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Famous promotions of ancient Rome. What does the word orator mean in ancient Greece?

The Roman Empire, having achieved control and power throughout the Mediterranean, reworked the foundations of Greek culture in its own way. And, of course, what we were talking about was the philosophy and oratorical mystique. Roman orators reached a high level of their activity. Rhetoric has become both a feature of marriage and a genre in literature.

Oratorical stand at Ancient Rome

At ancient Roman places on the central square, people's councils and senate meetings were held, where famous promotors and monarchs made speeches. A special tribune was installed, which was called the rostroy. They were decorated with the bows of captured ships buried in battles, and they were covered with ornaments. The growth is of great importance to the ship's crew, being a kind of talisman that protects the ship from stormy winds, miles and other troubles.

The Oratory Mystery of Ancient Rome

In Ancient Rome, the word was highly valued and was respected as a main factor in political battles. Oratory was one of the main subjects in the ancient Roman educational system. It was closely intertwined with politics, law and literary activity. Rhetoric began to develop greatly in that era, and the end of the married life in the region became more intense. There were public protests going on, and the people, out of satisfaction, took part in such events.

Famous orators of Ancient Rome

The greatest master of words among the ancient Romans was Mark Cicero (106 BC - 43 BC). The marriage of a lawyer and a brilliant speaker will achieve the best status, in addition, it will be well-informed. Cicero's teacher was the lawyer Scaevolo.
Another famous teacher was Cicero, the Orator (143 BC - 87 BC). He became involved in politics and public speaking, holding the post of consul in 99 BC.
Marcus Fabius Quintilian is a renowned Roman orator and legal scholar. Having written the book “Illumination of the Orator”, in which he exhorted in the masters of the red movement all-round development and high morality, and not to neglect their basic oratorical techniques and templates.

Ancient Greece is revered by Fatherlandism of Krasnomovism, although Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria, and India knew oratorical mysticism. In antiquity, the living word had little but great significance: volition was the most important way to achieve authority in marriage and success in political activity. The ancient Greeks highly valued the “gift of fortune.” They listened with reverence to the “sweet cinnamon” Polish king Nestor and spluttered Odysseus: “The words came out of his mouth like a whirlwind of snow.”

For a long time, oratorical mysticism remained in a dormant form. The promos, the best ones, were not recorded. Only sophists, “mentors of wisdom”, have the other half 5th century. to sound That is, they banned the written registration of promotions. Sophisticates rose in places and for a fee they began the mystery of conflict and “the weakest argument against the strongest.” They demanded that their employees learn to “speak kindly and kindly” in politics and morality, and they constantly urged them to learn to remember the purposes of promotion as a sign of succession. The most important place in sophistry was occupied by the theory of reconciliation, the term “sophism” was generated by the methods of evidence that were formulated by the sophists; It is still used today to establish the position, to prove it in correct form, or in essence. In parallel with the practical redism of the sophists, they began to develop the theory of oratorical mystique - rhetoric. From the origin of the first rhetorical schools, the creation of the first assistants from rhetoric, the tradition associates with the names of the sophists of Corak and his Nya Tisia iz Syracuse (V century BC).

Having gained knowledge and made his own contribution to the theory of redism, the sophist Gorgias of Leontini (485-380 BC). Gorgiy gave great respect to the food style. To enhance the psychological influx, promote the use of stylistic methods of embellishment, known under the name “Gorgian postures”. Among them are such as antithesis (sharply expressed pronunciation to understand), oxymoron (conjugation of the opposite to understand), articulation of speech into symmetrical parts, endings, aliteration (play with vocal sounds), asonance (repetition with euphony). and the diversity of similar vocal sounds) . The followers of Gorgias - the sophists Thrasymachus, Protagoras and others - continued to develop and enrich the theory of redness. Since then, among the sophists, rhetoric has gained great knowledge and has risen to the level of sciences that are obligatory for the masses.

Socrates and Plato are the creators of the theory of “virtual redism”

The rhetoric of the sophists, since Plato does not respect science, exhibits true redism, based on known truths, and only accessible to a philosopher. This theory of Krasnomovism is expounded in the dialogue “Phaedrus”, in which the philosopher Socrates and the youth Phaedrus are presented. The essence of the theory is in the approach: “The first time you start talking about any object, you need to clearly define the given object.”

Further, according to Socrates, it is necessary to know the truth, the essence of the subject: “We first need to know the truth in whatever speech we speak or write about; understand that everything is consistent with the truth; the true mystery of language cannot be achieved without knowing the truth”; “Whoever does not know the truth, but chases after thoughts, his mystique will probably be funny and inexorable.”

The dialogue about the daily promotion is clear and precise. At the first place, at the beginning of the promotion, there may be an entry, at another place - a report, on the third - evidence, on the fourth - plausible conclusions. Possible further confirmation and additional confirmation, additional explanation and additional confirmation, additional explanation and indirect praise.

The theoretical value of Plato’s red speech is the idea of infusing your soul. In my opinion, the speaker “needs to know how many sights the soul has”, so “hearers can be this and that.” And how it flows into the soul.

Well, according to Plato, the truth is that Krasnomovism is based on known truth. Having known the essence of speeches, a person can come to the right thought about them, and having known the nature of human souls, he may be able to convey his thought to listeners.

The Word is a great Volodar, who has an absolutely incomprehensible body, and is capable of performing miracles. With the help of a correctly chosen word, you can relieve a person’s fear or cause confusion. In addition, such expression helps to convey important information to more people. Here they fought against the minds of the ancient world, who were called Promots. In our article we will talk about the most famous ancient Greek orators and their works that have survived to this day.

Who is this promoter?

First of all, before we become familiar with the main material, let’s first understand who the speaker is and what he does. If you go to the Russian dictionary, you can find out the meaning of this term, which is part of the truth. For example, today people are called speakers who, on a professional level, embrace the mystique of red-bloodedness.

Also, many modern writers use these terms in their works, representing the reading characters who convey the singing gift of language. To put it briefly, the speaker is a person who speaks a song. In the following sections you will find the names of ancient Greek orators and their actions, which the current generation celebrates.

Socrates and Plato

Perhaps, two of the most famous promotions of Ancient Greece, many of which can be found today. In the opinion of Plato, who respected himself more deeply, as a lower orator, the mysticism of redness rests on the knowledge of truth, and not on the correct daily speech and vicious phraseology. Once people are constantly developing, they will be able to recognize the nature of human souls and better convey the word to them.

