Step hike. Steppe march of the Salsky steppes during the hour of the huge war

Step hike
	The main goals of the campaign were achieved (saving the lives of the Cossacks)
Opponents
Opponents
P. Kh. Popov I. D. Popov	B. M. Dumenko F. G. Pidtelkov
Power of sides
Let's get started: 1110 bagnets 617 shabelles 5 harmats 39 kulemets In Bereznya: 3000 bagnets and shabelle	Invisible
Vyskov's expenses
81 people (before Bereznya 1918) Nevidomo (unnumerous) (after Bereznya 1918)	Invisible

Step hike- campaign of the Don units of the White Army in the Salsky steppes in winter and spring of 1918 (fierce grass). The military operation directly saved the personnel of the future Cossack army.

History

After the suicide of Otaman Kaledin on September 29, 1918, in view of the need to deprive the Don under the onslaught of the Bolsheviks, a voluntary suppression was carried out against the deceased Otaman of the Don Army by Major General P. Kh. ovim (chief of staff - Colonel V.I. Sidorin) number 1727 combat depot: 1110 infantry personnel, as well as 617 horsepower with 5 guns and 39 machine guns.

The missing otaman, Petro Kharitonovich Popov, did not want to leave the Don and escape from other towns, without joining the Volunteer Army for a long march to the Kuban. The Don Cossacks went straight to the Salsky steppes for the winter, when there was enough food and fodder for the horses. The purpose of this campaign was to ensure that, without interrupting the fight against the Bolsheviks, we would preserve a healthy and strong core until spring, for which the Don Cossacks could gather together again and raise the zebra.

The trek started from Novocherkassk on the 12th (25th according to the new style) 1918. Having completed - the return of some of the participants of the living participants also to Novocherkassk, finally - the cob of grass in 1918 rock.

This campaign ended the fierce struggle of the Don Cossacks against the Red Army.

Mikola Turoverov, a participant in this campaign, sings, writing:

Participants warehouse

The trail includes the following horse-and-horse parts:

Memorized, memorized until the end
Zhorstok his youth -
Comb kuchuguri, what to smoke,
I will overcome that death in battle,
Tight endless rush,
Anxiety on frosty nights
І blisk dark pursuit
On tending, childish shoulders.
We gave away everything we had,
Tobi, eighteenth river,
Your Asian shit
Stepovy - for Russia - march.

• Zagin of military foreman Ege. F. Semiletov (where the pens of military foreman Martinov, Osavul Bobrov and centurion Khopersky entered) - 701 people.
• The infantry was commanded by Colonel Lisenkov (hundreds - military foreman Martinov and Retivov, captain Balikhin, osavuli Pashkov and Tatsin), the military force - military foreman Leniv (hundreds - led by Galdin and Zelenkov); Zagin (kinny) osavul F.D. Nazarov - 252 individuals.
• The enclosure of Colonel K.K. Mamantov (protector - Colonel Shabanov), where the enclosures of Colonels Yakovlev and Khoroshilov went - 205 infantry and cavalry.
• Junker horse riding of osavul N.P. Slyusarev (alternate - osavul V.S. Kryukov) - 96 persons.
• Otaman horse colony of Colonel G. D. Kargalskov (protector - military foreman M. G. Khripunov) - 92 individuals.
• Film-officer's mission of Colonel Chernushenko (protector - Osavul Dubovskov) - 85 osib.
• The headquarters-officer squad of General M.V. Bazavov (defender - Colonel Lyakhov, may also have formed a large number of representatives over the years of generals and staff officers) - 116 individuals.
• Officer's military squad of military foreman Gniloribov - 106 individuals.
• Engineer hundred of General A. N. Moller - 36 osib.

The artillery of the bula is represented by:

• Semiletiv battery (captain Shchukin) – close to 60 os.
• 1st okrema battery osavul Nezhivov - 38 osib.
• 2nd okrema battery of Kuznetsov’s osaul – 22 individuals.

The Nestroy part of the pen consisted of 251 individuals:

• Headquarters corral.
• Artillery Directorate.
• Pokhіdnyi spital.
• A group of members of the Military Stake and large-scale activists.

Later, the zagin was replenished with the kalmiks of General I. D. Popov (hundreds of Colonel Abramenkov, military foreman Kostryukov, commander Avramov and centurion Yamanov).

With additions, the virus was registered at the end of Bereznya 1918 to 3 thousand. people The cost of the campaign itself was small (81 people were killed by the end of the war), but the participants were the most active supporters of the war and most of them (over 1600 people) died before the end of 1919, and before the war of 1920 they were lost over 400.

Nagorodi

For the participants of the campaign on April 26, 1918, the Don Military Columb erected a fence - a climbing cross on a round profile, which was worn on the St. George's Street, without inscriptions; on the back there is a number, below there is the inscription “For the Steppe Campaign” and the dates “1918”, “12/II”, “5/V”.

“In payment of military valor and outstanding courage, determined by the participants of the “Step Campaign” to the suppression of the Marching Otaman of the Don Military General P. Kh. Popov and the infliction they suffered without application, the Great Military Colo erected the “Sign” The benefits of a steppe hike”- read the order of the Don Otaman General A.P. Bogaevsky.

A. S. Kruchinin

Step hike and its significance

“In payment of military valor and outstanding courage, determined by the participants of the “Step Campaign” to the suppression of the Marching Otaman of the Don Military General P.Kh. on the importance of the Steppe Campaign”, - saying the order Don Otaman General O. P. Bogaevsky dated 23rd quarter (all dates in the old style) 1919.The order itself established the chronological boundaries of the campaign - from the 12th of February to the 5th of May 1918 (the same letter was written on the newly founded Cross), and in addition to the order, adding additional touches to the periodization of the campaign.

The fence was extended by those who, having entered the corral no later than the 1st birch and having been deprived of the new one until the 4th quarter, blamed for the corral that they were deprived of it “without the permission of the Headquarters of the Hidden Otaman” (though this would have happened after 4 quarters); In addition, Khrest could be identified for his “active participation in the organization of the fight against the Bolsheviks, which was clearly revealed no later than 29 June 1918.” All these dates require short explanations to avoid the completely obvious.

29th day “Kaledinsky postil” - the suicide of the Military Otaman General A. M. Kaledin - with grim warnings about the critical situation on the Don, which recognized the massive presence of the “colonies” of the Red Guards, the more heavily-controlled soldiers and sailors (Chief Commander V.A.A.A.) . Cossack units of the “Don Revkom” (head F. G. Podtelkov, actual military commander - senior military foreman M. M. Golubov).In this way, from among the “active participants” the support was seen and equated with the participants of the Steppe Campaign, those who recognized the sorcerer of Russia and the cossack essence of Bolshovism even at the very beginning of the Gromadian War, without looking forward to Oh, the evidence of the Radian occupation and the important hangover that fed the Cossacks of Sichny 1918 Roku actually threw his chosen Otaman.

Date 1st February May mensch definitely clarification. The start of birch (the “first half” of the month) dates back to the “first fall of the active offensive” of the Cossacks, who raised a rebellion against the Radyan government and began to form self-made village squads and pens, and it is possible that the punishment Stepovy Khrest's snuvannaya is to be respected furnishings In this way, the participants of the “Spalakhs” are excluded from the number of “Steppes”, who fled after they were strangled (the Cossacks’ initial advances were not without success) and tried to find in the paddock of the Pokhidny Otaman the butts and the butts, lower There is a continuation of the struggle.

P. Kh. Popov

Nareshti, 4th quarter - the date of the entry from Novocherkassk of the occupied stanitsa squads and the relocation of the rebel base to the station of Zaplavsku - not only marks the creation of a new center of struggle, before which could have been directed from the corral of Pokhidny Otaman around the Or it was created, and the object appeared for ... desertion of the quiet ones, who, for whatever reasons, did not get along with General Popov and entered the new theatercombat activities for yourself stealing.

Well, the formulation of the order of Otaman Bogaevsky, when viewed with respect, lifts the veil over the singing folds, rubbish, and stitching, which inspired the march of the “Stepnyaks” and raised the twofold goal until the campaign itself and the appearance of food about its meta, the character of meaning, not to the end of what is permitted. day.

First of all, start the campaign. On the 10th of 1918, at the heads of the military units that stood in Novocherkassk, it was stunned that the Don capital would not be transferred to the Cossacks of Golubov, who were advancing, and that the 12th place would be taken away, and ibіr - to go to the steppe chi ni - it was about to earn money for each person especially (the coming day there were episodes of discussed information at “hundreds of rallies»). Following the order of the commander of the late Kaledin, Don Otaman, General A. M. Nazarov (himself, as the elected head of the Army, who lost himself in Novocherkassk for the Bolshevik reprisal), and under the leadership of the Pokhidny Otaman, General P. Kh. Popov, on the fourth year noon Novocherkassk deprived of 1.500 and saber with 10 harmats and 28 guns (for other reasons - with 5 guns with 500 shells and 40 guns). About the clear storage of the pen, it is clear that before Kaledin’s suicide, in one of the partisan corrals that captured Novocherkassk, according to his participant, there were “250–300 fighters, of which no less than 75 kіv was at vitsa not over 17 rokіv. "

Memorized, memorized until the joke

Zhorstok gives his youth,

Comb kuchuguri, what to smoke,

I will overcome that death in battle,

Tight endless rush,

Anxiety on frosty nights,

That blisk of darkness chase

On tending, childish shoulders.

We gave away everything we had,

Tobi, eighteenth river,

Your Asian shit

Stepovy - for Russia - march, -

N. N. Turoveriv

According to a participant in the campaign, Don officer Mikola Turoverov, these leaders lost the leitmotif of their views on those days. Then, in 1918, a completely different assessment was heard – not the self-devotion of the “Stepnyaks”, there were no differences here – but the positions of their leaders and, as a result, the significance of the campaign as a whole.

“No matter how clear the evil of General Popov was, it was self-evident. The results of this were even greater for the Good Army and all of it! This insignificant person suffered serious harm in the entire world of Russia and the Don for the sake of the wickedly destructive special sponkals, but in the Otamans she still did not lose her wine: the ice did not destroy all her paddocks in an aimless walk winter camps near the Velikoknyazhaya station, where the authorities will issue orders military otaman Krasnov,” wrote journalist A. A. Suvorin, putting it on The command of the “Stepnyaks” was guilty of having joined the Volunteer Army, as under the leadership of generals L. G. Kornilov and M. V. Alekseva went on the same days with their legendary First Campaign to Kuban. General A.I. Denikin, in his “Drawings of the Russian Troubles”, had less advice before Pokhidny Otaman: “Popov explained that, depending on the mood of his troops and commanders, he could not leave the native Don and Ishiv at his steppes to celebrate the awakening of the Cossacks. They said about him that his ambition was diminished by his subordination to Kornilov. For us, the Don is no more Russian(italics by A. I. Denikin. - A. Before.) territories, in which the concept of “fatherlandism” was divided into warehouse elements - one close and perceptible, the other distant and visible.”

