All carbon-based speech becomes organic. Classification and nomenclature of organic speeches (trivial and international). Formulas of organic speeches by class

Organic river is not a chemical substance, which has coal in it. The culprits include carbonic acid, carbides, carbonates, cyanides and carbon oxides.

History

The term “organic speech” itself originates from the early development of chemistry. At that hour, the vitalistic worldviews were in ruins. This was a continuation of the traditions of Aristotle and Pliny. During this period, men were busy with the world, both living and non-living. In this case, all the words were clearly divided into mineral and organic. It was appreciated that the synthesis of seminal “living” speeches requires a special “force”. It has power over all living essences, and it creates organic elements that are impossible.

This irony, which is ridiculous for modern science, languished for a long time, until in 1828 Friedrich Wöhler failed in his final decision. It is possible to remove the organic part from the inorganic cyanate. This spontaneously propelled the chemistry forward. The breakdown of the substances into organic and inorganic was preserved for an hour. This is the basis of the classification. There are probably 27 million organic products.

Why are there so many organic sensations?

Organic speech - this, after the deed, is Vugletsev’s spoluka. In fact, this is a very important element. The building's vuglets create their own atoms. In this case, it is important that the connection between them is stable.

In addition, carbon in organic compounds exhibits valence – IV. It is obvious that this building element creates a connection with other words that is not only single, but also double and triple. In the world, their multiplicity of lanyards, which consists of atoms, increases, and becomes short. In this case, the stability of the connection does not grow.

Charcoal also has the ability to create flat, linear and volumetric structures. That’s why nature itself has so many different organic speeches.

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As a result, a more organic speech is designated - it is a semi-voice. And it’s even more important. blame it on the connection with any element of the periodic table. Nature most often contains kislen, water, sirka, nitrogen and phosphorus. Other elements are sharpened much more often.

Powerful

Well, organic speech is Vugletsev’s speech. In this case, there are a number of important criteria that must be met. All the words of the organic movement loom large in power:

1. The difference between atoms and the typology of bonds must immediately lead to the appearance of isomers. In front of us, the stench is created when carbon molecules combine. Isomers are a series of different words that share the same molecular weight and storage, as well as different chemical-physical powers. This is called isomerism.

2. Another criterion is the manifestation of homology. A series of organic compounds, in which the formula of the hydrated compounds is divided into the first one group CH 2. It is important for the authorities to become involved in material science.

What are the classes of organic speeches?

There are a lot of classics that reach organic tastes. The stench is visible to everyone. lipids and carbohydrates. These groups can be called biological polymers. They take part in metabolism on the cellular level in any organism. This group also includes nucleic acids. We can also say that organic speech is the one that we live in today, the one from which it is formed.

Bilki

Proteins are made up of structural components - amino acids. These are the monomers. Proteins are also called proteins. There are approximately 200 types of amino acids. All stench originates from living organisms. Only about twenty of them are storage proteins. They are called the main ones. However, in the literature there may also be common and less popular terms - proteinogenic and protein amino acids. The formula of organic speech of this class contains amino acids (-NH 2) and carboxyl (-COOH) warehouses. The stinks are bound together by those same carbs.

Functions of proteins

Proteins in the body of plants and animals perform important functions. Ale head of them is structural. Proteins are the main components of the cell membrane and the matrix of organelles in cells. In our body, all the walls of arteries, veins and capillaries, tendons and cartilage, nails and hair are composed mainly of various proteins.

The function is enzymatic. Proteins act as enzymes. Odors catalyze chemical reactions in the body. The stench itself indicates the breakdown of living components in the herbal tract. In plants, enzymes fix the position of carbon during photosynthesis.

It is possible to carry various words into the body, for example, jelly. Organic speech can also reach them. This is how the transport function works. Proteins carry metals, fatty acids, hormones and, most importantly, carbon dioxide and hemoglobin through the blood vessels. Transport is also available across the region.

