Life at 20 30 rocky. Crazy. Neglect of the life of the city

Since the end of the 1920s, control has been made on the side of the organs of state power over the development of the spiritual life of the suspension. There were changes in the structures of cultural management bodies. Certainty with respect to її galuzy was passed on to special committees (on the right-hand side of the school, with radio engineering and radio communication і etc.). The new People's Commissar for the education of the signs of A.S. Bubnov, who had previously transferred to the core robots in the systems of the Red Army. Prospects for the development of culture have become based on five-star national and cultural plans. The discussion on the nutrition of cultural activities took place at the conferences and plenums of the Central Committee of the Party. The great job has borrowed a robot from the power of the party-state bodies, it has been adapted to the traditions of bourgeois ideology and firmness to Marxism in the capacity of people. The leading role in the flared up suspense-political struggle was introduced by the support of the sciences, friends, literature and art.

The decisions of the Central Committee of the Party "About the magazine" Pid the ensign of Marxism "and" About the robot of the Communist Academy "(1931 r) have boosted the establishment and the main development of the scientific sciences. From them, there is more information about science from the practice of socialist education. The statements have a thesis about "sharpening the class struggle on the theoretical front". The jokes of the "class thieves" on the "historical front", on the musical and literary "fronts" arose like a follower. The “counterrevolutionary schools” had a lot of blame for the history of E. V. Tarle and S. F. Platonov, and the literary scholar D. S. Likhachov. The 30-th rocky boules repressed a lot of talented writers, singers, artists (P. N. Vasil'ev, O. E. Mandelstam and іn.).

The transfer of forms and methods of class struggle into the sphere of culture gave a negative infusion on the spiritual life of the suspension.

Osvita and science

In the rock of the front-line p'yatirichok, the robot is trivial for the removal of non-writing and illiteracy, as well as for the advancement of the cultural level of the Radiansk people. Buv folds єA single plan for reading the letters of the overgrown unwritten population.

1930 he appeared as an important change in the robot, directing the revision of the CPCP into a literate land. Bulo introduced obov'yazkov zagalne pochatkov (chotirohklasne) osvit. Significant values ​​are seen on the school building. Tilki in the heads of another pyatirichka in places and working settlements have grown over 3.6 yew. New schools. More than 15 yew. The school began to celebrate the day in the Silk Mistsevost.

The head of the industrial development of the country has been driven by an increasing number of literate and qualified personnel. At the same time, the sanctuary of robots was not very high-quality: the average triviality of the schoolchildren became 3.5 rock. The spies of unwritten robots reached 14%. Razvya razriv izh zagalno-svitnyo і preparatory robots, іх їх outlandish culture and the needs of the national government. For the complete training of personnel, the bullet has been installed with the help of virobnicheskogo navchannya: technical schools, courses and gurts on advancing technical literacy.

Get used to the development of the system of middle special and general education. Bully skasovanі obmezhennya for "classy alien elements" before an hour I will enter before the main pawns. Robfacs were asked about. The framing of the main pawns has expanded. Up to the ear of 40 heads in the country there were 4.6 yews. Vuziv. The development of the plans of the national and cultural development was clamped down on the preparation of the faculties for all the economics halls. During the period from 1928 to 1940, the number of Fakhivtsi with vishoyu sanctuary grew up from 233 yew. Up to 909 yew., Middle special - from 288 yew. Up to 1.5 million

One of the rice of a suspicious 30th rocky, which was inspired by the development of the middle school, was comprehended in one hour of the singing stage in the history of the past. The RNC SRSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a decree on the Victory of the Community History in Schools (1934). At the last edition, the history faculties were introduced at the Moscow and Leningrad Universities. Іnsha decree stosuvalasya preparation of handlers from history.

Prodovzhuvala robot on the stem of the scientific and pre-ancient centers, developed Galuzev science. Moscow has the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Geophysics, the All-Union Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Lenina (VASGNIL). Advance studies were conducted on the problems of microphysics (P. L. Kapitsa), physics of microorganisms (A. F. Ioffe), the atomic nucleus (I. V. Kurchatov, G. N. Flerov, A. I. Alikhanov and I.). KE Tsolkovsky's robots in rocket technology became the scientific basis for the launch of the first pre-launch missiles. After the vcheny-chemist S.V. Lebedev was allowed to organize the industrial process of removing synthetic rubber. Unsuccessfully before the ear of the Great Vіynіyanoyi vіyny buli votoreni vіynі vіynі vіynі vіynі vіynі kіrіvnіtvom AP Aleksandrov the way to get the ships from the magnetic mines.

In the regions of the Russian Federation and the union republics, there was an announcement of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, scientific and pre-existing institutes. In the other half of the 30s in the country, there were over 850 NDI and їх philia.