It would be impossible to talk about the elevated ambition of the Pokhodny Otaman - from his youth he lived in “an edifice, aka calm, melancholy mood”, throughout his life, having worked a quiet career at the headquarters and military-vikladak settlements (from 1910 to 1918 rocks was the head of the Novocherkassk Cossack military) And with ambitious plans, it seems, without hesitation, I want the possible influx of my Chief of Staff, Colonel V.I. Sidorina, whose ambitions are inevitableappreciated as a rich thing. At the same time, General Popov’s plan did not save his reasons, and the general himself expressed his suspicions about the leadership of the command of the Volunteer Army on the 13th: “...The army will return to the Trans-Don steppes of the film factory and here, far from the living centers and slopes, such as At that time, the red gangs did not risk going far, however, they organized themselves, had enough, were tired of replenishing themselves with the Chinese warehouse and calmly waited until the Cossacks became ill and themselves went berserk with cries for help. It won’t happen for a long time, because spring and the beginning of the field crops will undoubtedly create a radical revolution in the soul of the Cossack.”

It is respectful that Popov, in fact, made amends for his forecast about the radical nature of the “coup” (we certainly did not); Alekseyev’s next plan - to transfer the Volunteer Army to Kuban - was also based on the peace announcement about the formation of the Kuban Military Order and about the significant strength of its armored formations (and even having transferred not so much to the military campaign, which became Per shiy Kubansky, since the relocation of the Army itself). Therefore, the difference between the two positions was not due to any other degree of insight, but rather to what is more relevant - in views on the strategy of struggle.

Naked about the “possibility of defeating these foreign-power commands, as our organization set itself,” General Alekseev wrote to Kornilov: “... For such a decision (for the year with the plan of the Pokhidny Otaman. - A. Before.) it is impossible not only to continue our work, but also, if necessary, and a completely painless liquidation of our work and the order of the people who entrusted us with their share. The winter camps will soon be squeezed on one side by the Don River, and on the other by the Tsaritsyn - Torgova - Tikhoretsk - Bataysk, and all the valleys and the exits of dirt roads will be occupied by the Bolsheviks, so that we may be able to completely eliminate the addition of people and objects of supply, without even seeming to talk about those who are repeating themselves in the steppe, put us on the side of the illegal move Go to Russia." In this way, Alekseev follows the secret “strategy of recovery” (“destruction”) in order to save the opportunity for active action, just as with Popov the same “strategy of recovery” is essentially interchangeable with “strategy” visitation in hopes of awakening the Don.

It was not easy to see. The word “blukannya”, which is often used, does not completely characterize the Stepovy March. “Under the hour of this heroic campaign, which came from nogo (from the newspaper publication of Milkovo “from nogo”). - A. Before.) a small Cossack corral fought 28 battles with hordes of chervonih,” - speaking on the 24th of 1919 at the meeting of the Great Military Stake, the head of V. A. Kharlamov, and how to describe the words about “hordes of chervonyh” as a rhetorical interruption The lucky ones will know that there are 28 battles in 80 days, then on the middle in two days on the third, but that’s not enough. The danger of excess, as it was, turned out to be not very significant: General Popov, having guessed how many difficulties the red-red agitation brought to the pen, flared up.

“Calling for help from the Stavropol residents and Astrakhan residents to fight the “cadets” (the popular name for the whites in the mouths of the red ones). - A. Before.), stench (red agitators. - A. Before.) they reported that the cadets, in their way, completely violate the entire population, without harming children, robbing people, burning villages, and in their barbarity do not know the cordons.

Such foolishness, incredibly sensitive results are small: Salsk, Astrakhan, and Stavropol villages rose. From the villages 200–300 versts from the cordon [of the Don Region], the stinks on the carts with their hands in their hands rushed to the rescue of their “images of comrades.” […] And as we washed ourselves more calmly, the stench became stronger, so that the conflicts and skirmishes between reconnaissance units quickly passed into battle.”

The battles here were as intense as the Volunteer Army had to defeat in the First Kuban Campaign, but for the small corral of the “Steppes” the severity was entirely proportional. It's not easy to cross. “It’s late evening, and I’m not going to leave yesterday’s crossing... 55 versts! It’s easy to figure out this number, but it’s not hot to go through it in one “squat”... The whole body is unbearable, the legs are rubbed and swollen... It’s no longer the legs, but the decks! To turn them around, you need to earn a lot of money, which causes pain in the skin lump...” - the “Stepnyak” officer snarls, - and what are they talking about these young comrades, whose name is unknown to the important and rude military practice Only she could partially compensate youth and passion. “Two words about our paddock... - the author himself writes. - A small number of people (with all the “buffet pans”, a cook and a helper without reaching such worthless numbers, such as 50), - you can take in the spirit of an entire regiment... Accept such shameless merriment, such fervor and such friendly laughter at that hour, when your heart aches more painfully and the pit of your stomach is wet, - I’m still not life without warning... It is important to explain why and why the one-day partisans had so much fun... It is possible for those who they, the son of a son, weren’t there even 17–18 years ago? [...] I can hardly think that my comrades-in-arms were so young that they did not want to think about the insecurity that they were smelling, and with all the fervor and youthful fervor that ruled the youth and youth, they responded to the call of their bosses and went into the fog far away from capturing Batkivshchyna. ..."

E. F. Semiletov

Ale for whom and the bosses were responsible for the mother's need for charm in order to inhale the underlings. And they, obviously, felt that there was strength and faith in their right hand, as not only the Departing Otaman with his “epic calmness” (“with his gesture, with his daily hand, and not to the outside [...] I’ve never seen one before their real experiences"), and also his closest lieutenant, the commander of the largest military pen, Sergeant Major E. F. Semiletov, from whom the guard assigned“Distant, haunted, sawing gaze,” became the idols of the partisans.

“Kazkovsky former partisan Vasil Chernetsov, all in the intoxicating wind.

And Semiletov is calm and fit like a father to a young osavul.

However, the young ones came before him, and the dashing, dashing ones followed him.

Near this paddock, high school students danced the lezginka to the tune of the balalaika.

There were Chinese near his pen.

Shango-captains, - said the yellow faces.

The modern deacons of the state, the priests of the village, - having forgotten about troparia and censers, - went to seminary before Semiletov,” wrote the publicist Viktor Sevsky (V. A. Krasnushkin) about him, who spoke about the “secret of enchantment” i" vatazhkiv "Stepnyakiv" back:

“After them came the shadows of the old Otamans, and the stinks of these shadows called to the ensigns of the steppe generals, all free, all brave.

Because they were the bosses of Kaledin’s soul.”

On what do most Cossack authors agree? “The greatest fact about the founding of the “Step pen” is that the Cossacks are not dead, not strangled, but are fighting for their existence. This thought instilled courage, suppressed apathy, low spirits, slavish orderliness, called for struggle, for feat, which explains the fluidity with which the uprising began,” asserts the Don political figure K. Kaklyugin. - “Moreover, once the uprising began, there, in the “Stepovy Zagin”, the Departed Otaman became the center of the movement, the central power. Vin helps and quenches the rebels. Before the uprising there are villages and farmsteads, where it is called “Stepovy Zagin”...” However, in this assessment, while not entirely fair, it is clearly too much.

Not only the scale of the uprising and the strength (numbers, formations) were not so hyperbolic, but its spirit itself was far from being so sacrificial and heroic. So, a number of village squads that self-mobilized and opposed the Bolsheviks, according to Popov, simply aborted the 30th operation: “... The Cossacks took notice and went to their stations, abandoning their positions. The daily reconciliation of the heads of the pens had no effect on them, and the advance of the marching otaman (Popov himself) did not help. - A. Before.), so that with such a path of stench they will bring red coins to their station and inflict on their households and family all the horror of their demonic anger and ruin.” Proverezinnya, apparently, was already remarkable, and not surprisingly, General Denikin expressed respect that even in Kvitna “the marching otaman, who was preparing an attack on Novocherkassk, had to repeatedly send punitive expeditions in the unrepentant and supported the Bolshevik villages And, the rumors were spread in the immediate vicinity of the Otaman headquarters.”

However, the emotional influx on the Cossacks is unlikely to reach the level at which their leaders were insured, and moreover, they realized that “General Popov, having arrived at the station of Nizhno-Kurmoyarskaya, under the threat of losing faith in the possible there is a Cossack outfit and an uprising, 1st Kvitnya punished the sawing of his corral, as a result of which some of the partisans dissipated,” and gave instructions to the autonomous action of Colonel K. Do’s pen.Mamantova explained that they were likely to become stronger than the head forces of the Hidden Otaman (Popov did not feel that way). And yet, having gone through this critical moment, the “Steppe People” saved themselves as a unformed formation and gave the necessary support to the Zaplavsky group of rebels.

Formations in Zaplavskaya “Temporal Don District” in collaboration with the ossal G.P. Yanov, having increased connections with the Headquarters of the Hidden Otaman, voting on the order on the 11th quarter:

“After an important campaign to the village of Rozdorskaya, Major General Petro Kharitonovich Popov arrived in his paddock.

The Timchasovy Donskaya Uryad is closely associated with the valiant Command of the Don Army (these names adopted the armored form of the “Timchasovy Uryad”). - A. Before.) it was decided for the justice and success of the fight against the Galtivniki over the Don Cossacks - to transfer the Command and fullness of military power to the Pokhidny Otaman, Major General P. Kh. Popov.

The timely Don District, the election and distribution of trust to the rebel Cossacks, deprives itself, until the call of the Cola of the Salvation of the Don, of the full extent of the population's control over all supplies associated with the success of the fight against the Bolsheviks iv.

Kolo Poryatunka Don may be shouted unfathomably after the liberation of the capital Don from the Bolsheviks.”

Having taken command behind the scenes, General Popov established three military groupings that were in his order: Pivnichnu - from his partisans, including Semiletovym, and from the huge “Don Army” - Zadonsk, including General P. T. Semenov, and Pivdenna, from the Zaplavskaya group, including Colonel S. V. De. down to what encircling the seat of the Chief of Staff of the Don Army; The commander of the Army, General K. S. Polyakov, lost the share that was later delivered to the province Pokhidny Otaman. There was no sympathy for Popov, who, according to the second-in-command, divided all the Don officers into the following categories: “1) heroes who went with the departed Otaman and those who resigned their obligations before the Fatherland Kivshchina, 2) Zlochyntsi, who lost 12 fierce in Novocherkassk and who never gave up their clothes before the edge, and therefore only deserved punishment, and 3) the middle officers who left Novocherkassk on the 4th quarter" (as such a classification It’s a very small place, and not a memoirist’s clue , then you have to know that the departed Otaman has significantly softened his missions to those who “lost the 12th fierce in Novocherkassk” - others could, as we know, lay claim to the honor of Stepov Khrest).

Regardless of the numerical superiority of the rebels, their clear warehouse deprived them of the best: this participant means that “The Pivdennaya Group of Cossack rebels [-] up to 6 1/2 thousand fighters [-] 2–2 1/2 times outnumbered I am aware of the arrest of Pokhidny Otaman (Pivnichna Group), but because of the battle, the battle was unfavorably weak: after the loss of Novocherkassk, the “beat of the heart” was not renewed,” and the main strategic goal was a blow toto the center of the formation of the miners' Red Guard, Oleksandrivsky-Grushevsky, Popov relied on his experiences with the partisans during the campaign, as for the apparent passiveness of Denisov's group (“Behind the blame for several combat episodes of the Pivdenna Group was deprived of present, and not decorous, strength in the development of the intended operation"). : “... Golovne zavdannya – ovolodinnya by Oleksandro-Grushevsky (as in Pershodzherel. - A. Before.) - The steppe corral had a chance to be dominated by even more powerful forces, which led to the prolongation of the operation, repeated attacks and heavy losses among the partisans.”

