Rivnyannya will become. Rivnyannya stanu speech Zagalne rivnyannya stanu
Parameters, such as the start of the system, are tied one to one. With the change of one of them, one wants to change. The number of interconnections between the parameters to determine the viraz at the functional deposition of thermodynamic parameters.
Rivnyannya, which connects the thermodynamic parameters of the system in the equally important mill(For example, for a single-sided tile - vice, volume, temperature) I will call myself rivnyannyam . The main number of rivnyans will be the system and the number of steps of freedom(Variations of an equally important system), to the number of independent parameters that characterize the mill of the system.
When the powers of equally important systems are evolved, the thermodynamics are in front of looking at the power of simple systems. simple system To call the system with a fixed number of particles, the mill is assigned only one called parameter "a" and temperature, so that the system is simple, a single-phase system, which is based on two parameters.
So, rivnyannya
є I will become a clean language at a time of daylight electric, magnetic, gravitational fields. Graphically, I will begin to rotate the surface in coordinates P-V-T, I call Yaku thermodynamic surface... The skin of the system on such a surface is seen as a point, as it is called figurative point . When the system changes, the point is moved along the thermodynamic surface, describing a curve... The thermodynamic surface is a geometric center of points that Equally important stand of systems in functions of thermodynamic parameters.
It is possible to create a family on the basis of the laws of thermodynamics; stench either vstanovlyuyutsya from dosvidu, or known by methods of statistical physics.
Rivnyannya will knit the temperature T, The main parameter and i(For example, obsyag) і be an equally important internal parameter b k(Forward, vice).
With an internal parameter b kє internal energy U, then rivnyannya
I will be called the level of energy for the caloric level of energy.
With an internal parameter b kє obtained from the given parameter and i force A i(Forward, vice Rє by force V), That rivnyannya
I will be called term rivnyannyam.
Thermal and caloric rivnyannya will become simple systems and may look like:
yaksho A = R(Vise) i, from the same, a = V(Obsyag system), then the system will be written down as follows:
For example, when vivchennі gazopodіbnogo stan vikoristovuyu to understand the ideal gas. ideal gas it is the supremacy of material points (molecules or atoms), which are located in chaotic Russia. The points are looked at as absolutely springy body, which will be zero-sum and do not interfere with oneself.
For such a simple system like an ideal gas termichnym I will become є Rivnyannya Klapeyrona-Mendeleva
de R- vice, Pa; V- system obsyag, m 3; n- number of words, mole; T- thermodynamic temperature, K; R- universal gas post:
caloric Joule's law about the independence of internal energy and ideal gas by volume at constant temperatures:
de Z V- warmth in case of post-life communication. For monoatomic ideal gas Z V do not stay at any temperature, because
abo, yaksho T 1 = 0 K, then.
For real gases, more than 150 thermoelectric stations have been installed empirically. Let's just forgive them and clearly correctly convey the behavior of real gases to navigate when they go to a country є Van der Waals family:
for n mole gas:
The price of the equation is based on two amendments to the relationship of Clapeyron-Mendelev: b and on the internal vice a/V 2, it begins with the interrelation of the molecular weight of the gas ( aі b- constant, I do not lie down Tі R, Ale різні for new gases; in gases with more a at the last Tі V the grip is less, but more b- more).
more accurate two-parameter I will become term:
perche and other іvnyannya Дітерічі:
rivnyannya Berthelot:
Rivnyannya Redlikha-Kwong:
Brought to the village Berthelot, Diterichi and especially Redlikha-Kwong may widen the area of the city, below the village of Van der Waals. Slid to mean, however, scho postіynі aі b for a given speech, do not lie in all the temperature and grip only in small intervals of the same parameters. A two-parameter equal to the Van der Waals type describes і gas-like, і kind of phase, і represent the phase transition of a pair-pair, as well as the manifestation of the critical point of this transition, I want the most accurate results for a wide area of gas-like and raw mills for additional production with constant parameters aі b otrimati do not go in.
The isotherms of ideal and real gases, as well as van der Waals gases, are shown in Fig. 1.1.