Artistic life

Working from the other half of the 1920s, literature and mystery were looked at as one from the communal education and the master. The very tsim explained the struggle against the "counter-revolutionary" ideas and "bourgeois theories" in the sphere of artistic life.

In the other half of the 20s, the number of literary institutions increased. Diyali group "Pass", "LEF" (Livy front mystetva), All-Russian Union of Writers, Union of Village Writers. Literary Center for Constructives (LCC) і ін. The stinks spent their z'yzdi, mali drukovanі organi.

A number of the most literary groups were approved by the Federation of Single Radiansk Writers (FOSP). One of its establishments was the organization of the establishment of the socialist suspension. In literature, the theme of practice has developed. Dawn, podachili light novels by F. V. Gladkov "Cement" і F. I. Panfiorov "Borsuki", drawing by K. G. Paustovsky "Kara-Bugaz" and "Kolkhida".

In 1932, the decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted, "On the overbudding of literary and artistic organization". All the literature has been channeled up to the new boule. Writers and singers were united into a single creative union (win nalichuvav 2.5 thousand Osib). At the serpentine of 1934, the I All-Union Z'yizd of Radiansk Writers was published. On a new note about the writing of the literature, voiced by A.M. Gorky. As a result of the zalnosyuzny, the writings passed through the history of the union of writers in the deyaky allied republics. AM Gorky and A.A. Buv of works of the Union of Radiansk composers. Freedom of artistic creativity is evident to the winners of creative spiloks. The food of the literature and the art was discussed on the sidelines of newspapers like on the right of principle importance. The main creative method of literary and art became socialist realism, the most important principle of what a party was.

The regulation of the artistic creativity of the stream, did not alter the development of literature, painting, theatrical and musical art. The musical culture of cich rockіv Bula is represented by the works of D. D. Shostakovich (opera "Ніс" і "Katerina Izmailova"), S. S. Prokof'ev (opera "Semyon Kotko") and іn.

At the turn of the 20-30s, a new generation of poets and composers came to literature and art. Bagato from them took part in the development of creative creativity. The authors of the song were poets V.I. Lebedev-Kumach, M.V. Isakovskiy, A. A-Prokof'ev. The composers І. O. Dunaevsky, brothers Pokrass, A. V. Alexandrov. In the 30s, rock has widely rejected the poetry of A. A. Akhmatova, B. L. Pasternak, K. M. Simonov, V. A. Lugovskiy, N. S. Tikhonov, B. P. Kornilova, A. A. Prokof 'єva. The beauty of the traditions of Russian travel was promoted in his work by P. N. Vasil'ev (singing "Khristolyubovskiy calico" and "") and A. T. Tvardovskiy (singing "Land of Muravia"). Let us remember the manifestation of literary life was the creation of A. N. Tolstoy, A. A. Fadov.

Increased interest to the cultural and historical past of the land. In 1937, it was clearly indicated that from the day A.S. Pushkin died. Films on the historical ones ("Oleksandr Nevsky" directed by S. M. Eizenshtein, "Petro Pershy" by V. M. Petrov, "Suvorov" by V. I. Pudovkina and іn.) Were very popular. Significant successes reached theatrical mystery. In the repertoire of theaters, the works of the ancient and foreign classics, the art of Radianskih playwrights (N.F. Immortal works of art by artists P. D. Korini and M. V. Nesterov, R. R. Falk and P. N. Filonova.

Industrialization of the 1920s - the ear of the 30s took over the development of the mass city building and development of the Radian architecture. Close to the factories, working settlements were built with a system of cultural service, schools and children's facilities. Palaces of culture, work clubs and health resorts were built. Architects І took part in the project. V. Zholtovsky, І. A. Fomin, A. V. Shchusev, brothers Vesnin. The architects pushed as far as the establishment of new architectural forms, as they prompted the employers to encourage a new suspension. As a result of the jokes of the new and different incidents, the huge buddies became, the inviting vigilance of those giant gears - the culture buddies of the name of Rusakov in Moscow (the architect K.S. Z. Alabyan and V.N.Simbirtsev).

Robots with the reconstruction of Moscow - the capital of the USSR - the largest industrial centers - have started a wide range of activities. Pragnennya before the opening of the new pobutu, misst-gardens brought up to the great losses in the bagatokh. In the course of the awakening robots, new historical and cultural memorials were seen (Sukharev Vezha and Chervoni Gates in Moscow, numerous churches, etc.).

