Ionnі chemіchnі reactions. Skladannya rivnyan reactions of ionic exchange. Lesson: Sketching the reactions of the ion exchange
| Naming a parameter | value |
| Subject of the article: | іонні рівняння |
| Category (thematic category) | Metal and Welding |
Most of the chemical reactions against in the market. The difference between the electrolytes is to replace them, in connection with the range of reactions and the differences in the electrolytes are actually set to the reactions between the ions. Reactions among others are called “ony” reactions, and similar reactions are called “ony” reactions. With the folded іonny іvnyаnnі slіd keruvatis thіm thе formulas іn thе low-dissociating, non-sensitive і gas-like are recorded in the molecular view.
If a speech was thrown into a siege, then I was instructed to put the arrow down with the formula, and if I saw a gas-like speech in the course of the reaction, then I was instructed to put the arrow straight up the mountain with the formula.
We can rewrite the ryvnyannya, depicting strong electrolysis in the view of ions, and going through the spheres of reaction - in the view of molecules:
We were recorded, in such a rank, outside of the equal reaction.
If both parts of the reaction are of the same type, so that they do not take part in the reaction in life and in the right are often rivnyannya), then we can accept a very quick reaction:
Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, speedy іonnі іvnyаnnya show themselves equalities in Zagalom viglyadі, How to characterize the day of the chemical reaction, to show how they react and how the speech is established in the result.
The reactions of the ion exchange are carried through to the end in quiet drops, if there are sieges, or poorly dissociating speech, for example water. Whitening to the size of sodium hydroxide, filled with phenolphthalein in raspberry color, add an excess amount of nitric acid, then the risk of becoming uncomfortable, so that it can serve as a signal against a chemical reaction:
It shows that the interaction of strong acid and meadows is produced before the interaction of ions H + and ioniv OH -, as a result of which a low-dissociating speech is established - water.
A reaction of strong acid interaction is assigned, and it is accepted as a neutralization reaction. Tse okremiy vipadok reaction obminu.
A similar reaction can be used not only with acids and meadows, but also with acids and non-toxic food. For example, in the case of eliminating blakitny sieges of non-susceptible hydroxide medi (II) in exchange for modifying mydi II sulphate in a meadow:
and then add sludge in three parts and add up to the sediment in the first sample of hydrochloric acid, before the sediment in another sample of hydrochloric acid, and before the siege in the third sample of the sediment of nitric acid, then in the samples of the hydrochloric acid. This will mean that ND has gone through a chemical reaction in all cases, the essence of which and is imagined behind the help of one and the same analogy.
In this case, write down the molecular dynamics and the speed of the inductive reactions.
It is easy to understand the reactions that flow through the approved gas. Two test tubes have 2 ml of sodium carbonate and calcium carbonate solutions. Dalі into the first surge of hydrochloric acid, and in the other - nitric acid. In both cases, it is also characteristic to "boil" through seeing in carbon dioxide... Let's write down the reaction for the first time:
Reactions, which are in conflict with the electrolytes, eapis repent for the help of other people. Having called the reactions of ion exchange as reactions, so as in the range of electricity to exchange their own ions. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, you can create two patterns. 1. Reactions at the water level of electrolytes є by reactions between the ions, and that is displayed by the viewers of the children. Οʜᴎ simpler molecular and have a greater zagalny character.
2. Reactions of ion exchange in the range of electrolytes is practically irreversible only in that case, as a result of siege, gas or poorly dissociating speech.
7. Complex z'єdn nnya
Іонні рівняння - understanding and seeing. Classification and special features of the category "Yonni Rivnyannya" 2017, 2018.