Small. 1.Isotherm of green gases.
accurate description The behavior of real gas can be interpreted as an additional ryvnyannya, proponated in 1901 by the Kammerling-Onnes and Kizom and given the name I will start with the coefficients of the virials abo vіrialіv рівняння I will:
yake sign up yak distribution of the stiffness factor
behind the steps of the beast... kofitsinti V 2 (T), V 3 (T) і etc. lie down only at the temperature, Called others, third, etc. vіrialіv kofіtsіntom і describe the response of the power of the real gas from the ideal one at a given temperature... functionality In i(T) Calculated with additional data on the deposit PV for a given temperature.
All parameters, including temperature, lie one way of one. Qia fallowness is twisted to the same type
F (X 1, X 2, ..., x 1, x 2, ..., T) = 0,
de X 1, X 2, ... - are used, x 1, x 2, ... are coordinates, and T is the temperature. Rivnyannya, scho establish fallowness and parameters, are called I will become equal.
Rivnyannya will begin to be guided for simple systems, more importantly - for gases. For old and hard til, accepted, as a rule, unstable, the rіvnyannya will practically not be missed.
Until the middle of the twentieth century. Bulo vіdomo means the number of rіvnyans for gas. However, the development of science has gone such a way that all the stinks didn’t know. If I’m alone, I’ll become, as I prodovzhu widely vikoristovuvatisya in thermodynamics, - I’ll become an ideal gas.
ideal gas to be called a gas, to approach the authorities to the gas of a low molecular weight speech, to be in an even low grip and sometimes high temperatures (to reach far from the condensation temperature).
For the ideal gas to vikonuyutsya:
Boyle's law - Mariotta(If the temperature is constant, the grip of the gas on its volume will be unnecessary for the given amount of speech)
gay-lussac law(In case of a constant grip, the use of gas to the temperature will become permanent)
Charles's law(In case of continuous communication, the grip of the gas to the temperature will become permanent)
.
S. Karno shared the same type of education
.
B. Clapeyron gave the ts'm a uniform shape, close to the bitter:
Obsyag V, scho to enter into the standard of the ideal gas, to be brought up to one mole of speech. Yogo is also called molar volume.
The original name of the permanent R - is the universal gas post (I can even rarely call it "the post of the Clapeyron" ). Significance її to become
R = 8.31431J / mol TO.
The approximation of real gas to the ideal means reaching the surface of the great countries with molecules, for which it is possible to increase the strength of their power and the possibility of interconnection of the modality, so that the forces of heavy work against them can be harnessed.
Van der Waals proposes the village, which is the factories, in the following form:
,
de a і b - post_yne, which are used for cutaneous gas okremo. Rasht of magnitude, which is included in the village of Van der Waals, may also be of the same magnitude as in the village of Klapeyron.
The ability to describe the system will mean that not all the parameters can be used to describe the system, but the number is less than one, since one of them can be a value (hopefully hypothetical) for the system. For example, for the description of the ideal gas, only one of the advancing pairs can be supplied: vice і temperature, vice і volume, obsyag і temperature.
Obsyag, vice and temperature are sometimes called the most important parameters of the system.
If it is permissible for an hour to change, a vice and a temperature, then the system has two independent parameters.
The system, which is located in a thermostat (an attachment, which will prevent the temperature of the temperature), or a manostat (an attachment, which will prevent the steel from becoming a vice), has one independent parameter.
The parameters will be tied one by one. Spіvvіdnoshennya, as the originator of the links, to be called the rіvnyannyа will become tsiogo tila. In the simplest case, an equally important stan- dard is given to the values of quiet parameters: vise p, obsyag V and temperature, masu tila (system) vvazyayut vvazhayut v_ home. Analytically, the connection between the various parameters and the function F:
Rivnyannya (1) is called at the same rivnyannya camp. Tse law, which is the origin of the character of the change of power of speech at the change of call of minds.
Also ideal gas
We will especially forgive, if only informative, I will become the so-called ideal gas.
value
A gas is called ideal, in which the interaction of molecules between themselves can be used.