Russian

Warehouse part of the cultural culture of the 20-30s є the creativity of representatives of the artistic and scientific intellectuals, who were found behind the cordon. Until the end of the Hromadyanskoy War, the number of emigrants from Radianskiy Russia reached 1.5 million Cholovik. At the onset of rock, emigration is trivial. Mayzhe 2/3 of the last number left Russia, and were in control of France, Nimechchina and Poland. Bagato emigrants settled in the provinces of Pivnichnaya and Pivdennaya America, in Australia. Vidirvani from Batkivshchyna, the stench has taken away the preservation of their cultural traditions. Behind the cordon of the boulevard, there are a bottle of Russian vidavnistv. In Paris, Bernini, Prazi and some other places, newspapers and magazines were handled by Russian language. We went to the lights of the book of I. A, Bunina, M.I. Tsvєtaєvoi, V.F. Khodasevich, І. V. Odoevtseva, G. V. Ivanova.

In emigracia, a lot of vivid vcheni-philosophers were recognized. Overburdening far away from Batkivshchyna, the stench was smelled to comprehend the place and the role of Russia in the history and culture of people. NS Trubetskoy, LP Karsavin and іnshі became the founders of the Eurasian ruch. The program document of the Eurasians "Result by Reckoning" spoke about the belonging of Russia to two cultures and two saints - Europe and Asia. Due to the special geopolitical position, the stench was inflated. Russia (Eurasia) represented a special historical and cultural spirit, seen from and from the Descent, and from the Entry. One of the Science Centers of the Russian Emigration Bureau of the Economics Office of S. N. Prokopovich. We got together about the new economy and were engaged in the analysis of social and economic processes in the Radiansk Russia of the 1920s, published science practices with those.

Bagato representatives of emigration turned in the 30s of the century to Batkivshchyna. They went beyond the cordon, and their creativity became visible in Russia after ten years.

The bags of the indigenous re-creation in the cultural sphere are ambiguous. As a result of this, a revival of vital values ​​in the field of spiritual and material culture. The literacy of the population has increased, the number of fakhivts has increased. At the same hour, the ideological onslaught on suspended life, the regulation of artistic creativity was very important for the development of all spheres of culture.

Sitting in the 30s of rock in the Union, it is easy to see for films and fortunes of the elderly. Zrozumilo, on the territory of the country, everything was even more common in its greatness. Ale todi zh buv period of budivnistv, entuzizmu, pidyomu from the revolution
And what kind of booby was beaten in the 30s in the rocky regions? So why is it so strong?

1937 USA. Budinochok of the middle of the netr_v. Everything is even more biannual, ale on the walls of the newspaper tapestry and the broken curtain from the figurine virizano newspaper.

1937 Czechoslovakia. If it’s not ready, you’ll name the land in the photo.

1937 USA. Woman Bilya Budinku in Metropolitan Washington DC

1933 Great Britain. Zvychayna, beyond the modern worlds, there is a great, English homeland

1936 USA. Mothers with children in California

1932 France. Lyudina rozbiraє smittya in the "capital of light" Paris

1938 Poland. Chalupa, in the life of the great Polish sim'ya

Litnya couple in the hut. USA, 1937 rik

1937 USA. And the axis is the one pole, the call is the one style, the level of life. Tse of the family supper measure of the place of Mansi and yogo squad

In addition to the horror stories, as they say at once about that hour, in the early days of the war itself, it is not often seen in the life of the symphony of the power and the people. The people, inspired by the great idea, inspire the first in the history of the people a just suspension without rotten and adorable, showing miracles to heroism and self-confidence. And the power in those rocks, not imagined by our liberal historians and publishers with a fiercely repressive machine, told the people about it with a turbocharger.

Nursery-free medicine and education, sanatoriums and booths for repairs, pioneer instruments, baby cages, libraries, gurts have become a mass phenomenon and boules are available to all. Not just for an hour, but after the witnesses, people were thinking only about one thing: everything had become, as before.

Axis scho writing, for example, about that hour, the US Ambassador in 1937-1938 rr. Joseph E. Devis:

“With a group of American magazines, I have seen five places, having looked around at the most enterprises: a tractor plant (12 thousand Robinikivs), an elektrodviguniv plant (38 thousand Robinikivs), Dniprogesv, aluminum plant 3 svit, Zaporizhstal (35 thousand robots), lykarnyu (18 children and 120 nurses), nursery and children's gardens, Rostselmash plant (16 thousand workers), Palace of pioneers (wake-up call with 280 children for 320 days) Remaining with the ciches was established by one of the most cynical manifestations in the Radiansky Union. Some palaces are erected at all great places and are designated for involvement in the life of the Stalinist extinguished about children, as the greatest price for the country. Here children grow up and grow up їх gifted ... "

І leather bouv of enthusiasm, that this gift does not wither away and does not disappear, but it has all the possibilities for the healthy world in all spheres of life. Before the children of robots and villagers, the doors of the middle and high school were opened. On a renewed effort, social lifters, young workers and peasants at the top of power, open before them the horizons of science, the wisdom of technology, and the steps of the stage. "In the everyday life of the great beasts" a new land was born, a land of heroes, a land of heroes, a land of vchenikh.

