Lev Davidovich Trotsky - biography. Trotsky Lev Davidovich: biography, quotes Trotsky is alive

Trotsky’s biography is disgusting, I still look at the power supply until the head planting, after making small additions. My addition to the square arms

Lev Davidovich Trotsky(Proper nickname Bronstein) (1879-1940) - Russian and international political activist, publicist, thinker. (A. B. Rakhmanov)

In Social Democratic Russia since 1896. Since 1904, advocating for a united faction of Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. In 1905, Trotsky mainly developed the theory of “permanent” (uninterrupted) revolution: in his opinion, the proletariat of Russia, having created the bourgeois, almost socialist stage of the revolution, can only do so with the help of the world letariat.

During the revolution of 1905-07, Leon Trotsky revealed himself to be an unbiased organizer, orator, and publicist; the de facto leader of the St. Petersburg for the sake of workers' deputies, editor of Izvestia. Having become the most radical member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. 1908–12 editor of the newspaper Pravda. In 1917 the head of Petrogradskaya for the sake of workers' and soldiers' deputies, one of the ceremonies of the Zhovtnevoy uprising.

In 1917-18 Leon Trotsky People's Commissar from Abroad; in 1918-25, People's Commissar of the Military Rights, head of the Revolutionary Republic; one of the creators of the Red Army, who especially carried out their actions on the rich fronts of the Gromadian War, widely victorious repressions. Member of the Central Committee in 1917-27, member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in 1917 and 1919-26.

At the top of power

After the Bolsheviks came to power, Leon Trotsky became People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs. Taking part in separate negotiations with the powers of the “quadruple bloc”, presenting the formula “war is accepted, peace is not signed, the army is demobilized”, thus supporting the Bolshevik Central Committee (Lenin was against it). Later, after the resurgence of the German armies, Lenin was able to obtain the signature of the minds of the “obscene” world, after which the Trotsky Sklav became the new People’s Commissar.

Spring 1918 r. Leon Trotsky appointed the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and the head of the revolutionary military for the sake of the Republic. On this occasion, he showed himself to be an extremely talented and energetic organizer. For the creation of a fighting army in the face of decisive and brutal attacks: the capture of guarantors, shooting and concentration of opponents, deserters and violators of military discipline, and there was no blame for the Bolsheviks .

L. Trotsky did a great job by obtaining from the Chervon Army a large number of royal officers and generals (“Military Specialists”) and defending their authority from the attacks of some high-ranking communists. At the rocks of the huge war, his train was running like crazy on all fronts; The People's Commissar for War carried out ceremonies on the fronts, extorting half-way advances before the army, chastising those who had done wrong, punishing those who had stood up.

During this period, there was a close relationship between Lev Trotsky and Volodymyr Lenin, wanting from a low level of political (for example, a discussion about trade unions) and military-strategic (the fight against the army of General Denikin, the defense of Petrograd in during the war of General Yudenich and the war with Poland) the character of the There were serious differences between them.

For example, the huge war started in the early 1920s. Trotsky's popularity and rise reached their apogee, and a cult of his specialness began to take shape.

In 1920-21, Leon Trotsky was one of the first to promote the collapse of “military communism” and the transition to NEP.

[Today in Trotsky’s life one will guess the story of the Brest Light, that he screwed up, but he may never guess that he was wrong. And the cordons of the SRSR were, as a result, between the other established by the Rizkiy itself, and not by the Brest Light.

In addition, it is necessary to remember the most important role of Trotsky in the Rappal area, the basis of the technical formation of the Red Army.]

Fight for Stalin

Before the death of Lenin and especially after it, a struggle for power broke out among the Bolshevik leaders. Trotsky was opposed by the majority of the zealots of the country, who suspected him of dictatorial, Bonapartist plans, including Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin. In 1923, Trotsky, with his book “Lessons of Life”, sparked the so-called literary debate, criticizing the behavior of Zinovyev and Kamenev at the hour of the Earth revolution. In addition, at the bottom of Trotsky’s articles, he called the “triumvirate” of bureaucratization and the destruction of party democracy, advocating for the removal of important political problems from young people.

Lev Trotsky's opponents turned to the bureaucracy and, revealing great decisiveness, unprincipledness and cunning, speculating on the topic of his enormous differences with Lenin, caused a strong blow to Trotsky's authority. Vіn bv displacements from posad; His henchmen were drawn from the ranks of the party and the state. Looks like Trotsky (“Trotskyism”) was deafened by the witchcraft of Leninism, the rubbish-bourgeois current.

In the mid-1920s, Leon Trotsky, before whom Zinovyev and Kamenev joined, continued to sharply criticize the Radyansky ceremonialism, which evoked it among the ideals of the Yellow Revolution, so creams in the light revolution. Trotsky wanted to renew party democracy, replace the regime of dictatorship with the proletariat, and attack the positions of the Nepmans and Kurkuls. Most parties again fell for Stalin.

In 1927, Trotsky was removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee, expelled from the party, and sent to Alma-Ata in 1928.

[Here the role of Trotsky in the industrialization of the region is clearly guessed. Industrialization Program]

Ostannє vygnannya

For the decisions of the Politburo in 1929. Leon Trotsky lived outside the borders of the USSR. Together with his squad and his elder son Lev Sedov, Trotsky settled on the island of Prinkipo near the Marmur Sea (Tureckina). Here Trotsky continued to coordinate the activities of his followers in the USSR and behind the cordon, starting to publish the “Bulletin of Opposition”, writing his autobiography “News”. The memoirs supported anti-Trotsky propaganda in the USSR and the truth of his life.

On Prinkipo the main historical text was written - “”, dedicated to the year 1917. This effort was called upon to bring the historical end of Tsarist Russia, to highlight the inevitability of the Lute Revolution and its development in Zhovtneva.

In 1933, Leon Trotsky moved to France, in 1935 - to Norway. Trotsky innocently criticized the policy of the Radyan ceremonies, stating the approval of official propaganda and Radyan statistics. The industrialization and collectivization that took place in the USSR earned them severe criticism for adventurism and cruelty.

In 1935, Trotsky made his most important work from the analysis of the Radyans' supremacy - “The Revolution Was Given”, which was viewed with a focus that conflicted with the interests of the main population and the bureaucratic caste, including Stalin, whose policies, According to the author, it emphasized the social foundations of harmony. Trotsky voiced the need for a political revolution, the task of which was to be liquidated by the bureaucracy of the country.

At the end of 1936, Leon Trotsky left Europe, finding himself a corner in Mexico, settling in the apartment of the artist Diego Riveri, then fortifying and carefully burying a villa in the town of Coyokan.

In 1937-38, after the outbreak of court trials in the USSR against the opposition, for which he was tried in absentia and convicted himself, Trotsky gave a lot of respect to the criticism of them as falsified. In 1937, in New York, an international commission investigating the Moscow processes under the leadership of the American philosopher John Dewey returned a true verdict about Trotsky and his like-minded people.

All the times Leon Trotsky was not satisfied with the tests of the culturing of the henchmen. In 1938 there were votes of the IV International, to which there were numerous disparate groups from different countries. This brainchild of Trotsky, having respected the most important people during the period, turned out to be unsustainable and disintegrated after the death of the founder.

Radyansky special services were trimming Trotsky under a keen gaze, looming agents among his associates. In 1938, due to mysterious circumstances in Paris, his closest and most tireless colleague, senior son Lev Sedov, died in a hospital after an operation. From the Radyansky Union there were no less reports about the brutally brutal repressions against the “Trotskyists”. His first squad and his young son Sergiy Sedov were arrested and shot. The accusation of Trotskyism in the USSR has become the most terrible and most unsafe hour.

