adsby.ru → schoolboys

Warehouse membrane membrane companyє. Budova klitini. Klіtina membrane. Budova plasmalemmy prokaryotyv

Budova biomembran. Membranes, flanking cells and membrane organelles of eukarotic cells, may be the out-of-the-box chemistry warehouse and Budov. Before the storehouse there are lipids, drinks and carbohydrates. The membrane lipids are mainly represented by phospholipids and cholesterol. Most of the membranes can be carried up to the folding blocks, for example, glucoprotein. Carbohydrates do not grow in the membrane on their own, the stench is tied with bottles and lipids. The thickness of the membranes in the warehouse is 7-10 nm.

According to the original mosaic model of the membranes, if you fit the sub-ball, or lіpіdniy bіshar, in which the hydrophilic "heads" of the molecules are called lipids, and the hydrophobic "tails" are trapped in the middle of the membrane (Fig. 2.24). The “tails” of their hydrophobicity will ensure the bottom of the water phases of the inner middle of the cell and її ration. With lipids for additional types of interconnection of bikers. A part of the bricks is seamed on the surface of the membrane. These are the names peripheral, abo superficial.Іnshі bіlki otchastkovo or to add bores into the membrane - tse integral, abo bored bricks. Bilky membranes show structural, transport, catalytic, reception and function.

Membranes are not similar to crystals, these components are constantly found in Russia, since there are lipid molecules between the molecules of the lipids, they can be consumed through the cells, or they can use the words.

Biological membranes are designed for roasting in cells, a chemistry warehouse and functional functions. The main types of membranes are plasma and internal.

plasma membrane(Fig. 2.24) take close 45% of lipids (including glycolipids), 50% of proteins and 5% of carbohydrates. Lantsyuzhki in carbohydrates, before entering the warehouse of folding glycoproteins and folding lipids-glycolipids, protrude over the surface of the membrane. Glikoprotein plasmalemmy superficially specific. So, for example, they are used to identify cells, including spermatozoa and egg cells.

On the surface, a thin surface ball is set in the carbohydrate lancets - glycocalyx. The incidences are less common in all species, the alley steps of the twilight are not identical (10-50 microns). Glycocalyx will provide a non-perceptible link between the clitine from the middle middle, in a new way it will appear after the poisoning; in the glucocalix receptor. Clitin bacteria, roslin and fungi, krym plasmalemma, otocheny clitinny shells.

inner membrane eukarіoіv іznі іznі parts of the klіtini, approving the svraіdnі "wіdsіki" - compartments, as a result of the distribution of development processes, exchange of speech and energy. The stench can be seen behind the chemistry warehouse and the victorious functions, the ale zagalny plan will be taken from them.

Functions of membranes:

1. I will round off. Polyaga in that, how the stench comes out of the inner space of the clitini from the old middle. The membrane is penetrating, so that it is possible to add only those words that are necessary, when there is a mechanism for transport of the necessary words.

2. Receptor. It is tied in the first place with the reception of signals in the midst of the midst and the transmission of information in the middle of the village. For the whole function, there are special receptor libraries. Membrane libraries are recognized for the principle of "friend or stranger", as well as for the coverage of microcircuits, the most effective synapses of nerve cells.

3. Catalytic. Numerical enzyme complexes are rosted on the membranes, in which case intensive synthetic processes occur on them.

4. Energy transforming. It is tied to the approval of energy, її storage of ATF from viglyad and vitrachnyam.

5. Compartmentalization. Membranes are also spaced out in the middle of the cell, which are distributed by the very same reactions and enzymes, which can cause certain reactions.

6. Osvita mіzhklіtinnikh contacts. It is unimportant for those whose membrane thickness is small, but it’s uncomfortable to open up with an indelible eye, from one side, to serve as a top bar for ions and molecules, especially those that are waterlogged, and if they are transferred, they will not bother.

Membrane transport. At the connection with time, as well as elementary biological systems, with open systems, for securing the exchange of energy and energy, for homeostasis, growth, responsiveness, and for transferring through the membranes. In a given hour, the transport of fluvines through the membrane of the cellin is divided into active, passive, endocytic exocytosis.

passive transport- the whole type of transport, which can be used without vitra of energy from a greater concentration to a lesser extent. Small non-polar molecules (0 2, C0 2) easily penetrate into the cell with a path simple diffusion. Inoperative in lipids, including the charge of small particles, are allowed to be carried by carriers or pass through special channels (glucose, amino acids, K +, PO 4 3-). This kind of passive transport is called lodged diffusion. Water enters the cell through poros in the lipid phase, as well as through special channels, whirring with bottles. The transport of water through the membrane is called osmosis(Fig. 2.26).