M. G. Drozdovsky

Tim doesn't less, as a result of combined actions involving the drive of Colonel M. G. Drozdovsky (having completed his legendary campaign from the Rumun front to join the Volunteer Army), it was possible to create a red threat from the side of the Kamianovo Basin to her and leave Novocherkassk (23rd quarter), on 28th quarter Having gathered representatives from the rebels and military units, they voted for themselves “Stake the Poryatunka Don.” Having renewed the Otaman government, on the 3rd of May it appointed General P.N. Krasnov as the Viysk Otaman; On the 4th, Krasnov officially accepted power, and on the 5th, he voted on the formation of a new order (“Rada of the Managing Branches of the Order of the All-Great Don Military”), and the remaining date, as seen from the inscription on Stepovo Khrest, became the date of completion of Stepovo’s campaign.

How can you characterize these results? Obviously, the Stepov Corral did not succeed in inspiring the Cossacks again and rousing them to fight by the mere fact of its founding, although the singing role of this rage, of course, won. The nature of the Gromadian War is such that the “people's movements” (rebellion, etc.), as evidence shows, do not achieve success, no matter how courageous and combative their contingent is, because they do not regularly come to help strength and zagin Otaman marched with such strength, regardless of his partisan character, and here his role is of undeniable importance. And the Stepovy March becomes even more important, like other First Campaigns, as it moves from looking at earthly and material problems to a spiritual level.

True, Kornilov and Alekseev hoped to know the basis of the struggle in the Kuban - and the hors d'oeuvres were the baked support of the Red Army; The end of the campaign - Katerinodar - was reached, before the ice became the grave of the entire Volunteer Army, which escaped from the most important battles with significant costs, of which the first is the death of Kornilov. Drozdovsky’s proposal was to join forces with the “Kornilovsky” volunteers, and not only that it would be too late to reach the Don, if the Volunteer Army had already left him, but also having recognized the significant costs of the first serious battle, and the result of the battle with they took the spochatka just like a shock . Stepovy zagіn was on the cutting edge, and although hopes for the “Cossack awakening” often arose, the forms of this “awakening” significantly differed from those painted by Popov and his comrades... It’s good to burn in battles and campaigns sacred motto - Gospel commandment: patient to the end, there will be a revolution.

“The Lord will not deprive us,” General Alekseev said at the public meeting on the day of the First Kuban Campaign about the share of the Army. The words, wondrous and pitiful, in the mouth of the commander-strategist were great and necessary for the Christian Leader in such terrible fates as the Troubles of the 20th century became for Russia. And although the earthly desolations on which the First Campaigns took place looked so damp and muddy, the Campaigns themselves have since passed down into history as a great feat of the Spirit.

STEPNY POKHID

In the bitter days, the Red Army birds stuck out from the evening until Novocherkassk and Rostov, hanging together with the whites. The Don had to be taken away under pressure. A volunteer registration was carried out for Colonel P.Kh. The population number is 1700 people. The colonel took away military valuables, part of the military gold reserves, military quartermaster warehouses and the Cossacks from Novocherkassk to the Stepov campaign, near the Salsk steppe. Otaman knew that it was too early for the Cossacks to praise the new power. The purpose of this campaign was to preserve until spring a strong core, so that the Don Cossacks could gather again and raise the armor.

The campaign lasted three months and involved 16 partisan units—at first two, and then perhaps three thousand bagnets and a shawl. Osavul N.M. sings as a participant in the Stepovoy campaign. Turoveriv. Near the paddock there were youngsters - cadets who were entering the military unit warehouse. One of them, a 7th grade student at the Kostyantynivsky real school N.M. Yevseev, died of wounds, lamentations of 26 Bereznya at the Erketinskaya station. “I don’t know what this is and who needs it, who sent them to death with a three-handed hand...” And they lowered him to the eternal peace - to the bitter-salty land of the Kalmitsky steppe. They called the stinks themselves “Zagin of the free Don Cossacks.”

I had a chance to know a lot of hardships, fierce with their long lives, and with frosts that shackled everyone alive. The participants in the Campaign spoke about their relationship with the local Cossacks in the following way: “When we had a taste of the Radyanskaya Vlada on the Don, we had the opportunity to meet a number of Taman villages and farmsteads at the guard patrols of the Stepovo Campaign (sometimes even further away) ) and Kalmikiv, who are going tops, sometimes with a lapse (without a saddle) with prohannyam to the general. Popov will be embarrassed by this insurrection.” Okremo, in the lists of the special warehouse of the Stepov campaign, there were hundreds of Kalmyk people, over 500 people under the command of General I.D. Popova.

A Kalmyk group of members of the Military Stake followed together. The Kalmik Cossacks from the Trans-Don villages arrived before the partisans. At the Vlasivsky station they announced the great election of the Kalmyk clergy of all 13 stations to support the White Rukh. At this stage, a group of over 500 kalmiks was acquired, which was close to 20% of the “Stepnyaks”, and in large partisan corrals in Berezen 1918 they were fighting up to 2000 kalmiks.

Arriving under the command of the cornet Abusha Alekseev from the Grabbevskaya station, arriving before the March of 5th Bereznya. For the support of the Kalmik-Cossacks of the Plativa village otaman Abushi Sarsinov, this rounded up a handful of out-of-towners - supporters of the new government. After the exit of the Stepov corral, the villages were disconnected and began to attack the families of the Don Kalmiki. Repression fell upon them. Osavul Badma Seldinov, centurion B.S. Bakbush was shot in Berezna in 1918. They were escorted from the Remontnaya station to the Zimivniki station, and were lost along the way.

More and more villagers were trying to be mobilized, or deserted due to emergency situations, scattering to their houses.

Pochatku P.Kh. Popov was only able to withstand the village's Red Guards' corrals, and they were unlikely to overcome the village's Cossack squads one by one. Otaman wrote: “Here, in the middle of nowhere, far from the zaliznytsia, in the calm, the dates of the army’s restoration, the replenishment of the corrals, the ordering of the convoy part were conveyed. However, the situation turned out differently. With the emergence of partisan corrals near the Zimovniki region, the Rukhs buried the Salsk district, but penetrated into the depths of the Astrakhan and Stavropol steppes.”36 Then, from Tsaritsina and Torgovaya (now in the city of Salsk), armored trains and trains of the Red Guard eytsev.

Armored trains on the line Tsaritsyn - Tikhoretsk were fought often, the stench was an effective way of fighting. Most of them had “General Alekseev”, “Forward for Batkivshchyna”, others had “Borets”, “Volya”, “Bryansky”.

The other half of the fierce 1918 fate of the Kotelnikovsky Revolutionary Committee was under the command of P.A. Lomakina proceeding to the Remontna station, where it connects with the Tsaritsinsky paddock I.V. Tulaka and the Kotelniki people. There were up to 200 fighters under the command of V.F. Boltruchuk. On an armored train they went all the way to Velikoknyazha. “Steppe people” under the command of General M.M. Gniloribov stopped the attack. The Chervon partisans advanced to Remontnaya, driven by P.A. Lomakina from the pishov station near the steppes through the farmsteads of Mar'yanov and Gureev.

They took the center of the Salsky district, the village of Velikoknyazivska. The villages and villages of Radi gave off stinks as the weather grew stronger.

The Reds soon gathered their strength, established contacts with the Tsar’s divisions, and drove the “Stepnyaks” from the Grand Duchy. Tim had a chance to make his way to the right bank of the Don through the villages of Burulska - Erketinska - Andrievska - Korolov village. Near the village of Savoskin (present-day Zimivnivskyi district) there was a battle with the Chervonogvardiya units, with losses from both sides.

As a result of the Stepovy campaign, the worms were born, under the pressure of escape from the winter quarters of the horse breeders, and had to go out for the day. Emerging from the battles, the soldiers drove to the village of Andrievskaya and Erketinskaya. On the 10th of February they occupied the Chunusovskaya station, and at Potapovskaya the consolidation of corrals took place. Here the stench flared up from the number of the military group: commander General I.D. Popov, 5th Don Horse Regiment under the command of military foreman K.A. Lenivova, 6th Kalmitsky Horse Regiment - Prince D.Ts. Tundutiv. Zagin K.V. Sakharov concentrated at the stations of Atamanskaya, Potapovskaya, Bilyaevskaya, Erketinskaya. Zagalom near Zadonia Belya created a group of 1435 individuals.

It was decided to exterminate and defeat the military forces at the Gashun and Remontna stations. The attack was ordered at the beginning of the 13th. Group I.D. Popova cut the path between the Remontna and Kotelnikovo stations. Chastini S.L. Markov advanced at Cholo, on the left flank the Kalmitsky regiment. Chervoni in sharpened repaired the support with a stretch of two dibs, I.V. Tulak buv kills.

At the end of the 19th century, a kalmik arrived at the beginning of the Otaman, which was at the exploration site in the area of ​​the village of Erketinskaya and Andrievskaya. It is believed that in the first half of the year the Andriivtsi made a raid on the Kotelnikovo station for a replacement. The station is ready for an attack against the Bolsheviks, come what may. Before the general, a “messenger” arrived from the Cossacks of the 2nd Don District, who stood up, as well as other envoys from 11 Cossack villages. They declared that they would seek the supreme power of the army from this person.

Participants in the Stepov campaign, cadet Kazantsev, and many of the partisans who lived there arrived at the Moiseev village. The commander of Dubivsky drove the chervonikh G.G. Markin ordered them to be arrested and taken to the Remontnaya station. The Cossacks in the surrounding villages were in an uproar and began asking for help from the station. 70 leaders gathered in the morning, and they demolished to Remontnaya. On the way, the Cossacks arrived from Zhukov and other farms, and on the evening of the 24th of March there were about 300 Cossacks at the station, who were extorting their lives. They gave in, the partisans turned around. Ale zupiniti rebel bulo nemozhno. At the Baklanovsky station there was a gathering of 600 people. On the way to the Remontna station, Cossacks from neighboring farms appeared.

At the future station there will be a 7th quarter of calls from the Dubivsky Revolutionary Committee. The meeting was broken up, the Cossacks were rounded up on the side of the Barabanshchikova farm, they cleared out the station, and took Remontna in full force.

G.G. Markin was shot on the street near the station (in the same place where a double-overhead apartment was immediately awakened).38 He was hacked to death. A deputy from the Kopilkova village, Bantiev, recovered from a serious wound from a saber. The Revolutionary Committee members set sail through Sal and flowed, some to Zimovniki, some to Velikoknyazivska.

After the burial, the Revkom needed to pay his share. Deputy villager Ya.I. stood up for the members of the Revolutionary Committee. Ocheretin and agent for buying up goods V. Kovalenko. The deputies were driven to the village of Minaevsky and further to Stanitsa Baklanovskaya. Then the captives were turned back at the Dubovsky hamlet, where the military court was formed, the head of the Cossack Pokhlobin from the village of Tsimlyanskaya, a member of the court Otaman of the Dubovsky hamlet D.F. Froliv. Not far from Kotelnikov's side, the Chervonogvardiya persecution took place, the trial did not take place, and the deputies were released.