Protein proteins – immunoglobulins – are responsible for their chemical function. These are blood antibodies. For example, thrombin and fibrinogen take an active part in the laryngeal process. In this manner, the stench disappears from the great loss of blood.

Proteins are responsible for the quick-sensing function. Due to the fact that myosin and actin protofibrils are gradually forming furring fibers one by one, shortening of the meat fibers is expected. However, such processes occur in single-celled organisms. The growth of flagellated bacteria is also associated with microtubules, which form a proteinaceous nature.

The oxidation of organic compounds releases a great amount of energy. However, as a rule, proteins are rarely spent on energy needs. This occurs when all reserves have been exhausted. Lipids and carbohydrates are best suited for them. Therefore, proteins can perform an energetic function, and even more so for singing minds.

Lipids

Organic speech and fat-like mouth. Lipids lie down to the simplest biological molecules. The stench is insignificant in water, but disintegrates in non-polar substances such as gasoline, ether and chloroform. The stench reaches the warehouse of all living cells. Chemically active lipids are alcohols and carboxylic acids. The most common ones are fats. In the body of creatures, plants and speech there are many important functions. Lipids are widely used in medicine and industry.

Functions of lipids

These organic chemical compounds, together with proteins in cells, create biological membranes. Its main function is energetic. When fat molecules are oxidized, even more energy is released. Look, go to the ATP clinic. The form of lipids in the body can accumulate a significant amount of energy reserves. Sometimes there are more of them, which is not necessary for normal life. With pathological changes, the metabolism of fatty cells increases. For the sake of fairness, I would like to respect that such supermundane reserves are simply necessary for hibernating creatures and plants. It is important for anyone to know that during the cold season, trees and chagarnas feed on soil soil. In fact, they use up the reserves of oil and fat that they have accumulated during the summer period.

In the human and animal body, fats can interfere with the drying function. The stench is deposited in the pelvic floor and near organs such as the stomach and intestines. Thus, the smell is a good protection against mechanical damage and impacts.

Moreover, fats have a low level of thermal conductivity, which helps preserve heat. This is very important, especially for the minds of a cold climate. In sea creatures, the subcutaneous fat ball also provides good buoyancy. And the axis of the bird's lipid also has a water-conducting and important function. The wax covers the feathers and makes them more elastic. This same coating can be seen on the leaves, like shoots.

Bcarbohydrates

The formula of the organic compound C n (H 2 O) m indicates that it belongs to the class of carbohydrates. The names of these molecules indicate that they have the same acidity and water properties as water. In addition to these chemical elements, in plants, for example, nitrogen may be present.

Carbohydrates in clinito are the main group of organic compounds. These are the primary products of odors and by-products of the synthesis in plants of other substances, for example, alcohols, organic acids and amino acids. Carbohydrates are also included in the storage of food products and mushrooms. The smells of the main components of bacteria and protozoa are detected. So, in wild cucumber it is 1 to 2%, and in wild cucumber it can reach 90%.

Today there are only three groups of carbohydrates:

Prosti tsukri (monosaccharides);

Oligosaccharides, which are composed of many molecules of sequentially combined simple vegetables;

Polysaccharides, which include more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides and similar ones.

Functions of carbohydrates

All organic speeches of the client have a singing function. So, for example, glucose is the main source of energy. Vaughn splits in all the cells during the hour of cell death. Glycogen and starch constitute the main supply of energy, and this is the main source in animals, and the other in plants.

Carbohydrates consist of structural function. Cellulose is the main component of the cell wall of plants. And in arthropods, chitin plays a role in this function. The same is observed in the cells of vegetable mushrooms. If you take the example of oligosaccharides, they enter the cytoplasmic membrane - in the form of glycolipids and glycoproteins. Glycocolyx is also often detected in cells. The synthesis of nucleic acids follows the fate of pentosy. When included in DNA, and ribose in RNA. The same components are found in coenzymes, for example, FAD, NADP and NAD.