And in order to be able to exploit it, be it the possibility of exploiting people - whether it be a private person or a state, - by the first decrees in the USSR, an eight-year working day will be introduced. In addition, a six-day working day has been established for children, most children have been fenced up to 14 years old, a protection has been established, and a virobniche for young people has been introduced. At that hour, the USA and the country stopped in the bream of the Great Depression, in the Radio Union in 1936 there were 5 million workers. They were busy in the bezperervnom virobnistvі, in three eight-year working days, we took away two vicіdny ones.

The salary of robots and services has grown twice as much, as well as the salaries of employees. Dorosli, melodiously, no longer remembered, but the young and I don’t know, how the great Vitchiznyan’s workers gave the front letters and tanks, prompted to the specialty of sparing, as the stinks spent on accumulating money for the last few hours kollektivizatsii. Yakim rank їm tse far away?

On the right, in that, the number of obligatory workdays for the "non-cattle slaves" became 60-100 in the thirty rocks (in the fallowness in the district). Writing a collegiate person, he was pratsyuvati on himself - on his own day or in a virobny cooperative, which would be without any problems in the whole of the USSR. As the author of the site “Russian Project”, the publisher Pavlo Krasnov, “... In the Stalinist CPC it is necessary to show the special initiative to show all the possibilities of development in cooperative Russia. It is not possible to bulo only koristuvatisya naimanoy pracea, contractually cooperative - I want to row a gati.

In the country, there were fewer cooperatives; in cooperatives, 2 million people were constantly working, they spent 6% of the gross production of the industry of the USSR: 40% of all furniture, 70% of all metal crockery, 35% of the top may

In addition, there are 100 cooperative design bureaus in the country, 22 experimental laboratories, two scientific institutes of the past. Tse without urahuvannya cooperative silskih artillery for private occupation. In their 30s, they had up to 30 million choloviks.

You can be engaged in an individual practice - for example, mothers have their own photographic laboratory, rallying from a tribute, those who could have done private practice and so far. The co-operatives have taken the part of highly qualified professionals in their righteousness, organized in an effective structure, which explains the high number of additions to the CPCP products.

All the price was leaked by Khrushchev at a rapid pace from 56 years - the main cooperatives and private enterprises were confiscated, and the statehood and private thinness should be brought to a special attention. "

Dodamo, too, in 1956, and the number of labor-intensive workdays was increased to three hundred. The results didn’t bother themselves - there were immediate problems with the products.

The thirty rocky also widely zastosovuvala payment of prazі. Practicing additional bonuses for saving mechanisms, economy of electricity, paliva, sirovini, materials. Introduced into the practice of premiums for re-enactment of the plan, reduction of costs, release of products of improved quality. Zdіysnuvalasya thought over the system of preparation of qualified workers of the industry and the Silskoy government. Only for the rock of another pyatirichka, about 6 million have been prepared.

Nareshti, in the SRSR, for the first time in the light of the world, there is no problem - the problem is unconnected in the minds of market capitalism. For all, the right to pratsyu has become a reality. Already in 1930, the beginning of the first p'yatirichkas, they started their nouveau birzhi pratsi.

Along with the industrialization of the land, with the development of new factories and factories, there was a life of life. State and cooperative enterprises and organizations, collective farms and populations in other countries have introduced 67.3 million square meters of population in the area. For the help of the state and collegiate workers, the workers of the village raised 800 thousand rubles. Budinkiv.

Investments made by state and cooperative organizations in the life of the business were simultaneously increased by a factor of 1.8, in proportion to the first five. Apartments, like a pam'yataєmo, were provided without a koshtovno at the lowest rent. I, melodiously little, I know, that for a friend the five in the living, communal and cultural life, in the protection of health in the rapid development of the Radiansk Union, has been invested in a lot of styles and households, but in the importance of industry.

In 1935, it became a state of flux in the light of the technical equipment and artistic decoration of the metropolitan area. In 1937, buildings were built into the operation of the Moscow-Volga Canal, which was the problem of water supply to the capital and the polish and transport links.

In the 30s of the country, dozens of new cities have grown not only, in 42 cities there have been built water supply lines, in 38 - canalization, transport tram lines have been developed, new lines of trams have been launched, the bus fleet has expanded.

In the rock of the front-line p'yatirichkas in the country, for the first time in the light practice, bully were formed supportive forms of national living, Yakimi, krіm pay pratsі, koristuvalasya kozhna radianska sіm'ya. Most of them went to the welfare and improvement of the living, cultural and private establishments, non-school education and medical service, to the retirement pension and additional help. In the second place, in the context of the first five, vitrati were increased on social security and social insurance.