The remaining days of life

In 1939, Stalin issued an order to liquidate his old enemy. Having disguised himself as a Koyokan deserter, Leon Trotsky worked on his book about Stalin, seeing his hero as a fatal figure for socialism. From his pen came the brutalization of the workers of the Radyansky Union with a cry to throw off the rule of Stalin and his clique, articles in the “Bulletin of Opposition”, in which wines, sharply condemning the Radyansky-German rapprochement, having justified the war of the USSR about from Finland and supporting the entry of Radian troops into the territory Western Ukraine and Western Belarus. Transferring death to the shvidka, 1940 rubles on the cob. Trotsky wrote a commandment, declaring his satisfaction with his lot as a Marxist revolutionary, voting his unshakable faith in the triumph of the Fourth International and in the imminent world socialist revolution.

In the past 1940, the Mexican artist Siqueiros failed to make his first attempt at the life of Leon Trotsky. On September 20, 1940, Ramon Mercader, an NKVS agent, penetrated Trotsky’s prison, mortally wounding him. [Mensh know that Trotsky is actually with him] Leon Trotsky died 21st September 1940 in Coyokan, Mexico. Pokhovany in the courtyard of his booth, where there is now a museum.

Trotsky Lev Davidovich (present name Leiba Bronstein) (1879-1940), Radian party and government figure, one of the organizers of the Yellow Revolution, one of the creators of the Red Army. Born 26 zhovtnya (7 leaf fall) 1879 r. in the village of Yanovka, Elizavetgrad district, Kherson province in a possible Jewish homeland; Yogo dad was a deputy landowner-orendar. From seven fates I graduated from the Jewish religious school - cheder, without finishing. In 1888, the messages began in Odessa to a real school, then moving to Mykolayiv; choking on paintings and literature, displaying a quarrelsome character, entering into conflict with teachers.

Having adopted the ideas of the populists. In 1896, Mikolaiv took part in the creation of the Pavdennorossiysk Labor Union, which made political awareness of labor workers and the fight for their economic interests its mission; writing leaflets, speaking at rallies, and simultaneously reading the underground newspaper. In Sichna 1898 r. arrests; directions to Moscow. During the course of the investigation, Butirsky’s wife intensively studied European languages, reaching Marxism; making friends with the revolutionary Oleksandra Sokolovskaya. The judgments are sent to Siberia until the next day. In the spring of 1900, together with the squad, they were in a settlement in the Irkutsk province; During the exile, he had two daughters. Serving as a clerk for a local merchant, then working for the Irkutsk newspaper “Skhidnyi Oglyad”; appearing from articles of a literary, critical and ethnic character. Serpna 1902, having once lost her squad, that daughter, left behind the cordon with a fragmented passport, in which she entered the nickname of Trotsky’s Odessa spy, which later became a popular pseudonym.

Vlashtuvavsya in London; becoming closer to the leaders of Russian social democracy; In 1902, we met V.I. Lenin for a recommendation for co-opting to the editors of Iskra. In the propaganda of Marxism among Russian emigrants in England, France, Germany and Switzerland. In 1903 he became friends with N. Sedova. U lipny-serpny 1903 r. taking his fate from the Second Party of the RSDLP. During the discussion about the status of the party, both Yu.O. Martov and the Mensheviks spoke out against the Leninist principle of democratic centralism. After leaving, criticizing V.I. Lenin and the Bolsheviks for their attempts to establish a dictatorship in the party and allowing their culprits to split. Voseni 1904 r. rose up with the Mensheviks, condemning their idea of ​​the leading role of the liberal bourgeoisie in the upcoming revolution. Trying to create a special current in the middle of Russian social democracy.

In the cruel fate of 1905, just after the beginning of the First Russian Revolution, illegally turned to Russia. Actively promoting revolutionary ideas among the press and at meetings of workers. In 1905, she was elected intercessor of the head, and then the head of St. Petersburg for the sake of labor deputies; former editor of its leading organ, Izvestia. Breast birth 1905 arrests. Having again written the book Prospects and Prospects, in which he formulated the theory of permanent revolution, dissected together with Parvus (A.L. Gelfand): as a result of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia, there will be no control of the bourgeoisie (Menschoviks) and no dictatorship of the proletariat and the village (Bolshoviki ) ), and the dictatorship of the robotniks; The socialist revolution will prevail in Russia only for the minds of the secular proletarian revolution. For example, 1906 r. judgments until permanent settlement in Siberia and the abolition of all civil rights. The stage has entered the cordon.

U travnі 1907 r. taking part in the 5th Congress of the RSDLP in London as the core of the centrist current in the party. Writing articles for Russian and foreign newspapers and magazines. In 1908-1912 I saw the newspaper “Pravda” from Vidnya, which was being circulated secretly in Russia. Having reported the decision to vibrate a compromise platform and create a split in the party. Having condemned the decision of the Bolsheviks in Prazia in 1912. VI (Prazka) conference of the RSDLP, which set a course for external influence from the party of all oppositionists to V.I. Lenin’s group. At the extra-party conference in Vidnya and Serpnya 1912 r. simultaneously creating the anti-Bolshovitz “August Bloc” from the leaders of the Mensheviks. During the hour of the Balkan wars of 1912–1913, he was a correspondent for the “Kiev Duma” at the theater of military operations.

At the beginning of the First World War, they settled in Switzerland, then in France. Having published the brochure War and International, taking a strong anti-war position and calling for the revolutionary path of “Getting the States of Europe.” In 1916 there were deportations from France to Spain, including arrests and deportations to the USA. Since today 1917 copied from the Russian newspaper “Novyi Svit”, which was seen in New York; getting to know N.I. Bukharin.

Having formed the Lyutnev Revolution of 1917, it became the beginning of a long-lasting permanent revolution. Birch born in 1917 intending to leave for the Fatherland through Canada, lest there be interference from the Canadian government and more than a month of probation at the internment camp. Turning back to Petrograd on 4 (17) May 1917. Having joined the group of “inter-district residents”, close to the Bolsheviks. Harshly criticizing the Timchasov order and advocating, like Lenin, for the transformation of the bourgeois-democratic revolution into a socialist one. At the hour of the Lipnea crisis of 1917. trying to direct anti-regime demonstrations of robot workers and soldiers into a peaceful channel; After Timchasov's order to arrest the Bolshevik leaders, he publicly stood in solidarity with them and exposed them to spying and thinking.

Arrests and imprisonment in "Khresty". At the VI meeting of the RSDLP(b), the end of the lime tree was on the cob of a sickle at the warehouse of “mizhraiontsiv” who were accepted in absentia before the Bolshevik Party and elections before the Central Committee. Released 2 (15) versen after the collapse of Kornilovsky was stabbed to death. With his extreme radical actions he gained popularity among the workers and soldiers. 25th spring (8th June) election by the head of Petrogradskaya for the sake of workers' and soldiers' deputies. Actively supporting Lenin's proposal for the peaceful organization of an armed uprising. 12 (25) The latest initiative was created by the Rada of the Military Revolutionary Committee to protect Petrograd from counter-revolutionary forces. Having completed Zhovtnevoy’s preparations for the coup; bv yogo actual kerіvnik.

