Tinbergen etology. Biography. Development of K. Lorenz's concept in Tinbergen's robots
After graduating from the local secondary school (“I got out of it with great care,” he remembered later), he decided to enter the university, but he was pleased to take up practical work for the first time. Friends of the family persuaded Father T. to send a boy to Vogelwart-Rozziten, an ornithological center, where the birds were looked after and the methods of their ringing were first developed. After working at this job for many months, T. felt ready to continue his studies and entered the Leiden University in the biological sciences department. Listening to the lectures of such scholars as the naturalist Jean Vervy, reading additional literature, T. has lost his knowledge about the behavior of creatures. In the wake of the study of the behavior of the bjil, Karl von Frisch chose the topic of his doctoral dissertation to focus on nutritional characteristics of the bjil's behavior - killing wasps, which he monitored at the father's summer camp near Halshorst near P. of the Eternal Sea.
On the basis of his caution, he wrote “a dissertation in the style of the world” (shortly accepted at the faculty in Leiden) and withdrew the title of Doctor of Philosophy in 1932. Whose family became friends with Elizabeth A. Rutten; they had two brothers and three daughters. From a methodological point of view, the dissertation is an example of his manner of conducting research: from the beginning, understand everything possible about the behavior of animals in the natural environment living in a way of patient caution, and then conduct experiments to confirm your theories ій. For example, often killed wasps, having seen or damaged natural disturbances near the growth of the colony and, following the behavior of comas, could show what they find on their way home for the help of healthy oriens tyriv on locality.
Nezabar, after the completion of his work by removing the stage of T., his squad was destroyed at once from Dutch's meteorological expedition to Greenland, where they spent 14 months among the Eskimos, including the behavior of the Arctic them ptakhiv and ssavtsiv. After returning to Leiden in 1933 T. buv accepted the deposit to the university. Two years later, I was encouraged to organize a course for students of the last century in learning the behavior of animals, which was based on the selected species of animals and the minds of their lives: sticklebacks (small fish, for some reason guarded in childhood), comas and birds of Halshorst, de T. M. having created a permanent station before the last one.
While I would like to conduct research on instinctive behavior (the main principle of mating) in a number of species, this robot has a rather large structure. In 1936, at a seminar in Leiden, he became involved with Konrad Lorenz. This sustrich has become the outlet of the main work in galus etology (the science that studies the behavior of creatures from natural minds). Guessing this unsatisfactory reaction from the late rocks, T. said: “We definitely went one by one... Conrad’s extraordinary intuition and his enthusiasm were perfectly complemented by my critical attitude, I just want to get to the essence of my idea and my untruthful desires to verify the ““experimental” way."
While T. and her family spent the summer in Lorenz's cabin near Vidnya, the two began to develop the foundations of the theory of etological investigation. During the period of the difficult revolution, they formulated thesis that the instinct does not simply respond to stimuli of the most ordinary nature, but is invariably blamed on impulses or spontaneous impulses that resemble the creature itself. Instinctive behavior, they respected, includes a stereotypical set of characters - so called fixing the character of the action (FCD), which is very different, as it has specific anatomical figures. The product produces FCD in response to a singing “sounding” stimulus from the dowkill, which may be highly specific. In addition, the stench was released, which is rich in the behavior of creatures due to the suppression of sponkane. For example, a male stickleback leads a female to his “nest” in a kind of zigzag dance. Thus, showing that this FCD reflects the conflict between the instinct to protect one’s territory and the state instinct.
In other circumstances, the conflict between the bosses can lead to a subdued reaction in the response, to the manifestation of a completely different instinct. A typical butt is wary if a creature that is defending its territory collides with an attacking creature that appears too strong for direct confrontation. Through the war, the conflict between the bastards attacking and bastards entering can lead to a third form of behavior, such as the one who has been shackled with stored food and captured.