Shvidko widened the range of sanatoriums and buddies for a reason, vouchers to yak, pribania on the basis of social insurance, distributed by professional employees among robots and services without a credit, or on the minds of pilgrims. Only for one friend five in the booths in the booths and in the sanatoriums there were 8,4 million choloviks, in 10,7 times they were added in the first five gardens of vitraty for the clarification of the children in the children. The average triviality of life has grown.

Such a state could not help but sleep with the people as its own, people, native, for how it is not a school of life, for the sake of which one wants to be able to achieve deeds ... ... Above Stalin's words, “Life has become more beautiful, life has become more cheerful” for hours of awakening and overwhelming fate, the mock was taken, protesting represented real snakes in the social and economical life of the Radiansk suspension.

The change could not be left unremarkable at the Entry. We can still hear that it is possible to do radianskiy propaganda, but the truth about those who go right with us seems to be only at Sunset. Well, we wondered how they appreciated the successes of the Radian state in the Panov capital.

Thus, Gibbson Jarvi, the head of the United Dominion bank, stated in the news of 1932:

“I want to clarify that I’m not a communist and not a big guy, I’m a singing capitalist and an individualist ... Russia will collapse forward, at that hour there are too many of our factories not only but about 3 million. Five was visibly and transferred to a failure. Ale you can respect the insane, but in the minds of the five-star plan, more is broken, now it is

... In all industrial places, where I saw, I saw new districts, prompted by the singing plan, with wide streets, decorated with trees and squares, with the most modern garden houses, schools, nurseries, non-childlike clubs and children de dbayut about children of great mothers ...

Don’t underestimate Russian plans and don’t rob pardons, you can help the Radiansky district to fail ... Today Russia is a land with a soul and an ideal. Russia is the land of diversified activity. I believe that Russia’s pity is healthy ... But it can be more important because all the young and working people in Russia may have one problem, which, unfortunately, is a marriage today in the capitalist countries, but hope itself. "

And the axis was written in the magazine "Forward" (England) in the same year 1932:

“Falling into the eyes of the majestic robot, to see in the SRCP. New backwaters, new schools, new movies, new clubs, new majestic booths - everywhere new construction. A lot of them are already finished, and they are finished with lisami. It is important to develop the English reading, which is broken for the last two rockets and how far away to be afraid. You need all the bachiti in order to get the best out of it.

Our vlasnі reached, we wіll wіll be wіll hаνе іt іѕ deprived of our fellow workers in the occasional time, thаt wіll hаνе thе CPSR. American viznayut, how to find in the period the most striking creative hot in the back states there is not anything similar to the current hot creative work in the USSR. For the last two rockets in the SRSR, there has been so abundant change, that you are thinking of finding your own, but it will be in the whole country in 10 rockies.

Throw in the minds of the fantastical terrible histories, razpovidayutsya English newspapers, which are so easy and mindlessly blabbering about the SRCP. Throw away all that half-truth and hostility from your head, based on unreasonableness, like letting go of dilettanism by intellectuals, wondering overwhelmingly on the CPC because of the middle class, but I will not suspect the least healthy basics.

Would you like me to do it, you need to get rid of it, you need to solve it, you need to solve it, with such energy, which is not known to you, you need to fight against the great difficulties, inevitable when trying to create great socialism in society. Having brought the land to the country suddenly for two fate, I have eliminated the feud, as soon as I go along the path of the progress of the world, the plan and the future, and everything is on such a scale, such as we will scribble with a wick to the address of the fortunate capitalistic light. "

The forward echoing the American Nash:

“Chotiri rockets of the five-star plan brought with them truly miracles of achievement. The Radiansky Union has worked hard to inspire the main life with the intensiveness of the hour over the creative work. Denouncing the land changes literally to the point of incomprehension: there are hundreds of newly asphalted streets and squares, new buildings, new front lines and a cordon of new factories on the outskirts of Moscow. The most important places.

New places of wine in the steppes and hedges, shonaimensha, 50 places from populations from 50 to 250 yew. Cholovik. All the stinks were found in the rest of the chotiri rocky, leather from them is the center of the new enterprise and a number of enterprises, prompting for the development of vital resources. Hundreds of new power stations and a number of giants, like Dniprobud, gradually incorporate Lenin's formula into life: "Socialism radianska vlada plus electrification."

The Radiansky Union has managed to organize a wide variety of items, which Russia has never used before: tractors, combine harvesters, high-quality steels, synthetic rubber, bag-bearing diesel engines, heavy-duty ones. Kilovat, telephone possession, electric machines for girskogo industry, airplanes, automobiles, bicycles and a number of hundreds of new types of machines.