Osmosis is extremely important in the life of a cell, so as if it is necessary to take into account a higher concentration of salts, but not in a critical range, then the water will often come out of the cells, and a lot of lively wines. Tvarins have a cytoplasm as a whole, and in Russia they grow cytoplasms from a cell, which is called plasmolysis(Fig. 2.27).

In case of small cells in the small concentration, low cytoplasm, razchin, transport is carried out in a rotary direction - in a cell. However, there is a lack of interstriction of the cytoplasmic membrane, and the growth of a healthy cell is not allowed to grow, and in Russia it is not allowed to grow a cell of a cell. The manifestation of being kept by the clientele instead of all the inner space of the clitini is called deplasmolysis. The internal concentration of salts should be used during the preparation of medicinal preparations, especially for internal administration, as it can produce blood cells (for a total amount of microorganism) 0,9% concentration. The price is not less important when cultivating tissue and tissue, as well as organisms of food and roslin.

active transport against the vitratic energy of ATP from the lesser concentration of speech to a greater extent. I would like to ask for the help of special pump pumps. Bilkas are pumped through the membrane of the K +, Na +, Ca 2+ and others, for the transport of the most important organic fluids, as well as for the transmission of nerve impulses, etc.

endocytosis- the active process of chasing the speeches by the cell, with which the membrane fills the invagination, and because of the form of the membrane pukhirtsi - phagosomy, in which stacks are glazed ob'єkti. Because of the phagosome to get angry with the primary lysosome, and to pretend secondary lysosome, abo phagolizosome, abo herbal vacuole. Instead of the bulb, it is split by the enzymes of lysosomes, and the split products are glazed and consumed by the cell. Non-etched surplus can be seen from the cells by way of exocytosis. There are two main types of endocytosis: phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

phagocytosis- the process of burying the clitine surface and clinging solid particles with clitine, and pinocytosis- ridini. Phagocytosis is mainly in the food cells (one-blood cells, human leukocytes), in the absence of food, and often in the organism (Fig. 2.28).

By way of pinocytosis, it is possible to get rid of blood cells, antigen-antibody complexes in the process of immune reactions, etc. In cells of roslin and fungi, phagocytosis is practically uncomfortable, so the stench is soaked with mycin 'membranes.

exocytosis- process, vortex endocytosis. Such a rank is seen as non-etched surplus from grass vacuoles, to be necessary for the living of cells and organisms in the whole speech. For example, the transmission of nerve impulses is perceived as a result of the fact that the impulse is a neuron of chemically mediated ones - mediators, and in the growing cells, there is so much additional carbohydrates in the clitin shell.

Clitinny shells clitin roslin, fungi and bacteria. The name of the membrane of the cell can be seen as the micro-skeleton - klinnu obolonka, abo klіtinnu wіnka.

In roslin, the basis of the cinnamon shell is to become cellulose, packed in bundles of 50-100 molecules. Intermediates between them contain water and carbohydrates. The lining of the cricket is riddled with channels - plasmodesmami(Fig. 2.29), through which pass the membranes of the endoplasmic fissure.

For plasmodesmata there is a transport of rivers between cells. However, the transport of rivers, for example, of water, can be found behind the walls themselves. Years later, in the growing clinker of roses, there will be accumulation of riches, including tanning and fatty substances, which can lead to lignification or corking of the wine itself, vitality of water and vidification of the clientele. Between the walls of the middle walls of the roslin, the jelly-like gaskets grow out - the middle plates, which scrape them together and cement the whole of the growing line. Stink only in the process of ripening of fruits and in case of a leaf.

Сlіtinnі stіnki clіtin mushіv approved hithin- a carbohydrate, to avenge nitrogen. Smell to finish off the meat and on the callous skeleton of the clitine, but all the same, like the roslin, overshoot the phagocytosis.

In bacteria, prior to the storage of the cell line, enter the carbohydrate with fragments of peptides - murein, Prote yo zmіst suttvo grow up among the small groups of bacteria. Names of the type of culture can also be seen as polysaccharides, which can be used to form a slimy capsule, so that bacteria can be captured from overflowing infusions.

The lining makes the shape of the cell, serve as a mechanical support, the viconious function, does not preserve the osmotic power of the cell, intertwines the expansion of the living in the place and keeps the water out of the water. In addition, water is added to the cellar and is dispensed into the new speech, the first time it is consumed in the cytoplasm;

All living organisms in the fallow area are of budov and clitiniums divided into three groups (div. Fig. 1):

1. Prokaryoti (without'nuclear)

2. Eucarioti (nuclear)

3. Viruses (noncritical)

Small. 1. Alive organisms

At the end of the day, it’s worthwhile to vivate budov a culture of eukarotic organisms, to those that can be found in the growing line, mushrooms and creatures. Їх cells are most and more foldable in a row with cells of procarotes.