The beginning of Another Light War interrupted the vigorous work of T. and Lorenz. After the German occupation, T. continued the settlement at Leiden, and in 1942. was arrested for protesting against the release of three members of the faculty of Jewish nationality. Remaining military checks at the camp for interned persons. After graduating, he returned to the university and was appointed professor of experimental biology.
Born in 1947 T. having given lectures in the USA, having been there since 1938, and two years later – at Oxford University. While staying at Oxford, I fell asleep in the journal “Behavior” and continued working in the newly created department for animal behavior training. Born in 1955 having become a British citizen, and 5 years later he began giving lectures on the behavior of animals and former appointments as a professor; elected a member of Wolfson College in 1966.
Most days
In the 50s and 60s rocks. Intensive investigations of seagulls T. fundamentally confirmed the pre-war theories developed by him and Lorenz. By engaging in investigative activities, I have contributed to a large generation of English ethologists.
T., Lorenz and Frisch were separated in 1973. Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine "for his work on the development of individual and social behavior and organizations." At the promo at the presentation, Verge Kronholm from the Karolinska Institute said that he wanted the prize for the “three caretakers of the animals” (like T.) was unconvinced, it reflects the value of the work of the laureates not only for etologists ii, and also for “social, psychosomatic medicine and psychiatry” . " At the Nobel Lecture, T. spoke about his research linking etology with illnesses caused by stress, including autism in early childhood - illnesses, such as those who continue to live in bed with their friends differently after leaving Oxford University in 1974.
Born in 1973 T. was awarded the Jean Swammerdam Medal of the Netherlands Association for the Progress of Natural, Medical and Surgical Sciences. Vin is a member of many scientific partnerships. In addition to his numerous publications, T., together with Hugh Falkus, created the documentary “Signals for Survival” for the British Radio Communications Corporation.
Dutch zoopsychologist and one of the founders of ethology. Laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for 1973 (particularly with Konrad Lorenzі Carl von Frisch) with the formulas: “For the recognition, connection with the creation and establishment of models of individual and group behavior of animals.”
“Born in 1936 at the seminar at Leiden Nicholas Tinbergen zustrivsya with Konrad Lorenz. This sustrich has become the outlet of the main work in galus etology (the science that studies the behavior of creatures from natural minds). Recognizing this unsatisfactory approach in recent times, Tinbergen said: “We definitely went one by one... Conrad’s extraordinary intuition and his enthusiasm were perfectly complemented by my critical attitude, with It’s difficult to get to the essence of my idea and turn my inconsequential dreams into experimental ones.”
When Tinbergen and his homeland spent the summer at the budinka Lorenza Not far from Vidnya, two days ago they began to develop the foundations of the theory of etological investigation.
During the period of the difficult revolution, they formulated thesis that the instinct does not simply respond to stimuli of the most ordinary nature, but is invariably blamed on impulses or spontaneous impulses that resemble the creature itself.
Instinctive behavior, they respected, includes a stereotypical set of horns - so called fixing the character of the action (FCD), which is very different, as it has specific anatomical figures. The product produces FCD in response to a singing “sweetening” stimulus from an excessive medium, which may be highly specific.
In addition, the stench was released, which is rich in the behavior of creatures due to the suppression of sponkane. For example, a male stickleback leads a female to his “nest” in a kind of zigzag dance. Tinbergen showed that this FCD reflects the conflict between the instinct to defend one’s territory and the state instinct. In other circumstances, the conflict between the bosses can lead to a subdued reaction in the response, to the manifestation of a completely different instinct. A typical butt is wary if a creature that is defending its territory collides with an attacking creature that appears too strong for direct confrontation. As a result, the conflict between the bananas attacking and the bananas can lead to a third form of behavior, such as that which appears in tightly shackled stored food or captured food.”
Nobel Prize laureates: Encyclopedia: M - I, M., “Progress”, 1992, p. 486.