Carbohydrates also play a role in the body's metabolism and function. In animals, heparin actively interferes with the secretion of the throat of the blood. It disappears during the course of tissue damage and blocks the formation of blood clots in the blood vessels. Heparin in large quantities appears in dangerous cells in granules.

Nucleic acids

Proteins, carbohydrates and lipids are not all types of organic substances. Chemistry brings here other nucleic acids. These are biopolymers that remove phosphorus. The stench that resides in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm of all living things ensures the transfer and preservation of genetic data. These words inspired the biochemist F. Misher, who was involved in the inoculation of salmon spermatozoa. Tse bulo "vipadkove" vidkrittya. Traits of RNA and DNA have been detected in all living and living organisms. Nucleic acids have also been seen in the cells of fungi and bacteria, as well as viruses.

In nature, two types of nucleic acids have been identified - ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). The importance of the name has become clear. deoxyribose – pentacarbose tsukor. Ribose appears on the RNA molecule.

Organic chemistry deals with the transformation of nucleic acids. The research is also dictated by medicine. DNA codes contain numerous genetic ailments that may still be encountered.

It seems that the power of organic speeches is indicated by their composition and chemical nature. It is not surprising that the classification of organic compounds is based on the Budov theory itself - the theory of L. M. Butlerov. Classify organic words according to their presence and the order of atoms in their molecules. The most valuable and smallest part of the organic speech molecule is its skeleton - a lance of carbon atoms. It is important to note the order in which the carbon atoms are united in this ring, and the compounds are divided into acyclic, so as not to replace the closed carbon atoms in the molecules, and carbocyclic, such as to replace the prices (cycle i) in molecules.
Cream of carbon atoms and water molecules of organic compounds can replace atoms and other chemical elements. The molecules in which the so-called heteroatoms are included up to a closed lance are referred to as heterocyclic compounds.
Heteroatoms (sour, nitrogen, etc.) can be included in the composition of molecules and acyclic compounds, creating functional groups in them, for example, hydroxyl - BIN, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino group - NH2.
Functional group- A group of atoms, which indicates the most characteristic chemical power of the speech and its belonging to the singing class of semi-klass.

In carbohydrates- this is the result that only atoms of water and coal are formed.

It is important that if the carbon lance is formed, the organic half-shells are connected to the open lance - acyclic (aliphatic) and cyclic- from a closed lancet of atoms.

Cyclic ones are divided into two groups: carbocyclic compounds(cycles created only by carbon atoms) and heterocyclic(the cycles include other atoms, such as sour, nitrogen, and sour).

Carbocyclic spoluks, in their own way, include two rows of spoluks: alicyclic and more aromatic.

The aromatic compounds at the base of bean molecules form flat carbon cycles with a special closed system of p-electrons, which create a carbonic π-system (a single π-electron star). Aromaticity is characteristic of rich heterocyclic compounds.

The decision of all carbocyclic compounds belongs to the alicyclic series.

Both acyclic (aliphatic) and cyclic carbohydrates can form multiple (double or triple) bonds. Such carbohydrates are called non-saturated (saturated) on the basis of border (saturated), which means that only single bonds are present.

Borderline aliphatic carbohydrates call alkanes, they have a secret formula Z n H 2 n +2 de n - the number of carbon atoms. The old name is often used and nowadays - paraffin.

Revenge one sub-link, they took away the name alkeny. The stench lingers on the formula Z n N 2 n.

Non-saturated aliphatic carbohydrateswith two ligaments call alkadienes

Non-saturated aliphatic carbohydrateswith one triple link call alkynes. The formula is Z n N 2 n - 2.

Borderline alicyclic carbohydrates - cycloalkane The formula is C n H 2 n.

Special group in carbohydrates, aromatic, or areniv(from a closed carbon π-electronic system), due to the use of carbohydrates with the carbon formula Z n H 2 n -6.

In this way, when in their molecules one or more atoms are replaced by other atoms or groups of atoms (halogens, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.), they are created Days in carbohydrates: halogen-based, oxygen-based, nitrogen-based and other organic compounds.

