Mayut a classic glass of cellulose. Budova and the main functions of the roslin clientele

clitinna stinka(Klіtina obolonka)- is a characteristic sign of a roslinnaya clitini, which is a type of cultina of a creature. Klіtinna stinka nadaє klіtinі singular form. Cultivated on special livestock centers of the cricket roslin, in which the enzymatic path can be seen a stinka, it is necessary to take a spherical shape. Klіtinna stinka nadaє klіtinі mіtsnіstі і preyє protoplast, vona vryvnu turgor vise і pereshkojaє, in such a rank, rive the plasmalemma. The composition of the cells is set up by the internal skeleton, which is adapted to the growth of the growth and the necessary mechanics.

Klіtinna stіnka bezbarvn і prozora, it is easy to skip the sleepy light. Call the walls with water. Behind the system of cell lines, there is a transport of low-molecular-weight spoluks (transport along the apoplast).

The clinic is stored in the main polysaccharides, which can be used for skeletal speechі talk to the matrix.

skeletal speech roslin's classics є cellulose (klitkovina), Shuo is beta-1,4-D-glucan. Tse nyposhirenishe organic speech of the biosphere. Molecules of cellulose є even more unpalatable lancers, the stench grows in parallel, one to one, in groups of dozens and scraps of numerical watery ligaments. As a result, they pretend microfibrils They create the structural frame of the wall and enhance the technology. Microfibre or cellulose can be seen only through an electronic microscope, the diameter of the door is 10-30 nm, the maximum range is decile microns.

Cellulose is insoluble and does not swell in water. Vona is even more energetic in chemistry, not found in organic growers, concentrated meadows and diluted acids. Microfibre cellulose elastic and even better for roasting (similar to steel). The power is to start a wider storage of cellulose and products. Svitova products of bovine fiber, which can be stored in bulk from cellulose, become 1.5 10 7 tons per ric. With cellulose, wash dry powder, acetate shovel and viscose, cellophane, papir. Carry out the reaction to cellulose with a reagent chlorine zinc iodine, The whole cellulite stinka is stored in the blue-violet color.

In skeletal fungi with a clerical tongue є hіtin- polysaccharide, stimulation from excess glucosamine. Hіtyn shche bіlsh mіtsny, nіzh cellulose.

Microfibrillated into amorphous matrix, Zazvychay is a plastic gel filled with water. Matrix is ​​a collapsible sum of polysaccharides, molecules that are stored from surplus of small candies and are more short, lower than cellulose, and lancet shades. Matrix polysaccharides represent such a power of the class, as there is a strong swelling capacity, and penetration for water and solutions in low molecular weight sources, cation exchange power. Polysaccharide matrix to be divided into two groups - pectinі hemicellulosis.

pectin swell strongly or break near water. The stench is easy to ruin from a day of meadows and acids. The most simple representatives of pectin pectic acid- products of polymerization of alpha-D-galacturonic acid (up to 100 units), tied with 1,4-links in line lantsyugi (alpha-1,4-D-galacturonan). Pectinic acids (pectin)- a whole lot of high molecular weight (100-200 units) polymeric compounds of alpha-D-galacturonic acid, in which carboxyl groups are partially methylated. pectatiі pectinati- calcium and magnesium salts of pectin and pectinic acids. Pectinic acids, pectates and pectinates in water in the presence of suckers and organic acids in the form of alkaline gels.

In the main presence of the roslin protopectini- high-molecular polymers of methoxylated polygalacturonic acids from arabinanam and galactanam, in dvodol roslin, a small amount of rhamnosium is included in the stock of galacturonan lancers. Protopectinum nerves in water.

hemicellulosis they are lancers, prompting from surplus neutral candies, glucose, galactose, manose, xylose are more often developed; polymerization steps 50-300. Hemicellulosis is chemically stable, less pectin, the stench is more important to hydrolyze and swell less near the water. Hemicelyulosis can be deposited in the walls of seedlings in the capacity of spare rivers (fig palm, persimmon). Pectin speech and hemi-cellulose are tied with mutual transitions. In addition to polysaccharides, in the matrix of cells there are specific structural blocks. Vin of dressings from surplus of Arabinose zukru and also to a glycoprotein.