“In 1936, during the war in Leiden, and then during many spring months of 1937 in Austria, Tinbergen discovered that his love for creatures and a similar style of thought shared with him Konrad Lorenz. Tinbergen complemented Lorenz's assumptions and models with his own foundations on cautionary experiments, which led to the creation of ethology, as they decided to call their new science, based on caution and experimentation. Its developments were interrupted by another world war, Tinbergen immediately laid down at the University of Leiden, and in 1942 he was sent to the internment camp through his protest against the dissolution of the Jewish Faculty.”
Psychology: biographical bibliographical dictionary / Ed. M. Sheehy, Ege. J. Chapman, W.A. Conroy, St. Petersburg, "Eurasia", 1999, p. 617.
Z 1949 rock Nicholas Tinbergen works with Great Britain in Oxford.
In 1951, he published a book in London: The Study of Instinct, de formulating 4 The main problems of ethology, and itself: the mechanisms of behavior, its functions, evolution and ontogenesis.
Your care for the creatures Nicholas Tinbergen Vykoristov used to explain the nature of the aggressiveness of everyday people, respecting that this viciousness disappeared in those hours when the first people were eating and living the meat.
Having written in writing: “Porivnyannya may not destroy etology... It is easy to catch the apparent truth of the behavior of creatures from someone who tries to adapt his appearance to his own appearance. Without going into details, I know that the little girl of human nature in me, I add, watches not only for people, but also for birds and fish. The creature never holds a mirror in front of the poster, and - what a shame - the image, which is correctly depicted, is not even flattering to the original...”
Yogo brother - Jan Tinbergen– Nobel Prize laureate in economics.
Tinbergen Nicholas Tinbergen Nicholas
(Tinbergen) (1907-1988), Dutch etologist and zoopsychologist. Brother Ya. Tinbergen. Since 1949 in Great Britain. Having developed (in collaboration with K. Lorenz) a study about the instinctive behavior of creatures and developments in ontology and phylogenesis. Nobel Prize (1973, together with K. Lorenz and K. Frisch).
Tinbergen NicholasNicholas Tinbergen (1907-88), Dutch ethologist and zoopsychologist. Brother Ya. Tinbergen. Since 1949 in Great Britain. Investigation of bird behavior. Rozrobiv (with K. Lorenz) (div. Lorenz Conrad)) attention to the instinctive behavior of creatures and their developments in ontology and phylogenesis. Nobel Prize (1973, together with K. Lorenz and K. Frisch (div. Frisch Karl von)).
* * *
Nicholas Tinbergen (15 April 1907, The Hague - 21 April 1988, Oxford), Dutch and English biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (1973), one of the founders of ethology (div. etology)- Sciences about the behavior of animals.
Biography pages
He studied biology at the University of Leiden (graduated in 1932). Being a naturalist by nature, Tinbergen tends to adapt the behavior of creatures to nature - from the natural middle ground. Most of his work, starting from the early days, is in the minds of the field. In 1930 he took part in an expedition to Greenland, and in 1938 he went to Austria, where he led Konrad Lorenz to Altenbersee. Their first important article is dedicated to the role of innate components in the integral behavior of animals. This work formulated a whole series of important principles that became fundamental for a new science - ethology, actually created by these two people.
Another world war uncontrollably put an end to the friendship of friends - recent friends are fighting in hostile camps. Tinbergen took his fate from the Dutch Russian Opor, was captured by the fascists and interned to a camp of guarantors in the Netherlands. Whose concentration camp is at the end of the war. Konrad Lorenz's share was different. Later, Lorenz remembered his time in war and greatly experienced the cold feet associated with it with many colleagues, especially Tinbergen.
After his release from concentration camp, Tinbergen accepted a position as professor of zoology at the University of Leiden. In 1949, there were a number of requests to teach a course in zoology in England at the famous Oxford University (later, in 1955, they accepted the British community). The scholars, who accepted the request, organize a group in Oxford to study the behavior of animals and work there until delivery, which was established in 1974. Rock before, 1973 rock Lorenz, Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch (div. Frisch Karl von) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine “for the study of the social behavior of animals.” The range of interests is not limited only by ethology - in 1970 Tinbergen, instead of his friends, took up problems of human psychology, especially autism (div. AUTISM).
