of the Archives of Criminal Anthropology. Tarde's first robots were dedicated to criminology. The most important place among them is occupied by monographs Equally malignant(1886) that Philosophy of repentance(1890). These events gave their author the reputation of a serious follower, who was known far from his native town. In addition to criminology, Tarde began to study sociology. It appears that Tarde developed his original sociological theory back in the 1870s and did not publish it for a long time.

Only after the death of his mother in 1894. Tard began to follow the science completely. He left the provincial Sarlat and went to Paris to become director of the crime statistics section of the French Ministry of Justice.

Since 1896, this investment activity began and developed quite dynamically. G. Tarde worked at two places – at the Vilny School of Political Sciences and at the Vilny College of Social Sciences. In 1898, a friend of his head published a book, Social laws. And in 1900, after a first recent attempt, the recent provincial took over as a professor and became the head of the department of natural philosophy at the Collège de France, one of the leading universities in France. The same fate was chosen as a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. Vikladatskaya activity was his main occupation until death.

Tarde's activity as a sociologist fell on the same period as E. Durkheim's. These two founders of the French school of sociology had, at first glance, a lot of wisdom: they based their theories on statistical data, focused on the nature of social norms, and gave great respect to the age-old method of scientific investigation These concepts are fundamentally different. In Durkheim's theories, the central role was once assigned to marriage, which shapes humanity. Against this, Tarde concentrated his respect for the mutual understanding of people (individual relationships), the product of which is matrimony. Having placed the main emphasis on affected individuals, he actively advocated the creation of social psychology as a science, which could become the foundation of sociology. The continuity of the approaches of Durkheim and Tarde to the extreme problem of the fact that marriage and the individual are primary, gave rise to the current controversy of the interpretation of marriage as a single organism and its opponents. respect matrimony as a sum of independent individuals.

According to Tarde, the basis for the development of matrimony is the social-communication activity of individuals in the form of inheritance (Imitations). This concept itself became the key concept for the French sociologist in describing social reality. In essence, he treats matrimony as a process of inheritance, which means an elementary copying and repetition by some people of the behavior of others. The processes of copying and repetition involve various practices, concepts, and attitudes that are created from generation to generation and are always inherited. This process preserves the integrity of the marriage.

To other important concepts, the development of matrimony explained, according to Tarde, is “vinakhid” (or “innovation”). This is seen by Tarde as a process of adaptation to the minds of a very middle class that is changing. Everything that is new in marriage (either ideas or material values), is considered to be the result of the creative activity of numerous gifted individuals. Language, religion, craft, power - all, in G. Tarde’s opinion, are products of the creativity of innovating individuals. Once this has happened, it is a new phenomenon to introduce the process of inheritance. This can be compared with the stakes on the water that drops appear after the fall: the inheritance of this new flow is gradually drowning more and more people, wasting their cob strength. The consolidation of all the main social institutions resulted, after Tarde, from the very fact that primary people, not surprisingly now, began to inherit creative innovators and vikorize their output.

A special theme of Tarde's research was the constant attention of the general public. Polemicizing with G. Lebon, Tarde spoke out against the description of his daily activity as “a hundred on the offensive.” In my opinion, the 19th century is a century of public. Contrasting these two concepts, Tarde spoke about the need for close physical contact between people whenever there is a threat, and the sufficiency of pink connections for the guilty public. Such spiritual unity has long been understood as a diversity of thoughts, intellectual diversity. A great role in the established “sovereignty of the public”, in my opinion, is played by the features of mass information, which shape people’s thoughts regardless of their growth. Tarde’s discussion about the importance of the public can now be used as an approach to the understanding of such social phenomena as community partnership and mass culture.

In the sphere of respect of G. Tarde there was both a hidden sociological theory in the development of marriage, and special branches of marriage - such as political science (work Re-creation of power), economics ( Economic psychology, Political Economy Reform), criminology ( Equally malignantі Philosophy of repentance), mysticism ( The essence of mysticism).

In Russia it is the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. Tarde's ideas achieved great popularity. A lot of books were translated into Russian language after their publication in France. They looked at the concept of the Russian “subjective school” (P.L. Lavrov, N.K. Mikhailovsky, S.N. Yuzhakov, N.I. Kareev). However, for them the principle of the absolute primacy of the individual over the marriage, which is preached by Tarde, turned out to be less than pleasant: “They did not take their place in the history of the age, designated by the names of Luther and Münzer, who from the feudal-Catholic harmony becoming unbearable, - thus conveying with irony N.K. “Mikhailovsky’s admiration for Tarde’s concept is that Luther’s ideas expanded.”