After the victory of the Bolsheviks on the 25th of June (7 leaf fall) 1917 r. ascended to the first Radyansky order as a people's commissar from overseas records. Having supported Lenin in the fight against the plans of creating a coalition order of all socialist parties. Finally, he organized the defense of Petrograd against the advancing army of General P.N. Krasnov.

Being the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, Trotsky was unable to achieve international recognition of the Bolshevik regime and support for peaceful initiatives of the Radyan order. Keruvav negotiated with the powers of the Quadruple Alliance at Brest-Litovsk. By tightening them up, we are hoping for the beginnings of a light revolution. Hanging out the formula “we accept war, we demobilize the army, but we do not sign it to the world.” 28th day (9th year) 1918, having issued an ultimatum to Germany and its allies to comply with the peace treaty they had in mind, voting for Russia’s withdrawal from the war and punishing the illegal demobilization of the army; Although this order was carried out by V.I. Lenin, he increased disorganization on the fronts and ensured the success of the German offensive, which began on the 18th. 22 fierce requests for resignation from the post of People's Commissar from overseas records.

14 Bereznya 1918 r. appointments as People's Commissar for the Military Rights, on the 19th of Bereznya - by the head of the Viskhaya Military for the sake of, and on the 6th of the Versyan - by the head of the Revolutionary War of the Republic. Having finished the work of the creation of the Red Army; reporting energetic efforts for its professionalization, actively recruiting more officers (“military specialists”); having established strict discipline in the army, strongly opposing democratization; having established a siege of repression, being one of the theorists and practitioners of “dirty terror” (“whoever is perceived as terrorism may be considered as a political indignation of the labor class”). The Chervon army was defeated with punitive attacks. One of his instructions said: “If any unit were to enter on its own, the unit’s commissar would be shot first, and the commander by the other.” Being one of the initiators of terror against the “unreliable” and the practice of enlistment. At the same time, in the words of the military historian D.O. Volkogonov, Trotsky “loved to treat well. As a result of the most important fate of the Gromadyansk War, I managed to go to resorts, watering, and fishing. For his health, a number of doctors were constantly flogged.

Birch 1919 go to the warehouse of the first Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). Brave the fate of the created Comintern; formerly the author of this Manifesto. From 20 Bereznya to 10 April 1920, the fate of the people of the nobility was immediately finished; with aggressive approaches, renewing the work of the transport vehicle. Revealing the complexity of administration and the vigor of power, advocating the need for the creation of labor armies and harsh divisions.

At the Professional Discussion of leaf fall 1920 - birch 1921 r. by gaining savings in the government-controlled methods of “military communism” and the militarization of professional forces. Emphasizing that industrialization in the Ukrainian Socialist Republic requires a system of Primus Primus and total collectivization. In the birch of 1921 the fate of Kronstadt was stabbed to death.

During Lenin's illness (from May 1920), G.Y. Zinov'ev and L.B. Kamenev entered into a struggle for power in the party with the triumvirate of J.V. Stalin. U zhovtni born 1923 On the open page, they are based on the principles of NEP and the destroyed internal party democracy.

After the death of Lenin on 21 June 1924, fate ended up in isolation from the high party ranks. At the XIII Meeting in Travnia in 1924, we succumbed to harsh criticism of almost all the delegates who spoke. At the end of spring 1924 by publishing the article Lessons of the Life, condemning the behavior of Zinovyev and Kamenev during the Hour of the Life Revolution and holding them accountable for the failure of the communist uprising in Nimecchina in 1923. Criticizing the triumvirate for the bureaucratization of the party; by calling out to actively gain access to young people.

26 Sep 1925 r. tucked under the head of Revviyskrad. In 1926, they entered into an alliance between Zinov and Kamenev against Stalin’s group. We strive for freedom of internal party discussions, the appreciation of the dictatorship of the proletariat, the fight against kurkulism; praising the party's credentials for the protection of the ideals of Zhovtnya and Vidmova from the idea of ​​the light revolution; judging the Stalinist theory of the possibility of encouraging socialism in one place in the captured country. For “anti-party activity” and “drug-bourgeois trickery”, born in 1926. withdrawn from the Politburo, from Zhovtni 1927 r. on the XV side of the CPSU (b) - from the Central Committee, and after organizing an open entry with their followers on November 7, 1927, the tenth river Zhovten was included in the party. There were especially many of Trotsky’s henchmen in the warehouse of the Red Army (M.N. Tukhachevsky, Ya.B. Gamarnik, etc.).

Sichna has 1928 missions to Alma-Ata, and since 1929 there have been seven missions outside the USSR.

In 1929-1933 he lived with his retinue and his elder son Lev Sedov near Turechchina on the Prince Islands (Marmur Sea), because The Turkish government was inspired to accept him. The authorities of other countries were also willing to accept Trotsky, and there was hesitation to move from one end to another, seeing the anti-Stalinist opposition bulletin. By writing an autobiography My life and my main historical work The history of the Russian revolution. Criticizing industrialization and collectivization in the USSR.

In 1933 it moved to France, and in 1935 - to Norway. Having seen Widdan's book The Revolution, which characterized the Stalinist regime as a bureaucratic degeneration of the dictatorship of the proletariat and a revelation of deep contradictions between the interests of the bureaucratic caste and the interests of the bulk of the population. Finally, in 1936, he traveled to Mexico, relying entirely on the help of the Trotskyist artist Diégo Riveri, who lived in his fortified and buried villa in Coyocan (on the outskirts of Mexico City). Judgment in absentia of the SRSR until the end of the war; His first squad and young son Sergiy Sedov, who pursued an active Trotskyist policy, were shot.

Born in 1938 uniting groups of his followers around the world into the IV International. Having started to write a book about I.V. Stalin as a fatal figure for the socialist movement. Returning from the beasts to the working people of the USSR with a cry to bring down the Stalinist clique. Having condemned the Radian-German non-aggression treaty; at the same time praising the entry of the Radian troops into the Western Ukraine and the Western Belarus and the war with Finland.

In 1939, Stalin punished his birth with liquidation. On the cob 1940 r. sang a political commandment, in which he expressed hope for the imminent proletarian world revolution. U travnі 1940 r. The first attempt to kill Trotsky, organized by the Mexican communist artist David Siqueiros, failed. On September 20, 1940, he was mortally wounded by the Spanish communist and NKVS agent Ramon Mercader, who penetrated his closest quarters.

The 21st sickle died after cremation and lamentations in the courtyard of the hut in Koyokan. The Radyanskaya government publicly threw out its honor before the killing. R. Mercader was sentenced by a Mexican court to the age of twenty; After the liberation in 1960, the title of Hero of Radyansky was withdrawn from the Union.

Lev Davidovich Trotsky (real name Leiba Davidovich Bronstein; June 26, 1879, Yanivka khutir, Kherson province, Russian Empire - September 22, 1940, Villa Coyacana, Mexico) - international activist Robotnik and Communist Rukh, tech. One of the organizers of the Yellow Revolution of 1917 and one of the creators of the Red Army. One of the founders and ideologists of the Comintern, a member of the Vikonsky Comintern. In the Radyansky government there is a people's commissar for foreign affairs; 1918-1925 - People's Commissar of the Military and Naval Rights and head of the Revolutionary Military for the RRFSR, then the USSR. Member of the Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (1919–1926).