Yak vidomo, the clientele was built up to self-esteem. The stench can be intertwined with speech and energy with the navkolishny middle, as well as growth and proliferation, so the interior of Budov's clientele is still more foldable and in the first place to lay down in this organizmuyu function, yakuєіtina vikonіvіy vikonіvіt

The principles inspire all the clients of the same. The skin eukarotic clients can see the onset of the main part (div. Fig. 2):

1. Zovnishnya membrane, as it comes to the Kremlin instead of clitini from the zovnishny middle.

2. Cytoplasm with organelles.

Small. 2. The main parts of the eukaryotic clitini

The term "membrane" was used to propose close to an old age for the meaning between the cells, and through the development of electronic microscopy, it became clear that the cell membrane should enter before the warehouse of structural elements of the cell.

In 1959, J.D. Robertson formulated the hypothesis about the elementary membrane, but behind the cell membrane, the twins and the roselin were prompted for one and the same type.

In 1972, the Bula was proponated by Singer and Nikolson; According to the whole model, the basis of a membrane is a sub-ball of phospholipids.

In phospholipids (z'єdnan, to avenge the phosphate group), molecules are stored from a polar head and two non-polar tails (div. Fig. 3).

Small. 3.phospholipidiv

In Phosphoric acid, hydrophobic surpluses of fatty acids are all in the middle, and hydrophilic heads, which include an excess of phosphoric acid, are named (div. Fig. 4).

Small. 4. Phospholipid bilayer

The phospholipid bilayer of representations is a dynamical structure, which can change, changing its position.

The sub-ball of the lipid will preserve the bar's function of the membrane;

About the appearance of the near-cord membrane between the cell and the navkolishny middle of the bulo vidomo back to the appearance of the electronic microscope. Physics-chemists lost sight of the opening of the plasma membrane and respected it, so that we were living as a colossal and modern middle-class, Ale Pfeffer (a wonderful botanist and a phyzologist)

On the ear of the last century, Overton (British physiologist and biologist) vyaviv, that the speed of penetration of bagatioch speech in the erythrocyte is directly proportional to the distribution in the lipids. At the junction of the signals, letting it go, the membrane reveals a large number of lipids and speeches, which are found in them, pass through them and appear along that side of the membrane.

In 1925, Gorter and Grendel (American biologists) saw lipids from the cell membrane of the erythrocytes. Otrimanі lipid stench rose on the surface of the water in one molecule. Vyavilosya, scho the area of ​​the surface, occupied by a ball of lipids, is twice as large as the area of ​​the erythrocyte itself. To that, the price was broken, so that the membrane membrane is stored not from one, but from two balls of lipids.

Dawson and Daniella (English biologists) in 1935 showed a steaming, but in the cell membranes a lid bimolecular ball of packing between two balls of protein molecules (Div. Fig. 5).

Small. 5. Membrane model, proponated by Dawson and Daniella

With the advent of the electronic microscope, the possibility of knowing the bud's membrane was seen, and that the membranes of the growing and growing cells were visible as the Trisharov structure (Div. Fig. 6).

Small. 6. Cellini membrane under a microscope

In 1959, the biological scientist JD Robertson, having discovered boules at that hour of the day, hanging the hypothesis about the Budov "elementary membrane", into the structure of the structure, which was used for all biological membranes.

Robertson's postulates about the budov of the "elementary membrane"

1. All membranes have a thickness of about 7.5 nm.

2. In the electronic microscope, the stench of the trisharov.

3. Trisharovy view of the membrane є the result of the very rosetting of bricks and polar lines, as the model of Dawson and Daniella was transferred - the central ball of laying between two balls of a bilka.

The whole hypothesis about the budov of the "elementary membrane" became aware of the changes, and in 1972 the rotsi bula visunuta single-mosaic membrane model(Div. Fig. 7), yak at a glance є with an exaggeration.

Small. 7. Ridinno-mosaic membrane model

In the middle of the membrane, there are molecules of bricks, the stench makes a crumbling mosaic. According to the rosetting in the membrane and the method of interaction with the liner, the bottles can be distributed to:

- superficial (or peripheral) membrane beads, tied from the hydrophilic surface of the lipid bead;

- integral (membrane) Bilki, planted in the hydrophobic area of ​​Bisharu.