As Socrates worries, the most famous work of the poet is the dialogue called “Phaedrus”, in which the famous philosopher talked about the sensation of living with a young man named Phaedrus. The author has elaborated on the theory about those who, first of all, begin to convey their thoughts to the scientific community, it is necessary to study each subject in detail. After which you can find out the right things, by pressing on them, you will instill confidence and respect in your friend.

Aristotle's rhetoric

One of the most famous ancient Greek orators is Aristotle. This great achievement was published in the Antiquity Encyclopedia, dated 384 BC. Such a book consists of three books:

The first is language and rhetoric, as one of the greatest demands of the sciences. She also has three types of promotions: ship, epideictic and doradcha and their recognition.
Another book talks about people's preferences and preferences, which can be considered as proof of the disease. This is how the speaker can tap into people’s emotions, making it seem like a promotion.
The third book is dedicated to various problems of stylistics in everyday language. She talks about ways to express her thoughts and the correct everyday speech.

It also means that Aristotle’s rhetoric is not only oratorical mysticism. She can also find ways to infuse and manipulate people for additional evidence, evidence and evidence.

Gorgiy

The list of ancient Greek orators also includes Gorgias of Leontini, who made an invaluable contribution to the development of oratorical mysticism and removed the knowledge of the rich people of 485 BC. The important fact is that Gorgias is respected as one of the first orators who, having learned from rich families, are logical to speak loudly. "Fakhіvets s wisdom" giving the main respect to the nutritional style.

The very understanding of the word is that it’s like an oxymoron – it’s important to understand the protégés behind the place. The followers of Gorgias call themselves sophists and continue based on the teachings of the speaker and Donina. Unfortunately, if any documents or records of Gorgias have not been preserved to this day, one will no longer be able to pursue various theories and hypotheses based on the science itself taught by the ancient orator.

Demosthenes

A long-time Greek orator, and behind madness a teacher of red speech, which began many times with Socrates and Plato. Promos of Demosthenes are also called “mirrors of character”, the fragments of promos that were created can practically without mercy recognize those that are hidden in the soul of a spy and select the necessary words, which are at least almost impossible. Demosthenes himself did not respect himself as a rhetorician and did not like to embellish his words with fancy expressions, as if ordinary people could not accept it.

People loved the speaker for delivering simple proofs and examples that were revealed to the wisdom and nobility. It is also worth noting that Demosthenes had a weak voice and a short gasp, so at his lectures there was always silence, so that the students could almost hear the conclusion. Before the speech, perhaps, you knew the formula in scanwords: “An old Greek speaker, who stuttered - 8 letters?” If so, then Demosthenes himself will confirm it.

Pericles

The speech of an ancient Greek orator is a true manifestation that shows the wisdom and enlightenment of one person. However, such a view becomes significantly more relevant when the speaker is also a crazy political figure. This is the peculiarity of Pericles. Constantly mixing with different people could not but affect the character and knowledge of the master of Krasnomovstvo.

Because of the changes in the developments of the Athenian democracy, we can say without shame that the people themselves have made an invaluable contribution to the developments of the world that we know today. Zavdyaki Pericles and his teachings, Ancient Greece at that time reached an unprecedented economic breakthrough and cultural development. This speaker himself, having punished the everyday life of the famous stories: Propylaea, Parthenon, etc.

Themistocles

It is important to note that Themistocles cannot be compared to the ancient Greek orators, since he was a commander and a sovereign figure, but such evidence is of little value. Even in early childhood, the orator-cob, following the words of one-year-olds, grew up to participate in public activities. Now it’s time to get out of contentment by doing various basic activities and getting the hang of everything.

His readers constantly told him that nothing in between could come from the lad, but he was great. However, the youngsters never took advantage of their natural gifts and perfected their skills. Over the years, Themistocles became a great and renowned speaker, who, in addition to red speech, also followed various threads of science, such as philosophy. Most of his money was spent, the remains of Themistocles occupying the Kerivny plantings in 493 years before our era.

Іsey

Among the dozens of the most famous ancient Greek orators is Isey from Chalkida, who spent almost all his life studying the mysteries of the Red Army. This is also a feature given by the author of many long-winded promos, written specifically for the purposes of ship surveys. Today, these promotions are followed by feature films, and actors will gain their popularity from them.

He became the mentor of Demosthenes, and he himself began teaching under the famous orator Isocrates. Today, you can find 11 ship promotions that boast great popularity, since they contain everything available to me. Iseya is respected by many wise men for his mentor, but it is not for us to judge. Even if it wasn’t there, these promotions became a source of inspiration for rich people, who immediately gained popularity.

Socrates

A prominent Athenian orator who enjoyed great popularity in Ancient Greece and was also known to court and political promotions. Having left a possible family for a short time, the fathers never had any problems with the endeavors of the young talent. In his early childhood, the boy was steeped in logic, philosophy, law and red-hotism. All these sciences have already become useful to me in life, and even in the youth, they have briefly developed their knowledge in public.

The speaker will always praise the fact that the vyklad vystupu may be able to over-convert as much as possible. And that’s why I’ve been victorious about highly manipulative arguments and other arguments for the benefit of my own thoughts. As a master of red art, he is still respected as one of the most authoritative figures in the history of this world. The popularity of this feature is evident from the great number of snippets from its promotions, which can be found without much difficulty on the Internet.

Socrates

The great ancient Greek philosopher, who also became the founder of dialectics. In another section of our articles, we have already guessed about him, because such authoritative specialness deserves respect, and not equalization with other famous speakers. Socrates expressed his gratitude among his scholars, such as Plato and Xenophon. Having loved philosophy the most, oratory was given to him with extreme ease. Already up to twenty years of age, they acquired such wisdom that could have greeted many elders. For all modern eras, this specialness has become embedded in the ideal of man.

The speaker shared his methods with the “mystery of an old grandmother.” That’s why we put low nutrition on the students, who were given more critical positions at the side of the teacher. After the confirmation, you put in another amount of supplementary food and so on until you went into a hopeless situation. In this way, Plato learned to enjoy the best food, and Socrates lost his popularity. It also means that this speaker, without writing down his thoughts, but focusing on more thoroughly thinking through everything in his mind, today you can find out a lot of information based on the activity of this sage.

Video and recap

We hope that our article has helped you understand that such oratorical mysticism, as well as some ancient legends, can be elevated to the title of Master of Krasnomovstvo. If you have already lost all power from this drive, or you simply want to learn more information about public speaking, then we recommend watching a short video clip, which is a summary of the TV show. You will learn a lot of new things from him, and you will also learn to understand other people a little better.