Halogen-based Carbohydrates can be considered as products of the substitution of one or more water atoms in carbohydrates with halogen atoms. It is clear to what extent borderline and non-saturated mono-, di-, tri- (in the general term poly-) halogen derivatives can be observed.

The formula of monohalogen-like border carbohydrates is:

and the warehouse is expressed by the formula

C n H 2 n +1 G,

where R is the excess of a boundary carbohydrate (alkane), a carbohydrate radical (this designation is also used when considering other classes of organic compounds); G - halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I).

Alcohol- similar carbohydrates, in which one or more water atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups.

Alcohol is called monatomic The smells are similar to one hydroxyl group, and they are borderline, because the smells are similar to alkanes.

The formula for boundary monohydric alcohols is:

and their warehouse is expressed by the ceremonial formula:
З n Н 2 n +1 ВІН or З n Н 2 n +2

When using high-atomic alcohols, a small amount of hydroxyl groups is present.

Phenols- many aromatic carbohydrates (benzene series), in which one or more water atoms in the benzene ring are replaced by hydroxyl groups.

The simplest representative with the formula 3 6 H 5 VIN is called phenol.

Aldehydes and ketones- substitutes for carbohydrates to replace the carbonyl group of atoms (carbonyl).

In aldehyde molecules, one carbonyl linkage is connected to a water atom, and the other to a carbohydrate radical.

In some ketones, the carbonyl group is associated with two (different) radicals.

The composition of boundary aldehydes and ketones is expressed by the formula Z n H 2l Pro.

Carboxylic acids- substitute carbohydrates to remove carboxyl groups (COOH).

If an acid molecule has one carboxyl group, then the carboxylic acid is monobasic. The formula for boundary monobasic acids (R-COOH) is correct. Their warehouse is expressed by the formula 3 n H 2 n O 2.

Sorry efiri are organic compounds that combine two carbohydrate radicals connected by an acid atom: R-O-R or R 1 -O-R 2.

Radicals can be either different or different. The composition of simple ethers is expressed by the formula З n Н 2 n +2 O

Folding ether- reactions, substitution of the water atom of the carboxyl group in carboxylic acids on the carbohydrate radical.

Nitrosluki- similar carbohydrates, in which one or more water atoms are replaced by a nitro group -NO2.

The formula for boundary mononitrosulfides is:

and the warehouse is transformed into a blasphemous formula

Z n H 2 n +1 NO 2 .

Ameni- compounds that look like waste ammonia (NH 3), where water atoms are replaced by carbohydrate radicals.

Due to the nature of the radical, amino acids can aliphaticand aromatic.

It is important to separate the water based on the number of substitutions of atoms by radicals:

Primary amino acids with a halal formula: R-NNH 2

Secondary - with the halal formula: R 1 -NН-R 2

Tretinni - from the halal formula:

In addition, second and also tertiary amines may have radicals, however.

Primary amines can be considered similar to carbohydrates (alkanes), in which one water atom is replaced by an amino group -NH 2 . The composition of the boundary primary amines is expressed by the formula 3 n H 2 n +3 N.

Amino acids There are two functional groups connected to the carbohydrate radical: amino group -NH 2 and carboxyl-COOH.

The composition of bordering amino acids, which contains one amino group and one carboxyl, is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +1 NO 2.

Among other important organic compounds, which contain rings of various or new functional groups, long linear lances are associated with benzene rings. In this case, it is impossible to determine the belonging of speech to any singing class. These effects are often seen in a specific group of substances: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, etc.

To name organic processes, two nomenclatures are used – rational and systematic (IUPAC) and trivial names.

Compiled names according to IUPAC nomenclature

1) The basis of the name is the root of the word, which means the limiting carbohydrate with the same number of atoms, like the head lance.

2) Add a suffix to the root, which characterizes the stage of saturation:

An (borderline, no multiple connections);
-en (for the presence of a sub-link);
-ін (for the obviousness of the triple connection).