Encyclopedic summary

With the family of a possible colonist, he studied at the Mykolayivsky real school. Having reached a group of revolutionary trained youth, who are trying to conduct propaganda among the robot workers. Together with the Sokolovsky brothers, they created the river in 1897. social-democratic “Pivdenno-Russian Labor Union”. Arrested in Sichna in 1898. Nearly 2 years of proof in the ties, after which there were judgments up to 4 years of settlement. It was sent to the village of Ust-Kutskoye (since 1900), from 1901 to Nizhny Limsk, then to Verkholensk Irkutsk province. Here L.D. Trotsky actively embraced Marxism and became involved in literary activities. The newspaper "Skhidny Oglyad" published his articles under the pseudonym "Antid Oto".

In fierce 1902 r. L.D. Trotsky arrived before, delivering a speech to the local social democrats, and with the help of the Siberian Social Democratic Union of ducks in Samar. Before leaving for the train carriage, you wrote down the nickname Trotsky on a blank passport form.

In the spring of that same fate, I went to V.I. Lenin to London. After 9 September 1905 turning to Russia, going to St. Petersburg for the sake of working deputies, and then, after the arrest of G. S. Nosar (Khrustalev), he was elected by his head. There were 1905 arrests and 1906 deportations to Obdorsk, Tobolsk province, and from the road to Finland.

In 1907-1917, they tried to distance themselves from both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, who occupied a position of power fueled by the socialist revolution. On the 25th of June 1917, the fate of the Bolsheviks’ proposal was to elect the head of the Petrograd Radya, taking an active part in the preparation of the coup, entering the Military Revolutionary Committee warehouse.

After the Yellow Revolution L.D. Trotsky was the People's Commissar of foreign affairs, the nobles received, from the military and sea rights, the head of Revviysk stolen. Having been a member of the Central Committee of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), he took part in the lower part of all-Russian discussions. Listopad had 1927 expulsions from the party, 1928 expulsions from Moscow, and across the river from the region. Behind the cordon L.D. Trotsky continued the struggle against Stalin. Organizer of the IV International (1938). The remaining fates of life in Mexico. On September 19, 1940, he was mortally wounded by GPU agent R. Mercader.

Irkutsk. Historical and local history dictionary. - Irkutsk, 2011

Trotsky near Siberia

Two years later, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Trotsky Province was exiled to the Irkutsk province (his daughters were born here). On the Irkutsk land, Leiba Bronshtein, having registered before the event, had to enter a false passport into the transfers, having guessed her prison officer, having written on the passport: “Trotsky”. In Irkutsk, through some port (near Samara), my comrades delivered a bag of white goods and a crib to the train, and, as they agreed, " other attributes of civilization". At the book "My life." Evidence of the autobiography" he guessed:

Biography

Childhood and youth

Leiba Bronstein was born as the fifth child in the family of David Leontiyovich Bronstein (1843-1922) and his friend Annie (Anetti) Lviv Bronstein (née Zhivotivska) - possible land lords from among the Jewish colonists of the Zemlyobsky farm. Bobrinetsky warbler, Kirovograd region, Ukraine). Lev Trotsky's fathers came from the Poltava province. In childhood we have spoken in Ukrainian and Russian, and not in the widely expanded language. Having started at the St. Paul's School in Odessa, I became the first student of all disciplines. Early life in Odessa (1889-1895) Leon Trotsky was a rogue and grew up in the family of his cousin (on his mother’s side), the leader of the drukarny and scientific department of “Matez” Moisei Pilipovich Shpenzer and his friend Fanny Sol riot police, - fathers behind the poets.

The beginning of revolutionary activity

In 1896, in Mikolaiv, Lev Bronstein took part in the group, along with other members of some kind of revolutionary propaganda. In 1897 taking the fate of the fallen “Pivdenno-Russian Labor Union.” 28 Sichnya 1898 fate was stronger than arrests. In the Odessa Vyaznitsa, from Trotsky Provіv 2 rocks, he becomes a Marxist. “The greatest influx,” revealing the origin of this drive, “was impacted by two essays by Antonio Labriola about the materialistic understanding of history. Only after this book did I move on to Beltov and “Capital.” Until then, the appearance of his pseudonym Trotsky, the nickname of the local jailer-monitor, who charmed the young Lvov (he entered himself into a false passport after the disappearance). In 1898, the couple became friends with Oleksandra Sokolovskaya, who was one of the leaders of the Union. In 1900, having stayed with the deportee in the Irkutsk province, having established contact with Iskra agents and for the recommendation of G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, who gave him the nickname “Pen” for his obvious literary gift, after requests before the request and in Iskr. In 1902, the population flowed out of being sent beyond the cordon; to a fake passport, “at random”, having entered the nickname Trotsky, in the name of the senior overseer of the Odessa magistrate.

Arriving in London before Lenin, Trotsky became a permanent contributor to the newspaper, giving speeches at emigrant gatherings and quickly gaining popularity. A.V. Lunacharsky wrote about the young Trotsky:

“... Trotsky impressed the foreign public with his Krasnomovism, which was significant for the young man with enlightenment and aplomb. ... They had never been serious about his youth before, but everyone decidedly recognized his remarkable oratorical talent and, of course, realized that he was not a curly man, but an eagle.”

First emigration

Unrelated conflicts in the editorial board of Iskra between the “old” (G. V. Plekhanov, P. B. Axelrod, V. I. Zasulich) and the “young” (V. I. Lenin, Yu. O. Martov and A N. Potresov) prompted Lenin to promote Trotsky as a seventh member of the editorial board; however, supported by the members of the editorial board, Trotsky was in the ultimate form of swamping by Plekhanov.

At the second meeting of the RSDLP, in 1903, Lenin was so strongly supported by D. Ryazanov that he was dubbed “Lenin’s mace.” However, Lenin’s creation of a new editorial board: Plekhanov, Lenin, Martov, Axelrod and Zasulich among them, prompted Trotsky to switch to the side of the crooked minority and be critical of Lenin’s organizational plans.

In 1903, when he was born in Paris, Trotsky became friends with Natalia Sedova (whose love was not registered, since Trotsky never separated from A.L. Sokolovskaya).

In 1904, when serious political differences emerged between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, Trotsky separated from the Mensheviks and became close to A. L. Parvus, who loved his theory "translated" manent revolution." At the same time, like Parvus, speaking for the unified party, respecting that the revolution that is on the horizon, smooth out a lot of rubbish.
Revolution of 1905–1907 rocks.

In 1905, Trotsky illegally returned to Russia together with Natalia Sedova. Being one of the creators of St. Petersburg for the sake of working deputies who rose to the rank of the Vikonkom. Formally, the head of G. S. Khrustalov-Nosar, but in fact, the head of Parvus and Trotsky; after the arrest of Khrustalov on November 26, 1905. Vikoncom for the sake of officially turning Trotsky's head; His third child was arrested at once by a large group of deputies. In 1906, the process began, which, having lost a wide resonance, over the St. Petersburg Rada was condemned for permanent settlement in Siberia with the abolition of all civil rights. On the way to Obdorsk (nine Salekhard) from Berezov.

Another emigration

In 1908-1912, the Bolsheviks published the newspaper "Pravda" from Vidnya (in 1912, the Bolsheviks shut down the newspaper "Pravda" with the same name, which screamed out in numbers). Trotsky thought in 1923:

« Over the course of many years of my stay with Vidnya, I came into close contact with the Freudians, reading their works and attending their meetings.».

In 1914-1915, Paris published a rich newspaper “Our Word”.

In the spring of 1915, fate took part in the work of the Zimmerwald Conference together with Lenin and Martov.

In 1916, there was a series of deportations from France to Spain, which also confirmed that Spanish rule had despatches to the United States, continuing its journalistic activity.