As you see, Ancient Greece had many special features, as they were true masters of oratory. Much of their wealth has come down to this day, only a small part of the knowledge that could have been passed on to us by philosophers in the past. If you found this article on the Internet and read it to the end, then you should be praised, there are not many people who rely on the wisdom of the ancient world, but they themselves want to find the truth in it and to have plenty of food.

Ministry of Education of the Republic of Bashkortostan

GOU VNZ BDPU im. M. Akmulli

Essay

Subject: “Great orators of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome”

Enter

Chapter 1 Old-Greek Rhetoric

1.1 Sophist-readers of rhetoric

1.2 Socrates and Plato – the creators of the theory of “virtuous red blood”

1.3 Aristotle and his rhetoric

Section 2 Rhetoric of Ancient Rome

2.1 Cicero and write about oratory mystique

Visnovok

Literature

Enter

“The Word is a great volodar, who, with the power of even the smallest and the most incomprehensible body, can create miracles. “You can overcome fear, overcome turmoil, instill joy, and arouse the sense of desire,” - one of the most ancient philosophers-enlighteners, Gorgias, even fondly and figuratively noted. Prote word is the most important thing to do with those who are absent. It gives the opportunity to recognize the light, to support the forces of nature. The word is a powerful source of self-expression, which is necessary for every person. Why bother with him? How can you learn to speak in such a way that you can win over your ears, get on board with their decisions and ideas, and get your money's worth? How can language be most respected?

The evidence for this other nutrition, connected with the wisdom of the word, is given by rhetoric (in the form of the Greek mystique of Krasnomovism) - the science of the mastery of “converting, squashing and cultivating” mine (Cicero).

Who is this speaker? In the “Dictionary of Russian Daily Life” (in 17 volumes) one reads the following significant word: 1) a person who is professionally engaged in the mysticism of the Red Army; 2) a person who speaks language; 3) herald chogos; 4) people who have the gift of language.

There is no need, singly, to transfer you to the one who speaks publicly to every schoolchild, student, who is preparing information before lessons or to occupy a group, speaks at school and class assemblies, at local events, etc. You, melodiously, have had the opportunity more than once either to worry about your nearby performances, or to worry, listening to your oratorical comrades. And at the same time, madly, you can remember the bright words, the sobbing words of a lecturer, or a beloved teacher, or someone from your peers.

In order to be a wonderful rhetorician, you need to know the history of rhetoric, how it began, how it developed, how the ancient orators evaluated the word. Who cares about the relevance of this topic?

Chapter 1 Old Greek rhetoric

1.1 Sophists - readers of rhetoric

1.2 Socrates and Plato – the creators of the theory of “virtuous red blood”

1.3 Aristotle and his rhetoric

The reach of the Greek oratorical mysticism was narrowed down and reduced to the rules of the ancient encyclopedist Aristotle (384-322 rr. BC). This is what I learned from my “Rhetoric,” which consists of three books.

The first book examines the place of rhetoric among other sciences, looks at three types of promotions: doradic, epideictic, and judicial. The purpose of these promotions is good, the categories of which are honesty, happiness, beauty and health, contentment, wealth and friendship, honor and glory, good speech and deeds, natural gifts, science, knowledge and mysteries, life, justice. The purpose of ship industry is to identify and confirm, it is connected with the analysis of the motives and personalities of the people. At the heart of epideictic promotions are the concepts of beauty and wickedness, honesty and vice; It’s wrong to praise or condemn.

Another book talks about biases, such as hidden methods of proof. The orator, according to Aristotle, is guilty of emotionally infusing his ears, of inducing anger, ignorance, mercy, conjuring up hatred, fear and humility, litter, grace, songfulness, storminess.

The third book is dedicated to the problems of style and pobudovi. Aristotle's ideas about style are about the ways of expressing thoughts, about the composition of movies. We value style above principle and deep clarity: “The value of style lies in clarity, the proof of which is those that if language is not clear, it is beyond its reach.” Following Aristotle’s language, it may be consistent with the style, it may be clear, simple, and very sensible. The obligatory structural parts of the promotion are called: peredmova, linking and methods of yogo prostovanniya, discovery-composition of facts, evidence, evidence. Aristotle's works from rhetoric contributed to the further development of the theory of Krasnomovism. Aristotle's rhetoric is considered to be the area of oratorical mystique, it is dedicated to the mystique of over-the-top promotion and focuses on methods on people with the help of promotion.

Section 2 Oratorio of Ancient Rome

2.1 Cicero and write about oratory mystique

The culture of Ancient Greece, close to its reach in the sphere of rhetoric, was creatively adopted by Ancient Rome. The rise of Roman redness begins in the 1st century. n. That is, if the role of public assemblies and courts is especially growing. The pinnacle of development of oratorical mystique is the activity of Cicero.

The most beautiful and well-known speaker and theorist of redism is Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 rr. BC). The literary decline is widespread. 58 promos saved

Cicero presents two main types of redism: political and judicial. He developed his own special style, a middle ground between Asianism and World Atticism. Promotions of this type are characterized by a great, if not over-the-top, display of rhetorical embellishments, a vision of great, expressive of logical and rhythmically shaped periods, a change - for needs - of stylistic tonality; The number of foreign words and vulgarisms.

The achievements of ancient rhetoric and his powerful “practical evidence” were established by Cicero in three rhetorical treatises: “On the Orator”, “Brutus”, “The Orator”. They deal with problems that are relevant today. First of all, I appreciate the knowledge about those that are necessary for the speaker, and the understanding that a thorough speaker owes his mother’s natural talent, memory, skills and knowledge, which were consecrated by people and actors. Only with all these data, the speaker can realize the three great goals of Krasnomovism - transfer, rejuvenate, overpower (climb). Cicero, following the Greeks, continued the development of the theory of three styles and fought for the classical scheme of everyday speech, where the speaker must know what to say, arrange the material in order, give the correct verbal form, remember everything, and.

Classic Athenian democracy was formed from the beginning of the VI century to the beginning of the V century. BC The great praises of the reformers of the tribal community of Solon, Cleisthenes, Ephialtes. The main democratic reach of Athens is the legal structure of the state. With the coming to power of Solon, the father-founder of the Athenian democracy, a jury trial was established in Athens. This is a democratic supreme court, I will judge in any moment whether the giant of Attica has a post-mine census, which is the reach of thirty years. However, the Solonov court did not have the current institutions of the prosecutor's office, and the investigation was protected. Call the accused by acting as the patient himself, having conceded the functions of the defense. More recently, he is a hired speaker. The very reason for this was the need for people who insisted on speaking logically and demonstrably in court, and showing off to themselves in public, which is of little more importance.