If there are multiple conjuncts, then the suffixes indicate the number of such conjuncts (-dien, -trien, etc.), and after the suffix the digits of the position of the multiple conjunct are indicated, for example:
CH 3 -CH 2 -CH = CH 2 CH 3 -CH = CH-CH 3
butene-1 butene-2

CH 2 = CH-CH = CH 2
butadiene-1,3

Such groups as nitro-, halogens, and carbohydrate radicals, which do not enter up to the head, are added to the prefix. When there's a stench, take extra precautions with your wife. The position of the intercessor is indicated by a number before the prefix.

The order of formation and the names of the attacks:

1. Find the found lance of atoms C.

2. Sequentially number the atoms of the head lancet, starting from the closest to the loosened end.

3. The name of the alkane is made up of the names of the biological radicals, arranged in alphabetical order according to their position in the head lance, and the name of the head lance.

Nomenclature of various organic speeches (trivial and international)

In the past, all speeches in nature were divided into the mentally non-living and the living, including the remaining kingdom of creatures and plants. Speeches of the first group were given the name mineral. And those that had moved on to something else began to be called organic speeches.

What's wrong with us? The class of organic speech is the largest among all chemical compounds known to modern scientists. Nutrition, such as organic substances, can be described as follows - these are chemical substances, which include coal.

Please note that not all carbons reach organic levels. For example, corbids and carbonates, carbonic acid and cyanides, carbon oxides are not included in these numbers.

Why are there so many organic speeches?

Vіdpovіd tse nutriya v vlastivstvo vugletsyu. This element is great because it can create lanyards from its atoms. And in this case, the carotid ligament is more stable.

On the other hand, in organic compounds, wine exhibits a high valency (IV), so. It is possible to create chemical bonds with other words, not just single ones, but also double and triple ones (otherwise – multiples). As the multiplicity of the bond increases, the bonds of the atoms become shorter, and the stability of the bond increases.

In addition, the carbon fiber of the building creates linear, flat and volumetric structures.

Moreover, the organic speeches of nature are so varied. You can easily verify this yourself: stand in front of the mirror and respectfully admire your image. Our skin is a walking source of organic chemistry. Think about it: at least 30% of the mass of your skin is organic. Proteins like your body. Carbohydrates are a source of energy and fuel. Fats that preserve energy reserves. Hormones that influence the functioning of your organs and influence your behavior. Enzymes that trigger chemical reactions inside you. І enter the “exit code”, DNA lanyards – these are organic half-shells with a carbonized structure.

Warehouse of organic products

As we have already said on the cob, the main material for organic speech is coal. And any practical elements that combine with carbon can create organic results.

In nature, the most common types of organic substances present are water, sour, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.

Budova organic speeches

The diversity of organic compounds on the planet and the diversity of them can be explained by the characteristic patterns of carbon atoms.

Do you remember that the carbon atoms of the building create even small connections one by one, joining at the lance. As a result, stable molecules are released. The way the atoms themselves coalesce into a lance (rotate in a zigzag) is one of the key features of its being. The coal can rise either in an open lance or in a closed (cyclic) lance.

It is important that future chemical speech flows into their chemical power. An important role is played by how atoms and groups of atoms in a molecule merge one on the other.

There are dozens and hundreds of differences between the peculiarities of budo and shells of the same type. For example, you can look at water from carbon: methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc.

For example, methane is CH4. In normal minds, this kind of water with coal is present in a gas-like aggregate plant. When the sourness in the warehouse is set, the liquid is set - methyl alcohol CH 3 OH.

Not only speeches of different types (as in applications) reveal differences in power, but speeches of different types are also similar. Butts can produce methane CH 4 and ethylene C 2 H 4 to react with bromine and chlorine. Methane is produced by such reactions only when heated or with ultraviolet light. And ethylene reacts without clarification or heating.