In the range of electrolyte reactions, there are also hydrated ions, which are called ionic reactions. The nature and taste of the chemical compound in the reaction products is directly important. Call the exchange in the range of electrolytes to produce until the end of the day with a big cheeky sound. So, during the interaction of salts between chloride barium BaCl 2 and calium sulfate K 2 SO 4, in sum, there appear chotiri form hydrated ions Ba 2 + (H 2 O) n, Cl - (H 2 O) m, K + (H 2 O) p, SO 2 -4 (H 2 O) q, between which the reaction will be as follows:
BaCl 2 + K 2 SO 4 = BaSO 4 + 2KSl
Sulfate bariiu vipade at the siege of the siege, in the crystals of yak cheery call mіzh ions Ba 2+ і SO 2 4 mіtsnіsha, nіzh bonds with hydrating water molecules. The connection of the ions K + і Сl means that I will not slightly change the amount of energy and hydration, so you will not bring the siege to the end of the siege.
Otzhe, you can start the offensive visnovok. Reactions are exchanged for the interaction of such ions, the energy link between those in the reaction products is more, less energy and hydration.
The reactions of the ion exchange are described by the same ones. It is important to write important, volatile and low-dissociation connections in molecular form. Also, when interconnecting the development of electrolytes, there is no pretense of the same because of the meaningful types of data, which means that in practice the reactions do not contradict.
Osvita vysokorozchinykh spoluk
For example, the interaction between sodium carbonate and chloride bar in terms of molecular level can be written as follows:
Na 2 CO 3 + ВаСl 2 = BaCO 3 + 2NaCl or in the view:
2Na + + СО 2 3 + Ва 2 + 2Сl - = BaCO 3 + 2Na + + 2Сl -
They reacted only with іonі Ba 2+ and CO 2, the camp of the іonіv did not change, so a short one іonne іvnyannya viglyadu:
CO 2 3 + Ba 2 = BaCO 3
Osvita of flying speeches
Molecular interaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is written as follows:
CaCO 3 + 2HCl = CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2
One of the products of the reaction - dioxide in carbon dioxide - was seen in the sphere of the reaction in the presence of gas. Rozgornute іonne rivnyannya maє viglyad:
CaCO 3 + 2H + + 2Cl - = Ca 2+ + 2Cl - + H 2 O + CO 2
The result of the reaction is described by the offensive short іonny іvnyаnnya:
CaCO 3 + 2H + = Ca 2+ + H 2 O + CO 2
Osvita of a poorly socialized environment
The application of such a reaction is to serve as a neutralization reaction, as a result of which water is established - a little dissociation of:
NaOH + НСl = NaCl + Н 2 О
Na + + OH + H + + Cl - = Na + + Cl - + H 2 O
OH + H + = H 2 O
From a short іonny іvnyаnnya slіd, wіth thе process іn thе process іn thе interaction іonіv H + і OH-.
All three types of reactions go non-negotiable, until the end.
If there is anger in the conflict, for example, sodium chloride and calcium nitrate, then, as I show it, there will be no reaction, neither a siege, nor a gas, nor a low dissociation
According to the reliability table, it will be established that AgNO 3, KCl, KNO 3 - rozchinni spoluky, AgCl - unreliable speech.
Warehouse and a fair amount of reaction to the urahuvannya raznichnosti z'udnan:
A short introduction to the day is the day when you see a cheeky re-creation. It can be seen that they actually took part in the reaction depriving them of Ag + and Cl -. They got lost without a hitch.
Appendix 2. To store molecular and unreasonable reactions of: a) chloride of salt (III) and hydroxide of calium; b) calcium sulfate and zinc iodide.
a) Warehouse molecular reaction for FeCl 3 and KOH:
According to the ratios tables, it will be established that only Fe (OH) 3 hydroxide will be dispensed from the same time.
It is shown in the Ionic Equivalence that performance 3, which stands in the molecular equilibrium, in the Equivalent World, goes to the Ions. tse bogey rule folding of іonnyh іvnyany. Imaginary reactionary reaction in a short ionic form:
For a simple demonstration, the reaction took part in the absence of Fe3 + and OH-.
b) Warehouse molecular level for another reaction:
K 2 SO 4 + ZnI 2 = 2KI + ZnSO 4
From the table of differences of traces, which are wrong and discarded, the reaction is reversed, not to reach the end. Yes, there is no siege, no gas-like deed, no little dissociated deed here. In a way, more than the same reaction:
2K + + SO 2 4 + Zn 2+ + 2I - + 2K + + 2I - + Zn 2+ + SO 2 4
Appendix 3. For the ionic reaction: Cu 2+ + S 2 - = CuS at the molecular level of the reaction.