The practical stagnation of oratorical mystique first rejected Sicily. Aristotle calls Empedocles of Agrigentus the father of rhetoric and the teacher of the sophist-orator Gorgias. In Sicily, the main types of oratorical mysticism had already emerged, which began to expand in Athens in the 5th century. BC This is political redism, glorified by the names of Themistocles and the head rank, Pericles. This is how the ship's red tape became more widespread. The third type of oratorical mysticism is more epideictic, more urochistic Krasnomovism, in which Gorgias is especially rightful. These works, which played the role of political pamphlets, were distinguished by their color scheme, explained by aliteration, antitheses, meaningful expressions, and metaphors. The hem of the language is on equal parts, placed behind the place, similar to what they appear in ancient literature, like Gorgias’s rhetorical statements. Before Gorgias, no one said that. As a result of the national elections, it was no longer possible for this political speaker to clearly express his thoughts. After a few hours of success, Gorgias moves to Athens and opens a school of red arts. The usefulness of the Gorgias promos for the current students meant that they would like to explore the sound and musical side of the language. Vin carefully analyzes the sound organization of verbal devices that are used in speeches, prayers, poetry, and transfers them into his own language. In this manner, Gorgiy breaks down the technique of pouring into the ear, which is based on “charming enchantment”: enchantment of the spirit and “deception of the mind.” This evoked Plato’s turbulent reaction, attacking the immorality and insincerity of Gorgian rhetorical belief. Thus, from the very beginning of Krasnomovism begins the fierce continuation of rhetoric and philosophy, journalism and science, which was not completed until the end.

Gorgias cried out not at all as a political or judicial speaker, but as a master of local redism and epideicticism (according to Aristotle).

The designated three types of oratory did not develop independently from each other. Gorgias was the leader of the ship's promotions; Pericles is a political promoter, including panegyrics, and Antiphon, a ship promoter, is a political promoter.

The fox was born in Athens approximately 435 rubles. BC My father was a rich Syracusan, who, at the request of Perikla, as a meteka (arrival) settled in Athens, where he was in the Zbroyovo master. The fox has reached the Democratic Party. The government of 30 tyrants condemned this and that brother to strata, and most of them were confiscated. The fox began to turn around, leaving Athens and returning there after the fall of the tyrants. Aristotle reveals that the Fox introduced the school of rhetoric to power, but, having recognized his failures, resorted to practical red-bloodedness, and in the hour of re-investigation, he set out to kill his brother. We learn about the life of Lesias from Plutarch’s “Life of Life.” Fox became a popular logographer. Having written over 200 promos, only 34 have reached us. Most of them are chemical promos driven by private calls. Ale in them, Lesiy determined his position before the political order, recognizing the deprivation of power to all the people. This is what they saw in a number of his promos, and they were on guard against Eratosthenes, as he respects his first promo court. The head of Lesiya’s prom is unartistic simplicity, clarity combined with a layered presentation, expressiveness, drama – all of this is of little importance in the developments of artistic expression. The motto against Eratosthenes is not just a call of a vicious man, it is directly directed, perhaps, against the murder of his brother Lysias and against the defeat of 30 tyrants and, in this way, develops a political character. The fox's leader, as the unfulfilled master of discovery, and in certain parts can only be compared with Herodotus.

Among the Romans, Lysias was followed by writers who broke with the ancient atic simplicity and purity of language; Cicero, recognizing the merits of Lysias, respected Demosthenes for his excellence.

Isocrates stuck on the thoroughly atic prose. Shortly born in the first half of the 5th century. (bl. 436 BC). He is a leader as a reader of rhetoric and the structure of epidictic proceedings, wanting to begin his activity by writing ship's proceedings, as he himself respected the undeserving. In the promo “Against the Sophists” Isocrates conveys the program of his activities. It must be argued that it is impossible to mix modern philosophy, which is related to rhetoric, with the cunning of sophists, who respect the confidentiality of the promos with a single subject, a year of learning.

The right speaker, in the opinion of Isocrates, is to blame for his mother’s talent, if he is sanctified by the people and corrects himself, then. Carefully work on the ordering of promotions.

He soon lived to an old age and became known as one of the prominent writers of his time. We lost 21 words and 9 leaves.

After the defeat of Athens at 404 r. BC Isokrates invariably depicts the dashing Greece, the order of which was formed in the alliance and under the Kerivnitsian Sparti and Athens and came under the rule of any ruler, such as Philip. His promotions were seen as political pamphlets, beasts that captured the interests of the Greek people and glorified Athens. This is the word “Panegirik” (language in the All-Hellenic language), which has been worked on for about 10 years.

Of great importance is the short mystique of the expression of thoughts: the choice of one’s partner and one’s choice is important. Due to his particular predilection for metaphors, Isocrates appreciates that the warehouse is at the same time guilty of being aggregated and presented.

Inheriting Gorgias in the living embellishments, And for a short time without being mischievous by them. In my opinion, it is important to avoid sharp and important sounds and abrupt transitions from one scene to another. The ability to work the lungs and natural transitions has no equal.

Shortly beginning a rounded rhythmic period, with a rhythmic cob and a rhythmic ending. The style of Isocrates has its influences in Aristotle's Rhetoric, in the works of Demosthenes, and, more recently, in Roman literature in Cicero.

Moralist and mentor, Isocrates creates in 392-352 rubles. BC the school of Krasnomovism, which became the largest rhetorical center of Yelladi. The head of the school, without bothering to repeat, that the initiation of the mysticism of redness lays the foundation for enlightenment, forms professional skills for activities of any kind. The school of Isocrates is a school of the new in the age of sophistry, in which the high moral aspects of rhetoric as science are affirmed. He will soon go down in history as the creator of the extra-modern school, which is distinguished from the scientific academies and lyceums of Plato and Aristotle.

Classic Greek rhetoric of the V-VI centuries. BC crowned with the truly tragic figure of the political and court orator Demosthenes, who perished in an unequal situation with the unified rulers, known as history itself.

As a result of the collapse of another Athenian maritime union, Greece appeared fragmented and was in deep economic, social and political crisis. Greece was threatened by Persia and Macedonia. When Athens was forced to reconcile, Philip II saw the weakness between the Greek powers. Among the Greeks there were supporters of the unification of Greece under the rule of Macedonia for the war with Persia. The anti-Macedonian party opposed them, the leader of which was the famous orator Demosthenes (384-322 BC). Father Demosthenes was a wealthy man, Volodiv worked in Athens with two craftsmen - timber and furniture. After the death of his father, Demosthenes’s camp was stolen by the opikuns, writing about some of the early promotions. They already exhibit the same power of reconciliation with which Demosthenes fought in the past. Storing wine and ship cleaning. Ale most often stands as a political speaker, devoting his promotions to civil obligations. Apparently, there were nearly 60 promos of Demosthenes, the greatest popularity was for his political promos against the Macedonian king Pylip and the ship’s mola “About the Wine”.

