The hottest place in the world. The coldest place in the world has been found What is the hottest in the world
The speech that comes first on this list is no longer around 15 billion years ago. And on the other side is our Earth, or rather, the grieving particles near Geneva, where in 2012 people lost their temperature, I see for how the Universe has not yet known the clock.
In this statistic:
1. Great Vibukh
It is unlikely that you will be able to break the temperature record; At the moment of our people's birth, our Universe has a temperature of close to 1032 K, and under the word “moment” we mean not a second, but a Planck unit of an hour, which is equivalent to 5 10-44 seconds. In her literally immeasurably short hour, the Universe was so hot that we couldn’t tell what laws she followed; At such energies there is no fundamental part.
2. HAC
Another place on the list of the hottest places (or at any time, in this case there is no difference) after the Great Vibukh our dark planet sets. In 2012, the work at the Great Hadron Collider of physics increased to 99% fluidity and briefly reduced the temperature to 5.5 trillion Kelvin (5 * 1012) (or degrees Celsius - on such a scale ah tse one y those same).
3. Neutron stars
1011 K is the temperature in the middle of the newly born neutron star. At this temperature, the river is not at all similar to the forms familiar to us. The layers of neutron stars are formed from a swirling “soup” of electrons, neutrons and other elements. In just a few years the light reaches up to 10 9 K, and in the first hundred years it has increased by an order of magnitude.
4. Nuclear vibration
The temperature in the middle of the fiery core of the nuclear explosion becomes close to 20,000 K. The higher, lower temperature of the surface of most of the main sequence.
5. High-hot stars (besides neutron ones)
The surface temperature of the Sun is close to six thousand degrees, but this is not the limit for the stars; The hottest zirok known today, WR 102 in the suzir’i Streltsa, baked up to 210,000 K - which is ten times hotter for an atomic vibration. There are very few such hot stars (nearly hundreds of them were found in the Chumatsky Shlyakh, and many more in other galaxies), the stinks are 10-15 times more massive than the Sun and richly brighter for him.
Some cosmologists confirm that the relict “cold flame” is a kind of parallel Universe, which is intertwined with ours.
The super-empty Yeridan or “cold flame” is a unique area in the narrow Yeridan, which has a very low relict vibration, the temperature of which is 70 µK colder, the lower average temperature of the relict vibration in this All-World, which is created by relict photons. A temperature increase of 0.00015 degrees Celsius may mean that the “cold flame” is superfluous – let there be space between the galactic threads. In the area of the Supervoid of Yeridan there is a radio station, as if to create a repromotion, practically every day. This means that in this space there are no galaxies, no galactic clusters.
The size of this spacious “hole” in diameter becomes approximately a billion light rocks. It could easily fit over 10,000 different galaxies. Obviously, this is not just an initial speech, but a hypothetical dark matter. Based on this, the Supervoid of Yeridan can accommodate dark energy or cosmic vacuum.
Therefore, with the remaining data, the abrogated knowledge, the primary speech, from which all kinds of elementary particles are formed, creates 5% of the total energy of the All-World. Dark and simple matter become less than 1/3 of the total energy of the All-Light. Based on the theory that the Universe is constantly expanding, cosmologists believed that, in addition to gravitational pull in nature, there is also a gravitational effect - anti-gravity.
Astronomers recognized dark energy as the main engine of the expansion of the Universe. Apparently, 2/3 of the total energy of the All-World naturally falls on this substance. Theoretically, the dark energy of the All-World carries a universal physical core. Is it possible to be located in the middle of such “holes” as the Supervoid of Eridan?
It is impossible not to note that there are a lot of similar empty spaces in the World, similar to the zone in the border of Yeridan. Current science is aware of a couple of dozen super-voids-voids, where the density of cosmic speech is lower than average in the Universe. The super-empty Eridan could lay claim to the role of the largest empty among them, which would contain 20% less matter, at the mercy of the World. What could be in the middle of this “hole”?
Some cosmologists confirm that the relict “cold flame” is a kind of parallel Universe, which is intertwined with ours. Others respect that the real picture looks different. The super-empty Eridan can be bought up by a lot of smaller empty ones, the skin of which is sharpened by galaxies. This assumption is consistent with the theory about Multiverses, which speaks about those that our All-World exists in a hypothetical “sweet cloud”, so that parallel lights develop in the middle of their powerful “bulbs”. Once the analysis of the background relic vibration proves the validity of this theory, the Supervoid of Yeridan can confirm its veracity.