Tinbergen - the founder of etology
Tinbergen and his companion and colleague Lorenz are known to us as the founders of ethology. The scientific approach of these scientists was a significant part of the preparation of research by American zoologists C. Whitman and W. Craig and German zoologists O. Heinroth and J. von Uexküll. However, the very work of Lorenz and Tinbergen turned out to be crucial for the formation of ethology as a complete and independent scientific discipline. This kind of behaviorism (div. BEHAVIORISM) Having been developed by American psychologists, the classical ethology of goiters is related to its development by zoologists (ourselves before the European school). Just as behaviorists worked most importantly with laboratory animals, ethologists in laboratory minds studied multifarious (most importantly wild) creatures in natural minds. Ethologists were convinced of the concept of behavior established by behaviorists as a simple combination of the body’s reactions to stimuli (the “stimulus-response” principle). It was important that in order to understand any type of behavior, it is important to understand: the same behavioral act is likely to occur; yak yogo role for vizhivannya; This means its ontogenetic development and evolutionary formation.
The ethology of the goiter is due to Tinbergen herself for its orientation towards the development of creatures in front of the middle of their natural life. This extremely talented and tireless follower-naturalist conducts endless subtle observations and experiments in natural minds. The methodology of many of them has become classic for ethology. Experimental behaviorists were skeptical about the method of scientific research, and Tinbergen demonstrated the power and necessity of well-organized monitoring of animals in nature to capture important scientific data. At the same time, their caution has widely stagnated the photo and cinematography, various shelters and methods of distance learning. In the experimental work, Tinbergen practically began for the first time to widely and effectively analyze models that represent the creatures themselves, their eggs and eggs, various stimuli - “releasers”.
A significant contribution to the development of the theoretical foundations of etology. The most important principles on which the new science was based were formulated in 1963 by Tinbergen in his article “The History and Methods of Ethology.” He revealed many important patterns of social behavior of creatures, traced the ritualization of behavior, dissected the concept of displaced activity, mosaic flow, redirected reaction and many others.
Regardless of the fact that the modern science of behavior has developed a long way forward, even with the period of the birth of ethology, many of their positions, as before, are based on the principles of Tinbergen and other classics. The unusual word “ethology” in our time is no longer exclusively associated with the classical interpretation of human knowledge about nature, but means the science of behavior in general, regardless of specific concepts and paradigms. Before speaking, Tinbergen himself was the first to use the word “ethology” in its broad meaning.
Encyclopedic dictionary. 2009 .
Wonder what "Tinbergen Nicholas" is in other dictionaries:
Tinbergen Nicholas (1907 88) Dutch ethologist and zoopsychologist. Brother Ya. Tinbergen. Since 1949 in Great Britain. Investigation of bird behavior. Having studied (in collaboration with K. Lorenz) the understanding of the instinctive behavior of creatures and the developments in ...
Nicholas Tinbergen (b. April 15, 1907, The Hague), a Dutch zoologist and ethologist, together with K. Lorenz, developed his understanding of instinctive behavior and its developments in ontology and phylogenesis. 3 1949 rock at Oxford, professor (1966). The author of the first handbook...