Having learned about the advance of the cormorants, new troops from the stations of Ternivska, Pilipivska and Romanivska arrived at the Repair Station, which increased the number of rebels to 3000. osavul G. Andrianov buried Semichnya. The villagers got ready to fight, stinks were noticed and began to disperse, and a storm of Cossacks began.

The rebels were caught up in the wind at the Tsimlyansky station. The Radu was collected there, as the village Maino obtained the treasury and imposed an indemnity on the Cossacks. The Chervonogvardiya squad was formed, and after holding the village collection, they accepted praise and disbanded. Register 70 people with Kostyantin Leontyev on the 2nd quarter and go to Remontna station.

The Cossacks rose in a commotion. Military foreman I.Є. Golitsin voiced the cob of the rebel. Afterwards, a reconnaissance mission was sent to the centurion G.I. Chapchikov, before her there were hundreds of people from the station of Efremivskaya. The way for the Red Guards was blocked from the Sadkov farm in the company of the sergeant-major Efrem Popov. The Cossacks now had over 150 shabels, and there were very few coins, checkers, and guints.

On the 8th quarter, the squad was driven into a low place, about two miles from the saloon, between the Kravtsov and Shcheglov farms. The soldiers left their camp, the cartridges ran out, the combatants threw away their rifles, and threw away their white ensign. Once the Cossacks attacked from all sides, their checkers were planted and they killed their fatal right. The Red Guardsman Lyuty, having defeated his own brother among the Cossacks, rushed onto his horse shouting: “Brother, save, save!” Ale the blade whistling, snatching the death cry. Cossack from the Shcheglov farm, having killed the commander of the pen, K.M. Leontieva. In just a few minutes everything was gone. There were only two people left. At night, the Cossacks turned home, and near the village of Shcheglov, Zhirov Viris, a mass grave mound without a cross, 66 people were buried. There is a monument to Nina here.

After the defeat of the Tsimlyansk army, the Cossack uprising began to spread again in the stations of the 1st and 2nd Don districts. Under the command of Colonel S.K. Borodina and Osala G. Andrianova On the 8th quarter, the village of Baklanovska was burned down, the Cossacks contacted the partisans.

At this point, the “Steppe People” continued to crumble in battle, the stench wafted from the village of Burulskaya. The main forces of the partisans on the 8th quarter, led by Kalmik guides, went straight to Erketinskaya. To prevent the connection from being broken, they sent Kalmyk roses. Until the evening we hung out at the station, the film-officer hundred took over the winter quarters of B.S. Bakbusheva. Junkersky zagіn osavula N.P. Slyusarova (96 osib), Otamansky district of Colonel G.D. Kargalsky (92 individuals) and Zagin K.K. Mamontov occupied the village of Andrievska. The Kalmyk hundreds of General I.D. were stationed here. Popova, commanders: 1st hundred Colonel D.L. Abramenkov, 2nd hundred military sergeant major S. Kostryukov, 3rd hundred subordinated to P.M. Avramov, 4th centurion Yamanov.

P.H. Popov was delivered a sheet from Colonel A.I. Boyarinov from the Nizhno-Kurmoyarskaya station, it was reported: the right-bank stations were ripe for insurrection, the partisans needed to rush across the Don to raise them. The defense of the Erketinskaya station was entrusted to military foreman E.F. Semiletov.

The general plans to rush to the Andrievskaya station and there cross the Sal River. There were no crossings on the river. At the “Stepnyaki” there was a convoy of wounded and sick people, quartermaster, round up. In the spring of that year, fate was strong, Sal spilled widely. The head of the crossing was named K.A. Viyskov. Lenivova.

The Reds learned that the headquarters of the others was now located in Erketinskaya, and the Andrievskaya Cossack squad had joined them. They wanted to hang out at the station. We landed at Khotun Tsagan, then along the shore of the Great Gashun we came to the outskirts, the khurul was already visible. The red partisans overtook the Gashun station, driving G.M. Skibi, joined the biy iz group E.F. Semiletova.

Having lost the Erketinskaya station, the Whites took up a position three miles away from Andrievskaya. The arrival of the cadets, who deprived B. Bakbushev of winter quarters, was reported. Andrievsky Cossacks gave additional help, for their part ten rafts on barrels were negotiated, for which out-of-town stations were mobilized. The entire day of the 8th week was spent crossing. The battery, having crossed the Sal, took an angry position on the village center. Approximately until the 2nd anniversary of the day, when the convoy crossing ended, E.F. Semiletov repelled the attacks of the Red Army, and then began to withdraw his units from the battle, transporting them across the river to Andrievskaya. The remaining Kalmyk hundreds, until today, were lost on the left birch, and together with the cadets they repeatedly went on attacks. Under the cover of the fire, the stench of the stench of Sal melted.

Chervony went from Erketinskaya. Having let in the Stepnyaks, the stinks headed straight to the settlement of Illinka. At this hour of the war, most of the Red Guards' pens came out of the struggle, and in the ancient traditions of the village wars they wanted to deprive the villages. They were not eager to say: “The cadets are running and there is no need to fight.”

All the white forces gathered at the Andrievsky station, and the village squad arrived before them. The otaman intends to rush to the Don, cut the blight and settle in the Korolyov farm for 1-2 days. To guarantee the safe passage of the partisans, the otaman punished the cadet corral N.P. Slyusarev from the darkness stand into the windy roadbed at the Semichna station. Otamansky horse pen 10th quarter, occupying the Remontna station, 2nd battery E.A. Kuznetsova knocked out the battleship and for a short hour went to Remontnaya.

On the 13th century they concentrated near the villages of Minaiv and Korolev. In Korolyov P.Kh. Popov rejoiced with the leaders of the local rebels. They asked to attack with all their might on Kotelnikovo, where artillery guns and a lot of other armor could be seized. Ale the general decided to go to the Don and cross the right bank.

The suppression of the marching otaman developed from the officers and junkers, and the Cossacks still had strong anti-officer sentiments. For all the fighting, the Cossack rebels, who had formed their station, did not want to go further, and it was not possible to raise them to re-investigate the enemy. Rallies began among the rebels, the militias disappeared, stinks began to appear at their farms, and practically nothing was lost from the corral of the Baklanovskaya station. What was lost from P.Kh. Popov's forces began to cross the Don from the village of Krivskoye and the village of Nizhno-Kurmoyarskaya. Thus ended the Stepov campaign, 28 battles in 80 days. Then he checked the organization of forces that grew, sending their “Stepnyaks” and surplus personnel regiments from the station of Nizhno-Kurmoyarskaya to Novocherkassk, where they reached the Don Army. Across the river, the participants in the campaign were marked with the sign “Stepovy Khrest”. Out of two thousand, 610 people were lost alive; before the birth of 1920, the total number was 400.

The twist of the route and the stitches of the small steppe army were covered up.

AT KOLOVERTI

Chotiri struck Tsaritsin for two years in defense. The Transdon steppes became evidence of the passage of great human masses to Tsaritsyn and back. The Great War in the spring of 1918 was a struggle for communication. Direct operation through the stations Remontna - Semichna was immediately not the most important, but in some case one of the main ones. Here, on the Kotelnikovo-Velikoknyazhiy line, there was a junction that signified the conflict between the interests of the warring sides. The most important natural boundary is the cool place across Sal. From a tactful glance, the Remontna station was the original gate to Tsaritsyn.

In the spring and summer of 1918, the situation among the military, both white and black, was unknown. On the other side, we were careful not to have any outbursts and to withdraw punishments from the position. Acts Stanichni Druzhini, Yaki was culfed by the Bilshovikiv, behind the spokes of the otaman, ziriy of the Opesannya march for the right -bank Don, planned: “The Kozaks were deployed to their positions, throwing the positions. The daily reconciliations of the heads of the pens had no effect on them ... "

The same ones were with the red ones. If the commander of the Pivdenny Front decided to deprive the Trans-Don region and move the corrals, centering them near the defense of Tsaritsin, the military commander (as in the order) G.K. Shevkoplyasov Vidpov: “The Chervonoarmy front, having learned about the transfer of troops to the front, do not trust the commanders, as it turns out that the Martinists wanted to shoot Sitnikov, who were elected and then re-commanded Vav".41

It was only until 1919 that everything fell into place. There was nowhere to run.

For the laws of the time of troubles, a great number of rude people appeared in the world, and in the past they were convicted for justice of all political nature. The typical birth of a revolution is a scum on the ridge. Before the capture of Rostov in 1918 by German troops, the place experienced spontaneous and wasteful looting: banks, shops, and arsenals were destroyed. Treasures, sovereign values, gold, and expensive goods were rushed into the echelons without recourse. These warehouses collapsed on Tsaritsin along the Vladikavkaz Hills. The black ensigns were raised. The transports of Chernyak, Berezki, and Gulyai-Gulyayko passed through the Remontna station to the cob of wormwood.

The most bizarre stories were heard about anarchists, and the legends about the death of Marusya were especially popular. In high school they were called Murka on the villainous “raspberries”. There were other Nikiforovs, and the one who is their prototype of the “heroine” of thieves’ songs still has super-cheeks. On the way to Tsaritsyn, Marusya found out that Petrenko and Chernyak had been broken up. Vaughn did not try the share, she tried to flow on the chicken tracts of the Salsky steppes. The way was not very good, they sent it to the Red Army patrol wart from S.A.’s paddock. Sitnikova. I'm going to be completely destitute, Marusya has been shot. They were brought in a skin uniform for recognition to the Semichna station, and a grave was immediately laid out among the graves of 13 anarchists who died in the battle near Meliorativny - Kotelnikovo.42 Either it was the same “Murka”, or another, from Odessa. , a small competitor of Rostov “Data,” the story wraps up.

At the Semichna station and roz'izdah from the morning of the 13th May there were five trains, the anarchists did not want to give up the security. They shot a Cossack from the Dubivsky farm, Stefan Baklanov. One of the trains was fired upon by chervonas, and dozens more people were killed and wounded. Zagin of the anarchist P.K. The foreman with all the necessary steps has been taken to reinforce the garrison of the Semichna station.

The front line between the opposing sides began to appear more and more clearly. The right bank of the Don became the exit position of the Volunteer Army and the Don Army, the left bank was filled with the pressure of partisan corrals and Red Guard squads. Zagin P.A. Lomakin, who acted near the village of Atamanskaya and Andriivskaya, having stolen the region immediately, killed P.Z. Chesnokov in the area of ​​​​the villages of Verkhno-Kurmoyarskaya and Nagavskaya, receiving attacks from the right side of the Don. Near the Semichna station, T. Lobashevsky and the anarchists closed Kotelnikovo from the open side. The people at the Kotelnykivskyi factory were under the towel of 3,500 bagnets and a slab of chervoni.

Two hundred Kalmik volunteers under the command of osavul B. Seldinov took the Vlasivska (Bembyahinska) station and the Gashun station on the night of 12 June 1918. The partisan period of the establishment of parts of the white Kalmik-Cossacks ended here, they joined the regular units of the Don Army.