Boomerang Nebula. Hubble telescope photo
Photo: NASA
They have been hungry for a long time for food: how cold it is in space. As a rule, the temperature there is not lower than the temperature of the relict vibration, which permeates the entire Universe. However, in these places, where the stars are dying, the temperature can drop much lower. The same place happened to be discovered near the planetary Boomerang Nebula.
Average temperature readings on Earth, a planet located above the Sun at an distance of over 149 million kilometers, range between 300 K. Varto noted that the planet is still heated by a hot core, and in addition, atmospheric conditions, temperature readings would still be 50 Up to less. When the object is further away from the nearest mirror, it is colder there. For example, on Pluto the average temperature becomes more than 44 K. For such indicators, nitrogen freezes, and therefore, practically nothing would be lost from the earth’s atmosphere, even if it contains 80 hundredths of nitrogen. Beyond the borders of the Sonyachnaya system, in the interim space, it is much colder.
Molecular clouds float around the galaxy, the rivers in which have a temperature of approximately 10-20 K, which is close to absolute zero. The galaxy no longer has lower temperatures, and the remaining parts of the galaxy will otherwise be exposed to the dawn's effects.
However, in the intergalactic space the temperature is still lower, lower than the molecular gloom, which is far from the air temperature. Between themselves, the Galaxies share millions of light rocks, and a single prominence that connects all the corners of the cosmos, and the d Great Vibukha. During the course of the relict vibration, the temperature in the intergalactic space does not fall below 2.73 K. At first glance, you might think that it simply cannot be colder, but in reality this is far from the case.
If they say more precisely, then colder is theoretically possible. In order for the temperature readings of the intergalactic space to drop below 2.73 K, it is necessary to ensure that the Universe expands a little. This expansion is already happening at once - the World is expanding at a speed of about 770 kilometers per second for 3.26 million light rocks. At this hour of the century, 13.78 billion rocks reach the Universe, and if it becomes twice as large, the relic changes can bring the temperature just one degree above absolute zero.
And the latest news from scientists: the coldest place in the Universe can already be seen, and not too far from the Earth - near the Boomerang Nebula, which was spreading out from our planet at the distance of everything 5 a thousand bright fates.
At the center of this nebula there is a dying star, which was in the past, like the Sun, a dwarf. Similar to other stars of the same spectral class, it became a red giant and ended up in a system that collapsed from a white dwarf and a preplanetary nebula that collapsed just before.
A planetary nebula is commonly called the excess peripheral parts of a worm giant, cast off during the period when its center shrinks to the size of a white dwarf. But before this, as if it were a planetary nebula, the red dwarf for some time becomes a preplanetary nebula. Due to the fact that all the necessary minds are involved in it, temperature readings in the nebula can drop below the lowest temperatures in the Universe. These are the pioneering actions of Indian astronomer Ravendra Sahai, and, much earlier, his team created a temperature map of the Boomerang Nebula and discovered that it is actually very cold there.
The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest place in the world
Photo: ESA/NASA
The preplanetary nebula is blamed for this phenomenon, since in the core of the star the temperature rises, and at this time the peripheral river begins to become thicker. This process is carried out by several types of plasma flows that begin in the outer sphere of the mirror speech. These streams beyond the cosmic worlds will appear even sooner - more than a thousand times. Because the plasma in the current collapses rapidly (and in the Boomerang Nebula it is the same), the loss of speech is clearly seen with great fluidity. The most significant fluidity in the nebula is those areas in which the temperature indicator does not exceed 0.5 K, which is significantly lower than the temperature in any other place of the Universe.
And all this is due to the fact that the thermal energy of molecules is transferred to the kinetic energy of the rotor, for which the wind is reaching.
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It’s time to talk about the guilt of the Universe, the nature of the mysterious dark matter, medicine of the 21st century and the lack of knowledge of the world, about how we have not known the world until these days.
On Saturday, the international conference Large Hadron Collider Physics (LHCP) 2015, dedicated to the work of the Great Hadron Collider (LHC) and other facilities of the CERN International High Energy Laboratory, ended in our city.
On the verge of exposure
Talk carefully about the leading scientific result of the physics conference.