Integral bricks are growing beyond the level of degradation into the hydrophobic area of ​​the bishara. The stench can be found in the bore ( integral) Abo partly bored ( semi-integral), And you can also cut through the membrane ( transmembrane).

Membrane bottles for their functions can be divided into two groups:

- structural bіlki. The stench enters the storehouse of cell membranes and takes part in the structure.

- dynamical bіlki. The stench is found on the membranes and takes part in the process.

There are three classes of dynamic bricks.

1. receptor... Behind the help, the tsikh bіlkіv klіtina spriymaє rіznі pouring onto its surface. So that the stench specifically binds such spoluks, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, toxins on the outer side of the membrane, to serve as a signal for the changing processes in the middle cells or the membrane itself.

2. Transport... The cyclones are transported through the membrane, or some speech, also the stink of the channels, through which the transport of the youngsters goes to the cell and from it.

3. enzymatic... Chains of enzymes, which are located in the membrane and take part in other chemical processes.

Row transport across the membrane

Lіпідні бішара in the meaning of the world is impenetrable for bagatokh speech, so a large number of energetic vitrates is required for transferring the speech through the membrane, and also it is necessary to determine the development of different structures.

Razr_znyayut two types of transport: passive and active.

passive transport

Passive transport is the transfer of molecules beyond the concentration gradient. To do this, it is only due to the difference in concentration that the speech is transferred on the opposite sides of the membrane and it works without energy vitrates.

There are two types of passive transport:

- simple diffusion(Div. Fig. 8), how to be carried out without the participation of a membrane bottle. The mechanism of simple diffusion is responsible for the transmembrane transfer of gases (acid and carbon dioxide), water and some simple organic ions. Simple diffusion leads to low speed.

Small. 8. Simple diffusion

- diffusion lodged(Div. Fig. 9) See the idle time of the time, and pass for the participation of the big carriers. The whole process is specific and counter to a higher degree of flexibility, not simple diffusion.

Small. 9. Diffusion is encouraged

There are two types of membrane transport cells: transporter cells (translocases) and channel-forming cells. Transport blocks connect specific speeches and transfer them through the membrane according to the concentration gradient, and, also, for a healthy process, as in case of simple diffusion, it is not necessary to vitrate the ATF energy.

Harchovy particles cannot pass through the membrane, the stench penetrates into the cell by way of endocytosis (Div. Fig. 10). In endocytosis, the plasma membrane is responsible for invagination and virility; A vacuole (or plump) is formed near the grub breast, as it is then detached from the plasma membrane, and a solid particle in the vacuole appears in the middle of the cells.

Small. 10. Endocytosis

There are two types of endocytosis.

1. phagocytosis- the clay of the hard part. Specialized cells, which are good for phagocytosis, are called phagocytes.

2. pinocytosis- clinging to rare material (rozchin, coloidal rozchin, suspension).

exocytosis(Div. Fig. 11) - the process, vortex endocytosis. The words synthesized in cells, for example, hormones, are packed in the membranous puffs, which go up to the cell membrane, wake up in it, and instead of the dance, wick away from the cells. The same rank of klitin can be added to all unnecessary products in exchange.

Small. 11. Exocytosis

active transport

On the basis of lingering diffusion, active transport means the change of rivers against the gradient of concentration. With a lot of speech, move from the area with a lower concentration to the area with a greater concentration. Oskilki are also displaced in a direct, protolezhny normal diffusion, klitina is guilty of a whole vitrahati energy.

In the middle of the application of active transport, the most beautiful is the so-called sodium-calcium pump. The whole pump draws the sodium from the cells and pumps the calories into the cell, vicious with a lot of ATP energy.

1. Structural (a cell membrane is built up to a cell from a navkolishny middle).

2. Transport (through the cell membrane, the transport of flutes, moreover, the cell membrane є Visokovibirkovo filter).

3. Receptor (which is located on the surface of the membrane of the receptor, it spills out the waves, transmitting information to the middle of the cell, allowing it to react quickly to the snakes of the midst).

Krym perakhovanih vische membrane of the vicon also has a metabolic and energy-transforming function.

metabolic function

Biological membranes directly or, bit by bit, take part in the processes of metabolic transformation of words into cells, and a few more enzymes are connected with membranes.

Lіpіdne іnіdnіnі enzymіv in the membranes vіdnіvnі for іkh functions, adding to the activity of membrane cells and such a rank, we add a regulatory effect on the processes of metabolism.

Energy converting function

The most important function of biomembranes is to transform one form of energy into the society.

The inner membrane of mitochondria, thylakoid of chloroplasts is carried before energy-transforming membranes (div. Fig. 12).