From this hour they took Novocherkassk. Atamani A. Sarsinov from the station Platovskaya and A.A. Alekseev and Grabbevskaya, with the support of a member of the Military Order B. Ulanov, obtained permission to form the Zungarsky (Kalmitsky) regiment in the Salsky district. The idea won the approval of the military otaman P.M. Krasnova.

Ancient Fatherland Kalmik Zungaria (Dzungaria) is how the regiment was named based on the riddle about the distant Fatherland. “Kalmitsky” is not the one that formed the national regiment; it had a lot of other dons. This name was reclaimed for the achievement of the Don Kalmiki Stepov campaign. The regiment of former organizations at the Kostyantinivskaya station, about five hundred, formed from the Cossacks of Plativskaya, Burulskaya and Grabbivskaya and other stations that were at the Stepov campaign.43 A.A. Aleksev commanded the 4th hundred regiment, and also took care of the supply and uniform of the regiment. The cornet P.B. served in the Zungar regiment. Abushinov from the station Chunusivskaya. One of the first members of the Zyungarians was Major General I.F. Bikadorova against the red pens, which became 9 linden near Chunusivskaya.

Years later, the regiment became known as the 80th DKP, having fought at Zadonna at the warehouse of K.K. Mamontov against the red pens G.K. Shevkoplyasova. For the advice of Otaman G.D. Balzanova was one of the most important white Don regiments, united in the Don Army, which went through the entire Gromadyansk War without disbanding, reshaping or changing names, able to cross to Crimea after Novorossiysk what disasters A.I. Denikina.

Then from seven Kalmyk stations, including from Chunusivskaya, Potapovskaya, Erketinskaya, Colonel O.O. Oleksiyev and osaul B. Seldinov at the station of Vlasovsky buv of formations of the 3rd Don Kalmyk regiment. A regiment of sweaters wearing blue trousers with yellow stripes, a tunic in a khaki color, a cassette with a black plush lining and a heavy top. On the ensign there is an image of the ancient Kalmic god of war Yamanndaga on a dark bay horse. The banners especially handed over to the Lama all the Don Kalmiks to M.B. Bormanzhiniv. At this time, the ensign is preserved in the Novocherkassk Museum of the History of the Don Cossacks.

Military foreman Suvorov became the first commander. After being wounded, the regiment received osavul (then through the rank of colonel) N.P. Slyusarev. The English officer described him in his own words: “His colonel, a young man with one of the most powerful and self-righteous personalities that I have come across, is of the European type, although of Kalmyk blood, showed its presence in the dark complexioned skin and narrow, wide-eyed eyes.” .

Six Kalmyk regiments fought alongside parts of the Zbroin forces of the Russian Federation. Most of the Kalmik-Cossacks of the Don took part in the battle of the White Rukh, about 5000 in total. Astrakhan and Stavropol Kalmik did not shy away from participating in the fighting.44

RSHA has tezh buli kalmiki. Near the Zadonsk steppes, groups of red kalmiks were formed under the kerivnitstvo of K.E. Ilyumzhinova, Kh.B. Kanukova, E.A. Basanova, M.D. Shapsukova, O.I. Gorodovikov. Over the course of the year the stench had become reduced to regular particles.

At the warehouse of the red ones, formed on the Don, there was initially one Kalmitsy national unit - a final supply for the battalion of the 37th rifle division, on the basis of which two squadrons of the 2nd Kalmitsy regiment were formed . At the beginning of 1919, at the Denisovskaya station, the 1st Okremiy Kalmitsky Cavalry Regiment was formed under the command of Kalmik V.A. Khomutnikova.

Immediately their ceramists became important figures in the new kingdom. Oka Gorodovikov - commander of the 2nd Army, Kirsan Ilyumzhinov - brigade commander, Vasil Khomutnikov - regiment commander, Kharti Kanukov - political commissar of the division.

The trouble of the Kalmiki was that during the hour of the Gromadian War they often victorious the Stepovists in special operations. In “Quiet Don” it is said: “In the afternoon before Tatarskoye, I left for a punitive round of the Salsky Kalmik Cossacks. Perhaps, some of the farmers left Pantelei Prokopovich, making their way home; within a year of entering the khutyr of the punitive pen, four Kalmiki galloped to the Melekhi base.”

In the fight against desertion, kalmiki began to rise again, and persecutions were collected from them, both in search of punishment and punishment. I call with M.A. Sholokhov: “Forty-nine evil deserters were sent to trial. The trial will be short and merciless. The old osavul, who headed the proceedings, asked the defendant his nickname, his name, according to his father, rank and unit number, inquired how many hours the defendant had been at the run, then quietly exchanging a number of phrases with the members of the court - an armless cornet and at once a sergeant - And having deafened the virok. Most deserters were punished to the point of corporal punishment with sharp cuts, like kalmiks were shaken at a non-resident booth specially designated for this purpose.”

What did not give a positive attitude to the Kalmik Cossacks.

The skin on both sides continued to grow. The Salsk group of reds, having left the stations Podviyna, Kuberle, Gashun, went to the area of ​​​​the village of Dubovsky. Having reached the salient place across the Sal River, the Reds created a defensive fortified village left near the farms of Sadki and Drummers. The Don-Stavropol film brigade G.I. also went to the Remontna-Dubivske area. Kovpakov with a great convoy of bread. The Bilia Repair Brigade collaborated with the forces of the Red Army. Thus, the village of Dubivske for that hour became the center of the organization of defense against the advancing white troops. At the same time, with its base in Kotelnikov, the First Kotelnikov Socialist Division was formed:

1. Zagin P.A. Lomakin was equipped with a regiment stationed in the area of ​​the Otamanskaya and Andrievskaya stations, with the task of securing the approaches to the Kotelnik defense on the steppe side.

2 . The regiment of T. Lobashevsky, being at the Semichna station, was on duty to ensure protection for the ship from the Salsk military group.

3. Zagin P.K. The foreman in 185 men was taken from the warehouse of T. Lobashevsky’s combat forces and redeployed from the Semichna station in Kotelnikov.

At the Salsky corral of chervony there were 9000 infantrymen, 1300 horsemen, 30 kulemets, 18 armored vehicles, 3 armored trains.

It was at this hour that the famous cart was born. First of all, the documentary riddle is known to F.I. Nefyodov: “At the paddock, an order was suddenly given to such a place: see a number of carts, put Maxim cart guns on them, select the best, fastest horses, the best mounts, entrust Nefyodov (or me) to teach them the correct installation Lemetiv, driven by fire at high speed ".45 Tse at Chervna, if the regiment was formed, at that time at the Sloboda Illintsi. Possibly, the first riddle about the stalling of the cart was raised before the battle near the village of Romanivskaya (in the fall of 1918), and most of the innovations themselves were provided in the territory of the Dubivsky district. And the carts N.I. Makhna appeared later, his first battles “Batko” took place near the verna, pouring into German farmsteads.

The commander of the 2nd battalion, Petro Chesnokov, a senior sergeant of the 22nd Cossack regiment, has already learned about the organization of the military administration. At the Nagavskiy station, a hundred Cossack regiments were deployed, in which P.Z. had previously served. Chasnikov. When you tried to switch to the back of the hearts, more than a hundred were eliminated by the white ones. Having found out about this, the sergeant, taking his many comrades in the service, who served with this regiment, decided to take revenge, heading straight to Nagavskaya. When I died, I saw the commander of the sack of the Aldobulsky farm, Seraphim Do.

Bіlі were proponated by P.Z. Chesnokov to go to their service before them, having protested against it. The military court of the Nizhno-Kurmoyarskaya village of the 1st Don district at the warehouse: the head of the commander of the 4th kine pen, Colonel O.V. Golubintsiv, jurors Kapkaniv and Rozgin praised P.Z. Chesnokova was punished with peace through hanging. 11 chervnya on the mountain “Khrestiv”, near the Krivsky farmstead, they fought a shibenitsa. Colonel Pidiyshov has been promoted to commander of the red pen.

- This is the mountain, Chesnokov, for which they fired at us during the birch month. Admire her... rise up.

What about Chesnokov Vidpov:

- Mine on the right is correct.

Now many of our service comrades have become enemies. The fate of military service has been forgotten. It was raised in memory to the sergeant-major, especially signed by the commander of the 22nd Don Cossack Regiment A.V. Golubintsiv.

The beginning of the Mogillovo tract settlement, when General A.A. Brusilov especially introduced P.Z. Chesnokov Mykoli II as a Russian hero, awarded the St. George Crosses of the 3rd and 4th degree, the St. George medal of the 4th stage, 47 medals “On the riddle of the 300-year reign of Budinka of the Romanovs”, “100-year-old Beard” no battle." And how in 1918 was the price of “George” of a good vintage? Who is wrong and who is guilty is unknown to this day.

Corpse P.Z. Chenokov's government did not allow it to be removed, until the next day the body died, it was secretly transported to the village of the Island Nagavskaya station, where it was buried. If the hutir was taken over by the whites, the body would be thrown from the grave. Chervoni turned around and greeted the commander again.

Colonel O.D. Antonov took command of the corral, which was to carry his name, composed of Cossacks from Baklanovskaya, Nagavskaya, Verkhnota, Nizhno-Kurmoyarsk villages. The offensive of Colonel V.I. Tapilina on Remontnaya was released on the 28th of March, it was not possible to take the station, the battle was stopped until reinforcements arrived.

The main ones were the unification of partisan commanders from separate enclosures among the regular units of the RSChA. According to the proposal of the central government, all the stinks were united in Kuberlia and destroyed until Zimovniki. As a result of the reorganization, the partisan corrals of the Salsk district merged with the warehouse of the 10th Red Army, with the Donsk Radyansk rifle division (chief of the division G.K. Shevkoplyasov).

The Red Army lacked cavalry for the first time. In the spring, from the fighters of the partisan corrals near Zadonya, first a cavalry squadron was formed, then a division, and the first drafts were formed at the 1st Socialist Rural Cavalry Regiment. B.M. was appointed commander. Dumenko, and S.M. Beyonny yogo's intercessor. The regiment, having close to thousands of shawls, trivalia, behind the shadows of the war, was stationed for an hour near the settlement of Illintsya, entering the warehouse of the Don Rifle Division.

K.Є. Voroshilov took command of the Tsaritsyn Front. The head of the newly created Viyskova for the sake of the Pivnichno-Caucasian military district of I.V. Stalin, K.Ye. Voroshilov and military leader of the Pivnichno-Caucasian military district A.E. Snesarev 15 June 1918 arrived at the Remontna station. A meeting was held with the headquarters, which happened at the station booth.49 According to the old-timers, there was a booth No. 3 on Zaliznychna Street (it was possible that there was a wake-up, but it didn’t work).

The commandments were tasked with organizing the defense of the right birch of the Sal River. Food was supplied to the people in order to reorganize the soldiers' committees. The stinks began to influence the organizations of the new army units. As a result, it was decided to deprive the police officers of their superpowers, and the committees were dissolved.

Having spent two years in the Remontnaya area, on the cob of the sickle in 1918, I.V. Stalin pishov at Kotelnikov.

The Zadonsk corps lost its red troops at Velykyi Martinivtsia. At the meeting of the headquarters in Remontny, it was decided that there was a need to help the partisans, who had been exhausted to the point of exhaustion.