Let's take a look at this option: the clear warehouse of chemical compounds is new, the old one is being destroyed. The same chemical authorities are semi-different. As in the case of acetylene 2 H 2 and benzene 6 H 6.

I will not leave out the role of the various peoples who play such powers of organic speeches, “connected” with their reality, such as isomerism and homology.

Realize that you have two seemingly identical words - however, they have the same molecular formula to describe them. However, these words are even different, and the difference between chemical and physical substances emerges. For example, the molecular formula Z 4 H 10 can be written in two different words: butane and isobutane.

Let's talk about isomers– the clues that reveal the new structure and molecular mass. All the atoms in their molecules are arranged in different order (both unaligned and unaligned).

What's the fuss? homology– this is a characteristic of such a vugletsovy lancet, in which the skin of the anterior member can be removed to the anterior group of CH 2. The skin homologous series can be expressed with one halal formula. And if you know the formula, it is difficult to determine the warehouse of any member is low. For example, homologues of methane are described by the formula C n H 2n+2.

In the world, the “homologous difference” of CH 2 increases, the bonds between the atoms of the speech are strengthened. Let’s take a homologous series to methane: the first six members are gases (methane, ethane, propane, butane), the next six are liquids (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane), and then come the compounds in the solid aggregate stage (pentadecane, eicosan, etc.). And what is the importance of the bond between the carbon atoms, the greater the molecular energy, the boiling point and melting point of the substances.

What are the classes of organic speeches?

Before the organic speeches of the biological approach lie:

• proteins;
• in carbohydrates;
• nucleic acids;
• Lipids.

The first three points can be called biological polymers.

The report's classification of organic chemical substances treats the sentences as biological analogues.

Before carbohydrates include:

• acyclic steps:
  • borderline carbohydrates (alkanes);
  • unsaturated in carbohydrates:
    • alkenes;
    • alkynes;
    • alkadienes.
• cyclical steps:
  • semi-carbocyclic:
    • alicyclic;
    • aromatic.
  • heterocyclic connection.

There are also other classes of organic compounds, in which coal is combined with other substances, in addition to water:

• alcohols and phenols;
• aldehydes and ketones;
• carboxylic acids;
• folding ether;
• lipids;
• in carbohydrates:
  • monosaccharides;
  • oligosaccharides;
  • polysaccharides.
  • mucopolysaccharides.
• Amen;
• amino acids;
• proteins;
• nucleic acids.

Formulas of organic speeches by class

Application of organic speeches

As you remember, in the human body, diverse organic speech is the basis of its foundations. These are our tissues and raw materials, hormones and pigments, enzymes and ATP, and much more.

In people's bodies, food has priority over proteins and fats (half of the dry mass of food in animals is protein). In roslins (approximately 80% of the dry mass of clitini) - after carbohydrates, first before the folding ones - polysaccharides. This includes cellulose (without which there would be no paper), starch.

Let's talk about their actions in the report.

For example, about in carbohydrates. If it were possible to take and eliminate the mass of all organic substances on the planet, carbohydrates themselves could be used in any way.

Smells contain a lot of energy in the body, are beneficial materials for the cells, and also increase the supply of speech. It is intended to serve starch for plants, and glycogen for animals.

In addition, carbohydrates are very different. For example, just carbohydrates. The most abundant monosaccharides in nature are pentosates (including deoxyribose, which is included in DNA) and hexoses (the well-known glucose).

As from loam, in the great natural sciences, thousands and thousands of monosaccharides and polysaccharides are formed. Without them, more precisely, without cellulose, starch, there would be no sprouts. It would be very important for creatures without glycogen, lactose and chitin.

We look respectfully at proteins. Nature is the greatest master of puzzles: with just 20 amino acids, the human body creates 5 million types of proteins. The whites also carry many important functions. For example, everyday life, regulation of processes in the body, blood production (for which there are proteins), metabolism, transport of certain substances in the body, they also contain energy, the appearance of enzymes appears catalyst for the reaction, ensuring protection. Antibodies play an important role in protecting the body from negative external influences. And when there is discord in the finely tuned body, antibodies, instead of reducing external enemies, can act as aggressors to the vital organs and tissues of the body.