Small. 12. Mitochondria and chloroplast

List of Literature

  1. Kamenskiy A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasichnik V.V. Zagalna biology 10-11 classes Bustard, 2005.
  2. Biology. 10 class Home biology. Basic rіven / P.V. Izhevskiy, O. A. Kornilova, T.Є. Loschilina i ін. - 2nd ed., Revised. - Ventana-Graf, 2010 .-- 224 side.
  3. Bulyaev D.K. Biology 10-11 grades. Home biology. Basic r_ven. - 11th ed., Stereotype. - M .: Education, 2012 .-- 304 p.
  4. Agafonova I.B., Zakharova E.T., Sivoglazov V.I. Biology 10-11 grades. Home biology. Basic r_ven. - 6th ed., Supplement. - Bustard, 2010 .-- 384 p.
  1. Ayzdorov.ru ().
  2. Youtube.com ().
  3. Doctor-v.ru ().
  4. Animals-world.ru ().

Home zavdannya

  1. Is Yaku Budov got a cellini membrane?
  2. Do you know the authorities for building the membranes?
  3. Do the breeders have a role in the transport of fluids through the membrane?
  4. Overhaul the functions of the plasma membrane.
  5. How can passive transport through the membrane be seen?
  6. How active transport is seen across the membrane?
  7. What's the function of the sodium-calorie pump?
  8. What about phagocytosis, pinocytosis?

The membrane is a chain-thin structure that fixes the surface of organoids and cells as a whole. All membranes can be combined into one system.

Chemistry warehouse

The membranes of cells are chemically single-source and are stored in large and small groups:

  • phospholipidiv;
  • galactolіpіdіv;
  • sulfolipid.

This warehouse also contains nucleic acids, polysaccharides and other words.

Physical power

At normal temperatures, the membranes are located in a crystalline station and continuously develop. The viscosity is close to the viscosity of the olia.

The membrane is good until renewal, flexible, elastic and easy to use. The thickness of the membranes is 7-14 nm.

TOP-4 statsI read at once at once

For great molecules, the membrane is impenetrable. Other molecules and they can pass through the pores and the membrane itself before the difference in concentration along the sides of the membrane, as well as behind additional transport cells.

Model

The name of Budova membranes is described behind an additional mosaic model. The membrane is a skeleton - two rows of lipid molecules, nominally, like a chain link, one to one.

Small. 1. Biological membrane of the sandwich type.

On both sides the surface of the lipids is covered with bricks. The mosaic picture is set up nervously by the formation of protein molecules on the surface of the membrane.

Behind the step of gluing into the bilayer ball of bilkovy molecules move into three groups:

  • transmembrane;
  • bored;
  • surface.

Bilki will provide the basic power of the membrane - the vibrational penetration for the young people.

membrane tipi

All cell membranes, according to their localization, can be divided into nasty tipi:

  • zovnishnya;
  • nuclear;
  • membranes of organoids.

The name of the cytoplasmic membrane, or the plasmolemma, is the cordon of the cellini. By taking the elements of the cytoskeleton, we will adapt the form and size.

Small. 2. Cytoskeleton.

The nuclear membrane, or karyolemma, is a nuclear cordon instead. Vaughn is prompted by two membranes, even more similar to the call. The name of the membrane of the nucleus is tied with the membranes of the endoplasmic fusion (EPC) і, through the pores, with the inner membrane.

The membranes of the EPC penetrate the entire cytoplasm, admitting the surface, on which there is a synthesis of small words, including membrane cells.

membranes of organoids

Membrane budova has more organoids.

One membrane induces the following:

  • the Golgi complex;
  • vacuoles;
  • lizos.

Plastid and mitochondria are stimulated from two balls of membranes. The outer membrane is smooth, and the inner membrane has no folds.

Chlorophyll molecules are stimulated by the peculiarities of photosynthetic chloroplast membranes.

Critine creatures may appear on the surface of the outer membrane in a carbohydrate ball, called glycocalyx.

Small. 3. Glycocalyx.

Naybіlsh incriminations of glycocalyx in the intestinal cells of the epithelium, de vіn cut for etching and predation plasmolemma.

Table "Budova membrane membrane"

Who did you know?

We looked at the Budova and the function of the cell membrane. The membrane is a selective (vibrating) bar of cellini, nuclei and organoids. Budov's cellular membrane is described by a single-mosaic model. According to the whole model, in the sub-ball of the lipids of a viscous consistency, the white molecules are induced.

Test by topic

assessment of additional information

Average rating: 4.5. Total estimated scores: 120.

The name of the cell is covered with a plasma membrane (or a specific cell membrane) with a thickness of about 6-10 nm.