By forces of the cavalry regiment B.M. Dumenko was punished to attack parts of the whites. From Illinka on the first year of the night of the 29th century, the regiment entered the roadstead, commander of the Tsaritsyn Front K.I. Voroshilov directly left the regiment. Three hundred Cossacks who were staying there attacked Kuteynikovo and Ilovaiskiy raptovo, cutting down about 100 kinonotniks. The battle saw the suppression of red kalmiks under the command of O.I. Gorodovikov.

They went on the offensive on Tsaritsyn 4th sickle, they crossed the Don on the day before the station of Kurmoyarskaya and, poking their way out, buried the station of Remontna. In this manner, the 1st Don Streltsy Division of the Red Army, which had been lost on the defensive line in Zimovniki, rushed to the ground to unite with parts of the 10th Army through retaliation. The division began to collapse on the front line of the climb in order to fight its way to the main forces. This is important, but it’s the only way to go to hell.

After a break in the fighting, a new division was formed in the Svoboda Illintsy - the 1st Don Radyan Socialist Cavalry Brigade at the warehouse of two cavalry regiments, the Special Reserve Cavalry Division ion and four-battery artillery division. Brigade commander - B.M. Dumenko, whose assistant was again appointed S.M. Budyonny. The brigade commander at that time was 29 years old, and for 30 years he had already commanded the horse corps.

Just before the Red Sea division arrived at the Gashun station and further to Remontnaya, a train of Black Sea sailors arrived before them, heading straight from Tikhoretsk to Tsaritsyn. On the side of the Vlasivskaya Bila station, 12 sickles launched an offensive, their corral wedged into the defense of the Chervonys, they installed machine guns and took control of the approach to the bridge. They fought for the place for several days, repelled the Chervona attacks, and took Vlasivska.

The sailors suggested to the Vlasiv Cossacks the formation of the Kalmyk regiments. When it was drowned in greenery and orchards, it was all burnt out, and there were only a few places left with pipes to wash. Wooden huts with all the gospodar's spores for thinness, komori for saving grain, everything was set on fire. Fate later, the station was built again, but due to the Kalmyk beliefs it was impossible to argue in the old place, new booths were installed a second kilometer away due to the enormous expansion.

They confirmed it themselves. Report: “On Popov’s economy, the cadets of the girls from the village of Zapovitny were all showered and wrapped up. In the villages of Illinskaya volost, 5,000 rubles and bread were taken from the citizen Sergeev, and in addition, four girls from 12 to 18 were seized..." Regiment commander Lobashevsky, lieutenant Inin .51

At Zimovniki, the 1st Don Streltsy Division defended itself briefly. She began to approach the village of Dubivske and took up defense on the right birch of the Sal River. On the day, the step group of the largest military forces of General P.Kh. acted against her. Popov, as they approached Tsaritsyn, units of Major General K.K. Mamontov, the army of Major General A.P. was advancing towards Tsaritsyn. Fitzhelaura.

In this manner, the reds fell asleep under the threat of extinguishing. On the right birch of the Sal River, the 1st Don Division of Chervonykh took up defense, the 1st Cavalry Regiment was deployed in the freedom of Illintsy. Squadron G.S. Maslakova was quartered at the Barabanshchikova farm. Having arrived near Verkhnozhirovym, the red coins spent 220 osib, of which 80 polnenim.

They sharply intensified military activities. Corps commander Major General K.K. Mammoths with the forces of 12,000 bagnets and a slab from the right bank of the Don, hitting the Vladikavkazskaya zaliznitsa into the chervonikh. The left flank attacked the Remontna station from the approach and launched an attack on Kotelnikov. It was on three sides: from the villages of Mayorsky, Semichny, Nagolny. With forces of up to 45,000 bagnets and shabels, 150 harmats, the Don Army launched two attacks: between Zhutovo - Kotelnikovo and Kotelnikovo - Remontna. Zagin of Colonel P.S. Polyakov’s number is up to 10,000 bagnets and the plan is to strike from the day, from the Velikoknyazha region.

Nearly 7,000 ducats advanced to Tsaritsin. Cuttings from the main forces, covering the place from the steppe side, zagin P.A. Lomakina fought with the Kalmyk parts that stand from the side of the village of Otamanskaya and Andrievskaya. Heavy fighting broke out at the Repair station, and three guns and 21 machine guns were buried. Already the Reds brought here three armored cars, two armored trains and infantry from Tsaritsyn. They reached Zimovniki, where the front stabilized for an hour, then they deprived this station.

Then there will be a new onslaught of whites. View of the Don, view of the farms of Baklanovsky and Maloluchensky hundreds of Colonel V.I. Tapilina, attacking from the approach, climbed a forty-verst blind road and on the 4th of September 1918 they escaped to Remontnaya.

From the 25th sickle to the 2nd spring, during the rise of the Don Army after the battles near Chunusivskaya - Andrievskaya, there were heavy losses on both sides.

The Martino-Orlovsky corral of chervonyh after the raid and immediately went to the Zimovniki station, after reorganizing the Streltsy Regiment of the 1st Don Stryletsky Division. However, the route of the army to join forces with units of the 10th Army was cut off, and the exit area was completely blocked. Zagin again fell into the pasture, with thousands of refugees. This majestic mass of pawns collapsed, on the carts, near the transport trains. It was smoky, and clouds of pills hung over the roads. People and creatures suffered from baking and spray, and suffered from hunger. Around the combatant divisions, the robots from its renewal took part in all the tasks, including women and children. The place was restored, the refugees broke through in the evening. The armored train "Chornomorets" was hit by artillery shelling on the support beams of the Zaliznichny bridge.

The way to the next place is to Tsaritsin, and the village of Dubivske was occupied by white people. There was a need to break through, they decided to make money by going around the Andrievskaya Stanitsa, but they were not counted on. B.M. Dumenko, to clear his eyes, threw two squadrons at the Drummers’ hut. At Andrievskaya, opposite the village church, the main forces of the regiment crossed the Sal. The marchers went to Illinka, the place we know. Near Sloboda they found the leading guard of white men, they discovered that in Dubivskoye there were up to three hundred white men, two Plastun regiments were occupying the salient place, and near the village itself there was a second regiment, Cossacks and Kalmiki. Grouped Colonel V.I. Tapilin.

They planned to attack with two flanks. CM. Budyonny, two squadrons, leaned right-handed, to the Remontna station. The main forces of the regiment passed under the Salsky ravines (in addition to the auxiliary state and the SPTU laboratory) to the recess near Staraya Dubivka, camouflaged behind the Tatar (Ibragimov) mound.

Watching from the mound, the regiment commander shook his head as a cannon of whites hung out from the side of the Yerikovsky farm. At the front, lava was thrown onto lava, and the machine guns, immediately removed from the carts, said the most important word. G.S. Maslakov, with his squadrons, knocked out the whites from the bridge. About the pouches of the battle at the book “The Dark Ones Will Go to the Wind” by V.V. Karpenko wrote: “The black wind of the world has passed through the steppe. Body, body in the most extreme poses.”

A lot of graves were lost on the side of Zaliznitsa, on the side of Sal. How many Cossacks and Red Guards, villagers and volunteers, how many of them perished on the salty soil of the Trans-Don region...

The Great War was reaping its harvest. Behind the words of P.N. Krasnov “the quiet Trans-Don steppe resembled the prairies of America during its conquest.” Yomu echoed A.I. Denikin: “Vlada has been in the hands of some kind of beast, who took the right to stratage and be merciful to the authorities.”53

The crooked wheel began to widen its turns, the war took on its most brutal forms of mutual guilt and poverty. The words of a participant in the battles: “Sometimes you swing a bagnet, you start thinking about something and wonder: am I a human or a beast? The human image is being lost... Don’t judge us... We remember the little things during the great war. One, two, three - and years will tell about them. Do you know what is going on here? It's hot here. Here are those whom you can die if you hit them once. We are not dying, because they called and completely killed the people. We've slept for five months, today, today, let's march in close formation. Just bayonets, nothing else. You understand, for five months every day, or even 2-3 times a day, you shoot enemies at close range, in an attack of lack of self-control, you prick several people, you get lacerations in the abdomen, scattered intestines, heads, laziness from tulubi, almost death screams and groans... It’s incredible, but, understand, it’s so greedy. Sometimes, when you are tired, there are no thoughts in your head, and your nerves are shaking like strings, you are crazy about wanting that bagnet. It’s still too early, it’s too late... Is it possible to survive in this war? No, don't judge. We are jackals and this war is cursed - jackal."

The tension of mutual hatred reached such a scale that reconciliation was impossible. The skin side has begun to reach the position of jus talionis - the right to payment. Not everyone accepted the Cossack flavor: the true warrior of the one who shows mercy.

In the quest for revenge, not everyone lost their heads. The Cossacks of the village of Andrievskaya attacked the enclosure of T. Lobashevsky, who, passing through the carriage, lost 15 people. During the selection process, some of the older people were selected to shoot two Ukrainians for the killed Cossack. The commander of the farm hundred of Pluzhnikov countered: “Well, let’s go out, saying, today we shoot the Ukrainians, and tomorrow the Reds will come and start shooting the Cossacks. I won’t allow this to anyone.” The old men licked their lips, the Cossacks who stood in the ranks supported Pluzhnikov.

After stratoy P.Z. Chesnokov's red coins were buried in a pile full of dozens of Cossacks. After many super-echoks, the Kotelniki Revolutionary Tribunal pardoned the dead.

Ale tse lishe apply. Most of the time, things were completely different... At the Khutorskoye farm (present-day Zimivnivskyi district), the Kalmik Cossacks crowded into S. Litovchenko, they were afraid of him to go forward and call the partisans. While the Red Army were trying to figure out who was coming, the Kalmiki jumped up and cut them down with sabers. S. Litovchenko, K. Narozhny, I. died. Semchenko, I. Shakhaev, two brothers Apanasenka. The order of the dead was to put up a tablet and write: “Whoever takes away and lays claim to the slain, death itself checks on him.”

At the Otamanskaya chervona station, a battle was made under the rulers in the basements. The stench overwhelmed the otaman of the Ilovlinsky farm, S.I. Kolesova and 12 Cossacks of the Otaman yurt. Vlasnik water mlin L.H. Bikadorov was shot.55 In the ravine in front of the village, both villagers and newcomers were shot, and so that they could not reach them, after the mobilization of men from the Troilinsky farm, they dug graves.

Nagavska village was defended by nearly four hundred old Cossacks. The stench continued until the end. The children raised their hands in the baked battle. When the commanders of the regiments Barannikov and Miroshnichenko, who believed that the Cossacks were surrendering in full, galloped up, they were shot. The Cossacks were destitute of chervoni.

In the world of burials, in 1918, the Investigative Commission was created to investigate those arrested who were suspected of wrongdoing. Individuals from the Red Guard were called for these arrests and raids. These commissions handed over the legal proceedings to the newly organized Military-People's Courts, and these bodies began to be called the Military-Polish District Courts. The head of the court in the 1st Don Okrug was appointed M. Ilsheva, the head of the Salsk Ship-Tracking Commission at the station of Velikonyazha - O. Popov. The Salsk District Commission issued 230 certificates and arrested 181 people.