Acting as the leader of the anti-Macedonian party, Demosthenes calls on the Greeks to unite in the fight against King Pylip, as the Promos began to be called “Philippics.” In the “Olinfan Promotions,” he emphasized the need for financial reforms, forgetting special interests in meeting voluntary needs. Demosthenes used the full force of his oratorical talent to urge the Athenians to take energetic action to form a coalition against the Macedonian king. Philip’s passionate appeal to the fight for the freedom of democratic Athens against the tyranny and despotism of Philip resounds with the voice of a patriot who wants to avoid the destruction of the state.

At the Battle of Chaeronea, which marked the end of the independence of Greece, Demosthenes took a special part. You were entrusted with the task of writing an epitaph - a prayer for the soldiers who died in the Battle of Chaeronea. The merits of Demosthenes were partially recognized by his crowning with a golden crown. However, his political opponent Eschines protested this proposition and insisted on the arrest of Ctesiphon before the trial, which he had kidnapped Demosthenes. Demosthenes’s testimony to Aeschines, “Mora for Ctesiphon about wine,” brought victory to the orator. This promotes Demosthenes to convey to the assembly the correctness of his political actions, dictated by a strong sense of patriotism.

Prote trust to Demosthenes was kidnapped if he could not prove that, having spent a pittance on state consumption, he was placed under his guard in the Acropolis. Demosthenes defeated the exiled and even after the death of Alexander the Great, turning to Athens to suppress the anti-Macedonian movement. Oleksandr's attacker immediately strangled this arm and took out his troops. Demosthenes at the reception took the ointment.

Demosthenes is one of the most prominent orators of ancient times. Its promotions were filled with lofty pathos and great power of expression. Demosthenes greatly surpassed his predecessors Lysias and Isocrates. Thus, Dionysus of Galicarnassus said that Demosthenes followed the constraint and pathos of Thucydides, the strength of the characteristics of Lysias, the masterful division of parts of Isocrates. Having harmoniously accepted everything, they developed their own special style of promos, which delighted the ears. She was especially impressed by the majestic pathos and oratorical power with which she attacked her enemies.

It is important to replace and directly promote Demosthenes’s vicoristic style. Just as ship's procedures tend to be dominated by common people's words and orders, political ones' style of presentation stagnates. Demosthenes gave great importance to the choice of words, but did not engage in “decorating” the promos at all. More often than not, delving into the figures of thoughts. The biased reconciliation of this promotion is connected with the strength of the argument, which is of some kind, perhaps insignificant, the episode is subject to conclusive evidence. The zest of Demosthenes’s promos, which overwhelmed the ears, allowed him to produce barvyous accounts, verses, dialogues, and give brilliant characterizations. The periods of his promotion were celebrated by harmonious harmony, and especially euphony lay in the clauses (laying out the period).

Ancient rhetoric called Demosthenes' style "pushing." Cicero ranked him superior to all other Greek orators, calling him a “thorough orator.”

ORATORY OF THE GIFT OF ROME

For the tradition that was formed, the fate of the sleep of Rome, the beginning of the place, then the powers, is respected 753 rubles. BC However, the unhealed wars with the tribes that migrated for the right to water in the region, which was conquered with Greece, forever hindered the development of its spiritual culture.

From the beginning, the Roman state was a state of farmers and warriors, a people who marveled at the world of practical wisdom and cold hardness. The famous Greek cult of beauty in this case, its buried servants were received in Rome as a similar disenchantment, low-mindedness and lack of practice. Based on the Hellenic world, the sense of geography will lead to a greater cultural convergence, Rome will become the leading civilization of pragmatism and pressure. This was a culture of a different type, a civilization of individuals rather than a collective. F.F. Zelinsky (in the book History of Ancient Culture. St. Petersburg, 1995.P.274) speaks about it this way: “On the contrary, the Hellene with his agonistic soul, which led him completely naturally and consistently on the paths of positive morality, is the fault of the Roman and assign a legal soul and in all likelihood, it is converted to a negative morality of righteousness, not honesty. The ideal of positive morality lies in the concept of valor, which goes on to the concept of honesty, which in particular means activity, and in its ultimate manifestation - feat. This is an ancient ideal, ancient for all eras. The ideal of negative morality is righteousness, which means mortality, and also shows the uniqueness of guilt or sin; This is the Pharisaic ideal in the objective meaning of the word.

The principle of relaxation, similar to the characteristics of antiquity, giving a positive direction to morality, encouraging the skin of people to achieve great feats with the sense of valor and honesty.”

The businesslike and, at the same time, “negative” nature of the Roman mentality means the nature of the Roman’s commitment to promotion. The military people could not do without commanders and chiefs, who were brutalized before the war and the people for their hard trials. But in the Roman mentality the cult of the pure word, sound harmony, and the mastery of the one who speaks is by no means present.

We know about the red spirit of Republican Rome, most importantly, from Cicero’s testimony and the few quotations from the works of other authors. We know the names of famous political figures (in Republican Rome - a synonym for speaker), but they have not reached us, since there was no tradition of keeping Senate protocols even before Julius Caesar. The utilitarianism of Roman redness played a significant role in its history.

The political structure of Ancient Rome demanded the development of practical red ranks among the top ranks of its political form. State decisions and laws, starting from 510 rubles. BC, they were most often accepted collectively, at meetings of the Senate. Oratorical flourishes played a prominent role in promoting ideas during the Senate debates.

The greatest orator of Republican Rome was the champion of the plebeians, Gaius Gracchus, glorified by Cicero, regardless of the duration of his political views. Tsikav gives an equal description of the oratorical practice of the aristocrats, who rejected the fight of the plebeians for their rights, the brothers of Tiberius and Gaius the Gracchi, according to Plutarch in his life-writings: “The appearance of denunciation, the look and gestures of Tiberius were soft, manishi, as at Guy’s – sharp and hot, so and so hot, so hot, so provocative, Tiberius modestly stood in the place, and Gaius, first among the Romans, stood at the hour of proclamation, walking and lifting from his shoulder... Guy spoke smugly, biasedly, passionately, and the Tiberian Rada delighted the ears and cried out easily sleepy. Tiberius’s warehouse was clean and diligently organized, but Guy’s was spluttering and rich.”