The clinical membrane of the central plate is made of bilks and lipids (mainly phospholipids). Molecules of lipid rots are arranged in order - perpendicular to the surface, in two balls, so that these parts, intensively interconnect with water (hydrophilic), are directly named, and the parts, are always inert to the water.

Molecules are glued with a non-supportive ball on the surface of the lipid frame from both sides. A part of them is buried in a ball, and the deyaki pass through a new sketched, fleshed-out dilyanki, penetrated for water. Some of them are different functions - some of them are enzymes, and some are transport keys, which take part in the transfer of certain words from the midst of the world to the cytoplasm and in the right direction.

Basic functions of the cell membrane

One of the main powers of biological membranes is vibrational penetration (for example, penetration)- one speech passes through them at a glance, it is easy and easy to navigate in a large concentration So, for a large number of cells, the concentration of ions in Na is lower in the middle, lower in the middle. For Ions K is characterized by a ring-fenced social life: the concentration of all the middle class, the bottom of the call. That іoni Na is ready to penetrate into the cell, and іoni K - go to name. The presence of a special system in the membrane, which plays the role of a pump, which pumps out Na from the cell and immediately pumps it into the middle of the middle.

Prior to the transfer of calls to the center of the city, it is used for the transport of candies and amino acids in the middle of the country. With the active visualization of Na ions, the cells are flashed for the proper glucose and amino acids in the middle.


In the case of bagatokh clitin, the chalking of the words also occurs as a pathway to phagocytosis and pinocytosis. at phagocytosis nnuchka zvn_shnya membrane will make a little zagliblenya, kudi eat a raving part. The process of perishing is growing, і, it is cut off by the long membrane, a part of it is buried in the cytoplasm of the cellini. The manifestation of phagocytosis in the power of amoebae and deyakim are most common, as well as leukocytes (phagocytes). Similarly, it is necessary to see and chase the clays of old, to make up for the necessary clits of speech. Tse the phenomenon of bulo is named pinocytosis.

The famous membranes of young cells are often found behind a chemistry warehouse of their own bins and liners, as well as in other cities. The most specific features are the versatility in the physiological activity of the membranes of young cells and their role, in the life of the cells and tissues.

From the endoplasmic membrane is tied with an endoplasmic mesh of cellini. Behind the additional callous membranes, there are different types of microcrystalline contacts, so that there are contacts between the same cells.

For baguette types of cells, the appearance on the surface of a great number of protrusions, folds, microvilli is characteristic. It smells like a significant increase in the surface area of ​​the cells and the polish exchange of words, as well as the greater communication between the cells, one for one.

In the growing cells of the cell membrane є tovsti, kindly put into the optical microscope of the shell, which is stored in the cells of the cell (cellulose). The stench opens up the support of the tall fabrics (wood).

Deyaki cells of food-like walking can have a number of new structures, which can be found on top of the cell's membrane and may have a dull character. Butt can be hіtin pokrivnykh kіtin coma.

Cell membrane function (short)

functiondescribe
Zakhisny bar'єrVidokremlyu internal organelles of the church from the new middle
regulatingViroblya regulation of the exchange of speech between the internal in the middle of the clit and the call of the middle
Rozmezhovu (compartment)Podil the inner space of the cell on the independent blocks (compartments)
energetic- Accumulation and transformation of energy;
- light reactions to photosynthesis in chloroplasts;
- Vmoktuvannya and secretion.
Receptor (information)Take the fate of the formulated development and implementation.
rukhovaZdіysnyu ruh klіtini abo okremikh її parts.

biological membranes- the name of the functionally active surface structures, which encircle cells (cells, or plasma membranes) and internal cells (membranes of mitochondria, nuclei, lysosomes, endoplasmic and in.). Smell to take away in your warehouse lipid, bilky, heterogeneous molecules (glucoprotein, glucolipid) and in the presence of the viconuated function of numerical minor components: coenzyme, nucleic acid, non-carinoid, antioxidant

Uzgodzhene funktsіonuvannya membrane systems - receptors, enzymes, transport mechanisms - additional help to improve the homeostasis of the cellin і at the same hour quickly reacts to the wines of the callous middle.

Before basic functions of biological membranes you can add:

· Creation of cells from the middle class and the formation of internal compartments (views);

· Control and regulation of the transport of the majestic development of speech through the membranes;

· Participation in secured interconnections, transmission of signals to all the middle of the clit;

· Reconstruction of the energy of grub organic speech into the energy of chemical links of ATP molecules.