Up to ideal it is possible to introduce gas distribution. Helium and water are especially close for their behavior to ideal gas. An ideal gas is a simplified mathematical model of a real gas: molecules get in jumbled randomly, and the impact of molecules against the walls of the judge is springy, such that they do not waste energy in the system. Such a simplified model is twofold, so that it does not interfere with the interaction between the molecules and the gas. Most of the real gases do not appear in their behavior as an ideal gas in the mind, if the total amount of molecules is negligible in the case of a large amount of vessels (so when atmospheric viceі room temperature).
Equivalent to the ideal gas can be written in decilk types (2), (3), (5):
Rivnyannya (2) - Rivnyannya Mendelev - Clayperon, de m - mass gas, $ \ mu $ - molar mass gas, $ R = 8.31 \ \ frac (J) (mol \ cdot K) $ - univalent gas postin, $ \ nu \ $ - number of moles of speech.
de N is the number of gas molecules in mass m, $ k = 1.38 \ cdot 10 ^ (- 23) \ frac (J) (K) $, Boltzmann's post, which means the "part" of the gas continuous attack per one molecule і
$ N_A = 6.02 \ cdot 10 ^ (23) mol ^ (- 1) $ is Avogadro's post.
If there is a break in (4) of the offense of the part on V, then we can take this form to write down the standard for the ideal gas:
de $ n = \ frac (N) (V) $ is the number of particles in one volume, or the concentration of particles.
This is real gas
Now it is becoming brutalized to more folding systems - to imperfect gases and іdinam.
value
A real gas is called a gas, between molecules of which it is possible to smell or interact with each other.
In imperfect, solid gases, the interaction of molecules is great, and it is necessary to change it. It will appear that the interaction of molecules on the surface will greatly accelerate the physical picture, but more precisely, the imperfect gas will not be able to be recorded in a simple form. At such a vypadku vdayutsya to approximate formulas, we know napіvempіrichny. Naybilsh into the distance with such a formula є the rivnyannya of Van der Waals.
The interaction of molecules is very foldable. On occasionally great vidstany, there is a lot of energy between molecules. In the world of change, it is difficult to grow, but then to change and pass into force of growth. Difficulty and displacement of molecules can be seen and discernible. Rivnyannya Van der Waals describe the mill of one good for real gas:
\ [\ Left (p + \ frac (a) (V ^ 2 _ (\ mu)) \ right) \ left (V _ (\ mu) -b \ right) = RT \ \ left (6 \ right), \]
de $ \ frac (a) (V ^ 2 _ (\ mu)) $ is an internal vice, amalgamated by the forces of heavy molecules, b is a correction for the moisture content of molecules, as the forces of energy are absorbed by molecules, and
de d is the diameter of the molecule,
the value a is calculated by the formula:
de $ W_p \ left (r \ right) \ $ is the potential for energy of two molecules.
The role of the amendments in the standard (6) is the same. I in the middle of the rivnyannya (6) go to the rivnyannya (2). It’s worth taking advantage of this fact that, with a change in the power of real people, they’re close to the ideal for their powers.
By the hero of Van der Waals' that furnishings, which, with even great dignity, roughly describe the power of the child, the wickedness of the wickedness. To that є please respect that Van der Waals will allow the view and transition from the line to the gas (or from the gas to the line).
Figure 1 shows the Van der Waals isotherm for a certain constant value of the temperature T, prompted by a general rule.
In the area "zivini" (dilyanka KM) isotherm of three overtakes isobari. On the dilyantsi [$ V_1 $, $ V_2 $] the grip grows from the big swag.
Such a deposit is uncomfortable. This can mean that in a given region, through speech, it is not accustomed to be seen. It’s the same, it’s ill-humored to beat Van der Waals’s family. It is necessary to turn up to the notice. It will be shown that in the area of "zivini" on the isotherm in the station of the river, the speech will be routed on two phases: on the line and gas. Offend phase and feel at once and be in phase balance. At the phase equalizer, the processes of vaporization of the line and condensation gas are opposed. The stench to go with such an intensity, so that I will increase to compensate for one thing: the amount of life and gas becomes unimportant for an hour. The gas, which is in the phase alignment with its own line, is called the hardened pair. If there is no phase equalization, there is no compensation for vaporization and condensation, then the gas is called non-saturated vapor. How can there be an isotherm in the area of a two-phase camp of speech (in the area of "zivini" isotherm of Van der Waals)? It will show you how in the galuzy when you change the grip the vice will become permanent. Graph of isothermals parallel to the V axis (Fig. 2).