The pathetic style of Gaius Gracchus and his young followers Lucius Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony was a natural manifestation of the hidden tendency in the development of Roman redness. Having begun with declarative simplicity, the mystique of the orator in republican Rome little progressed to ornateness and sophistication.

As the Greek mysticism is said to have arisen from the burying of uninformed people before the beauty and mastery of a foreign (Sicilian) word, as long as beauty is pleasing to the gods, then the Romans, savory and businessmen, as in the Roman way do not Irkut, vikorystuvali promovo for direct recognition. Therefore, the path of Greek rhetoric lies in the accumulation of beauty and complexity to simplicity, sophistication and harmony - the primordial principles of Greek culture. Forgive to naivety, the souls of the Romans were to death enchanted by the beauty of the Greeks, which is why their path has been forgiven to the point of heaping up, Asianism.

the political promotions of the Romans have always been based on invective, rice, characteristic of archaic marriages, if the idea has not yet been strengthened from its origin: the development of the peculiarities of the political opponent is the development of his ideas;

Another characteristic feature of Roman redness was a rude humor, which always added to the speaker’s side of sympathy with the crowd;

They found that the prologues of the Roman orators were dissatisfied with the aphoristic nature of the expressions that they remembered in the past (contractual arguments, rhetorical nutrition, antitheses, confirmations).

Gaius Julius Caesar (102 - 44 BC) - commander and one of the founders of the Roman Empire. The author of military-historical memoirs and literary works of the highest artistic level. Caesar came from the patrician Julian family, gaining publicity on Fr. Rhodes with the famous orator Molon. Having been a supporter of democracy, he became popular, winning the sympathy of the people.

As the descendant of the Gracchi and Mary, Caesar was unable to engage in the mystique of words on an equal footing with the leaders of his opponents – the optimists, a leading figure among them, Cicero.

The idea about the important virtues of Caesar as an orator and writer is confirmed by almost all ancient authors who wrote about him. In youth and in adulthood, the fate of wines was given to this literature: ancient writers more than once thought about the poetry of Caesar, which was not saved, about Hercules and the tragedy “Oedipus”, about the treatise “On Analogy”, writings in rhetoric not Cicero’s “About the Orator”. Suetonius speaks about Caesar - the ship's orator, who lost his political career due to the avarice of one of the members of the Senate party, Dolabelli.

Unfortunately, the wealth from Caesar’s political promotions has not been preserved to this day. Evidently, he did not respect the necessary interpretation of the texts of his speeches from the good, the fragments, to the view of Cicero, without respecting them with the works of high mysticism, but instead giving them the benefit of achieving the goal.

Timing is no less, the participants of the day remembered those of them, which were seen at turning points in Roman history as signs of change. The historians Sallust, Plutarch, Suetonius, with unwelcome satisfaction, speak about the fate of Caesar at the Senate meeting at the meeting of the Council of Catilini, since he managed to take over the Senate from the one who killed people without trial is unfair. Everyone who spoke after him became fed up with his thoughts. Another outburst became a testament to the mastery of Caesar - a huge promoter. Deprived of the force of their promotion, the legions themselves fearlessly strangled and raised to permanent order in Capua. As Svetloniy says, “Caesar, without listening to the sight of his friends, without moving to the soldiers and giving them liberation; and then, turning towards them, “hulks!” instead of the original “war!”, with one word, changing their mood and snatching them up: they shouted loudly that they were warriors, and voluntarily followed him to Africa, even though they saw their brothers " Based on his intimate knowledge of soldier psychology, Caesar simply “queer!” Replace "militas!" achieving a hysterical effect.

Caesar himself, who highly valued the beauty and power of thought in Cicero's promos, never succumbed to the promo for the sake of mysticism for mystery. The talent of an orator is an indispensable resource for achieving very specific political goals. Therefore, Caesar's redness was relieved by poetic beauty and ancient flourishes, and again by zest, naturalness and energy. The Senate party was stimulated by the authority that the famous army of the democratic party of Julius Caesar had achieved and presented to them with low serious charges in lawlessness, violation of the elementary norms of Roman law and in Iyskov's honor. The evils that were accused of Caesar by the Senate were not the most common occurrences in the life of Ancient Rome; on the contrary, the robbery of treasuries and the seizure of swag by the consuls were common occurrences, and the approach to the war with the barbarians could entirely grow It's like a military cunning. But for Caesar such a turn was a disaster. It was necessary to urgently expand the assertions of the henchmen to the Senate about the swindling management of the provinces and create a different picture. The function of creating a mythical image of the impossible and fair expansion of the interests of the Roman people of Julius Caesar was placed by the author in the “Notes on the Gallic War” - the highest trend in the world, an apology for oneself. However, being a subtle psychologist, Caesar preserves the illusion of truthfulness and objectivity in his interview. From the burials he speaks of the valor of his underlings, because he knows: the main support of his power is the army. The soldier is obliged to understand his importance, the commander’s thoughts about himself, and then he serves by faith and truth. With his creation, Caesar seems to be at a distance from his political opponents, and at the same time bends his tongue in contemplation with the barbarians. Having proven his illegal actions, Caesar made arguments that would create the appearance of legality and justice. For example, his crossing of the Rubicon was, in his words, to work “for the good of the state,” “in order to revive the people’s tribunes, shamelessly driven out by the masses...” Not only political, but also stylistic ideas appeared possible dawn Yogo simple, clear and sophisticated style - aticism, which, having predicted Lesias and the early Attic political orators, won more and more followers in Rome.

Caesar became a witness to the succession of all the later apologists of the United Kingdom, right up to Napoleon and Mussolina. After Napoleon, Caesar's works became a symbol of school Latin, and initially a political trend. Later, this reading adhered to the correct and precise language, equal to the modest vocabulary and common language. Moreover, to the knowledge of Europeans, Caesar is recognized as the archetypal founder of everything: he was truly the creator of the idea of Imperial Rome and the first figure among the emperors; His family name became the title of the unified rulers of Rome - Caesars(stars from the past Caesar, king then); After this period, the traditional European calendar was created - the Julian calendar, which the Orthodox Church honors the Donina; depriving Europeans of recent information about the history of their ancestors, about the barbarian peoples of Europe. For Serpnya Divine Julius was introduced into the pantheon of Roman deities.

All the great glory of Roman rhetoric can be attributed to one great name: Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 - 43 BC). A prominent speaker and political figure, writer, philosopher, author of treatises on morality and religion, he became a leader of an entire era in Roman history and the most important figure in the Latin Red Army.