The Reds, as they occupied the Trans-Don region, set up Revolutionary Tribunals. In these cases, Rozmova’s boula was short.

From now on, punitive attacks on both sides have become a pattern, a real legacy of a huge war. Current historians characterize the mutual mass repressions in the following way: “Both red and white bear equal responsibility for the lawlessness and repression that shortened the place of the current military conflict.”57

Chief Commander of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation A.I. Denikin expressed his respect: “the marching otaman, who prepared the attack on Novocherkassk, had to send punitive expeditions more than once in the unrepentant Bolshevik villages.”

In his own words, the commander of the army of the Pivdenny front, the Red Kovals, warned of panic in the units, instructing: “For the successful collection of all the effective men for the front, see: one punitive squadron, punishing each front, so that they do not fall foul: those who repaired the operation and disobeyed the orders of labor people, they would have shot them on the spot.” Until that hour, all the participants in the fraternal war realized that there was no way back.

The Reds were advancing, General I.F. Bikadors destroyed the army to defeat the Salsk group, which was fighting. I.V. Stalin gave orders to send part of the group of chervonyh to the defense of Tsaritsyn. It was already awkward. Commander of the Gashun Front G.K. Shevkoplyasov added: “I bring to your attention that according to your order dated 08/02/1918 to fate No. 2/A, the troops you need to assist the creation of a new group, it is not possible to date at the moment, so as trusted by me the Armies stretched along the line d.d. .: Kotelnikovo station under the command of Steiger, Semichna - Remontna station under the command of Kolpakov, Gashun station two battalions, Salsky regiment Skibi in Zimovniki ... »

And I will fight again under Barabanshchikov and Sadki: “Squadron! On the horses! Checkers before battle! Soon the farms changed from white to red, from red to white. The onslaught of these and other forces was replaced by panic, and victory by defeat.

A number of armored trains and tanks also took their part in the Gromadyansk War. Osavul V.E. Popov, on the 7th of June 1918, carried out a reconnaissance of the Red Army positions at the Remontnaya railway station in the Voisin aircraft. The spring did not rise to an altitude of more than 600 meters and thus became a target for towel and machine gun fire. He was seriously wounded; shrapnel pierced his chest. I had a chance to hand over the caravan to another pilot, captain Zakharov. That one pulled over V.E. Popova, in her place, continued to fight for the survivability of the device. The flight reached the Gashun station on ice, causing an emergency landing. The fuselage was flattened, the first pilot was thrown out of the cockpit, the other pilot lost vital safety. The pilots' march was organized by the commander of the Salsky paddock, Colonel V.I. Postovsky. Within a year, Osavul died.

They reoccupied Remontna. V.I. The postovsky p_shov at the offensive distanced with a salient silk. At the beginning of the 7th spring, military foreman A.V. was killed. Ovchinnikov, with a force of up to five hundred cavalry and infantry, under two armies, attacked T. Lobashevsky’s regiment, attacking the Semichna station, which passed from hand to hand all day. At the regiment there was a rich special warehouse spivchuvala white, zreshtoyu, one of the hundred began to disinfect the others. The forces on the left flank of the defense broke through to the station and defeated the regiment. Commander T. Lobashevsky died in battle and killed nearly 100 people. The stations of Atamanskaya and Andrievskaya became busy with their dissents, then they moved between Kotelnikov and Remontnaya.

Regiment B.M. Dumenko tried to kill or kill. From Illinki, the regiment commander marched through the Yabluchnaya beam to the Semichna station, where a bloody battle ensued. The streets of the village were littered with corpses, and the screams of the wounded could be heard everywhere. But they couldn’t stop the whites and fight.

At the end of the 10th Army - parts of Dumenka, Kovalov, Shevkoplyasov, Steiger were cut down and taken in a ring in the Kotelnikov area. Thus ended the retreat of the Pivdenny Tsaritsinsky front of the Red Army, the routes to the Volga were open, the battles moved to the bottom.

In the spring, the Salsk district will be transferred under the control of others. After this, a significant number of Cossacks arrived at the warehouse of the Don regiments. The Grand Duke was appointed to the authority of the district otaman, military foreman M.M. Gniloribova.

Krivaviy 1918 ended.

Memorized, memorized until the joke
Zhorstok his youth -
Comb kuchuguri, what to smoke,
I will overcome that death in battle,
Tight endless rush,
Anxiety on frosty nights
І blisk dark pursuit
On tending, childish shoulders.
We gave away everything we had,
Tobi, eighteenth river,
Your Asian shit
Stepovy - for Russia - march.

Mikola Turoverov, a participant in the campaign, sings

29 sіchnya (11 years old for the new style) 1918 fate, responding to the need for the deprivation of the Don under the onslaught of the Bolsheviks, they began a voluntary suppression of the ottaman of the Don army, Major General P. Kh. Popov (beginning Headquarters Officer - Colonel V. I. Sidorin ) there are 1727 combat personnel: 1110 infantry personnel, as well as 617 horsemen with 5 guns and 39 machine guns.
On the 29th of today, the “Kaledinian postril” appeared as a warning about the critical situation on the Don. The massive advance of the Bolsheviks to the Don became the reason for the sake of the commanders of the military units that stood in Novocherkassk on the 10th of 1918. It was announced that there was a shortage of 12 fierce Novocherkassk, because there was no hope of standing up to the Don capital. Each person is encouraged to independently make a choice - to go to the steppe and lose it. According to the order of the Don otaman, General A. M. Nazarov, under the supervision of the marching otaman, General P. Kh. Popov, the town of Novocherkassk was deprived of 1,500 bagnets and sabers with 10 garmats and 28 kulemets (for other information - with 5 harmats with 500 shells and 40).
Thus began the famous Stepovy campaign of the Don units of the White Army to the Salsk steppe, as a way to save personnel for the future Cossack army. Thus began the struggle of the Don Cossacks against the Red Army. The steppe hike ended with the return of the participants who were lost alive, back to Novocherkassk on the way to the beginning of the year 1918.

The publicist Viktor Sevsky (V.A. Krasnushkin) subtly characterized the participants in the campaign: “After them came the shadows of the old Otamans, and these shadows called under the ensign of the steppe generals, all strong, all brave. Because they were the bosses of Kaledin’s soul.”

The Don Campaign gave a moral, psychological and patriotic influx to those who fought against the Bolsheviks. “The greatest fact about the founding of the “Step pen” is that the Cossacks are not dead, not strangled, but are fighting for their existence. This thought instilled courage, suppressed apathy, low spirits, slavish orderliness, called for struggle, for feat, this explains the fluidity with which the uprising began, asserts the Don political activist K. Kaklyugin. “Moreover, once the uprising has begun, there itself, the tenuous “Stepovy Zagin,” the militia otaman becomes the center of the movement, the central power. Vin helps and quenches the rebels. Adjacent to the uprising are villages and farmsteads, where it is called “Stepovy Zagin”..."
On the 11th quarter of the Timchasy Don district, the order was announced: “After an important campaign to the village of Rozdorskaya, the missing otaman, Major General Petro Kharitonovich Popov, arrived at his paddock. The time-honoured Don Order, which is fully united with the valiant commands of the Don Army, has determined for the crust to cope with the success of the fight against the governors of the Don Cossacks - to transfer the greatest command and the fullness of military power to the campaign to the new otaman, Major General P. Kh. Popov.
The time-consuming Don Order, the election and distribution of trust to the rebel Cossacks, deprives itself, until the call of the Cola of the Salvation of the Don, of the full extent of the vast power of the entire control over all supplies related to the success of the fight against the greats ikiv. Kolo Poryatunka Don may be shouted unfathomably after the liberation of the capital Don from the Bolsheviks.”
General P. Kh. Popov took command and created three military groupings: Pivnichna - with its partisans, along with Semiletov, and with the large "Don Army" - Zadonsk, with General P. T. Semenov and Pivdennu - from the Zaplavskaya group, together with Colonel S.V. Denisov, who had previously captured the chief of staff of the Don Army.

General P. Kh. Popov did not want to leave the Don, deprive his native place and thus not joining the Volunteer Army before the Kuban campaign. The Don Cossacks destroyed the winter camps near the Salsky steppes, which allowed them, without interrupting the fight against the Bolsheviks, to save a strong core around which the Don Cossacks would gather.

For the second month, the Don partisans endured hunger and cold on the steppes, without any lee from their bases. The fight against the Bolsheviks turned out to be crooked and merciless, until one day the Don land was deprived. The Don partisans, under the leadership of the marching otaman P. Kh. Popov, lost their bright butt and hope for the insurrection of the villagers. The march of the steppe is now hidden - to raise the Cossacks to fight for their Prize, showing the sorcerer the essence of Bolshovism before the Cossacks. There were uprisings all over the Don, and the idea of ​​fighting against Radyan rule became widespread. At the end of the day, the Stepov campaign ended, and the steppes lost the graves of the valiant partisans, who were forgotten by the land as the defenders of the native land. The living heroes of the Stepov campaign went to the warehouse of the regiments of the Don Army, which revived.
The Don partisans entered Novocherkassk on the 22nd quarter of 1918, having completed a 70-day campaign on the Don steppes. The steppe campaign became one of the glorious campaigns of the anti-Bolshevik movement, occupying a special place in the history of the Gromadian War. The Cossacks prepared the ground for the Volunteer Army and occupied important points for continuing the fight against Bolshevism - Rostov and Novocherkassk. Having turned to the capital, the Don partisans became their own flagship of the fight.

In honor of the glorious Stepovy campaign, a special sign was erected - “Stepovy ridge”.
“At the expense of military valor and outstanding courage, the participants of the Stepov campaign brought about the suppression of the marching otaman of the Don Military General P. Kh. Popov, and the unforced labor they suffered and the destruction of the Great Military Colony and in “The Sign of the Steppe Campaign” - the order of the Don Otaman General A. P. Bogaevsky. These awards were awarded to those who entered the warehouse no later than the 1st quarter of 1918 and stayed at its warehouse until the 4th quarter (before reorganization). The same sign was passed on to the families of those who died during the Stepov campaign. Cross No. 1, locality of delivery to P. Kh. Popov.

Igor Martinov,
military foreman, protector of Tambov otaman
Cossack partnership

Zhovten 4th, 2016

Memorized, memorized until the joke
Zhorstok his youth
Comb kuchuguri, what to smoke,
I will overcome that death in battle,
Tight endless rush,
Anxiety on frosty nights
І blisk dark pursuit
On tending, childish shoulders.
We gave away everything we had,
Tobi, eighteenth river,
Your Asian shit
Stepovy - for Russia - march.

Mikola Turoverov is a participant in the hike.

First, we will move on to the end of the first round of the struggle in the Gromadyansk War of Pivdni Russia, following the Stepov campaign of the Don Cossacks under the command of the marching otman, Major General P.Kh. Popov. Which, as research has shown, was a powerful action for the rich people of the future. I want to lose my scope and heroism in the eyes of other more famous campaigns of a similar kind: “Krizhany” and “Drozdovsky”. Before that, it was even more ostentatious to see the mood that was going on in the localities. True, you still hear about the Chinese Cossacks (!), children who are storming the positions of Chervonykh in the Cholos, and you learn: what are the “Jesus kulemetniki”. The participants in this campaign, by analogy with “volunteers,” I will call “steppe” (although this is not accepted from the view of historiography, but they are respected by partisans).