Tinbergen, Nicholas- Nicholas Tinbergen (1907 88), Dutch ethologist and zoopsychologist. Brother Ya. Tinbergen. Since 1949 in Great Britain. Having observed the behavior of the birds, I will also play with the father. Having discussed (with K. Lorenz) a lesson about instinctive... Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary
- (Tinbergen, Nikolaas) (1907-1988), Dutch zoologist and zoopsychologist, one of the founders of ethology. In 1973, the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded (together with the Austrian naturalists C. Frisch and C. Lorenz) for research… Collier's Encyclopedia
Nicholas Tinbergen (1907 The Hague, Netherlands 1988, Oxford, England) Dutch biologist, zoopsychologist, one of the founders of ethology. Born in 1932 having stolen a doctoral dissertation from the University of Leiden. Born in 1947 Professor of Experimental Biology. Psychological dictionary
Tinbergen Nicholas- (1907 The Hague, Netherlands 1988, Oxford, England) Dutch biologist, zoopsychologist, one of the founders of ethology. Biography. Born in 1932 having stolen a doctoral dissertation from the University of Leiden. Born in 1947 Professor of Experimental Biology. Great psychological encyclopedia
- (1907?1988), Dutch etologist, zoopsychologist. Brother Ya. Tinbergen. Since 1949 in Great Britain. Having developed (in collaboration with K. Lorenz) a study about the instinctive behavior of creatures and developments in ontology and phylogenesis. Nobel Prize (1973, ... Great Encyclopedic Dictionary
I Nicholas Tinbergen (b. April 15, 1907, The Hague), a Dutch zoologist and ethologist, together with K. Lorenz, developed his knowledge of instinctive behavior and its developments in ontology and phylogenesis. 3 1949 in Oxford, ... Great Radyanska Encyclopedia
Tinbergen N.- TINBERGEN Nicholas (190788), Netherlands. ethologist, zoopsychologist. Brother Ya. Tinbergen. Since 1949 in Great Britain. Having developed (jointly with K. Lorenz) a study about the instinctive behavior of creatures and their developments in ontology and phylogenesis. Nob. etc.… … Biographical Dictionary
- (Lorenz) (1903-1989), Austrian zoologist, one of the creators of etology. Having learned about the instinctive behavior of creatures and developments in ontology and phylogenesis (together with N. Tinbergen); in various activities, expanding biological... Encyclopedic dictionary
Development of K. Lorenz's concept in Tinbergen's robots
Vistavi Lorenz, who laid the foundations of etology, having developed the Dutch teachings of M. Tinbergen. Most of this research was carried out in the 50s. XX story at Oxford University. There, under the leadership of Tinbergen, a special thing was done that undermined the popularity of the English school of etology.
Tinbergen should develop a hierarchical model of behavior, which was largely supported by physiological data, but also the Lorenz model. Based on this model, we saw different forms of conflict behavior and developed a hypothesis about their mechanisms.
Tinbergen and his scientists, for many years, systematically monitored the behavior of low species of comas and birds in natural minds. A classic subject of their laboratory research was the three-necked stickleback, a species of freshwater fish that easily reproduces in captivity and exhibits a number of distinct behavioral characteristics. The reproductive behavior of sticklebacks served as a model for identifying many important principles for organizing the behavior of animals.
The work of the Tinbergen school on colonial seabirds has become of great significance for current ethology. These robots have become the basis for many new discoveries about the health of creatures and the factors that regulate their structure. In addition, they have overcome the problems of various forms of keeping animals in the fight against huts, which imposes a burden on almost all aspects of behavior. Tinbergen's varied research has turned out to be even more important for the problems of behavioral evolution.
N. Tinbergen's hierarchical theory of instinct
The basis for Tinbergen’s fragmented behavior model was the current facts. It appears that between various stereotypic reactions there is a low level of regularity. In certain situations, groups of instinctive instincts arise strongly, they characterize the active internal state of the creature and reveal hidden fluctuations in the threshold of behavioral reaction. Raising the threshold of reaction A raises the threshold of reaction B (and finally), and that is to say about those that lie below the functional “center”. By keeping an eye out for complex behavioral complexes of actions, you can ensure regularity in the sequence of manifestations of these and other actions. As a butt, you can direct aggressive attacks on fish beyond the territory. In many bony fish, including cichlids, they may soon undergo a display of blotching. Moreover, in some species it is necessary to follow a very short period of scouring, and in others - after very varied demonstrations of splattering of a seriously aggressive breed with wounded traces, either in this case or both males of the same age. I guess, in the third group of species, the right beads are no longer guarded, and the ritualized ceremony of smudging ends with the emergence of one of the superniks, which is the superchka.