“It’s a regularity: if a new vigor arises from increased energy. I 1976 fate, once we realized that the elementary parts are not protons, but quarks. I 2012, when the Higgs boson was discovered. We increased the energy in two days - it is possible, possible and possible. “Something has already been said at the meeting, but we cannot say for sure without preliminary results,”
- Oleksiy Vorobyov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, ceramicist from the Department of High Energy Physics of the St. Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics, NDC Kurchatov Institute, explains.
It is better for everything, the academician to talk about the discovery of new particles, similar to a photon, and even a much larger mass.
A report about them is given by SPbDU professor Oleksandr Andrianov:
“It’s unlikely that the stench is elementary. “Techno-theory (like techno music) conveys that vector bosons are composed of tech-quarks, which themselves do not interact with us.”
It takes 10 minus 24 seconds to find such particles, and their influx into everyday physics is great.
Intensification-2015
Speaking about the coming days, the professor advances that increasing the intensity of the exercise is not the only way to reverse significant results:
“It’s never bad to destroy great energies. Because their temperature rises, and the nuclear thickness becomes even smaller. Otherwise, the required intermediate level is more energy and a little less energy.”
Therefore, St. Petersburg physicists developed a system that increases the intensity of the flow of particles tenfold.
“Like all Russian winemakers - for the help of simple persistence and perseverance,”
– laughs Georgy Feofilov, head of the SPbDU laboratory, a quarry specialist of the SPbDU group at the ALICE collaboration.
Zrobleno in Russia
The visit to St. Petersburg encourages the contribution of our fellow countrymen to the international project.
“The ideas that Russian people brought in have no analogues,”
– states the advocate of CERN Director General for Science Sergio Bertolucci.
A report on the work of his colleagues was given by Professor Peter Yenni, a member of the Committee for the European Strategy for High Energy Physics at the University of Freiburg, and a senior member of the ATLAS collaboration:
“The participation of Russian institutes in the project began about 20 years ago, and even at that hour your physicists were confused about how to carry out experiments at the Higher Attestation Commission. Some of these ideas have been implemented. Those that our Russian colleagues have done are working miraculously.”
Thus, the ideas that emerged in St. Petersburg became basic during the creation of the ALICE collaboration, a subsidiary of CERN, which includes the primordial matter that was formed immediately after the Great Vibuhu.
“The engineering and scientific potential of our place has allowed us to develop propositions such as those in 1992 who went to CERN and continue to do so. SPbDU is currently busy upgrading ALICE detectors, and university students have joined the process,” including Grigory Feofilov.
May it be like football
CERN employs hundreds of physicists, engineers and programmers from Russia. Only three countries - Italy, Germany and France, as well as the USA, which does not come before dinner - can boast of a great presence.
In addition to holding the conference in St. Petersburg, there is another aspect, a political one. This is voiced by Volodymyr Shevchenko, Deputy Director of the Center for Fundamental Research of the NDC “Kurchativ Institute”:
“Why do we love holding football championships in Russia? Because the organizers are always singing songs of victory. In addition, the holding of such a great forum in our land is a fortune-telling about us as about a great grave. Powers that have their own interests.”
Before us is a portal at the new world
“Those who seem to think that the collider is the hottest place in the Universe will not have mercy. When the nuclei are closed, heated to the point of light liquidity, the matter becomes even more suitable for cultivation, says Grigory Feofilov. “It gives the keys to discoveries in the field of astrophysics, flows into fundamental science - the understanding of the standard model and its development.”
The temperature during the experiments varies by trillions of degrees, so that it exceeds the temperature of the Sun a hundred times.
According to the standard model, the main subject of discussion is the appearance of the Higgs boson, or “Higgs”, as it is called for short in 2012. This elementary part confirmed the feasibility of the basic theoretical construction of modern physics and at the same time brought humanity beyond the standard model, from an unknown world.
“It is important to understand that the Higgs is not “another piece,” but a representative of a new type of matter with spin zero. A portal to a new world is opening before us, to find out what is waiting behind the gates - a task for many fates for all scientific splendor,” -
conveyed by Volodymyr Shevchenko.
Dark cobs
And other forecasts.
“The most hostile critics, as it seems, may have a clue to the secret chamber of dark matter. “We can reverse the result, either by increasing the energy of the speeder, or by conducting more precise measurements of the particles,”
- Peter agrees.