Today we recognize the importance of Tarde’s contribution to the developments of sociological science. The German sociologist J. Habermas appreciates that Tarde himself became the founder of such popular areas of sociology today as the theory of mass culture and the analysis of the public mind. There are fragments, however, of sociology in the 20th century. The dominant idea is about the initial influx of matrimony onto the individual, and if not like Tarde, then today Tarde is the least popular, the least opponent of Durkheim.

Praci: Dumka and NATO// Psychology of NATO. M., Institute of Psychology RAS - Publishing House of KSP + (Library of Social Psychology), 1999; Laws of inheritance. St. Petersburg, 1892; Social logic. St. Petersburg, Social-Psychological Center, 1996; Social laws. St. Petersburg, Drukarnya P.P. Soikina, 1901; Equally malignant. M., T-vo I.D. Sitina, 1907.

Natalia Latova

TARDE, JEAN-GABRIEL (1843–1904) - French sociologist and criminologist, one of the founders of subjective-psychological research directly in modern sociology.

The biography is clearly divided into two uneven and unequal parts. For most of my life, following a family tradition, having pursued a career as a great, but still provincial lawyer, I have been engaged in scientific activity only as much as I can. It was only during the remaining ten years of his life that he gained his true reputation as one of the leading sociologists of France.

From shipboard practice to getting involved in science. Since 1880, works have been regularly published by the Philosophical Review; Since 1887, in parallel with the Vikonanny, the court has been planted, serving as the director of the Archives of Criminal Anthropology. Tarde's first robots were dedicated to criminology. Most prominent among them are the monographs Equal Maliciousness (1886) and Philosophy of Punishment (1890). These events gave their author the reputation of a serious follower, who was known far from his native town. In addition to criminology, Tarde began to study sociology. It appears that Tarde developed his original sociological theory back in the 1870s and did not publish it for a long time.

Since 1896, this investment activity began and developed quite dynamically. G. Tarde worked at two places – at the Vilny School of Political Sciences and at the Vilny College of Social Sciences. In 1898, his first book, Social Laws, was published. And in 1900, after a first recent attempt, the recent provincial took over as a professor and became the head of the department of natural philosophy at the Collège de France, one of the leading universities in France. The same fate was chosen as a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. Vikladatskaya activity was his main occupation until death.

Tarde's activity as a sociologist fell during the same period as E. Durkheim's. These two founders of the French school of sociology had, at first glance, a lot of strength: they resentfully based their theories on statistical data, focused on the nature of social norms, and gave great respect to the ancient method of scientific research. investigation These concepts are fundamentally different. In Durkheim's theories, the central role was once assigned to marriage, which shapes humanity. Against this, Tarde concentrated his respect for the mutual understanding of people (individual relationships), the product of which is matrimony. Having placed the main emphasis on affected individuals, he actively advocated the creation of social psychology as a science, which could become the foundation of sociology. The continuity of Durkheim's and Tarde's approaches to the extreme problem of what comes first is matrimony and the individual, sparked a current controversy among the advocates of the interpretation of matrimony as a single organism and its opponents, as respect matrimony as a sum of independent individuals.

Most days

According to Tarde, the basis for the development of matrimony is the social-communication activity of individuals in the form of inheritance (imitation). This concept itself became the key concept for the French sociologist in describing social reality. In essence, he interprets matrimony as inheritance itself, meaning it is an elementary copying and repetition by some people of the behavior of others. The processes of copying and repetition involve various practices, concepts, and attitudes that are created from generation to generation and are always inherited. This process preserves the integrity of the marriage.

A special theme of Tarde's research was the constant attention of the general public. Polemicizing with G. Lebon, Tarde spoke out against the description of his daily activity as “a hundred on the offensive.” In my opinion, the 19th century is a century of public. Contrasting these two concepts, Tarde spoke about the need for close physical contact between people whenever there is a threat, and the sufficiency of pink connections for the guilty public. Such spiritual unity has long been understood as a diversity of thoughts, intellectual diversity. A great role in the established “sovereignty of the public”, in my opinion, is played by the features of mass information, which shape people’s thoughts regardless of their growth. Tarde’s discussion about the importance of the public can now be used as an approach to the understanding of such social phenomena as community partnership and mass culture.

In the sphere of respect of G. Tarde there was a hidden sociological theory in the development of marriage, and special branches of marriage science - such as political science (the work of the Reformation of Power), economics (Economic psychology, Reform Political Economy), Criminology (Various Maliciousness and Philosophy of Punishment), mysticism (The essence of mysticism).