Forward to the history of Russia species of aluminum, magnesite, apatity, iodine, potash and rich and valuable food. Expensive points of the Radianski Rivnin є now not the spines and domes of the church, but the grain elevators and silos. Kolgospi buduyut booths, hlivi, pigsties. Electricity penetrated the village, radio and newspapers conquered її. Working to get started on new machines. Rural lads rotate and service large-scale cars, which are more and more foldable, not the ones that America used to do. Russia started with "misliti by machines". Rosіya shvidko go from the capital of wood to the capital of steel, concrete and motors. "

So we heard about the SRSR in the 30s of the proud English and American, tell the happy people - our daddy.

3 books by Nelli Goreslavsky “Yosip Stalin. Father's People and Yogo Children ”, Moscow, Knizhkovy Svit, 2011, pages 52-58.

Radianska Rosia of the pre-epoch era is a unique material for the culture of culture, I will shake off the haunted life of ancient people. Especially on purpose, everyday life can be hosted in Moscow, as in the capital of the great land, and it means ideals for all other places. For a cob of varto rosibrati, kim buli ci muscovites of the 30s rr.

For the violent collectives and the ear of the accelerated industrialization of the land, all the other villagers were thrown into the place. The villagers brought their culture with them to the place, as they got along rotten in the middle of the city. The city dwellers, that little prodigy, who could see in the distance in the revolutionary hurricane, became a minor in the face of the new immigrants. Obviously, the prices of the newly baked proletarians were not like a great culture.

Profitability and purchasing power in Moscow is buzzing. Ale tse did not love to arrive in the place of all new and new praise of people. For the rakhunok of them, the population of Moscow grew up to 4137 yew. In 1939 roci. The influx of marginal elements in the place of victories to the life of those growing malignity, about what kind of inviting official propaganda spoke up. Razgul of hooliganism and piyatstva, I think, allowing bi to become intimidated in the moral qualities of the proletarians, which were attributed by the theoreticians to Marxism-Leninism.

However, the period of the 30s is not only characterized by the development of malignancy, but by its positive aspects - such as the development of the level of literacy among the population, the improvement of a number of politicians, the appearance of new theaters, museums for widespread use. In 1939, the post-televise movement was organized. However, all the prices are unchanged on the background of life in Moscow and other places in the forefront of rock.

Suvoriy і nevibagliviy pobut buv in the edge. At the bungalows, there is a lot of scorching and water supply, zvazhayuchi on the rotting of yogo zmistu. In the 30s of the RR in Moscow and throughout the country, there is a Kartkov system for the distribution of food. The majestic chergi behind the coveted boule, the extraordinary landscape in Moscow at that hour.

Before that, the 30s of the RR - the very repressions of Stalin. People were afraid to openly tell the truth, scandalous in usy, to see other misdemeanors, the Radyanska machine was attacking the terrorist politically, “the threat of socialist suspension”.

However, at the same hour, the creativity of such writers like Bulgakov, Akhmatova fell. At the same time, the official propaganda painted an image of a happy, optimistic life.

" The Standard of living in the Soviet Union, 1928-1940 Department of Economics. University of British Columbia. Vancouve r, 1997 ..
Transfer of the 2nd section.

Sjoma head.
Rivn life.