In the world of higher temperatures, the delink of two-phase stations on the isotherms will sound, as long as it does not reimagine to a point (Fig. 2). The point K is especially special, in which there is a difference between the age and the couple. Vaughn is called a critical point. Parameters that are critical to a person are called critical (temperature is critical, a critical grip, critical speech is critical).
I will become to be called rivnyannya, as I will establish interconnection between thermal parameters, so that | (P, V, T) = 0. The type of the whole function is to lay down according to the nature of the working body. Development of ideal and real gases.
ideal to be called a gas, for whom it is possible to use the powerful volume of molecules and the forces of interaction between them. For those who are simpler to the standard of the ideal gas є equal to Mendelev - Clapeyron = R = const, de R is a constant, stale from chemical nature to gas, and it is called a characteristic gas post. For a given іvnyannya vipliv:
Pu = RT (1 kg)
PV = mRT (m kg)
I will become simpler people real gas є van der Waals
(P +) × (u - b) = RT
de - internal vice
de a, b - permanent, fallow from the nature of speech.
At the borderline drop (for ideal gas)
u >> b Pu = RT
For the value of the characteristic gas post-term R, we can write down the Mendelev-Clapeyron (dal M.-K.) for P 0 = 760 mm Hg, t 0 = 0, 0 C
multiplying the offense of the part of the ryvnyannya by the value of m, as the mass of the acid molar to the gas mP 0 u 0 = mRT 0 mu 0 = V m = 22.4 [m 3 / kmol]
mR = R m = P 0 V m / T 0 = 101.325 * 22.4 / 273.15 = 8314 J / kmol × K
R m - not to accumulate in the natural gas and to that is called a universal gas station. Todi is characteristic of post-dorivnyu:
R = R m / m = 8314 / m;[J / kg × K].
Z'yasuєmo zm_st characteristic gas post_ynoy. For the whole we can write down M.-K. for two stations of ideal gas, which take part in the isobaric process:
P (V 2 -V 1) = mR (T 2 -T 1)
R = =; de L - a robot that is isobaric to the process.
m (T 2 -T 1) m (T 2 -T 1)
In such a rank, the characteristic gas post-life is a mechanical robot (a robotic snake), like 1 kg of gas in an isobaric process at a temperature change of 1 K.
lecture number 2
Caloric parameters
The internal energy of speech is a sum of kinetic energy of thermal energy of atoms and molecules of potential energy of the state, energy cheery sounds, Internal nuclear power, etc.
U = U КІН + U ПІТ + U CHIM + U YAD. + ...
In the process, only the first two magnitudes change, they don’t change, so it’s not in these processes that the chemical nature of the speech and the Bud's atom doesn’t change.
In the rozrakhunks, there is not an absolute value of internal energy, but a change in the thermodynamics, so that the internal energy is stored only from the 1st and the 2nd before:
ΔU = U 2 + U 1 = U КІН + U ПІТ ... For ideal gas U ПІТ = 0.