It became clear that the capital of the Don, Novocherkassk, would not be touched once the Donrivian army went on the offensive under the command of Golubov. During the first battle, he saw the completely crazy Cossack partisan Chernetsov, and he was killed. With the removal of the charismatic and happy leader, countless hundreds of “Chernetsivites” could no longer protect the Don capital. After Kaledin’s call was responded to by more than 147 individuals who were ready to defend the Don order, and the “volunteers” who were preparing for evacuation simply ignored him, the rest was left with nothing more than to let themselves go in the heart.

Administrator General P.Kh.Popov, who does not have a thorough military record, was either talented or a successful organizer, and all the tasks of the campaign were completed with minimal expenses for the Cossacks.

In the vicinity of the red pens, the late otaman P.Kh. Popov, having previously been the head of the Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School, wanted to lead the opponents of the Radyan rule into the Don steppes. And there were 1,727 such combat personnel (including 1,110 infantry and 617 kin) with 5 guns and 39 machine guns. І 251 non-combatant people (headquarters, artillery control, hospital and political refugees). The train was great, but, as it often happens in such situations, it could not properly repair the corral. There were few artillery shells and guint cartridges.

It would seem that there was a serious force that could easily sweep away the corrals of the Red Army and collapse the Suttev opposition to the Red Donets of Golubov. Ale, unfortunately, did not provide any effectiveness. Not only that, the Cossacks themselves had little desire to get involved in the fraternal war, they were even more aggressive, and many of them became students of the cadet school (as well as the “volunteers” of the ardent, but uninformed young people were active participants in it). What do you write? Milnikov S.V. in my opinion:

Axis warehouse of the 2-armat seven-year battery of captain Shchukin: 8 artillery officers, 8 officers of other military specialties, 1 senior officer, 6 cadets of the Don Corps, doctor, lawyer, students, gymnasiums, merchants no commercial school), Cossacks - about 60 osib.
A similar situation occurred at F.D.’s paddock. Nazarova. The 3rd tank squadron "Maxim" consisted of two midshipmen of the Black Sea Fleet, two students, the author of the theory (V.S. Milnikova) and the teacher of chemistry V.A. Grekova. When the centurion Chornolikhov arrived before them, who “was in charge of the Lewis machine gun,” “a very friendly company emerged with a lot of realities from their contributions and two great high school students.”
The seven hundred hundreds of Semi-Lithuanians “were composed almost exclusively of military personnel” and more than a hundred of officers. Half of the 2nd Hundreds were made up of the Chinese, recruited by the centurion Khopersky. They were afraid to put them in the guard, because the stink did not know the Russian language and, “if they knew the crossing, they could shoot.”
At the paddock F.D. Nazarov, approximately 30% of the fighters were small before the war with Nimechchina, and became young.

I don’t know how you, but me, were most impressed by the “recruited Chinese” among the free Cossacks. We know that it is preferable for the Bolsheviks to recruit the international contingent in the “fight against the indigenous Russian population.” You can’t understand it from the song of words.

Being a great stern man, Popov had reasonable doubts about the striking power of his army, so he had to correctly assess the main task: to preserve the core support until the full-blown insurrection of the Don Cossacks. In this case, it is necessary to respect that Popov himself, not being surprised by the title of major general, did not give a special military testimony, and will lose, first of all, a good administrator. Colonel V.I.Sidorin was at the head of the military forces.

As has already been said earlier, one of the first options for carrying out the campaign was to unite with Kornilov’s Volunteer Army. To what extent did the rest of the time wither away, but after the results of exploration and Alekseev’s commitment, changing to the Kuban direct. At the same time, Popov was confident that the Donets, who fought together as “volunteers,” would not deprive the native land. As a result, everything went wrong - having lost another part of the Cossacks who were eager to fight, they went to Kornilov. Well, those who doubted that they had accumulated enough were told to “spread out”, having seen the fragmented forms of the Radyan Infantry Regiment.

The paths of the two armies separated. The “steppe people” did not achieve great feats, but they saved human potential. For a pen that consists of 60% of the young, which were vigorously escaped from the “mother’s hem” - this was entirely reasonable. The one who had hidden the weakness of the red pens in order to resist the “steppe people.” Once the parts of Antonov-Ovsiyenko had been carefully prepared, they were transferred to the approach to fight the Germans. The Pro-Bolshovitsa 39th Division was tied up to Zaliznytsia, and Golubov’s Cossacks did not show any particular weakness in the battles after the burial of Novocherkassk. The ability to transfer reserve police from Astrakhan, Tsaritsina and Stavropol, and to vikor the local corrals of the Chervona Guard, which, due to the above-mentioned circumstances, required neither due force, nor reinforcements, nor combat, was lost I am resilient.

The significant number of young people led to the development of a specific tactical technique of 21 fierce (6th birth) in the battle against the pens of Nikiforov and Dumenko from the Shara-Burak farm. Some cadets (including young ones) were thrown at the enemy's attention as they crossed the river on a bridge flooded with water. About the age of the participants in the attack, speaking of the fact that part of the support was pulling screws by a belt along the ground - so it was great and important for them. At that time, the attack was carried out by hundreds of officers on the flanks. However, among the young people there were no losses, but later such predatory practices were eliminated, giving the cadets the right to guard the convoy and be the remaining command reserve.

And the first serious situation began at the crossing of the Manich and the Kazenny Bridge, when the Red Guards were captured from the station of the Grand Duchy. Due to the surroundings, it could have been a serious setback for the pen without convoys. Tim is not less, but full of optimism, and hopes on the weak support of the red pens led to Popov dividing his pen, sending 500 people together with Colonel K.K. Mamantov at the Platovskaya station - raise the pot kiv.

Here the 2nd hundred of the Seven Years were advancing under the command of Osavul Pashkov, and the Chinese (30-40 people) were fighting for the place. As a result of the artillery duel, the Chervonykh battery was strangled, and the result of the battle was a glorious throw through the place of the 2nd hundred seven-year-old soldiers under the command of the osaul Zelenkov. The Chervoni, having spent 2 harmats and 3 kulemets, entered. Then, having cleared the Grand Duke’s village without a fight, the “steppe people” received serious trophies.

Based at the station, he made raids on local farms, and about 200 people (most importantly, scientists) poured into his warehouse. The village gathering, fearing reprisals, did not support the “stepoviki”. Signs were given that the prison was close, and as usual, the Bolsheviks controlled it. However, I didn’t have a chance to check them for a long time. Already on the 27th of February (12th Birch), Chervonikh’s armored train appeared on the side of Tsaritsyn, and heavy fighting began. Regardless of the fact that the Bolshevik forces were clearly insufficient, there were reports of another enemy armored train approaching from the side of Torgovaya. Popov decided not to risk it (despite the fact that with the decline of Chervonykh’s strength they became stuck in the fight against Kornilov) and ordered him to go to the steppe.

A prominent sign of the participants of the “Steppe Campaign”.

4 (17) bereznya “stepoviki” moved 60-80 versts along the steppe to stud farms for the winter, controlling the territory under 40 versts in diameter. It was decided to overcome the Cossack “neutrality”, teach the green young to storm the enemy with raids, reminding them of the Cossacks’ decisions about their birth.

However, the Bolsheviks did not forget about them. Immediately from the side, Tsarina arrived at a corral of 4000 bagnets with 36 culmets and 32 harmats, which, however, began to operate at the loading stations. There was a call from the Cossacks of the Salsk district for 1,500 sabers under the command of the commander Smetanin, who strongly coordinated the preparation of horse pens, and then moved to Bilikh. As they approached, the corrals of the “leader of the revolutionary Cossacks” Golubov appeared, who gave priority to the negotiations and did not fight. The Red Guard of rural settlements was formed under the command of Kulakov and Tulak. The “steppe people,” who had been knocking out enemies from the beginning with raiding attacks, began to wiggle. They screamed loudly: break through to Kornilov and get powdered. Ale Popov was cold-blooded and preached “to lose your home, that soon everything will change and the Don will need the Cossacks.” I hope that the project has developed with great success.

That same day, representatives of the village arrived from Tulak to talk about the possibility of peace with the cadets. Suddenly a messenger appeared from the village of Grabbayevskaya, and the uprising broke out with cries for help. The Cossacks were completely breathless.

And at the same time, Semiletov was killed, resisting Tulak’s powerful blow, caught in the ambush, having spent 70% of his stock. The outposts of the “battle at Kuryachaya Balka” were hit and wounded by up to 200 people, and on the battlefield the “steppe people” had to abandon the wounded. For example, the skeletal team, which consists of seminarians (Jesus skeletal players), out of 25 members, lost 6.

In connection with this on the 20th February (2nd quarter) Popov declared that “the time in the steppes is over” and the stench “is needed by the Don.” After that, he ordered to hang on the pvnich.Suddenly, the Astrakhan and Stavropol villages, after flocking with the Cossacks, fell apart, leaving them bare in both regions. The delegation that arrived from Tulak's headquarters was arrested by the Cossacks at the peace negotiations - the villagers were released, and the communists were hanged.

On the 23rd of Bereznya (5th quarter), the “stepoviki”, led by Kalmik guides, set off on the road. What had been done right away, the fragments of the mine were destroyed by the “Shock Powder Column,” when the mine had finished molding its horse parts.

The Bolsheviks hung on the tail of the Stepoviks until they crossed the Sal River. After which “we went to Erketinskaya and... came to light.” Astrakhan and Stavropol villagers did not dare to climb deep into the lands of Viysk-Don. Golubov, sensing the fall of the Radyanskaya rule on the Don, having been more interested in getting closer to politics in Novocherkassk, and not stirring up the spring brood. Sour cream with the mobilized Cossacks mixed in parallel to the “stepoviki”, and then added. Because “the cadets do not need to run and fight.” For this reason, it seems, the Cossacks were in solidarity.

As a result, Chervona, having missed the “stepoviki”, went to the Remontna station, where “urban cleanliness, happiness and self-demobilization for urban work” began. The threat to the Don immediately disappeared - as if it never happened.

Well, Popov’s “stepoviki” went to the Don land, buried by the anti-Bilshovitz uprisings. 2 (15th quarter) an order was issued to reorganize the “Pound of the Free Don Cossacks”, which now became the backbone of the new Cossack army, which was being organized in the rebel regions. Administrator General Popov resigned from his post and a month later asked for the dismissal of the military commander of the Don Army, so that the military game would no longer be lost by engaging in more than administrative activities. stu.

V.I.Sidorin became a commander of the Don Army, which, however, ended disastrously. Bo, not withstanding the pressure of Chervony and the 4th Don Corps, with its chaotic approach brought the planned evacuation of Novorossiysk to a natural disaster. For which he was put on trial at Krim (4 days of hard labor, replaced by release from the armored forces without the right to wear a uniform).

Regardless of the long run of the Stepov campaign, it emerged as yet another element of the White Day disaster. Having realized their strength, the Cossacks again began to gain independence, all the distance was created by the creation of a single military control body under the Volunteer Army, which led to the disintegration of forces to the end, to the impossibility of reaching the strategic turning point of 1919. Moreover, detailed sketches will be elaborated in the next part of the “Red and White “Moses”.