Matrix polysaccharides do not just fill the gap with cellulose microfibrils. Їх lantsyuga roztasovuyutsya orderly and set the numerical links, both one to one, and from microfibrils, which means the flavor of the clientele.

Clint of roselin is often given to chemistry. woody, abo lіgnіfіkatsії fall into the same category as in the matrix lignin- polymeric knowledge of phenolic nature, indifferent to water. The woody clientele draws in elasticity, quickly increases in hardness and performance in the grip, decreases in penetration for driving. Reagents for lignin є: 1) phloroglucinolі concentrated salt abo sirchan acid(Zderev'yanіlikh stinki fill with cherry-chervone storage) і 2) sulfate anilin, From the beginning of the tree, the trees melt into lemon-gingerbread. Lіgnіfіkatsії is characteristic of the walls of the wired tissue of the xylem (wood) and the mechanical tissue of the sclerenchy.

obkorkuvannya, abo suberinization to be seen as a result of the application from the inner side and the policy of hydrophobic polymers - suberinaі wax... Suberin is a sum of ethers of polymeric fatty acids. Monomers of wax є fatty alcohol and wax efir. It is easy to win with organic razchinniki and quickly melt, setting crystals. Suberin is amorphous, does not melt and does not break in organic razchinniki. Suberin and visk, ready to swallow the parallel balls, whistle all the empty cells from the inner side at the viglyadi plyvka. Suberina plyvka is practically impenetrable for water and for gases, therefore, when a client is approved, you will be welcomed by the world. Obkorkuvannya is characteristic of cork stoppers. Reagent on corked cell wall є SudanIII, Zabarvlennya orange-chervona.

Кутінізаціі there are new styles of clinging fabrics of epidermi. Kutinі whisk put on balls, scrying on the last surface of the clitine wall at the viglyadi plyvka - cuticles... Kutin is fatty polydimensional, close in chemical nature and powers of suberin. The cuticle protects the dewline from the deep vaping of water from the surface of the dewline. Pofarbuvati її can be reagent SudanIII in orange-red color.

mineralization The clichés are seen as deposited in the matrix of a great amount of mineral rechains, most often silica (silicon oxide), before oxalate and calcium carbonate. Mineral speeches give strength and crispness. Supplementation with silica is typical for clitin epidermi of horsetails, sedges and cereals. As a result of the silicification, the stiffness of the stem and the leaves serve as a deterioration against the growth, and also significantly reduces the consumption and fodder value of the roses.

The children of the specialty clientele spontaneously licking clitine style. At the same time, the substitution of cellulose second-hand food is taken from amorphous, strongly hydrated acidic polysaccharides in the eyes slimeі gums, Close to the chemistry nature to pectin rechovins. Slime good razchinyayutsya at the water with the statements of mucus razchiniv. Gum sticky, twisted in threads. Dry viglyadi smells like a horny consistency. When the slime is inserted, the protoplast moves step by step to the center of the cell, which will change step by step. The empty cells can be fully stocked with mucus, and the cells are dead. In some cases, mucus can pass through the primary cell wall to the surface. In synthesis and secretion, the main fate is taken by the Golgi apparatus.

You can see the tall cells of mucus from the viscous function. So, the mucus of the root chohlik serves as a yak mast, lodging the root of the root in the ground. The mucus traps of the coma roslin (crabgrass) see the mucus traps, until the coma sticks. Slime, which can be seen as the callines of the seedlings (lion, quince, plantains), closes the seed on the surface of the ground and the prey of the seedling from the hanging. The mucus is filled with a reagent methylene blue in black color.

Seeing gum get sick with injured roselin. For example, gum removal from wounded dalyanoks of stoves and giloks is often spared from cherries and plums. Cherry glue is the gum. The gum of the vicon will have a function, closing the wound from the surface. Gum is mostly established in the village of roslin from the homelands of legumes (acacia, tragacanth astragalus) and pink flowers of plum (cherry, plum, apricot). Comedies and slime vikoristovyu in medicine.