Proteins are also divided into simple (proteins) and folded (proteins). And the authorities have only the same powers: denaturation (ruining, as you noted more than once when you boiled an egg hard) and renaturation (this power is widely known to be stagnant in prepared antibiotics, grub concentrates and In.).

Let's not ignore respect Lipids(fat). For our body, stench is a reserve source of energy. How retailers help the progress of biochemical reactions. Take the fate of the living organism - for example, of molded cellular membranes.

And a few more words about such organic flavors as hormones. The stench takes part in biochemical reactions and the exchange of speech. Such small hormones affect men (testosterone) and women (estrogen). It makes us happy and sad (and the hormones of the thyroid gland play a role in mood swings, and endorphin gives a sense of happiness). I mean “owls” and “larks”. If you're ready to pay extra attention or want to get up early and do homework before school, it's not just your daily routine that's at stake, but also the hormones in your brain.

Visnovok

The world of organic speech is truly marvelous. It’s enough to get lost in your addiction, so that your spirit sank in view of the competition with all those living on Earth. Two legs, which are a radical replacement for legs - we are all succumbing to the spell of Mother Nature's chemical laboratory. It stirs the atoms and coals to combine with the lance, react and create thousands of such different chemical reactions.

Now you have a short journey through organic chemistry. Unfortunately, not all possible information is presented here. At some point you may have to clarify things on your own. In the future, you can choose a route for your own explorations.

You can also consult the statistics on the definition of organic speech, the classification and secret formulas of organic compounds and secret information about them, in order to prepare for chemistry lessons at school.

Tell us in the comments which branch of chemistry (organic or inorganic) suits you better. Don’t forget to share the article on social media so that your classmates can also share it quickly.

Be gentle, let me know if you find any inaccuracy or mercy in the statistics. All people and all of us have mercy.

blog.site, with full or partial copying of the material sent to Pershodzherel ob'yazkov.

It is clear that such organic speeches differ from another group of speeches – inorganic ones. One of the broadest explanations comes from the name “carbohydrate”. In fact, the basis of all organic molecules is a bunch of carbon atoms bound to water. And other elements that were called “organogenic”.

Organic chemistry until the end of the day

For a long time, people have been exploiting the richness of natural resources and minerals: gray, gold, slime and copper ore, kitchen sill. For the entire history of science - from recent times to the first half of the 19th century - they have never been able to bring the connections of living and inanimate nature to the level of microscopic reality (atoms, molecules). It was important that with its organic speech it was important to contribute to the mythical force of life – vitalism. Having discovered the myth about the ability of the human “homunculus” to become virulent. For this purpose, it was necessary to put together the products of life in the barile, to mark the hour until the life force was born.

Weller's work dealt a devastating blow to vitalism by synthesizing organic speech from inorganic components. So it was proved that there is no living force, the nature is one, organisms and inorganic half-creatures are created by the atoms of these very elements. The warehouse of the family was taken over and before Weller worked, the conversion of which did not become a great success. The very fact of imitation of speech, characteristic of the exchange of speech, the posture of the body of a creature and a person, is monstrous.

Theory of A. M. Butlerov

The role of the Russian school of chemists in the established science, which develops organic speech, is great. The names of Butlerov, Markovnikov, Zelinsky, Lebedev are associated with the era of development of organic synthesis. The founder of the theory of boudovii semik is A. M. Butlerov. The famous chemists of the 60s and 19th century explained the composition of organic substances, the reasons for their diversity, the revelation of the relationships that exist between the composition, the formation and the powers of the formations.

Based on Butlerov's findings, it was not only possible to systematize the knowledge about already existing organic effects. It became possible to transfer to power the words still known to science, to create technological schemes for their hijacking from industrial minds. There are a lot of ideas from modern organic chemists in our day.