The dark matter of truth is being deprived of the main mystery of our century - the Universe is 96% composed of this substance, otherwise we cannot study it, nor register it, without meaning and 4%. The understanding of the fact that such dark matter, which is behind everything, will turn all our statements about reality. However, these wondrous discoveries are beyond the reach of CERN.
“I don’t know what nature has in store for us at this moment,”
– Sergio Bertolucci, CERN Director General for Science, honestly admits.
Tilki for the sick
And the results of the work have been remarkable. CERN itself has introduced hadron therapy - the production of beams of charged particles for the point transfer of fluff. The coating is applied locally so that healthy tissues are not damaged.
“This is a fusion of high-energy physics and new medical technologies, which gives even high performance,”
– says Grigory Feofilov.
Moscow and St. Petersburg are planned to have two private proton centers. The great expansion of hadronic medicine in Russia is due to the lack of thoroughness of the legislation, explains Volodymyr Shevchenko: a physicist has no right to provide medical services, and a doctor has no right to provide high-energy physics.
At the end of the world
In the eyes of the inhabitants, experiments at the Great Hadron Collider are most often associated not with great disasters, but with a global catastrophe.
Since then, CERN has been on trial for trying to organize the end of the world.
The message of marriage is reflected well by the picture of the re-bandaging of the teachings, the journalist informs: “With the help of the Higher Attestation Commission, we learned that the World was born as a successor to the vibration.” Or a T-shirt with long sleeves and the words “I survived the launch of the hadron collider.”
Physicists know about such heat and are ironic in their testimony.
“As soon as a black hole is revealed at CERN, great scientists will become famous. It’s true, the price will be great – all humanity will disappear,” like Oleksiy Vorobyov.
However, it’s too early to get angry. Physics understand that a small black hole can evaporate, and not rot the world.
Everything has already become
Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (OIYAD, Dubna) Viktor Matveev for the sake of calm:
“For people who are not good at physics, it is important to understand the scale of the processes. The experiments in the laboratory are hardly repeating those that took place at Vsesvita. Everything that could have happened has already happened. If this were such a catastrophic legacy, we would no longer be with you.”
From what we understand, the following conclusion emerges: the Great Hadron Collider does not bring problems to humanity. And this proof may seem reasonable to people who are infinitely far from high-energy physics.
The speech of our Universe is structurally organized and creates a great variety of phenomena of different scales with even different physical powers. One of the most important of these influences is temperature. Knowing this indicator and vikoryst's theoretical models, one can judge about the many characteristics of this or that other body - about its body, body, age.
The difference in temperature for various components of the World, which is to be guarded against, is very great. Thus, the lowest value in nature has been recorded for the Boomerang Nebula and is only 1 K. What are the highest temperatures in the Universe today, and what are the features of various objects in the world? huh? It’s amazing how scientists calculate the temperature of distant cosmic bodies.
Spectrum temperature
All information about distant stars, nebulae, galaxies can now be removed by following their changes. Based on which frequency range of the spectrum the maximum vibration occurs, the temperature is determined as an indicator of the average kinetic energy of body parts, and the frequency of vibration is directly related to the energy. Therefore, the highest temperature in the Universe is responsible for generating, obviously, the greatest energy.
The higher the frequencies are characterized by the maximum intensity of vibration, the hotter the body. However, a new range of divisions is being promoted over a very wide range, and behind the features of the visible region (“color”), one can work with secret notes about temperature, for example, the mirror. The residual assessment is carried out on the basis of the inclusion of the entire spectrum of the smudge and polish.
Spectral classes of stars
Based on spectral features, including color, the so-called Harvard classification of stars was developed. It includes seven main classes, which are designated by the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, M and a number of additional ones. The Harvard classification increases the surface temperature of the grains. Sun, the photosphere of which is heated to 5780 K, belongs to the class of light stars G2. The hottest black eyes belong to class O, the coldest – red – belong to class M.
The Harvard classification is complemented by the York classification, and the Morgan-Keenan-Kellman classification (IKK - according to the names of the developers), which expands the scope of all classes of luminosity from 0 to VII, but the luminaries associated with the mass range from hypergiants to white dwarfs. Our Sontse is a class V dwarf.
Suspended at once, as the axes that display the values of color - temperature and absolute value - lightness (which is to say about the masses), they made it possible to create a graph, widely known as the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which is basically And the characteristics of the stars are interconnected.