Clitinna stinka is a product of protoplast life. Polysaccharide matrix, glycoprotein stems, lignin and slime are set in the Golgi apparatus. Synthesis of cellulose, illumination and organization of microfibrils, use the plasmalemma. A great role in the organization of microfibrils is to lay on the microtubules, which grow in parallel with the microfibrils spreading near the plasmalemma. As soon as the microtubules are zruynuvati, only a small amount of isodiametric cells are set up.

The education of the clerical style is to be repaired before an hour is passed by the clergy. Near the square, there is a single plate, a single ball for two daughters. It will be stored from pectin rivers, which may be like a consistency; cellulose vіdsutnya. The grown-up clittsi clitinna pay for the payment, ale the zaznaє zmіn, they call it middle, abo micro-payment (Multiple speech) (Small. 2.16). The middle plate is even thinner and more uncomfortable to grow.

Immediately after the approval of the cell protoplast plate in the daughter cells, I will repair the cell plate. It is deposited in the middle of the yak on the surface of the plate, as well as on the surface of the other cells, which lay before the mother's cells. Pislya podilu klitina enters the phase of growth of growth, which is the accumulation of intensive osmotic clinging of wedge water, we will tie it to the formulations and growth of the central vacuole. The turgor grip fixes the stretch, but it doesn’t break because of the fact that new portions of microfibrils and speeches are constantly added to the matrix. The introduction of new materials to the material will be added to the entire surface of the protoplast, so that the culture of the classroom will not change.

Walls to grow and grow to name first... Stink to revenge a lot (60-90%) of water. In dry speech, they re-ferment matrix polysaccharides (60-70%), instead of cellulose, they do not ferment 30%, lignin during the day. The thickness of the primordial stinka is narrower (0.1-0.5 microns).

For the bagatokh clitin, the clitin is attached at once to the clintin. Such cells are otochened with a thin primordial style to the end of life ( Small. 2.16).

Small. 2.16. Parenchymal cells from the primordial stem.

In the case of the last cells, the walls are removed and the residual size is increased by the cells. At the same time, the walls are growing, and the ossyag, yaku grabbed the empty clitine, will speed up. I will name such a process second-guessing pictures, and the picture itself is called second(Small. 2.17).

The second wall can be seen as a dodatkov, where the vicon is the head rank of mechanical, supporting function. The very second point is indicative of the power of wood, textile fibers, and paperwork. Secondary avenge is significantly less than a lead, a lower one; in them, they mix microfibrils of cellulose (40-50% of the mass of dry speech), which are grown in parallel, one to one. The polysaccharides in the matrix are characteristic of hemicellulosis (20-30%), there are very few pectin streams. Secondary classifications, as a rule, are susceptible to lignification. In non-lignified secondary stinkas (lub'yani fibers lionu, hairs bavovnik), the change in cellulose can reach 95%. Great vmіst and the order of microfibrils is strictly ordered. mechanical power secondary walls. Often the clients, who ask for the second time on the tree line, come back to the end of the second time.

The middle plate is glued together with the susceptible cells. Yaksho її razchiniti, stinki kіtin vrachuyut calls one by one and rose. The process is called maceration. To achieve a very natural maceration, when the pectin of the middle plate is transformed into a rosette for the additional enzyme pectinase, and then it is immersed in water (overripe fruits of pear, din, peach, banana). Often, a piece of maceration is promoted, when the middle plate does not break out on all surfaces, but it is deprived of clitin in the cuttings. As a result of the turgor grip of the susceptible clitini in cich mice, it becomes rounded, as a result of which it becomes intercellular spaces(Small. 2.16). The intercellulars make up one piece of hair, like vaping with vapors and gases. In such a rank, the intercellular spaces are used for gas exchange.

The peculiarity of the second line is characteristic - it is unreasonable to be laid on top of the original line, as a result of which the second line is left without thickened dylyanki - pori... As the secondary wall is not within the reach of great comrades, it is impossible to see how many others are lost. At the clientele with the straining secondary wall, there may be a lot of radial channels in the openings, so that you can go from the empty cells to the original wall. For the shape of the pore canal, there are two types of poros - simple and about edging(Fig. 2.17).