Cicero did not serve until the Roman nobility, but came from the “Vershnitsy” station of the city of Arpin. His fathers were thinking about a political plan for their son and quickly contacted the capital's connections to introduce him to the Budynkas of their famous senators.

Cicero received brilliant illumination by singing Greek poets. Having started Redism with the famous orators Antony and Crassus, hearing and commenting on the famous tribune Sulpicius, who spoke at the forum, developed the theory of Redism. I studied Roman law with the popular lawyer Scaevoli. Cicero did not adhere to a melodic philosophical system, but in many of his works he expressed views that were close to stoicism. The treatise “About the Power” is supposed to talk about the high moral principles that the mother of a powerful figure has. Cicero draws his protest against tyranny from a number of works: “About Friendship”, “About Bonds”, “Tusculan Conversations”, “About the Nature of the Gods”. Ale singing political platform is not important.

First language that has come down to us (81 r.) “On the protection of Quinctia” brought success to Cicero. In the upcoming promotions, he spoke out against the violence of the Sullan regime and achieved popularity among the people. Afraid of Sulli's re-examination, Cicero flew to Athens and the island of Rhodes. There he heard Molon, who was influenced by the style of Cicero. From now on, we began to strive for the “middle” style of Krasnomovism, which sat in the middle between the Asian and the world’s Asian style.

The brilliance of light, oratorical talent, and the distant beginnings of advocacy gave Cicero access to the sovereign's estates. At 76 r. he became a quaestor in Western Sicily. Having opposed Verres, the governor of Sicily, to protect the interests of the people, Cicero won the trial. Powerfully against Verres, he had little political character, while Cicero clearly spoke out against the oligarchy of the Optimatians. At 66 r. He becomes praetor. By encouraging the interests of penny people in the “For the Protection of the Law of Manilius” promotion, Cicero again achieves success. But this promotion will end with his speech against the Senate and the Optimists.

At 63 r. Yogo was appointed consul. Encouraging senators and leaders against democrats. Revealing the voice of Catilini. In promos against Catilini, he attributes all sorts of nefarious goals to his opponent. Following Cicero's order, the leaders of Catilina's rebellion were executed without trial. The reactionary part of the Senate praised Cicero’s actions and gave him the title “Father of Fatherlandism.” This was all about the dissatisfaction of the popular people. With the approval of the first triumvirate, which included Pompey, Caesar and Crassus, Cicero, in the name of the people's tribune Clodius, the riots were at 58 r. virushiti u vignannya. At 57 r. he turned back to Rome, avoiding the political influx and taking up the top rank of literary work. At this hour he wrote his famous treatise “About the Orator.” At 51-50 pp. he was proconsul of Asia Minor. At 50 rub. turning to Rome, arriving at Pompey. After the killing of Caesar in 44 p. again turning to political activity, advocating for Octavian. Having written 14 proclamations against Antony, they, following Demosthenes, are called “Philippics.” For them, they will be included in the proscription list and in 43 rubles. BC murders.

In his famous work “About the Orator”, which goes back to the tradition of philosophical dialogue between Plato and Aristotle, Cicero creates the image of an orator-politician and a lawyer who is familiar with all the sciences, because they give him a method of thought and material for his promotions.

In Cicero's dialogue, Crassus proposes a compromise solution: rhetoric is not a true, merely an obvious science, but rather a practical systematization of oratorical evidence. Cicero is far from the bright-eyed super-cheeks of philosophers and rhetoricians of the Greek classics, so he reconciles, on the one hand, the Sophists with Socrates and Plato, and on the other - Aristotle with Isocrates, leaving everything for new symbols of the great Greek mysticism and images for the inheritance of the Romans. Cicero agrees with the Greeks that the orator is guilty of high and noble goals, and to confuse the judges with red blood is as bad as bribing them with pennies. The training of a political leader is not with the one to learn his rich promotion. Vіn is guilty of knowing richly and richly. Only the knowledge of the Krasnomovism can be used to create a political leader. In another book, Cicero talked about discovery, development, memory and, most importantly, about irony and detail - material that is least amenable to logical schematization. In the third book we talked about craft, about verbal expression and about Vimova.

In essence, the book “About the Orator” spoke about the creation of a true, ideal and complete speaker.

"Brutus" is a book about the history of the Roman Red Army.

“The Orator” is the complete picture of Cicero’s rhetorical system. Here we talked about three styles of Krasnomovism, about pre-verbalism, rhythm, verbal expression and other aspects of rhetoric.

I Art. Not. - The hour is the formation of the izpercor of Vlad in Rimi, if the Relican of the traditions of the Redness of the Redness of the Redness of the Redness of the Redness of the Redness to the fact of the far, the ancestor of the ancestor of the fence of the fence of the fence in the response, is far from this propaganda. “With the transition from a republic to an empire, the Latin Krasnomovism repeated the same evolution that the Greek Krasnomovism had just witnessed with the transition from the Hellenic republics to the Greek monarchies. The importance of the political promotion has fallen, the importance of the local area has grown. The Roman law was more developed in the harsh system, and in the provosts of the ship promoters it was deprived of less legal space and more formal brilliance. Cicero's wealth of words was no longer needed; broad periods were replaced by short and meaningful maxims, laconic summaries, thick with antitheses, and full of paradoxes. Everything is subject to the Mitthe effect. This is a Latin parallel to the cut style of Greek Asianism; However, in Rome this style is not called Asianism, but is simply called “new Krasnomovism.”

The main pillar of the Krasnomovism of this period is the rhetorical school, where the classical promos and treatises of Cicero are deprived of their primary expressions. But all the schoolchildren were rightly far from the practices of the red masquerade of the previous era, but they were not dirty: the stench was an excellent gymnastics for the mind and language. In addition, the complexity and complexity of the plot, the psychological conflicts, the pathos, the focus on the image of the conflict, the play - everything was similar to rhetoric and poetry. The result was the development of the genre of the adventure novel and other equally important genres of “other sophistry”, which influenced the development of the European literary tradition.

The head of the new rhetorical school, Marcus Fabius Quintilian (about 35 - 96 BC) elaborated “On the causes of the decline of redness” in a treatise of the same name. In this regard, Quintilian spoke as a teacher: the reason for the outbreak of redness lies in the lack of training of young speakers. In order to enhance rhetorical illumination, he writes the great work “Illumination of the Orator”, where he lays out the current views of his era on the theory and practice of redism, the view of which Cicero continues to serve.