When carbohydrates are oxidized, new organic compounds emerge - representatives of other classes (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids). For example, acetylene is highly dependent on the production of otic acid. Part of this reaction product is further consumed by removing synthetic fibers. Acid concentration (9% and 6%) is the most important value for the skin. The oxidation of organic substances serves as the basis for the extraction of a large number of products that have industrial, agricultural, and medicinal value.

Aromatic and carbohydrate

Aromaticity in organic molecules is due to the presence of one or more benzene nuclei. A lance with 6 carbon atoms is locked in a ring, which is due to the bonds, so the power of such carbohydrates is not similar to other hydrocarbons.

Aromatic carbohydrates (or fatty acids) are of great practical importance. There are a lot of them widely known: benzene, toluene, xylene. They are used as purifiers and sirens for the production of leaves, barnberries, rubber, gum and other products of organic synthesis.

Kisnevmesni spoluki

The warehouse of a large group of organic substances contains atoms of sourness. The smell enters the most active part of the molecule, the functional group. Alcohol mix one or a few hydroxyl particles-OH. Apply it alcohols: methanol, ethanol, glycerin. Carboxylic acids have another functional part - carboxyl (-COOOH).

Other acidic organic compounds - aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids, alcohols and aldehydes are present in large quantities in the storage of various organs of plants. The stench can be used to contain natural products (octoic acid, ethyl alcohol, menthol).

Fats contain carboxylic acids and triatomic alcohol glycerin. Cream of alcohols and linear acids, and organic compounds with a benzene ring and a functional group. Examples of aromatic alcohols: phenol, toluene.

Bcarbohydrates

The most important organic substances the body needs to store cells are proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats (lipids). Simple carbohydrates - monosaccharides - are found in cells in the form of ribose, deoxyribose, fructose and glucose. The last one on this short list is carbohydrate – the main source of metabolism in cells. Ribose and deoxyribose are storehouses of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

When glucose molecules are broken down, energy is seen that is necessary for life. The kidney is stored when its own energy receptor, adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP), is created. This substance is carried by the blood and delivered to the tissues and cells. With the subsequent elimination of three excesses from adenosine phosphoric acid the energy is rising.

Giry

Lipids are the words of living organisms that have specific powers. The stench does not dissipate in water or hydrophobic particles. Particularly rich in the speech of the class is the earth and the fruits of real plants, nerve tissue, liver, nirka, the blood of animals and people.

The skin of people and creatures can take revenge on the faceless greasy crusts. The secretion that is seen by them is deposited on the surface of the body, lubricates it, and protects it from the loss of moisture and the penetration of microbes. The ball of subcutaneous fatty tissue protects the internal organs from damage and serves as a reserve cord.

Bilki

Proteins make up more than half of all organic matter in tissue; in some tissues they account for 80%. All types of proteins are characterized by high molecular weights and the presence of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. When heated, the stench fumes - denaturation occurs. The primary structure is great for the microworld of amino acids. Under the infusion of special enzymes in the herbal system of animals and people, the protein macromolecule will disintegrate in storage. The odors are absorbed from the skin, whereby the synthesis of organic substances occurs - other proteins specific to the living essence of the skin.

Enzymes and their role

Reactions in cells proceed in a fast manner, which is important in the minds of scientists, including catalysts and enzymes. They break down enzymes that can only act on proteins - lipases. Hydrolysis of starch occurs due to the participation of amylase. Lipases are necessary for storing fats in warehouses. Enzyme processes occur in all living organisms. Since humans do not have any enzyme in their cells, this is considered the metabolism of speech, the key to health.

Nucleic acids

Speech, first identified and seen from the nuclei of cells, assumes the function of transmitting spasmodic signs. Basically, DNA resides in chromosomes, and RNA molecules are located in the cytoplasm. During reduplication (sub-replication) of DNA, it becomes possible to transfer sequence information to the state cells - gametes. As a result, the new organism takes away genetic material from its father.