Such ritualized stinks have a specific sequence of smells: the stinks begin with the demonstration of the butt surfaces of the body, followed by the rise of vertical swimmers. Then there are blows with the tail, like behind the help of the barrel line, which absorbs the change in the pressure of the water, which can, incredibly, indicate the strength of the enemy. After which the opponents stand one in front of one, after which mutual attacks with open mouths begin, and in other forms - bites with open mouths. The stench continues until one of the superniks gets tired, the brewing of it is pale, and it pours out.
Such ritualized strikes and aggressive strikes are miraculous butts of a specific sequence of stereotypical roach reactions: tail strikes do not start until the dorsal swimmer is up, and strikes appear only after many tail strikes . Due to the intensity of the demonstration, the splashing and the blows of the tail of the pilots can determine who will be able to end up with an open throat, or one of the rivals will simply flow to the beginning of a “serious battle” yiki".
Interpreting such phenomena, Tinbergen hypothesized a hierarchy of centers that are associated with related behavioral reactions. Like Tinbergen, instinct is a complete hierarchical organization of behavioral acts, which reacts to the enemy with a clearly coordinated set of actions.
Based on Tinbergen's manifestations, a change in the alertness of the centers under the influx of external and internal influxes occurs in the following sequence. Initially, alertness moves to the “center” of the sound phase of behavior, and the hungry animal begins to sound the hedgehog. If the hedgehog is found, there will be a “discharge” for the center, which stands on the lower level of the hierarchy and controls the final act (the eating of the hedgehog). Tinbergen presents the diagram of the hierarchy of centers governing the behavior of the male stickleback during the breeding period as follows.
The main center of reproductive behavior of the male is activated by more hours of the day, hormonal and other factors. The impulses from this center remove the block from the center of the sound behavior. The discharge of this center is reflected in the searches of the minds of the nest. Once such sinks (suitable territory, temperature, necessary soil, shallow water, vegetation) are found, the discharge of the centers of the attacking level of the hierarchy is expected and therefore it becomes possible to live Izda.
As soon as a rival penetrates the territory of a given male, the center of aggressive behavior becomes alert. The result of this center of aggressive behavior is the re-examination and fighting of the rival male. You will find that when a female appears, the center of state behavior becomes alert and surveillance of the female begins, with a complex of fixing actions.
Next is the nutrition of the hierarchical organization of behavior by Hinde (1975). Having shown that, in principle, the complex of fixed actions of the great tit can be placed in a hierarchical scheme, it is not always possible to develop the same, since the actions of the ruins are characteristic of two or more species in instincts. Sometimes these ruins are final acts, but sometimes they are simply the creation of minds in which the final act can take place.
In young animals, the behavioral hierarchy is often still formed. In chicks, for example, from the very beginning they appear, at first glance, to be abyssal, isolated roc functions, and then later they are integrated into a complex functional complex of rocs connected with the floor.
The dismemberment of the hierarchy of behavior into elements can often be avoided during the course of time, since behavioral acts associated with different functions can be easily combined in activities that are not typical for normal behavior.
It is true that the Tinbergen model conveys the possibility of interaction between the “centers” of different types of behavior. On the right, there are problems when a creature is at any given moment engaged in one type of activity, rather than as a rule. Change one type of activity to another. The simplest example of such reciprocity is the strangulation of some centers by others. For example, if a male gull becomes hungry when the females are watching, he can make daring demonstrations and go searching for the stern. In some cases, behavior is determined not by the presence of an external partner, but by related internal stimuli.
So-called conflict behavior can be seen as a special episode of the mutual interaction of “centers”, if the creature is simultaneously aware of a number of tendencies to different (often protracted) types of behavior. One application of conflict behavior is the behavior of males of territorial species, described by Tinbergen as a result of monitoring the stickleback and various species of gulls.