U KIN = f (T); U ПІТ = f (p, V)
U = f (p, T); U ПІТ = f (p, V); U = f (V, T)
For the ideal gas, you can record the next date:
To lay down the internal energy only from
temperature і do not lie in a vice і obsyagu
u = U / m; [J / kg] pitoma internal energy
The change in the internal energy of the working body is clear, so the circular process is healthy and the cycle
Δu 1m2 = u 2 - u 1; ΔU 1n2 = u 1 - u 2; Δu Σ = Δu 1m2 - Δu 2n1 = 0 du = 0
From the point of view of mathematics, it seems that if the value is zero, then the value of du is the main differential of the function
u = u (T, u) і road
Rivnyannya STANU, Ur-nya, scho rotate the sound between the parameters of the physically one-sided system at thermodynamic. rivnovazi. Thermal adjustment will be tied in a vise with a volume V and t-riy T, and for large-component systems - also with a warehouse (molar parts of components). Kaloricheskaya Rivnyannya will become vislovlyuє int. energy system yak f-ciyu V, T and warehouse. I’ll make a name for the rivnyannyam, as I don’t specialize myself, I’m thinking about it. I will become a rivnyannya. This can be done without prioritizing the value. trimayuchi. expansion, kuf. isothermal squeezed, trimayuchi. kuf. vice (springiness). Rivnyannya will become є necessary additions to thermodynamic. laws. If I am creepy, I will be able to open up the accumulation of thermodynamic. f-tion іd V і р, integrate differential. thermodynamic. spivvidnoshennya, the development of the volatility (fugitivnosgі) components of the system, through which you write down the mind of the phase equilibrium. Thermodynamics will establish links between the athletes I will become and be from the thermodynamic potentials of the system, we will rotate in the viglyadi of the faculties of their natural wines. For example, if the Helmholtz power house (power energy) is F as the function T and V, thenRivnyannya will not be able to be otrimano for the help of one more deprivation of the laws of thermodynamics, it must start from the end, or by using statistical methods. physics. The remainder of the system is even more foldable і m. B. is available only for simplified models of the system, for example, for ideal gas. Rivnyannya will become stagnant for real systems, I will not be able to use it. abo half-empirіch. character. Nek-Ri Naib will be shown below, I will become promising and promising.
Have pV = RT, de V-molar volume, R - universal gas became. The whole ur-niyu podkoryayutsya real gazi at high development (div. Klapeyrona - Mendeleva rivnyannya).
Holy Islands of real gases with small and average grips can be described well by virials: pV / RT = 1 + B2 / V + B 3 / V 2 + ..., de B B2, B3 - other, third and so far. functionality For a whole in-va stench to lie down deprived of t-ri. The virile rіvnyannya stan is grounded theoretically; it is shown scho kof. B 2 to start engaging. pairs of molecules, B 3 - interaction. three particles, etc. When there is a great schilnosti in-va, there is no way to spread out behind the steps of a vocal obshygia, so the virial ur-nya is not suitable for describing ridin. Wono serve as a deprivation forto increase the volatility of components in gas-like B-B. Zvezvychay be surrounded by a member of B 2 / V (roughly B 3 / V 2). In lit. produce t fiz. the value of the virial kof., breakdown and theoretical. methods їх viznachennya. Rivnyannya I will become with another virtual box. B 2 is widely used for modeling the gas phase when the phase ravines are opened at a time no more than a vise (up to 10 atm). Yogo zasosovyut also for describing sv-in diluted razchiniv visokomol. in-in (div. Rozchini polymers).
For practical rozrakhuniv phase rіvnovag in a wide range of t-r and vise important value may rіvnyannya stanu, so describe one hour St. vіv-vі rіdkoї i gaseous phases. The pershі also ur-nya bulo proponated І. Van der Waals in 1873:
p = RT (V-b) -a / V 2,
de a і b - persistent Van der Waals, characteristic for the given island (div. Van der Waals rivnyannya). Tse rіvnyannya will become the third order of magnitude to obsyag V, be it an isotherm with the parameters of the camp less than the critical one. value (in pre-technical area), MA three valid. load, root with fix. vice. Nayib, from the roots of the ur-nya from the gas phase, the least - ridkoi; middle root ur-nya fiz. senseu is not good. At supercritic. Areas of parameters will become isothermal if only one is valid. root.