Ionne rivnyannya show, which in livia part of the rivnyannya The guilty ones are molecules with a single molecule, so they can be found in their warehouses Cu 2+ and S 2. The reason is guilty, but they’re out of the water.
According to the table of ratios, there are two different ratios, before the warehouse which includes the cation Cu 2+ and anion S 2. The molecular level of the reaction between these two ways:
CuSO 4 + Na 2 S CuS + Na 2 SO 4
Classification of reactions
In order to declare the plant according to the subject, it is necessary to clearly identify the classification of reactions for the different signs, which are laid down in the basis of the classification:
Behind the warehouse and a number of reagents and reaction products (reactions of distribution, registration, replacement and exchange);
For a change in the stages of oxidation in the course of the reaction (oxidative-lead and non-oxidation-lead);
For the thermal effect of the reaction (ekzo- and endothermic, tobto from the vision and the heat is visible);
Directly against processes (turnover and non-turnover);
For a number of phases in the opposite reaction (homogeneous - they are in the same phase (aggregate mill, but not solid + solid) and heterogeneous - they are in conflict with reagents in the other phases);
For the presence of a catalyst in the reaction system (catalytic and non-catalytic).
For the reaction of the ion exchange, the memory is required and the non-gate passage of the reactions (Berthollet's rule) - the illumination of the weakly associated speech or non-electrolyte.
Rules for writing simple reactions in the ionic viglyad
To write down the formulas of the speeches, which entered into a reaction, put the sign "Dorivnyu" and write down the formulas, the speeches were approved. Razstavlyayut kofitsinti.
Corrying the table of differences, write down the formulas of the words in the Ionic view, which are indicated in the table of differences by the letter "P" (good for the water), the vinyatok is the hydroxide of calcium, which, if I want the meaning of the letter "Mind" ...
It is necessary to remember that metals, oxides of metals and non-metals, water, gas-like speech, non-sensitive components, indicated in the table of differences by the letter "N", do not unfold on them. Write down the formulas of the cich speech in the molecular viewer. I am glad to see you.
Speed the same names to the sign "road" and write new ones in rural areas. Get it quickly.
Mind, at any reaction of ion exchange
through to the end
1. As a result of the reaction, low-dissociating speech is seen - water.
Molecular reaction in the meadow with acid:
The invariability of the steps of oxidation of elements in all speech before and after the reaction is to speak about those, which are not oxidatively exchanged.
K + + OH - + H + + Cl - = K + + Cl - + H 2 O.
H + + OH - = H 2 O.
Molecular reaction of the basic oxide with acid:
CaO + 2HNO 3 = Ca (NO 3) 2 + H 2 O.
The following:
Fast reaction:
CaO + 2H + = Ca 2+ + H 2 O.
3Mg (OH) 2 + 2H 3 PO 4 = Mg 3 (PO 4) 2 + 6H 2 O.
The following:
In this vypadku more іonne rіvnyannya zbіgaєtsya zі fast-paced іonny rіvnyany.
Molecular reaction of amphoteric oxide with acid:
Al 2 O 3 + 6HCl = 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2 O.
The following:
Al 2 O 3 + 6H + + 6Cl - = 2Al 3+ + 6Cl - + 3H 2 O.
Fast reaction:
Al 2 O 3 + 6H + = 2Al 3+ + 3H 2 O.
2. As a result of the reaction, there is a lack of distraction in the water of the speech.
Molecular reaction of the solution of salt in the meadow:
CuCl 2 + 2KOH = 2KCl + Cu (OH) 2.
The following:
Cu 2+ + 2Cl - + 2K + + 2OH - = 2K + + 2Cl - + Cu (OH) 2.
Fast reaction:
Cu 2+ + 2OH - = Cu (OH) 2.
Molecular reaction of two different salts:
Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3BaCl 2 = 3BaSO 4 + 2AlCl 3.