Return to Russia

Immediately after the Lute Revolution, Trotsky went straight from America to Russia, or by road, in the Canadian port of Halifax, and was immediately removed from the ship by English rule and sent to the camp for the internment of sailors. German merchant fleet. The reason for the confusion was the lack of Russian documents (Trotsky’s American passport, especially seen by President Woodrow Wilson, with visas for entry to Russia and British transit), as well as the fear of the British of a possible negative impact Trotsky's hope for stability in Russia. However, despite the letter from Timchasov, Trotsky was released as a meritorious fighter against tsarism and continued his journey to Russia. On March 4, 1917, Trotsky arrived in Petrograd and became the informal leader of the “inter-districts,” who took a position critical to the Timchasov regime. After the failure of the attempt, the lime insurrection was arrested by the Timchasov order and charged, like many others, with espionage; at which time it was called while passing through Nimechchyna.

At the end of the VIth Congress of the RSDLP(b) there was a union of “inter-district members” with the Bolsheviks; Trotsky himself, who had been at Khrestakh at that time, did not allow him to speak at the meeting with the main message - “About the current moment” - was taken to the Central Committee warehouse. After the failure of the Kornilovsky salient at Versnaya Trotsky, it was released, as were others arrested by the Bolsheviks.

Exile from the USSR

In 1929, a series of deportations beyond the borders of the USSR - to Turecchin on the island of Buyukada and Principo - the largest of the Princes' Islands near the Marmur Sea near Istanbul. Born in 1932 indulgences for the Radian community. In 1933 it moved to France, in 1935 to Norway. Norway, afraid of losing money from the USSR, tried hard to get rid of the unworthy immigrant, who confiscated everything he did from Trotsky and placed him under house arrest, and Trotsky was also threatened with seeing his rad. Yang order. Undeterred, Trotsky emigrated to Mexico in 1936, lingering around the homeland of the artists Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera.

At the beginning of the year 1936, Trotsky completed work on the book “Viddan Revolution”, in which he called those who were in the Radyansky Union “Stalin’s Thermidor”. Stalin and Trotsky were associated with Bonapartism.

Trotsky wrote that “ the lead backside of the bureaucracy overtaking the head of the revolution", whereby he stated that " With the help of the other bourgeoisie and bureaucracy, the proletarian avant-garde was tied hand and foot and the Bolshevik opposition was undermined"; The right storm called for the new importance of the family in the USSR, writing: “ The revolution made a heroic attempt to destroy the so-called “family rot”, so that the archaic, musty mortgage has become... The place of the family... is small, behind the plan, to take over the system of huge supervision and maintenance…».

In 1938, having voted for the creation of the Fourth International, there is a decline in all this.

In 1938, Trotsky’s eldest son, Lev Sedov, died in a hospital in Paris after an operation.

Trotsky Archives

At the hour of his expulsion from the USSR in 1929, Trotsky decided to take away his special archives. This archive includes copies of a number of signatures by Trotsky for an hour in the possession of documents from the Revolutionary Republic, the Central Committee, the Comintern, a number of Lenin's notes addressed especially to Trotsky and were never published anywhere else, as well as a number of prices them for historians of information about the revolutionary movement until 1917 rock, leaves, removed Trotsky, and copies of sheets sent to him, telephone and address books, etc. bud. Relying on his archives, Trotsky in his memoirs easily quotes a number of documents he signed, including some that revealed secrets. The archives contained 28 boxes.

Stalin appeared not in the mood to seduce (or rather he was allowed, which Stalin was then called by special authorities as a great mercy, like a hangman) to Trotsky to bring his archives, but in the 30s, GPU agents repeatedly asked (sometimes quickly) steal around their fragments, and In the birch of 1931, part of the documents burned during a suspicious fire. In the late 1940s, Trotsky, desperate for pennies and afraid that the archives would still be lost to Stalin, sold most of his papers to Harvard University.

Currently, there is a shortage of other documents related to the activities of Trotsky, as confirmed by the historian Yu. G. Felshtinsky, also in other places, in the archives of the President of the Russian Federation, in the archives and the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, etc. .

Driving in

In the spring of 1940, the fate of Trotsky’s life was capped. The secret NKVS agent Grigulevich waved his hand. The group of artists was supported by the Mexican artist and the Stalinist Siqueiros. Having escaped from the room where Trotsky was located, those who made a swing aimlessly shot off all the cartridges and hastily disappeared. Trotsky, who was able to fight with the lieutenant from the squad and onuk, without getting hurt. According to Siqueiros, the failure was due to the fact that the members of his group were unacquainted and had already been recaptured.

Early in France on September 20, 1940, NKVS agent Ramon Mercader, who had previously penetrated into Trotsky's prison as a scammer of his henchman, came to Trotsky to show his manuscript. Trotsky was still reading, and at this hour Mercader gave him a blow to the head with a knife that passed under his cloak. The blow was struck from behind and the beast on Trotsky, who was sitting. The wound reached 7 centimeters deep, but Trotsky, after the wound was removed, lived for about 21 sickles and died. After the cremation there were burials in the courtyard of the hut near Koyokan.

The Radyanskaya government publicly threw out its honor before the killing. Beating down the convictions of the Mexican court to the twenty-fold level; in 1960 Ramon Mercader, who left the place of recognition and arrived in the USSR, was awarded the title of Hero of the Radyansky Union with the Order of Lenin.

Create

1. Trotsky L. My life. Evidence of autobiography, 2 vols. Berlin: Granite, 1930.

Literature

1. Shaposhnikov V. N. Trotsky – spivrobitnik “Skhodnogo Oglyad” // Izv. Sib. Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR: Ser. history, philology and philosophy. 1989. VIP. 3.
2. Startsev St. I. L. D. Trotsky: Stories of flights, biographies. M., 1989;
3. Ivanov A. Leon Trotsky at the Siberian exile // Land of Irkutsk. 1998. No. 10.
4. Trotsky L.D. My life. Evidence of autobiography. M., 1991.

Posilannya

1. Trotsky, Lev Davidovich. // Wikipedia

At L.D. Trotsky, the leader of the Zhovtnevo coup, the author of the theory of “permanent revolution”, the ideologist and creator of the Radian state, the Red Army and the Comintern, had four children. None of them bore the nickname Trotsky, or even paid for the sins of their father. The resentful daughters, from their first love among the people, accompanied their fathers to their liaisons.

Nina died of dryness in 1928, very young, Zinaida was exiled from the USSR and laid hands on herself in Nimechchina in 1933. Those same people, participants in the Gromadyansk War, Nevelson and Volkov, perished in the camps. Even more tragic was the fate of the blues Sergius and Lev. Sergius, without looking at his father, sent people out of the house to protest against his policy. Patriot, who decided to emigrate, graduated from the Faculty of Technology in Russia.

In 1935, a series of lawsuits against the “Kremlin justice”, having rejected the five fates of the sentencing, marvelously decided to sue for the plant, where they could successfully sue over the buildings of the gas generator, or else be arrested again for fabricating documents and for "trying to open robot workers in the factory." When he was devastated by the enemy, he perished in the camps. The same fate befell his squad, from which they were separated from each other until their arrest. Lev Sedov, however, became a thief of his father’s ideas and was ousted, becoming one of Lev Davidovich’s assistants. Died for the mysterious surroundings in Paris. Until now the super-cheeks of yo Rapt’s death are crying out: is it the last of the revelation or the last of the medicinal mercy? Until 1938, Trotsky abandoned all his children.