For example, if male A invades the male’s territory, the male A attacks the other one and retraces, and male A then fights. The same thing will happen if male B invades the territory of male A. If the same conflict occurs between these two territories, then the behavior of both males will look different: in both males there are elements of reaction to attack and then and it's cloudy. Moreover, the elements of the attack will be more pronounced the closer the male is to the center of his territory. However, when further away from the center, the flow elements will be more pronounced.
As shown by monitoring the black-headed gull, the threatening behavior of males between two territories includes five poses, the nature and sequence of which depend on the reaction of the enemy. The skin represents the first stage of the conflict between the underlying internal impulses: aggressiveness - the desire to attack the enemy and fear - the anger to flow out from someone else.
Such an analysis will make it possible to explain the mechanism of the so-called “replacement activity”, which also appears in animals in conflict situations. For example, in the border zone between two plots, two male silver-backed gulls, standing one in front of each other in threatening poses, can begin to clean their feathers; White geese on the ground will leave the same ruins as when bathing; Gray geese in these situations will collapse, and the birds will peck at the grass and everything nearby. These reactions, as expected, are revealed without evidence of individual evidence.
In other cases, the conflict between fear and aggression leads to the point where the creature attacks not the enemy, but the weaker individual (as Lorenz observed in gray geese), or points at an inanimate object (seagulls pecking at leaves or the ground). Such “redirected” activity, as well as “replacement” actions, manifests itself in these episodes, when aggressiveness and fear are combined, giving way to other types of activity that are not directly related to this situation Yes.
Thus, Tinbergen’s hierarchical theory of instincts can explain the list of the main points - behavior in a conflict situation, replacement actions, and redirected activity.
The work launched by Tinbergen and his spivrobitniks was subsequently continued and expanded. A wealth of magnificent factual material (amazing example: Hind, 1975) showing the feasibility of such an approach and allowing one to analyze many types of demonstrative behavior. The results of these investigations often confirmed the main provisions of Tinbergen’s schemes, and often provided them with more detail. The stench seemed to demonstrate the boundaries of their stagnation and directly indicated their further development.
N. Tinbergen. Social behavior of creatures.
M.: Svit, 1993.
Translation from English Yu.L. Amchenkova
Edited by Acad. RAS P.V. Simonova
Social Behavior In Animals
With Special Reference To Vertebrates By N. Tinbergen
Lectures In Animal Behavior In The University Offord
First published in 1953
I'll translate it from the editor.
The book of Nicholas Tinbergen (1907 – 1988) “The Social Behavior of Creatures”, which has been respected by readers, can be again taken into account by one of the classic companions dedicated to the new generation of modern biologists ancient knowledge - etology. In this role, the book, which has been widely re-read since 1953, has not lost its educational value for the Russian audience.
The recognition of the importance of ethology as a special field of natural science was awarded to the author of the book together with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for 1973. Ethology is the science of the complex forms of behavior of creatures in their natural environment. Such investigations are largely motivated by caution, rather than being reduced to them, which are all characteristic signs of the scientific approach, then. formulating hypotheses that support retelling.
N. Tinbergen reports on the methods that ethologists use to obtain reliable knowledge about the patterns and mechanisms of behavior. First of all, here are repeated precautions to clarify the reality and details before registering the facts. The research is carried out with the help of various techniques, distance learning techniques, photography and cinematography. Isolated in this way, the data are verified in experiments, where, for example, natural juices are replaced by variously barked cups of syrup, and living things are replaced by mock-ups with bark, characteristic of species-specific stimuli - “releasers”, created click on a genetically determined reaction. In necessary cases, the experiment is organized for the sake of freedom of animals: in zoos, aquariums and oceanariums. Thus, the current ethological experiment is even more interesting due to the curiosity of non-professional nature lovers and allows us to talk about ethology as a science in the conventional meaning of the word.