The molecular organization of the plasma (cell) membrane in all cells is approximately the same: it consists of two balls of free molecules with no inclusion in certain specific cells. Some membrane cells have an enzymatic activity, so that they can mate lively words from the midst of the colony and prevent them from being transferred to the cell through the membranes. Membrane cells open the connection with membrane structures by the nature. One library, call callous or peripheral , Nemtsno tied from the surface of the membrane, internal or integral , Zanureni in the middle of the membrane. Peripheral binders are easy to extract, so as integral binaries can be seen only behind other detectors or organic detectors. In fig. 4 shows the structure of the plasma membrane.

Zovnіshni, albeit plasmatic, membranes of bacterial clitin, as well as the membranes of internal organelles, for example, mitochondria, chloroplasts, are seen in the distance in the viglyad and vivchity in the molecular warehouse. All membranes have polar lipids in number, which can become 20 to 80% of the type of membranes in accumulation, and the rush falls with a head on a part of the bricks. Thus, in the plasma membranes of the cellin tvarin, there are a number of bilks and lipids, which, as a rule, are approximately the same; at the inner mitochondrial membrane there are close 80% of the blood cells and less than 20% of the lipids, and in the membrane membranes of the cells of the brain navpaki, about 80% of the blood cells and 20% of the blood cells


Small. 4. The structure of the plasma membrane

The lipid part of the membranes is of the uttermost variety of polar lipids. Polar lipids, up to the number of phosphoglycerolids, sphingolids, glucolipids, are NOT stored in fat cells, but are stored in the cell membrane, moreover, in strictly singing children.

All polar lipids in the membranes are constantly evolving in the process of metabolism, with normal minds in the cells, a dynamic stationary stand arises, with the rapidity of lipid synthesis in the road to high-pressure drops.

In membranes, kinin tvarin is present in the main phosphoglycerolite and in the menshy world of sphingolipid; triacylglіcerolіv appear in small quantities. Deyakі membranes of food cells, especially the plasma membrane, to avenge the meanings of the amount of cholesterol and efіrіv (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. membrane lipids

At the present time, the foreign-made model of the budovi membranes is uniquely mosaic, proponated in 1972 by S. Singer and J. Nicholson.

As far as it is concerned, it can be likened to icebergs floating in the sea of ​​ice. As it already meant food, there are 2 types of membrane cells: integral and peripheral. Integral bottles to pierce the membrane in a thin, stench є amphipathic molecules... Peripheral bars do not penetrate the membrane and are tied therewith. The main non-interrupted part of the membrane, so that it is a matrix, is a polar lipid ball. When the temperature is appropriate for the client, the matrix is ​​located in a native country, so that it can take care of the singing spices and the saturated and non-saturated fatty acids in the hydrophobic tails of polar lipids.

A single-mosaic transmission model is also used on the surface of integral cells, R-groups of amino acid surpluses (in the main hydrophobic groups, for some cells to be located in the central part). At the same hour, on the surface of the peripheral, or even more, the main hydrophilic R-groups, which are attracted to the hydrophilic charge by the polar heads of the children for the development of electrostatic forces. Integral bottles, and before them ferments and transport bottles are introduced, it may be activity only in the same way, as there is in the middle of the hydrophobic part of the bottle, because the stench is necessary for the activity of the spacious configuration. Over the course of more time, there is a change in the number of molecules in a large number of molecules, but also in a large number of proteins and lipids in a large number of covalent bonds.

Fig. 6. membrane bottles

Membrane cells can move around in the lateral area. The peripheral bars literally float on the surface of the layered "seas", and the integral bars, like icebergs, tend to grow into a carbon-water ball.

The membrane is asymmetric, so that the side is unstable. Qia asymmetry is manifested in the offensive:

· First of all, in that, the inner and outer sides of the plasma membranes of bacterial and blood cells are developed behind the warehouse of polar lipids. So, for example, the inner lipid ball of the membranes of erythrocytes in humans is replaced in the main phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserin, and the final ball is phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin.

· In another way, the actions of transport systems in membranes are just in one straight line. For example, in the membranes of the erythrocytes є the transport system ("pump"), pumping the ionic Na + from the cell to the navkolishn middle, and the ion K + - in the middle of the cell for the energy supply, which is easy to play during the hydrolysis of ATF.

Thirdly, on the last surface of the plasma membranes there is an even greater number of oligosaccharide groups, which are the heads of glycolipids and oligosaccharide cells of the plasma proteins on the surface

The asymmetry of biological membranes is responsible for the transfer of individual phospholipid molecules from one side of the lipid bulkhead to the other side of the energy world. The polar molecule can be easily shifted to its own bilayer, but it is surrounded by the possibility of jumping to the other side.