21 sickles of continuous doom resulted from 75 dooms from that day when Lev Trotsky was killed. The biography of this famous revolutionary is welcome. But this situation is striking: having become an enemy is not only for those who are deservedly considered to be counter-revolutionaries - the enemies of the Great Revolution of 1917, but for those who at the same time prepared for them and were here. At the same time, without becoming an anti-communist and without revising revolutionary ideals (acknowledged, cobs). What is the reason for such a sharp rift with one’s own thoughts, which is the end of the call to one’s death? Let's try to find out the answer to this question at once. For starters, let's give some biographical information.

It’s difficult to describe briefly, but we’ll still try. Born Lev Bronstein (Trotsky) 7 leaf fall (what a crazy run of dates, how can you not believe in astrology?) 1879 r. with the family of a possible Jewish landowner (more precisely, an owner) in Ukraine, in a small village located near the Kirovograd region.

Having started his life in Odessa with 9 births (it is significant that our hero, having left his father’s house as a child and never returning to another one), continued it from 1895-1897. at Mikolaiv, first at the real school, then at the Novorossiysk University, and then suddenly abandoned the beginning and abandoned the revolutionary work.

Well, eighteen years have had their first underground gang, nineteen have had their first arrest. Two fates in different relationships under investigation, the first case with the same thing, as well as the wine itself, was laid by Oleksandra Sokolovskaya directly in the Butyra case (appreciate the humanism of the Russian authorities!), then sent to Irkutsk province together with his squad and brother-in-law (humanism as before in the day). Here Trotsky Lev does not waste an hour in vain - he and O. Sokolovskaya have two daughters, he is engaged in journalism, fights in Irkutsk newspapers, and transports a number of articles abroad.

Next comes the cost and expense of false documents for the nickname Trotsky (according to the testimony of Lev Davidovich himself, this was the name of one of the spies in the Odessa case, and whose nickname seemed so sweet-sounding in the eyes of n having registered him for the preparation of a false passport).

There, our hero came to the beginning of another revolution of the RSDLP (b. 1902), where the famous split between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks arose. Immediately he became acquainted with Lenin, having appreciated Trotsky’s literary gift and decided to introduce him to the editorial board of the Iskra newspaper.

Before the first Russian revolution, Trotsky Lev took an unstable political position, conflicting between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Until then, another love affair with Natalya Sedova will remain, which he lays down without being separated from the first retinue. This love appeared long ago, and N. Sedova remained with him until his death.

1905 – the hour of our hero’s extremely brutal political anger. Having arrived in St. Petersburg, after the Crooked Sunday, Lev Davidovich organized the St. Petersburg Rada and immediately became the intercessor of its head, G. S. Nosar (pseudonym Khrustalov - lawyer, Ukrainian, originally from the Poltava region, executed in 1918 for a special the truth of Trotsky's quote), and after that I will arrest him with my head. Then, at the end of fate - Aresht, 1906 r. - the court was sent to the Arctic (near Salekhard region) the other day.

Ale Trotsky Lev was not himself, but allowed himself to be caught with live bait off the tundra. According to the dosage of the sent vin, I will work to praise and one by one make my way through half of Russia beyond the cordon.

After this follows the troubling period of emigration right up to 1917. At this hour, Lev Davidovich starts and abandons a lot of political projects, he sees a bunch of newspapers, trying to gain a foothold in revolutionary Russia as one of its organizers. He accepts neither Lenin nor the Mensheviks, but spends the entire hour moving between them, maneuvering, trying to reconcile the warring wings of Social Democracy. Vin is desperately trying to take leadership positions with the Russian revolutionary Russia. Ale tse yomu does not go into detail, and until 1917. He refers to the Uzbek political life, which leads Trotsky to the idea of ​​depriving Europe and trying happiness in America.

Here he acquired significant acquaintances in various fields, including financial ones, which allowed him to arrive before Russia after the Lute Revolution, in 1917, obviously not empty-handed. A huge head-scratcher in Petrorad has ensured that the new reincarnation has a place in the new reincarnation, and the financial possibilities are waning in the leader of the new one, as Trotsky enters the struggle for power under the leadership of Trotsky. clockwise.

As a result (in the spring of 1917), he joined the Bolsheviks and became another person in the Leninist party. Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Stalin, Zinovyev, Kamenev, Sokolnikov and Bubnov are the axis of these members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 to support the Bolshevik revolution. In this case, since the 20th spring of 1917, it was headed by the Petrograd Radya. In fact, all practical work with the organization of the Yellow Revolution was protected by the first Radyansky government - the right hand of Lev Trotsky.

In 1917-1918 pp. He served the revolution from the beginning as a people's commissar for overseas affairs, and then as the leader and commander of the Red Army at the People's Commissar's seat at the military and naval rights. Trotsky Lev was a key figure in the Bolsheviks' defeat during the Great War in Russia (1918-1923). He was also a permanent member (1919-1926) of the Politburo of the Bolshevik Party.

After the defeat of the Left Opposition, which waged an unequal struggle against the introduction of Joseph Stalin and his policies in the 1920s, directly related to the growing role of the bureaucracy in the Radyansky Union, Trotsky was removed from power (Zhovt June 1927), switched off from the Communist Party (leaf fall 192 ) r.) and sent from the Radyansky Union (Lyuty 1929 r.).

As the head of the Fourth International, Trotsky continued to oust the Stalinist bureaucracy from the Radian Union. Following Stalin's orders, he was driven into Mexico in the 1940s by Ramon Mercader, a Radian agent of the Spanish campaign.

Trotsky's ideas formed the basis of Trotskyism, a great directly Marxist thought that opposed the theory of Stalinism. He was one of the poor radyan political figures who were not rehabilitated either in the ranks of Mikita Khrushchev in the 1960s or during the “Gorbachev” period. At the end of the 1980s, the book was released for publication in the Radyansky Union.

In post-Russian Russia, Lev Trotsky was also rehabilitated. His biography has been researched and written by a number of famous historians, including, for example, Dmitro Volkogonov. We do not report this report, but analyze only one aspect of the situation.

In order to understand the flow of formation of the specialness of our hero, it is necessary to respectfully wonder how Leon Trotsky was born, informs the Rosregistr website. The whole Ukrainian glybinka, the stepovo rural zone, is deprived of the same dosi. And what was there about the Jewish homeland of the Bronsteins there: father David Leontiyovich (1847-1922), who came from the Poltava region, mother Hanna, Odessa (1850-1910), their children? The same ones that other bourgeois families in these places - paid capital with the brutal exploitation of Ukrainian villagers. Until the moment of the birth of our hero, his unwritten (know your own surroundings!) father, who is alive, in essence, in the isolation of strangers to the nationality and mentality of people, Volodya was already waving hundreds of acres of land and steaming millennium. Dozens of hirelings bent their backs on him.

Doesn’t the reader remember everything about the life of the Boer planters in New Africa, where the dark-skinned Ukrainians replaced the black Kaffirs? The axis of such an atmosphere was the formation of the character of little Lviv Bronstein. No friends of the same age, no careless flopping games and twists, just the need of a bourgeois buddy and the look of the beast at Ukrainian hirelings. From childhood itself there grows the root of that seeming power over other people, which became the main feature of Trotsky’s character.

And if I were a good friend of my father, but, fortunately, my mother, being a three-year-old woman (an Odesian girl), suddenly realized that her son was born in a larger, less invisible exploitation of the peasantry Pratsi, and asked for him to be sent away. to move to Odessa (live in an apartment with relatives). Below you can see what Leon Trotsky was like in his childhood (photo presented).