Hot Stars
The diagrams show that the hottest are the black giants, supergiants and hypergiants. These are extremely massive, bright and short-lived stars. Thermonuclear reactions at the core proceed even more intensely, producing dry light and high temperatures. Such glasses can be extended to classes B and O or a special class W (divided by wide lines in the spectrum).
For example, this Great Vedic Medicine (located at the “end of the handle” of the ladle) with a mass that is 6 times higher than the sonic temperature, lights up 700 times more intensely and the surface temperature rises to about 22,000 K. times, the outer balls are heated to 33 50 0 K. And temperature a hypergiant with the highest known mass and luminosity (at least 8.7 million times the Sun has been weighed down) - R136a1 in the Great Magellanic Cloud - estimated at 53,000 K.
However, the photosphere of the stars, as if the stench were not strong, would not give us any indication of the highest temperature in the Universe. When searching for specific areas, it is necessary to look into the shadows.
Thermonuclear furnaces for space
The nuclei of massive stars, compressed by a colossal vice, develop very high temperatures, sufficient for the nucleosynthesis of elements before licking and nickel. Thus, the scales for black giants, supergiants and even rare hypergiants give for this parameter until the end of the star’s life an order of magnitude of 10 9 K – a billion degrees.
There will be an evolution of such objects that is not yet sufficiently well developed, and their models are also not yet perfect. It became clear, however, that even with the hot nuclei of the guilty people all the stars of the great masses, there was no stink to any spectral classes - for example, the red ones. Regardless of the absolute importance in the processes that take place at the core, the key parameter is the core temperature and mass.
Zoryani Zalishki
In the meantime, lay down the mass and share the grain - those are how to end your life’s journey. Low-mass stars like Sontz, having exhausted their supply of water, waste new power, after which the light loses its virulent core, into which thermonuclear fusion can no longer occur - a white dwarf. The outer thin ball of the young white dwarf rises in temperature to 200,000 K, and the isothermal core grows further, heating up to tens of millions of degrees. Further, the dwarf's evolution continues until its next step.
Giant stars reveal another share - supernova vibrations, which are accompanied by temperature shifts up to a value of about 10-11 K. As time goes on, the nucleosynthesis of important elements becomes possible. One of the results of such a phenomenon is a neutron mirror - a very compact, over-the-top, folding structure of the excess of a curved mirror. At the national level, the temperature is so hot - up to hundreds of billions of degrees, which rapidly accounts for the rate of intense neutrino propagation. Ale, as we have already learned, the newly born neutron star is the place where temperature is the treasure of the Universe.
Distant exotic objects
There is a class of space objects, some of them remote (and also ancient), which are characterized by extreme temperatures. At a glance, the quasar is a strong accretion disk, which is created by a stream falling on it in a spiral - gas or, more precisely, plasma. Vlasne, this is an active galactic nucleus at the molding stage.
The fluidity of the plasma flow on the table disk is high, so that the rubbing surface heats up to high temperatures. Magnetic fields collect vibrations and parts of the disk into two polar beams - jets, which are thrown out by the quasar in space. This is a highly energy-intensive process. The luminosity of the quasar is on average six orders of magnitude higher than the luminosity of the brightest star R136a1.
Theoretical models allow for an effective temperature for quasars (that is, in the case of an absolutely black body, which is accompanied by brightness) of no more than 500 billion degrees (5 × 10 11 K). Recent studies of the nearby quasar 3C 273 have produced an unexpected result: from 2×10 13 to 4×10 13 K – tens of trillions of kelvins. This value can be compared with the temperatures that are reached in the most visible energy sources - gamma-ray bursts. As of today, the highest temperature in the World has ever been recorded.
Most special
It is important to note that the quasar 3C 273 is almost the same as it is about 2.5 billion years old. Well, doctors, even as we look into space, even more distant from the era of the past, we are aware that in search of a hot object, we have the right to take a look at the Universe not only in space, but also in the hour.
As we turn to the very moment of its birth - approximately 13.77 billion years of fate, it is impossible to predict - we clearly have a completely exotic Universe, when describing this cosmology we go to the limit of our theoretical possibilities, increasingly between them there is a stagnation of current physical theories.
A description of the Universe becomes possible, starting from time to time, which corresponds to the Planck hour of 10-43 seconds. The hottest object in this era is our Vsesvet itself, with a Planck temperature of 1.4 × 10 32 K. And so, according to the current model of its people and evolution, the maximum temperature of the Vsesvet with us, so be- if they reached and were able.