Small. 2.17. tipi pir: A - cells with secondary walls and numerical simple pores; B - a pair of simple pir; B - a pair of lamellar pir.

Have simple pyr the diameter of the pore canal along the entire length is the same and the shape of the high-pitched cylinder. Simple pores are characteristic of parenchymal cells, bast fibers and woody fibers.

Pori in two summery clans, as a rule, one against one. The backbone pores may look over one channel, divided by a thin partition from the middle plate and the original style. Such is the number of two peaks of summery glasses, I will name them pari pir and functions as one goal. Rozdilyaє їkh channel dilyanka stinki be called zamikaє plivkoyu pori, abo pore membrane... In living cells, the pore water is permeated with numerical plasmodesmami(Small. 2.18).

plasmodesmi lured only by the weed clitines. The stench is a heavy cytoplasm that overwhelms the wall of summery cells. The number of plasmodesmata in one cell is even greater - from hundreds to tens of thousands, you can call plasmodesmata into groups. The diameter of the plasmodesmenny channel is 30-60 nm. Yogo stinka is shown by a plasmalemma, without interruption from the plasmalemma of sumy cells. At the center of plasmodesmi, there is a membrane cylinder - central cut plasmodesmi, Without interruptions with membranes of elements of endoplasmic hedgehog of both cells. Between the central core and the plasmalemma in the canal is the hyaloplasm, without interruption with the hyaloplasm of the summonary cells.

Small. 2.18. Plasmodesmi with an electronic microscope (scheme): 1 - for late vision; 2 - on the transverse view; pl- plasmalemma; CA- central swift plasmodesmi; EP- element of the EPR.

In such a rank, protoplasts are usually isolated from one type of one, but they are distributed through the channels of the plasmodesmata. It is followed by micro-transport of ions and other molecules, as well as hormonal stimulation. For the help of the plasmodesm of protoplasts, the clitin in the growing organism symplast, And the transport of rivers through the plasmodesmi is called simplastic on vidminu vid apoplastic transport along cells and between cells.

Have oblyamovani pir(Small. 2.17) The channel is loudly sounding in the process of adding a cell, to the inner opening of the cell, which means to go into the empty cell, which means it’s great, below the call, to run into the original wall. Broken pores are characteristic of early-grown cells of water-supply elements of the tree. They have a porous canal at right up to the limiting pore expands in a funnel-like manner, and a second wall hangs in the view of the ridge over the widened part of the canal, fixing the pore chamber. The name of the oblyamovaniya poryaduvayetsya that, when looking out from the surface of the inner opening of a small cola, or a higher school, so as the invisible opening as a biosupply of the inner eye of a large cola

Start to lay down the transport of the driver from the village to the village, at the same hour, do not reduce the value of the family.

mechanics, taking over from the ear and overworld to waste water, we adapt the shape of the clitin and the size, and also change the clitin into the hypotonic middle. Klіtinna stinka take care of the lot in the love and exchange of the children of the family, i.e. E. Єthe ion exchanger.The transport of the rivers is going through the klinnu obolonka.

Klіtinna stinka, how to form for an hour for the sake of іtin and іkh growth by the way of stretching, to be called primordial. Inspired by the growth of a cell, new shari are introduced to the first cell in the middle, and a new ball is introduced second klinna obolonka.

Before the warehouse of cellulite, there should be structural components (cellulose in roslin and chitin in fungi), components of the matrix (hemicellulose, pectin, bilks), components (lignin, suberin) are encrusted and speeches, covered on top of

pectin- whole polymers, stimulated from monosaccharides (Arabinose and galactose), galacturonic acid (sucroic acid) and methyl alcohol. Dovgі molecules of pectin riches can be buty lіnіynіy or nasalizhenny. Molecules of pectin streams to replace a large number of carboxyl groups and to those built up with ions of Mg 2+ and Ca 2.

These bivalent metals can be exchanged on the other cations (H -, K +, etc.). Price for cation exchange building of clinker shells.