Additional reaction: 2Al 3+ + 3SO 4 2+ 3Ba 2+ + 6Cl - = 3BaSO 4 + 2Al 3+ + 6Cl -.
Fast reaction time: SO 4 2+ Ba 2+ = BaSO 4
Molecular reaction of insignificant submission with acid:
Fe (OH) 3 + H 3 PO 4 = FePO 4 + 3H 2 O.
The following:
In the given vipadku out of the іonne іvnyannya reaction іnіgаєtsya zі fast. Tsya reaction protested to the end, just to bring to mind two facts at once: the understanding of the speech, unruly in the water, and the vision of the water.
3. As a result of the reaction, a gas-like speech is seen.
Molecular reaction of the solution salt (sulfide) with acid:
K 2 S + 2HCl = 2KCl + H 2 S.
The following:
2K + + S 2 + 2H + + 2Cl - = 2K + + 2Cl - + H 2 S.
Fast reaction.
It is important to have a large number of reactions, with which we have to get stuck in the presence of the authorities in the presence of certain elements and іх іднан, against in the range of electrolіtіv and іх іons. It is even more important to embrace the technique of folding the young people.
At the front of the paragraph there are details about the types of butt reactions. On the basis of everything that is said there about the іony ryvnyanyas, we can recommend the offensive order of their folding:
1.Write the reaction in molecular form.
2.Translate the ryvnyannya, having overshadowed the intrinsic or weakly dissociating molecules in the eyes, and having written down all the insignia in the eyes, they are still dissociated on the stench.
3.It is possible to exclude those, which are taken from the reaction, that is, it can be found in both the right and left parts of the ryvnyannya in the same number.
For fixing in the memory of the tsikh priyom, two butts of the folding of the іony ryvnyans are put in place.
butt1. The composition of the ionic reaction between hydrohydrate (weak acid) and hydrochloric acid medium:
1) CuSO 4 + H 2 S = CuS + H 2 SO 4
2) Сu + SO 4 "+ H 2 S = CuS + 2H + SO 4"
3) Cu + H 2 S = CuS + 2H
butt2. Formation of the ionic reaction between lead oxide and hydrochloric acid:
1) Pb (OH) 2 + 2HCl = PbCl 2 + 2H 2 O
2) Pb (OH) 2 + 2H + 2Cl '= PbCl 2 + 2H 2 O
From the last one, nothing can be victorious, since the offense of Ion - H and Cl 'take part in the reaction.
With a deyakom navik, you can immediately fold, minayuchi and other stages. For a wider requirement, only clearly identify the following: a) cover any discussion of the overload of the given reaction; b) what is necessary for their education in a ready-made view, in the form of a stench, in the process of reaction of molecules of weakly dissociating or very important words. In the end, it’s better to manually fix the ryvnyannya from the other half, that is, E. Persh for all the aspects of the formula, to make the speech, instead of them, or they, or they and molecules, which are necessary for your understanding, to determine the results, to determine the results. Writing for the general needs of the preparation of the functionality.
For the folding of the іonny іvnyans, nobility is needed, as salts are in the water and they are practically unrepentant. Deyakі zagalnі data about razchinnіst in waterіvіvіlіvіh salts of the most extensive metals are given in table. fourteen.
Table 14
You read, an article on the topic of Skill
At dilutions of electrolytes (acids, bases, salts) chemistry reactions play along ioniv.
With all the elements of the reagents, they can take their own stage of oxidation ( exchange reactions) Abo zmіnyuvati їх ( oxidative - main reactions).
As of Berthollet's rule, These reactions are practically non-negotiable, as well as solid low-blighted speeches(The stench is in the siege) volatile speech(The stench is seen in the water of the gas) abo rozchinnі speech - weak elektrolіti(Including water). Ionnі reactions are represented by the system of rivnyans - molecular, let's take a short one... Bottom of the line is omitted.
When writing rіvnyan іonnyh reactions, the requirement is obov'yazkovo keruvatis.