N. Tinbergen defines social behavior as interaction between individuals of the same species, specifically stating that no group activity will be social. [ 5] The snowy flight of snowstorms until the daylight and the disappearance of creatures from the forest fire cannot be called “social behavior.” The biological value of what remains in him, which allows him to fulfill his adaptive requirements, is beyond the strength of a fixed individual. Only precise and mutual synchronization of the actions of romantic partners leads to recording. It is important to recognize for yourself the survival of the hopeless youngsters without their father’s gossip about him. Zoosocial signals of insecurity and a strong attack on enemies will ensure effective protection from huts that fly, and the internal group hierarchy includes negative consequences of skin problems with hedgehogs. i.
The trivial process of evolution has developed the manifestation of social behavior among the entire population, which is created by intelligent plants and allows the creation of a song-like intelligent activity in creatures. The butt can be used to replace loving, territorial and hierarchical strikes with a demonstration of threatening actions and postures of ordering. However, detailed analysis reveals its innate programming. So, the cry, which serves as a communicative signal of insecurity, is seen by the birds at ease, if there is no one to worry about the threat that has happened.
N. Tinbergen carried out the fragments of his research on birds, fish and mosquitoes, and became more aware of instinctive, innate forms of social behavior. In this case, the author would be stuck with the butts of etological plasticity, and indicate the interaction between the born and the inflated authorities.
On the right is that the implementation of genetically programmed reactions will most likely lie in the flowing functional state of the creature. For example, the reaction to the egg (hatchling behavior) is determined by the hormonal status of the bird, instead of the hormone secreted by the pituitary gland - prolactin. The age of creation is important. The eminent Radyansky physiologist L. A. Orbel has a strong argument for the concept of postnatal maturation of innate insane reflexes under the influence and interaction with mental ones.
Numerical applications of mental reflexes in the implementation of the insane can be found in his book and M. Tinbergen. When a pair of cichlid fish replaced the fry, the fish began to debate about “receiving” what to do with another species, or suddenly eat their fry. For the upcoming spawning, the stinks of their fry. Many creatures (especially savages) react to species-specific “releasers” of a known individual, and sometimes they begin to collect nectar from different species of plants. More foldable Functional overdevelopment is avoided in high-specialization members. As soon as a large collection of nectar is seen from the vulture, then those individuals that were previously engaged in the year-old larvae fly after it. It is important to note that by studying the interaction of innate and individual behavioral factors, great contributions were made by the Radyans: physiologist P.K. Anokhin, geneticist D.K. Belyaev, zoologist M.S. Gilyarov and .
N. Tinbergen concludes his spluttering contribution with a short sketch of the evolution of zoosocial behavior. We rightly appreciate that the behavioral acts that impress us with their completeness initially had an episodic character, and later were reinforced by natural selection. For example, the material for the formation of the “releasers” could have been the manifestation of displaced activity, which arises from a conflict of motivation. Thus, with a one-hour activation of state consumption and aggressiveness, the birds begin to pluck the grass for a long time, in order to perform an action characteristic of grub-like behavior, although grub’s motivation in this case is daily.
As for the evolutionary approach of altruistic behavior, the basis for which is the selection of relatives, in which the death of offspring will ensure the preservation of the genes of closely related organisms. Why is it only permissible to talk about altruism in the human mind if we are talking about helping “unreal” people. Based on current findings, altruistic behavior in people is determined by two main motivations: the mechanism of coping, sleep and the need to adhere to the ethical norms adopted in marriage.
In the application of altruism, we would like to emphasize the greatest caution that follows in the everyday social behavior of creatures and people, endowed with knowledge and the phenomenon of cultural (non-genetic) inheritance. M. Tinbergen repeatedly mentions this important importance in his book. What has been said by everyone does not apply the importance of etological concepts not only for the science of the behavior of animals, but also for human knowledge, for penetration into the biological root of anthroposociogenesis. Why do we want to end our editorial with the words I. P. Pavlova:
“There is no doubt that the systematic development of the fund of natural reactions of the creature is the supremely accepted understanding of ourselves and the development in us of knowledge to the point of special self-direction” (Pavlov I. P. Twenty-fold evidence of the development of the high nervous system Realities (behaviors) of creatures. M.: Nauka, 1973, P. 240).
P. V. Simonov