Kubich. The grip of the grip is collected from MH. empirich. modifications of the ur-nya of Van der Waals. Often for the first two parameters. ur-nya Penga - Robinson (1976) and Redlikha - Kwong - Soave (1949, 1972). Empirich. post_yn_ tsikh r_vnyan will be possible on critical basis. parameters of the island (div. Critical stan). Schob expanding the number of systems described in the standard range, set of CB-B, range of t-r and vice, cubic breakdown. Rivnyannya will become, to avenge three and more empiric. post_ynykh. An important perevaga cubic. rіvnyan stanu-їх simplicity, when working with an EOM, it is not necessary to spend great vitrats in a machine hour. For many systems, approved by non-polar or weakly polar in-you, I will become uncomfortable for practical use. the purpose of accuracy.
I will see the reports of the expert. data about p-V-T-deposits, for їх zagalnennya get multiparameters. empirichny rivnyannya will become. One of the most widespread rivnians of this type is the ur-nya of Benedict-Webb Rubin (ur-nya BPR), which was broken up in 1940 on the basis of the virials of the country. At the same ur-bath vise r is presented at the viglyadi polynomial of schilnosti in-va with coefficients, fallow ones. Members of a number of high orders are not hunted, and for compensation they include an exponential member in the ur-nya. It is possible to produce before the appearance of S-shaped isotherms and it is possible to describe a certain phase and the equilibrium of a gas.
For non-polar and weakly polar in-in ur-nya BPR even more accurate results. For an individual in-va, it is possible to replace all of the pedagogical parameters, for a sum, the parameters of a variable ("binar") interconnection are introduced. Estimation of a great number of pedagogical parameters is a more foldable process than in numerical and versatile physiognomy. Danih. Parameters of ur-nya BPR vіdomі lishe for decks. dozens of, Ch. arr. in carbohydrates and inorganic gas Modification of ur-nya, straightened, zokrema, for adjusting the accuracy of the description of the s-in specific in-in, to accommodate an even larger number of parameters. Uninvolved on the price, aspire to satisfy, the results for the polar regions are not expected to be given. The complexity of the formation of an accelerated test of the standard type during the development of distillation processes, if it is necessary to obtain a bagatoraz assessment of the volatility of the components, the analysis of the mental system.
In the inventory of sums in-in empirich. post_yni r_vnyannya I will vvazhayutsya fallen from the warehouse. For cubic. I will be of the van der Waal type, I will accept the quadratic rules for changing, but for the sum of time, start from a special relationship:
de x i, x j - atomic parts of the components, the values a ij і b ij individual in-in a ii, a jj і b ii, b jj according to the combined rules:
a ij = (a ii a jj) 1/2 (1-k ij); 6 ij = (b ii + b jj) / 2,
de k ij - educational parameters of a change in interaction. tribute. However, the quadratic rules of change do not allow to justify and satisfy, the results for comrade Sound. asymmetric systems, the components of which took a strong variation in polarity and mol. sizes, for example, for sums in carbohydrates with water.
M. Huron and J. Widal in 1979 formulated the rules for changing a new type, which spiral on the model of a local warehouse, which successfully convey the asymmetry of the concentration. Deposits of surplus Gibbs potential G E for rare sums and allow a lot to describe the phase equilibrium. The essence of the approach to the field is in the fact that the value of G E a bitter difference, Observing from іvnyany will start і to pay for another model of the local warehouse [ur-nya Wilson, NRTL (Non-Random Two Liquids equation), UNIQAC (UNIversal QUAsi-Chemical equation), UNIFAC (UNIque Functional); Activity Coefficients CM. Razchini neelektrolіtіv]. Tsey straight and intensively develop.
Bagato two-parameter I will stand (Van der Waals, vіrіal-ve with the third vіrіalіv kof. and іn.)
f (p pr, T pr, V pr) = 0,
de p pr = r / r crit, T pr = T / T crit, V pr = V / V crit - the target parameter stan. Po-va z with the same values p pr i T direct the same guidance obsyag V np; The factor of capacity Z = pV / RT, kuf. volatility and deyaki in. thermodynamic. f-tsії (div. according to the law). Bigger pidhid, which allows you to expand the number of visible in-in, dressings with the introduced in the guidance of the ryvnyannya I will add, the parameters. Nayib, just among them - the critical factor. stiffness Z rate = p crit V rate / RT rate. і acentrіch. factor w = -Ig p pr -1 (at T pr = 0.7). Atsentr_ch. factor є is an indicator of nonsphericity of the field between mol. forces of the given island (for noble gases, the wine is close to zero).