In Odessa, our hero was insured to a real school for a quota, as was the case for Jewish children. Odessa was then a rich cosmopolitan place-port, which was already different from the typical Russian and Ukrainian places of that time. Sergiy Kolosov’s long-running film “Rozkol” (we recommend it to everyone who cares about the history of the Russian revolution) has a scene where Lenin meets Trotsky in 1902 in London, who departed from his first exile, and to the enemies, as the capital of Great Britain celebrated on this occasion . She suggests that it is simply impossible to try the greater hostility that she experienced in Odessa after moving to her from the rural wilderness.

Leo learned miraculously, all the days later, flocking to the first students in his course. In the opinion of one-year-olds, Vina is a person who is overly ambitious, angry to the point of anger at everyone, and teases her from her classmates. Before Leo reaches age, he transforms into an attractive young man, who, in the presence of possible fathers, controls all the doors in life. How long is Leon Trotsky still alive (a photo of his near beginning is presented below)?

Trotsky planned to start at Novorossiysk University. For this reason, he transferred to Mikolaiv, where he completed the rest of the course at the real school. I was 17 years old and not thinking at all about any revolutionary activity. Alas, unfortunately, the blue rulers of the apartment were socialists, the stench drew the high school student to his chest, where a variety of revolutionary literature was discussed - from populist to Marxist. Among the participants in the group was O. Sokolovska, who recently completed obstetric courses in Odessa. Being six years older than Trotsky, she unleashed an unforgettable enmity against him. Wanting to show off his knowledge in front of the subject of his passion, Leo was forced to take up revolutionary theories. This created an evil heat within him: having started once, he would never be able to enjoy this activity again.

Respecting everything, the young ambitious man was struck by the rapture - even the axis there, the one on the right, which can be dedicated to life, which can bring glory to the greedy. At the same time, from Sokolovskaya, Trotsky destroys the revolutionary work, other leaflets, conducting social-democratic agitation among the workers of the Mykolayiv shipyards, organizing the “Perfect Russian Workers' Union.”

In 1898, more than 200 members of the union, including Trotsky, were arrested. In the end, there were two fates in connection with the trial - first in Mykolayiv, then in Kherson, then in Odessa and Moscow. Butirskiy Vyaznitsa made contacts with other revolutionaries. There, having first felt about Lenin and having read his book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia,” he became a true Marxist. Two months after its establishment (1-3 March 1898), the first meeting of the newly created Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) took place. From that hour, Trotsky identified himself as a member.

Oleksandra Sokolovska (1872-1938) was placed in the same Butirsky Vyaznitsa in Moscow for an hour before being sent to exile, where Trotsky was at that time. He wrote romantic letters to her, fortunately it was time to marry someone. What is typical is that their fathers and the prison administration supported the sticky bastard, and the Bronsteins’ friends were categorically against it - perhaps they sensed that they would end up marrying the children of such unreliable (in real life) fathers. Despite his father and mother, Trotsky still makes friends with Sokolovsky. The wedding ceremony was performed by a Jewish priest.

In 1900 years, there were judgments on several occasions sent in the Irkutsk region to Siberia. Through Trotsky's gateway, his squad is allowed to settle in one place. Apparently, the couple was sent to the village of Ust-Kut. Here two daughters were born: Zinaida (born 1901-1933) and Nina (born 1902-1928).

However, Sokolovsky did not dare to lose such an active nature as Lev Davidovich. To those who, having lost great popularity for the lack of articles written by sent people and are suffering in their immediate activities, Trotsky lets his squad know that they cannot be deprived of themselves far from the centers of political life. Sokolivska will happily wait. In 1902, Lev fled from Siberia - from the very beginning on a cart brought under his hay to Irkutsk, then with a passport in the name of Lev Trotsky, a prisoner to the cordons of the Russian Empire. Alexandra fled Siberia with her daughters for a year.

After leaving Siberia, he moved to London to join Plekhanov, Volodymyr Lenin, Martov and other editors of the Leninist newspaper “Iskra”. Under the pseudonym “Per”, Trotsky quickly became one of their leading authors.

At the end of 1902, Trotsky became involved with Natalia Ivanivna Sedova, who soon became his companion, and from 1903. and until his death by his squad. The smell of 2 children: Leva Sedova (1906-1938) and Sergiya Sedova (21 February 1908 - 29 June 1937), both died before their fathers.

At the same time, after the period of repression by the secret police and the internal discord that followed the first meeting of the RSDLP in 1898, Iskra began to hold the 2nd meeting of the party in London in 1903 roku. Trotsky and other Iskrists took their fate from him.

The delegates from the meeting were divided into two groups. Lenin and his Bolshevik cronies fought for a small, albeit well-organized party, and Martov and his Menshov cronies tried to create a great and less disciplined organization. These approaches have lost the validity of their goals. Just as Lenin wanted to create a party of professional revolutionaries for the underground fight against autocracy, Martov spoke about parties of the European type with an eye to parliamentary methods of fighting against tsarism.

With this, Lenin’s closest comrades gave Lenin a surprise. Trotsky and most of the editors of Iskra supported Martov and the Mensheviks, and Plekhanov supported Lenin and the Bolsheviks. For Lenin, Trotsky's attack was a strong and irresistible blow, for which he called the rest Yuda and, perhaps, without even studying.

Stretch 1903-1904 rub. Many faction members switched to another party. Thus, Plekhanov quickly separated from the Bolsheviks. Trotsky also deprived the Mensheviks of their fate in the spring of 1904 and even until 1917, calling himself a “non-factional social democrat”, trying to reconcile the different groups in the middle of the party, and as a result, taking the fate of the rich with Lenin and other prominent members of the RSDLP.

How was Leon Trotsky ranked above Lenin? Quotes from this book with Menshovik Chkheidze can clearly characterize their hundred-year-olds. This is how it was in the spring of 1913, when he wrote: “Lenin... the professional exploiter of any kind in Russia... The whole awakening of Leninism was caused by lies and falsification And I carry with me the beginning of my own deconstruction...”

Later, in the hour of the struggle for power, I will think of everything in line with the general course of the party set by Lenin. Below you can see what Lev Davidovich Trotsky was (photo from Lenin).

Well, everything we know about the special character of our hero does not characterize him at all. His incomparable literary and journalistic talent is undermined by painful ambition, posturing, egoism (see A. Sokolovskaya, exiled to Siberia with her two little daughters). However, during the period of the first Russian revolution, Trotsky was restless from a new side - as a very courageous man, a prominent speaker, a great igniter of the masses, as a brilliant organizer. Arriving in the spring of 1905 in the growing revolutionary Petersburg, he immediately rushes into the thick of things, becomes an active member of Petroradi, writing dozens of articles, leaflets, speaking before the electrified revolutionary energy of the gatherings with half-hearted promos. A dozen hours later he is already the defender of Radya’s head, taking an active part in the preparation of the upcoming political strike. After the appearance of the tsar's manifesto on the 17th of June, which granted political rights to the people, he sharply opposed him and called for the continuation of the revolution.

When the gendarmes arrested Khrustalev-Nosar, Lev Davidovich became his place and began preparing militant workers’ squads, the shock force of the upcoming armed uprising against the autocracy. Ale on the cob of 1905, the order faces the dispersal and arrest of the deputies. A completely boring story emerges during the arrest itself, when the gendarmes burst into the meeting room of Petroradi, and the headstrong Trotsky, through the power of his will and in vain, convicts them at any hour outside the doors that he can There is a need to prepare: to protect documents that are not safe for them, get ready. When the arrest was finally made, Trotsky suddenly found himself in the Russian court, this time at the St. Petersburg “Khrests”.