For a large region of food about the whole of industrialization, it is not practical to discuss it - it is obvious that it’s injected into the growth of life. At Chapter 3, we looked at Preobrazhensky and Feldmanan's glances at the prospect of economic development of the USSR Simulation of the theoretical model demonstrates the growth of life in the sutta for ten years. In other words, the fact that the Radiansky district was concentrating resources on the development of important promiscuity did not mean that one would be deprived of a high-grade chavun and steel. Bukharin stverdzhuvav those who “we have an economy that is useful for the economy, but not for the economy” (Coen, 1980, page 173).
Those who were shooting in Bukhara were zealous. Ale chi zaginuv at the same time and growing up living in quality? The historical school of "totalitarianism" will forbid the very fact that Stalina could have hvilyuvati the problem. On a dummy, the goals of Stalina bully are vlada і great, and not as an unsuccessful robotic class (Tucker 1977). First and foremost, the importance of prominence and vіyskovі vitrati developed for the rakhunka of folk welfare. Tucker (1977, p. 98) characterized the steelism of the famous historian Kliuchevskoy, describing the early stages of the power-centrist industrialization, such as “the power is plump - the people of chiriv”. In other words - Magnetka Bula is required for tank armor and not for textile verstats. I find historians in the majority of families who are not strong in the weather.
It’s not in the mind that it’s going to get into Stalin’s head, but it’s all the same in the mind when it comes to the results of his policy. How did it happen to the people to live in the period of industrialization? Did you grow up or fall? As a rule, see the time frame. There is practically no super-talk about those who, during the period between 1950 and 1980, grew up by 3% unimportantly, unimpressed on the great investments in the important industry and the race to the brink (US Congress 1982, pp. 72-74). Over the course of an hour, as it was lower than the changeover, the harvest of living conditions grew rapidly and the living expenses grew at a rate that the growth of the small population grew. Revolutionary growth of public maintenance of goods for the whole month in the world and in the USSR - the number of handheld machines in households was increased from 21 to 100 in 1965, up to 75 in 1990, the number of refrigerators for the same period until an hour of adulthood was 59 TV shows from 24 to 107 (Fernandez 1997, p. 312, 314). On the skin of 100 residents in 1990, there were 16 telephones - which is often less than in Western Europe and Japan, for some of them the number reached 50-70, but at the same time, most of the Brazilians in the third world ), Iraku (3) or Turechchin (6) (Dogan 1995, str. 367-69). The streak of growth in the SRSR is fully utilized with the forecasts of Feldman and Preobrazhensky.
Apparently, the biggest and most problematic nutritionists want to know about those who were living in the 1930s. It is a great part of the dawn to go out because of the fact that for the first five p'yatirichki it fell abo, in a short drop, lost to the invincible. The basis for additional assessments є analysis of the national income of the viconies by Bergson and the distribution of real incomes of the viconias Chapman. Bergson (1961, p. 251) describes the dynamics of living on the soul of the population yak “not hostile”. "Otsiniyuchi in the scored prices of 1937 to fate" - and the whole criterion of love - "the living per capita of the population in 1937 was 3% lower than in 1928". Moreover, “those who have come before the problems of economic growth wanted the nobility, whose industrialization at a modern pace would be successful with the last years of growth. As soon as we are going to see the realities of the people, we’ll see a negative one ”(Bergson, 1961, p. 257). Chapman (1963, p. 165) described the history of real income changes like "vkray blidu". For the її estimates, in short, we can talk about "6% of the decrease in the purchasing power of the local household donations and the sutta of the purchasing power of the Silk household donations for the period between 1928 and 1937 by the rockers." The prices for the rise were taken even more by economists and historians.
In a whole lot of razdіlі mi it is shown that the typical pesimism is unreasonable. Truthfully, those who grew up, did not grow up much during the period of the first pyatirchka and the famine of 1932-33 severely hammered life. The other half of the 30s is characterized by a very high rate of living per capita of the population in the 20s. The situation of the 1950s-1980s, in such a rank, was completely restricted to the 30th. Whilst, the rural population did not play especially during the whole period of growth - until the end of the 30s, the life of the Viyshs on the pre-collective development of the population, including the days of the growth, were resettled. And yet,% of the city dwellers grew from 20 in 1928 to 30 in 1939 - they want to grow up and not be far from home, but not less - to reach 100. Zrozumіlo growth was not given in vain - the robots were brought to pay for their trivial work day, but before the speech, it seems, they directly go to the strategist of Preobrazhenskiy, instead of the growth of material security, they will be able to reach the hundredths.
You can walk up to the assessment of life. The most simple drink from the consumer. Qi enough food was circulated in the SRSR in the 30s? Tsim poddannyam ask how to bring in the butt hunger of 1932-33 years, so they describe "suvoru radiansku action" more broadly.
For the assessment of food and beverage production by the United Nations Organization (FAO), it is common to see items from the food camp of all countries of the world. Publications were honored in the 1960s, but I was the vicarist to lay the foundation of the methodology for the assessment of the food camp in Russia, which has been repaired since 1895. FAO analyzes a wide range of lively conversations, even if I am surrounded by a lick of the most basic ones - tobto calories. With such a rank, the Russian food balance will be in the snake, which will change the balance of calories and establish it from the global situation.