Pectin speech and pectin bagaty shells clitin bagatokh fruits. So, when їkh ryuchennі from shells and added zukru, gels are set, pectin is vicious, yak jelly, speeches are made for making marmalade and іn.

Lignin scrapes cellulose fibers and is even harder and stiff frame, so that the strength of the walls for stretching and squeezing is increased. In the same way, the clients will not be able to get away with it from physical and chemical infusions, reducing water penetration. Zmіst lіgnіnu in obolontsі reachє 30%. To produce the incrustation of the kebabs until lignification, as often it is pulling for itself to see a living v_stu klitini.

Lignin, given cellulose, gives a special power to the village, as it can be used as an indispensable awakening material.

There are also some kind of phrases that can be applied to the skin of a clit - suberin, cutin and visk.

suberin Admitting to the shell in the middle and robbing it is practically impenetrable for driving and communication. As a result, the protoplast of the cellin is remembered by the children. Such a process is called crap. Sposterіgaєtsya obkorkuvannya shell clitin in the crotch tissues of the bagatorіchnyh village roslin - periderm, crust, as well as in the endoderm of the root.

The surface of the epidermal cells of the roslin is seized by hydrophobic rivers - cutinі wax. Intermediates of cich z'єdnan are secreted from the cytoplasm on the surface, de іdbuvaєtsya їх polymerization. Shar Kutina will develop permeations with polysaccharide components (cellulose and pectin) and make cuticle. Visc is often deposited in a crystalline form on the surface of parts of roslin (leaves, fruits), wax coating.

Cuticles and wax deposits capture cells from the ear and penetration of infections, change the vaporization of water from the surface of organs.

In the shells of epidermal cells of deyaky roslin (cereals, sedges, etc.), a large number of mineral rivers accumulate (Mineralization), in the first place, calcium carbonate and silica. With the mineralization of the leaves and stems of the roselin, they grow hard, hard and in the small world they become creatures.

Thus, the role of the growing cell in the life of the growing mushroom and the mushroom is important for a number of specific functions.

dzherelo : ON. Lemeza L. V. Kamlyuk N. D. Lisov "Book of Biology for Entrants to VNZ"

Klitinna stinka is a hard, like a penetrating ball in some types of klitins. The price for the creation of a large number of roslin, mushrooms, bacteria, algae and deyakha Arche. Protest, creatures do not conceal a clichéd style. Vona viconuє without any important functions, including structural and structural support.

The peculiarities of the Budova clinical history lie in the form of an organism. For example, in roslin, you want to store up from strong fibers in carbohydrate polymeric cellulose, yak is the head component of bavovy and wood, and also to be wicked in a virobnitsa paperu.

The structure of the roslin's family

Roslin Bagatosharova's clinical wall and includes three sections: the last ball or the middle plate, the primary and secondary cells. I want all Russian clientele to play the middle plate and the first classy wall, not all of them have a second classroom.

The middle of the plates is the most important sphere of the culture, which reveals the polysaccharides, called pectins. Pectin additionally helps in the adhesion of the clitin, tying the stems of the susceptible clitins one by one.

The primary cell is a ball, made between the middle plate and plasma membrane in the growing cells of the roses. Wine is stored in the main of cellulose microfibrils, to be stored in a gel-like matrix of hemicellulose fibers and pectin polysaccharides. The primary cells of the clinker will not provide the meat and the flexibility necessary for the growth of cells.

Secondary cell wall is a ball, made up of the primary cell wall and plasma membrane in some tall cells. If the primary cell has ceased to grow and grow, it can thicken, approving the second cell. Tsei mint ball zmіtsnyuє and pіdtrimu clitku. Besides cellulose and hemi-cellulose, the secondary cells include lignin, which makes it possible to ensure the water supply of the roselin vessels.