Add reactions to falloffs:
a) Ba (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = BaSO 4 ↓ + 2H 2 O
Ba 2 + SO 4 2 = BaSO 4 ↓
b) AgNO 3 + KI = AgI ↓ + KNO 3
Ag + + I - = AgI ↓
c) MgCl 2 + 2KOH = Mg (OH) 2 ↓ + 2KCl
Mg 2+ + 2OH - = Mg (OH) 2 ↓
d) 3Zn (CH 3 COO) 2 + 2Na 3 PO 4 = Zn 3 (PO 4) 2 ↓ + 6Na (CH 3 COO)
3Zn 2+ + 2PO 4 3 = Zn 3 (PO 4) 2 ↓
Beast to respect, AgCO 3, BaCO 3 and CaCO 3 are practically non-invasive.
Ba (NO 3) 2 + K 2 CO 3 = BaCO 3 ↓ + 2KNO 3
Ba 2 + CO 3 2- = BaCO 3 ↓
Salts of other cations, such as MgCO 3, CuCO 3, FeCO 3, ZnCO 3 and others, if they are not sensitive to water, but do not settle out of the water during the conducted reactions (this is not possible to remove it by this method).
For example, carbonate zaliza (II) FeCO 3 siderite, When introduced into the water, sediment without visible interaction. However, when trying to get rid of the exchange reaction in the range of FeSO 4 and K 2 CO 3, the siege of the base salt is sorted (a clean warehouse is installed, a foldable warehouse is in practice) and carbon dioxide gas is seen:
2FeSO 4 + H 2 O + 2Na 2 CO 3 = 2Na 2 SO 4 + Fe 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 ↓ + CO 2
2Fe 2+ + H 2 O + 2CO 3 2 = Fe 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 ↓ + CO 2
Similar to FeCO 3, chromium sulfide (3) Cr 2 S 3 (intrinsic in water) does not fall behind:
2CrCl 3 + 6H 2 O + 3Na 2 S = 6NaCl + 2Cr (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S
2Cr 3+ + 6H 2 O + 3S 2 = 2Cr (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S
deyaki soli lay out water - sulfide aluminum Al 2 S 3 (as well as BeS) i acetate chromium (III) Cr (CH 3 COO) 3:
a) Al 2 S 3 + 6H 2 O = 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S
b) Cr (CH 3 COO) 3 + 2H 2 O = Cr (CH 3 COO) (OH) 2 ↓ + 2CH 3 COOH
Otzhe, tsi soli cannot be recognized by the exchange reaction in the list:
a) 2AlCl 3 + 6H 2 O + 3K 2 S = 6KCl + 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S
2Al 3+ + 6H 2 O + 3S 2 = 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3H 2 S
b) CrCl 3 + 2H 2 O + 3Na (CH 3 COO) =
3NaCl + Cr (CH 3 COO) (OH) 2 ↓ + 2CH 3 COOH
Cr 3+ + 2H 2 O + 3CH 3 COO - =
Cr (CH 3 COO) (OH) 2 ↓ + CH 3 COOH
Apply the reactions with the gas seen:
a) BaS + 2HCl = BaCl 2 + H 2 S
S 2 + 2H + = H 2 S
b) Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 SO 4 = Na 2 SO 4 + CO 2 + H 2 O
CO 3 2- + 2H + = CO 2 + H 2 O
c) CaCO 3 (T) + 2HNO 3 = Ca (NO 3) 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O
CaCO 3 (T) + 2H + = Ca 2+ + CO 2 + H 2 O
Apply reactions to the statements of weak electrolytes:
a) 3NaOH + H 3 PO 4 = Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O
3OH - + H 3 PO 4 = PO 4 3- + 3H 2 O
b) Mg (CH 3 COO) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = MgSO 4 + 2CH 3 COOH
CH 3 COO - + H + = CH 3 COOH
c) NH 4 F + HBr = NH 4 Br + HF
F - + H + = HF
Also, the reagents and products of the exchange reaction are not strong electrolytes;
Mg (OH) 2 (T) + 2HF = MgF 2 ↓ + 2H 2 O