Like Cicero (“Brutus”), Quintilian believes that the prosperity of red speech is not in the technique of language, but in the characteristics of the speaker: in order to make the speaker a “good man,” it is necessary to develop his taste. The development of morality is due to the entire way of life of the speaker, and especially to the pursuit of philosophy. To develop the relish of insurance, a cycle of rhetorical borrowings, systematizations, additions to the new dogma, orientations of the most beautiful classical expressions. “The more Cicero befits you,” like Quintilian, “the more you will be proud of your successes.”

“Although the very efforts of Quintilian, who were able to more closely realize the Ciceronian ideal, most clearly demonstrate the deep historical differences between the Cicero system and the Quintilian system. Cicero, as we remember, fights against rhetorical schools, for practical illumination in the forum, where the novice orator listens to the prom of the day, learns himself and never ceases to learn all life. In Quintilian, for example, the rhetorical school itself stands at the center of the entire educational system, without it one cannot imagine learning, and this learning is in the respect not of mature people, but of young scholars c; Having completed the course and transferred from school to the forum, the speaker leaves the field of Quintilian's gaze, and the old rhetorician is exchanged with the most inspiring tips for his future life. It is evident to what extent Cicero is always reluctant and casually to take up the primary topics of rhetoric - taking into account the five branches of redness, which are parts of our language, and paying particular attention to the thorough preparation of the orator - philosophy, history, law. In Quintilian, however, the contribution of traditional rhetorical science occupies three quarters of his works, and philosophy, history, and law are devoted to only three sections in the rest of the book, as a summary It looks like a corrupted additive. For Cicero, the basis of rhetoric is the mastery of philosophy, for Quintilian - the acquisition of classical writings; Cicero wants to be an orator of a thinker, Quintilian a stylist. Cicero emphasizes that the greatest judge of oratorical success is the people; Quintilian, who already has doubts, clearly puts the thought of a literary proven concept above the splashes of the uninformed public. Nareshti - and this is a headache - instead of the Ciceronian concept of the smooth and inexorable progress of the red movement, Quintilian has a concept of blossoming, suddenness and revival - the very concept that the Greeks found tticists, natkhneniki Ciceronian opponents. For Cicero, the golden age of oratorical mystique was ahead, and at the same time he was an elaborate joker and a screecher. For Quintilian, the golden age is already over, and he is no longer a descendant and a restorer. There are no more nobles ahead: the most beautiful thing that the Roman red-hot spirit lost - it has already been passed” (Gasparov M.L. Cicero and ancient rhetoric // Cicero M.T. Three treatises on oratorical mysticism. M., 1994. P. 68).

The creator of the new style, having changed the “old style” of Cicero, was Lucius Annaeus Seneca (4 rubles - 65 rubles). Having been born in Spain, my father, Seneca the Elder, was the leader, having written a lot of Roman rhetoric. Having stuck on the rhetorical preparation of the son. Lucius Seneca received enlightenment in Rome. Having started philosophy with the stoics of Attalus and Fabian, and until the end of his life he preserved the tendency to stoicism, wanting to resemble Plato and Epicurus.

He began his activity as a court speaker on 31 r. His success cried out to the dissatisfaction of Caligula, who wanted to kill him. Death penalty threatened Senetsi and Claudia. As a result of the intrigues of Messalini, messages in 41 p. on the island of Corsica, Seneca lost up to 49 rubles there. Turning to Rome, Seneca relinquished the position of praetor to the intercession of another squad of Claudius Agripina, who entrusted Seneca with the appointment of her son to her first husband, the future emperor Nero.

Once Nero ascended the throne, Seneca actually became a Keruvati power, and during this time the weakened despotic regime respected the lucky fivefold principles of Nero. Through his reign of power, having relinquished the title of consul, Seneca accumulated great wealth. This called out opposition to him. At 62 r. Vіn pіshov vіd yard, but, perhaps, having continued to take part in the police, the fragments of 65 rubles, in connection with the letters of criticism against the emperor, Vіn, following Nero’s order, he put his hands on himself.

Seneca's literary decline consists of works of a philosophical nature and poetic works.

During the period of the collapse of colossal ideas, societies that went through democracy before unity are now facing a process of reconciliation between rhetoric and philosophy. Seneca the Younger is a typical example of such a symbiosis.

Just as Cicero wrote his moral and ethical treatises in the form of dialogue, then Seneca in his philosophical treatises came to the form diatribe- sermons-controversies, new and new nutrition agitate the philosopher all hour from different sides to one central thesis. Just as Cicero's treatises are based on a linear composition of the development of a thesis - a logic development of a thought, then in the works of Seneca the composition is like this: All the cobs at the ends look chopped off, the argument is based not on coherence, but on Kazakh The author tries to convert the reader not with the last development of the logic of thought that leads to the center of the problem, but with short and partial attacks from all sides: logical proof replaces the emotional effect. In essence, this is not a development of a thesis, but rather a repetition of it again and again in various formulations, the work of not a philosopher, but a rhetorician: in which it is infinitely repeating the same provisions in incredibly new and unconvinced forms and lies in Seneca's meticulous verbal mastery.

The tone of the diatribe, the super sermon, signifies the syntactic features of Seneca’s “new style”: you write in short phrases, feeding yourself all the time, interrupting yourself with the eternal: “So what?” Its short, logical blows do not reflect the appearance and importance of all surrounding situations; therefore, they are not reflected in the complex system of the Ciceronian periods, but are written in a tense, simultaneous, silently provoking and confirming one of the same words. The lows of such short, frequent phrases are connected with each other by gradations, antitheses, and repetitions of words. “Pisok without vapna,” - the emperor Caligula, who hated Seneca, clearly recognized this shotgun disintegration. Seneca’s enemies argued that the vikoryst’s even cheap methods were used in a rather unsavory variety: they saw that as a philosopher, some words themselves are only as important as It is necessary to control hostility towards the soul of the listener, and for this purpose, take good measures. So Seneca himself is not afraid of being vulgar in his language: he widely uses common words and twists, creates neologisms, and in local places he goes as far as poetic vocabulary. So, from a clear vocabulary and not a harsh syntax, a language is formed that is usually called “Sribnaya Latin”, and from the logic of short beats and an emotional effect - that style, which in Rimi was called “new Krasnomovism”. Seneca's new style was most prominently displayed in his satire “The Anxiety,” which became a striking parody of the adoration of emperors after their deaths. After his death, Claudius transformed into a watermelon, a symbol of stupidity in Rome, and not into a god - this is the finale of Seneca’s famous comedy.