Functions of the classroom

The main functions of the clientele are to form a frame for the clientele and to expand it. Cellulose fiber, structural proteins and polysaccharides give the cells a shape and make them look better. Prior to additional functions of the policy, the following applies:

• Pidtrimka - securing the mechanical properties and structures, as well as control over the growth of cells.
• Vitrimu turgor vise - power flowing into the place of clitini (protoplast) on the її stinki. The grip of additional help helps the growing line to become firm and upright, or even more viciously ruinous clitini.
• Regulating growth - powering the signals to the cells to enter, to last and grow.
• Regulation of diffusion - the porous structure of the cell line allows the people to talk, including the bottles, to eat in the middle of the cell, to overwhelm the penetration of the children.
• Linkage - cells interconnect between themselves through plasmodesmi (pori or channels between the walls of the growing cells, which allow the molecules and signals to communicate between them and between the cells of the growing line).
• Zakhist - zdіysnyu zahist kіtin from virusіv and іnhh not safe speech or microorganisms, as well as additional help to get the most out of the waters.
• Zberigannya - zberigak in carbohydrates, as vicorisation for the growth of roslin, especially in nasinny.

The clinker is a hard and thin sheath, which is spread over the cytoplasmic membrane. This element is characteristic for clitin bacteria, fungi and roslin. In addition to krym zakistu klitini, zhorstka obolonu vikonu and a number of other, not less important functions.

Klіtinna stinka: out-of-house views

The clinical picture of the cutaneous organism has a number of features. For example, the bacteria won are stored in the main z murein. Prior to speech, bacterial stamps are subdivided into two types - gram-positive and gram-negative - the very specialties of the hard shell. This is the beginning of the sensitivity to antibiotics.

If you talk about cell walls of mushrooms, then chitin and glucans are the main components. And the axis of the lining of the algae can fold up from the old polysaccharides - mainly glucose and spoluca. Before the speech, the storage of the cinnamon shell of algae is also an important taxon. Varto zgadati і about a group of representatives of what kind of synthesize vlasnuyu stinka with silica.

Klitinna stinka roslin and її functions

The principles of a hard-core cliché shell are the most efficient for the butt, and if a mechanic zakist is one of those who have found the most important thing:

• safeguarding the mechanical and chemical style of the client;
• pereshkodzhaє razryvu klitini in hypotonic middle;
• a clitinna wall and an ion exchanger, so that through it, the clan and vivilnennya of the ions will come and go;
• take care of the transport of organic spoluks.

Budova culture

There are three main components adopted in the Russian school: the frame, the matrix and the embellishment of the speech.

The skeleton of a cinnamon stick of a rose line is stored from cellulose. The directors of the approval of the cellulose molecule use the microfibrils, which are used in the main speech, or the matrix.

The matrix of the cinnamon shell becomes approximately 60% of the fatty tissue. It will save the space between microfibrils, as well as the opening of the microbial links between macromolecules, ensuring the elasticity and microbiality of the cellular structure. The main components of the matrix are hemicellulose and pectin.

• Hemicellulose is a polysaccharide, similar in structure to cellulose, but also from more short and rounded lances of monomers.
• it can also be carried to polysaccharides, but also to its warehouse, it is also possible to enter Zavdyaki's surplus. cheery sounds With ions of calcium and magnesium, pectin takes care of the fate of the formed middle plates - mice, de two susadni clitini are separated from one another. Before the speech, there is a great amount of pectin to be found in the fruits of roselin.

Speech encrusted in a large number of types represented by lignin, as it becomes approximately 30% of dry weight of the wine.

• Lignin can be displayed in the form of a succinct ball, as well as in the form of additional elements - spirales, a net or a drop. Tsya rechovina dіє yak cement - vono scraped cellulose fibers between itself. The directors of the logistics, the wine cellar grows more stylish and less water-tight. Prior to the speech, the lignin itself was blamed for the lignification of the roselin.

To reach often on the surface of the clitinous shell, such words are deposited, like cutin, suberin and visk.

Suberin is deposited on the inner side of the cinnamon shell, preventing the process of corking. Such a clitina becomes absolutely impenetrable for a vologue, that її її ї ї ї ї їvydko іdmiraє, and a great space will be remembered by everybody.

The main function of wax rhinos and cuticles is the purification of the blood from the penetration of infections, as well as the reduction of the level of the vaping of water.

You can say that the clitinna stinka is a very important element roslinnaya klitini, Yaky will get a normal development.