The grubby balance is based on the Silk and Gourmet statistics of grub production and the indicators of industrial production for a number of products - rose oil, tsukru, etc. ... One hundred percent before the CPSR, I have provided 12 food groups of various calories for a large part of the calories: grain (including beans), potatoes, tsukor, vegetables, beer, gorіlka, meat, milk, eggs, rybaum tapas. The presence of a dermal food group that has grown out of the way of grain harvesting and fodder fund, export and consumption in case of harvesting and transport. Harchovy groups were recovered in calories due to the reduction of the efficiency of the function, which represents vitrati for the processing of agricultural products into the production of products and the caloric value of the rest.
Our fagots, zoosylo, are far from accurate, ale the stench give a farther notice about the food situation. It also means that the CPCP is dependent on nutrition for the ability to manipulate statistics for political purposes. We were acclaimed by the most recent presenters - robots Whitcroft (1990a) and Devis, Harrison and Whitcroft (1994, pp. 114-16). For example, the grain data we have taken is based on the previously classified data, but rather less than the regional picture, based on official statistics. The Іnshі factories - both transport and warehousing were carried out at the premises of the robot Yasny (1949).
Scheme 7.1 is a small picture of the availability of calories for the period from 1895 to 1989. The global trend is growing insane, even after seeing important periods.
The first period 1895 - 1910 rock. The population in Russia per capita in the whole hour falls close to 2100 calories, which is typical for most of the homelands. With such a rіvnі, it is inevitable that hunger is not safe. The hostile fall of grub availability in 1906-07 rock, too, could easily break up its influx into political instability in the country.
The onset period of a fit is on the first step without a middle front before the First Svitoviy and Trivial to mature NEP. The number of calories available to a resident has increased up to 2500 per day. It’s a pity that the information about the grub’s virobnytvі before the hour of the community’s vіynyi and іtzhe - in the region quickly assess the cause of the famine of 1921, is practical. I want a number of rockets available for our public not to be great anymore; The role in the whole was played by a large number of factors, as for the anterior period the characteristic zagalny period of the Silk state government, then the hour NEP quickly fell into grain export - well, the edge was favorably taken on the balance of life.
The third period fell on the first pyatirchka (1929-32), in which the availability of calories fell to the level of 1895. There are a number of reasons for such a disaster. In 1929-31, the state took over the obligation to obtain grain for the purpose of securing its export, in its own way, having bought cars and installed outside the cordon (Devis, Harrison, Whitcroft, 1994, str. 290, 316). Zrozumіlo export speeding up the availability of the population of the harchovі resources. Since 1930, fixing the rock - in the world of forcing collectivization, the obscuration of the silgospvirobnitstva will speed up. At the same time, food and nutrition will be quickened by the slaughter of horses. As soon as the leather is alive, you can eat a lot of grain, consume two individuals, a waste of 15 million horses for the period from 1929 to 1933, the rocky vivilnila a large amount of grain is sufficient for that to blow out 30 million people. In 1932, the growth of the production of agricultural products was large-scale, and everyone suffered without a blame. Tse slept from hunger ale not boo yogo the main reason. The availability of calories per capita of the population is 2022 per day, but it was less than 1929 in 1929 (2030). Hunger, as showing Veresnya (1981) in the edge of the rіdko є inherited fall of the Silk-Gospodarskiy virobnitstva, but it would be less expensive to be amazed with price stribs, or even to a lot of enticements. Within the framework of the market economy, the reason, as a rule, is the increase in the price of food for food with the invariability of income. In the SRSR, the cause of the conflict between the peasantry and the state. At that hour, the villagers killed their thinness and did not wriggle to eat, the power prodovzhuvali grain and the villagers began to starve.
A quarter of the period began in 1933 and began until the 1950s. The fall of the state of vitality was butoy from one hour to another five years and until the end of the 1930s, the situation was quite polished, reaching 2900 calories a day. Tsey leap bolshim nіzh near the pіvdenno-azіatskih kraїnakh pіd hour t. Sound. "Green Revolution". For example in India, the availability of calories increased from 1991 in 1961-63 rock to 2229 in 1988-90 rock. In Pakistan, from 1802 to 2280. The results of Indonesia are one of the most hostile - from 1816 calories per day living grew up to 2605 (FAO 1991, vol. 45, p. 238). Dramatic for the hour Other Svitovoi Viynya in the SRSR was growing in the food situation, but in 1950 the trend of growth was typical for the end of the 30s.
The last period of the food history of the USSR was trivial from the 1950s to the 1980s. The living per capita of the population grew to the order of 3400 calories per day until the mid-1970s and stabilized on a whole level. Slid means those who have been repairing since the 1960s in terms of the availability of calories from CPCP Wiishov to the middle European period. Remaining from 3088 calories in 1961-63 rock to 3452 in 1988-90 (FAO rock 1991, volume 45, page 238).
Economic development of the transfer of food consumption. Vogel (1991, page 45) the average availability of calories for a Frenchman in 1785 in 2290, for an English in 1790 in 2700. The living of a Frenchman in the 18th century is similar to that of a happy inhabitant of Africa the end of the 18th century represented the accomplished agrarian revolution, in its turn it became the basis of the industrial revolution). In the other half of the twentieth century, the consumption of calories in Western Europe has grown up to 3400 and the CPCP has been given the same indicator for Europe. The agrarian development of the other half of the 1930s was an important step on the road. In such a rank, as the brothers for the criterion of accessibility for a resident of obsyag calories, then life for the 1930s and the rocks of zris.