Lumpiness of lipids is deposited as a common type of non-saturated fatty acids present. The carbohydrate nature of fatty acid lancers is due to the membrane of the power of plinth, decay. In the presence of cis-non-saturated fatty acids, the strength of the lancets is weaker, less in the case of some saturated fatty acids, and sometimes they tend to be very loose and at low temperatures.

On the new side of the membranes, the specific design of the membrane, the function of such fields in the design of molecular signals. For example, behind the help of the membrane itself, deyakі bacterії sprymayut insignificant changes in the concentration of lively speeches, which stimulate їkh rukh to dzherela їzhі; I will name it a phenomenon chemotaxis.

Membranes of small cells and internal cell organelles may have a specific specificity, enriched with their budding, chemical warehouse and functions. See the onset of the main groups of membranes in eukarotic organisms:

Plasma membrane

Nuclear membrane,

Endoplasmic reticulum,

Membrane apparatus Goldzhi, mitochondria, chloroplasts, muslin shells,

· Zabudlivі membranes.

In prokaryotes of the plasma membrane, there are intracytoplasmic membranes; in heterotrophic procarotes, stench is called Mesosomi. It remains to be asserted by the invagination of the internal cell membrane and, in some cases, to keep the links with it.

membrane of erythrocytes to store from bіlkіv (50%), lіpіdіv (40%) and from carbohydrates (10%). The main part of the carbohydrates (93%) is tied with beakers, and the sash is tied with lipids. In the membrane, the lipid rots are asymmetrically shaped in the form of symmetric rosters in micelles. For example, the mullet is located in the inner sphere of the lipids. Such asymmetry is susceptible to, mabut, for the transverse displacement of phospholipids in the membrane, for helping the membrane cells and for the energy metabolism. In the inner sphere of the erythrocytic membrane, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserin are found in the main sphere, and phosphatidylcholine in the outer sphere. The membrane of the erythrocytes revenge the integral glycoprotein glycophorin It is possible to store from 131 amino acid surplus and permeable membrane, and so the titles of the smuga 3 blocks, to store from 900 amino acid surplus. The carbohydrate components of glikophorin show the receptor function for influenza viruses, phytohemagglyutin, and a number of hormones. The erythrocytic membrane has a large integral block, so there is little to take in carbohydrates and a permeable membrane. Yogo is called tunnel bar(Component a), so how can I allow it to set up a channel for anion. Peripheral bulbs, tied from the inner side of the erythrocytic membrane, є spectrin.

membrane membranes , Navkolishny axons of neurons, bagatosharovi, in them there is a large number of lipids (about 80%, half of them are phospholipids). It is important for the fixation of the membranes to lie one above one membrane salt.

chloroplast membranes... Chloroplasts are covered with a two-ball membrane. The name of the membrane is similar to that of mitochondria. The matrix of the surface membrane in chloroplasts є the inner membrane system - lamelli... The lamellas make up either the flattenings of the bulbs - thylakoids, yaks, growing over each other, getting into packs (edges) or forming the membrane system of the stroma (stroma lamella). Lamelli gran and stroma of the lasting sides of the membrane of thylacoids, hydrophilic hygrophilia, galacto- and sulfo- ides. The phytoral moiety of the chlorophyll molecule is embedded in a globule and is in contact with hydrophobic groups of proteins and lipids. Porphyrin nuclei of chlorophyll in the main localization between the similar membranes of thylakoid granules.

Internal (cytoplasmic) membrane of bacteria the structure is similar to the inner membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria. At nіy localized enzymes of a dichal lanceuga, active transport; enzymes that take part in the approved components of the membrane. The important component of bacterial membranes is the number of blood cells: the ratio of blood cells / lipids (by weight) is 3: Obidvі membranes are razrіznyayutsya on lіpіdny warehouse. At the last membrane, there are bottles that create poros for penetrating low-molecular-weight baguettes. A characteristic component of the new membrane is also specific lipopolysaccharide. A number of proteins in the outer membrane serve as receptors for phages.

Virus membrane The middle of the viruses in the membrane structures are characteristic for the formation of nucleocapsids, which are stored in a nucleic acid. The "core" of viruses is otochened by a membrane (shell). It can also be stored from the sub-ball of lipids with the inclusion of glucoproteins into the new one, which are rosted in the main on the surface of the membrane. In a number of viruses (microviruses), 70-80% of all blood cells are included in the membrane, and those cells are located in the nucleocapsid.

In such a rank, the membranes of kin are even more folding structures; warehouses and molecular complexes set up an ordered double mosaic, which gives the surface of the membranes a biological specificity.

2021 adsby.ru - Global website