The biography of Lev Davidovich Trotsky is brightly colored. Please do not enter the report until our appointment. We are surrounded by several bright episodes, in which the character of our hero is most clearly manifested. Before them there is a story connected with other missions of Trotsky to Siberia.

Once upon a time, after death (including, in whole minds, including access to any kind of literature and press), Lev Davidovich was sentenced to eternal exile in the Arctic, in the region of Obdorsk (Nina Salekhard). Before leaving, he handed over a farewell sheet with the words: “We hope with great faith that the Swedes will help the people over their centuries-old enemies. Long live the proletariat! Long live international socialism!”

It goes without saying that he was not ready to sit in the polar tundra, in such a wretched life, and wait for a military revolution. Before that, what kind of revolution could you talk about if you didn’t take part in it yourself?

Therefore, the only way out for this new day is Negain. When the caravan left Berezovo (famous for the place of exile in Russia, where the great noble prince A. Menshikov spent the surplus of his life), the signs were on the way, then Trotsky feigned an attack of acute radiculitis . You have achieved what you were deprived of with a couple of gendarmes at Berezovka before dressing up. Having been fooled by its sweetness, you run from the town and reach the nearest Khanty settlement. There, in an incredibly reliable manner, he hires reindeer and across the snowy tundra (on the right is from the beginning of 1907) for perhaps a thousand kilometers to the Ural Mountains, accompanied by a Khant guide. And having reached the European part of Russia, Trotsky easily overshadows them (let’s not forget that by the time of 1907, the authorities tied “Stolipin’s cribs” around their necks) and referred to Finland, The stars are moving to Europe.

This, if I may say so, ended entirely happily for him, although the outcome, to whom he told himself, was extremely high. He could easily have been stabbed with a knife or stunned and thrown into the snow to freeze, leaving pennies on the drain like a new bull. And it would have been the assassination of Leon Trotsky not in 1940, but three decades earlier. If the enchanting anger at the rocks of the revolution, or everything that followed, would not have happened. However, history and the fate of Lev Davidovich himself turned out differently - fortunately for him, but on the mountain of richly suffering Russia and his father’s history, no less peace.

In the early 1940s, the news spread around the world that Leon Trotsky was killed in Mexico, having lived out the rest of his life. What is the scale of light? Doubtful. It’s just as soon as Poland fell, and two months have already passed since the capitulation of France. The wars of China and Indochina were burning. Garyachkovo was preparing for the war of the USSR.

Also, besides the numerous supporters of the members of the Fourth International created by Trotsky and numerous enemies, beginning with the rule of the Radyansky Union and ending with most of the world’s politicians, there is little comment on this death vav. The newspaper "Pravda" published an obituary, fortune telling by Stalin himself and confessions of hatred to the fullest extent.

It’s worth remembering that they tried to kill Trotsky more than once. Among the potential murders was the great Mexican artist Siqueiros, who took part in the invasion of Trotsky’s villa in Mexico from the warehouse of a group of orthodox communists and Lev Davidovich, who especially released an empty pistol , not suspecting that he is hovering under her. Todi coolies passed by.

New partners

Lev (Leiba) Davidovich Trotsky (real nickname - Bronstein) was born on June 26, 1879 near Yanivka (Kherson province, Little Russia), in the homeland of a wealthy Jewish landowner. Already in his early youth, he became obsessed with revolutionary ideas and began their propaganda among Mikolayev’s workers, while taking a course at a real school. In 1898, Lev was arrested, suffered two deaths, and then was sent to Olena.

In 1902, he sent for a false passport, written under the nickname Trotsky, went to London and became a writer there for a Marxist newspaper. Iskra" From the looks of it, Trotsky stands closer to the left wing of the Iskrist editorial board. Alas, do not hesitate to submit to the feathers of the leader of this wing, Lenin, in II Congress of the RSDLP(1903) having arrived not up to Bolsheviks, and before Menshovites. Nezabar Trotsky put forward the theory of “permanent revolution”, which means that in Russia the worker class can take control of the bourgeoisie, accept the proletarian revolution in Europe and march with it to the fullest extent possible. cialism.

Leon Trotsky. Photo bl. 1920-1921

Trotsky. TV series Episodes 1-2

Trotsky and Bolshovism. Polish poster, 1920

After the Sacrament For the sake of the People's Commissars Trotsky became the New People's Commissar for foreign affairs. In early 1917 - early 1918, they served as a Radian delegation at the negotiations with the Germans about the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. In the midst of them, Trotsky hung his famous cry: “Any peace, no war, and disband the army” - in order to force the war without the recognition of the Germans and buried it with a formal peace treaty.

In the spring of 1918, Trotsky occupied the seat of the military people's commissar and took an active part in the created Red Army. It’s very important in the hour of the Gromadyanskaya War, in spite of cruelty. Trotsky reinforced the Red Army discipline with executions of the tenth in the units that fought badly, and punished the whites and the rebel people to suffer without pity. For further help " disclaimer We tried to blame the Cossacks – the very organized and warlike part of the Russians. After the end of the Gromadian War, Trotsky intended to drive all the population of the Radian state from the government behind the military prison. labor armies", and the growth of rebellion everywhere in 1920 - at the beginning of 1921, the Bolsheviks voted for a "strategic approach" and voted NEP.

Leon Trotsky and Chervona Army

In 1922-1923, due to Lenin’s illness, the struggle for power began in the RCP (b). The “troika” of Stalin, Zinoviev and Kameneva. The Trotskyites recognized the defeats of those at the top with her. In 1925, Trotsky spent the planting of the People's Commissar of the Army and his head Revvies steal.

Trotsky. TV series Episodes 3-4

However, shortly after this, Stalin entered into a superiority with Zinovyev and Kamenev. The remaining two began to play tricks on their great enemy Trotsky and did away with him at the same time. united opposition”, important for the “old Bolsheviks”. She wanted to announce “accelerated industrialization” with the aim of plundering the “drugno-bourgeois” village - so that the NEP would be burned. At this stage, Stalin, for special purposes, falsely presented himself as a recipient of his savings.

After the 7th leaf fall 1927 demonstrations, driven by opposition to the honor of the 10th river Zhovtnya, Stalin reached Trotsky’s hanged in Alma-Ata (since 1928), and then - his deportation from the USSR (Luthy 1929).

Trotsky settled near Turechchina, on the island of Prinkipo (near Istanbul). He did not acknowledge the political and literary activities there, but instead condemned the “burial ground of the revolution” Stalin. Trotsky did his agitation for the USSR, and for the advancing communists. Vіn skhiliv on his bіk chimala part, yak broke і "Stalinsky" Comintern she fell asleep with power - Fourth International.

In 1933, Trotsky moved to France, and in 1935 to Norway. They deprived this country of their indemnities through the Radian vice, moving (1937) to Mexico, to the “leftist” President Lazaro Cardenas. Trotsky spent time there in the villa in Coyoacan, the guest of the radical artist Diego Riveri.

Stalin this hour ordered the organization of an operation to kill him. In the spring of 1940, Trotsky was in full force after an unsafe attack carried out by a group under the supervision of a famous artist. A. Siqueiros, Ale 20 September 1940, senior agent of the NKVS, Ramon Mercader, giving you a fatal blow to the head with an ice pick

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