K. Pitzer proponuvav koristuvatisya for razrakhunku of the factor of stiffness in a linear distribution
Z (T crit, p crit) = Z 0 (T crit, p crit) + w Z "(T crit, p crit),
de Z 0 means the factor of simplicity "simple" of the line, for example, argon, and Z "characterizes the appearance of the model of idleness of the line (div. Ridina).
і Z "(T crit, r crit). Naïb, in view of the correlation of Li and Kessler, in which the deposit took Z 0 at T krit and r crit was transferred for an additional level of BPR for argon.set at vibration in the quality of the "standard" ridin n-octane. Accept, scho Z "(T crit, p crit) = / w *, de w * is the factor of centricity to n-octane, Z * is the th factor of stiffness from the point of view of the ur-niyu BPR. Tse rivnyannya will naib, accurately describe the thermodynamic s-va and phase rivnovagi for non-polar in-in and sumy.
The order with the appointment of the expiry. I will become more important than the significance of the ur-nya, which will be able to provide the possibilities for the peculiarities of the structure of molecules and intermol. vzaєmodiy. The stench is spiraling on the statistic. theories and results of numerical experiments for model systems. Zgіdno mol.-statistic. tractuvanni, ur-nya Van der Waals describe the fluid of solid attracting spheres, which can be looked at in the near middle field. At the new ur-nyah, it is necessary to clarify beforehand a member of the ur-nya Van der Waals, to summarize the forces of interparticle visualization. It is much more accurate than the approximation of Cariahan-Starling, which spirals on the results of numerical modeling of the fluid of solid spheres in a wide range of fields. I will become victorious in the bagatories of the rіvnyany, however, I will become the model systems of solid particles with great power, in which the asymmetry of the moving parts took over. form. For example, in ur-bath BACK (Boublik-Alder-Chen-Kre-glewski) to assess the contribution of forces to serve the fluid of solid particles, which can shape the shape of dumbbells. For the contribution to the contribution of the forces of hardness, the viraz is implanted, the approximate results are eliminated by the method of moving. dynamics for fluid with interparticle potentials of the rectangular type (div. Molecular dynamics). Ur-nya BACK and their analogs allow you to describe the sum with sufficient accuracy, but not to revenge the high-boiling components.
The particularity of the description of the sums of high-boiling org. B-B-need urahuvannya dodatkovo rotational-vibrate. a step of freedom tied from suvami to segments of lanceol molecules (for example, alkenes C 8). For cich systems naib, the expanded level of the level PHCT (Perturbed Hard Chain Theory), proponated by J. Prausnitz and M. Do-nahue in 1978. Individually characterized by three ramps. parameters in ur-bath PHCT. Combined rules for being crazy to match one parameter of changing communication. Further, the detailed level of PHCT is based on replacing the potential of rectangular yams, which describe the heavy molecules, the potential of Lennard-Jones [ur-ny PSCT (Perturbed Soft Chain Theory)] and on the background of anisotropy of intermolecular. forces [ur-nya PACT (Perturbed Anisotropic Chain Theory)]. The rest of the ur-nya kindly describes the phase equilibrium in systems with polar components to navigate without the victorious parameters of the paired interaction.
molecules of components.
All the growing interest before the rivnyans will be pummeled for all practical. with the needs of the outlet pl. bitch technology tied with absorption podіlom in-in, Operation of naphtha and gas genera and t. P., Oskilki in large quantities, required quantities, describe and predict phase changes in a wide range of t-r and vise. However, it’s not easy to finish the univers. I will become equal. All guesses of the rivnyannya will turn out to be inaccurate when describing stanis near the critical. points i are not designated for viewing critical phenomena. For cich purposes, special rivnyannya stuns are being developed, ale and the stench left nasty for specific practitioners. dodatk_v.
, Including plasma.
Lit.: Rid R., Prausnitz J., Sherwood T. from English., L., 1982; Eiles S., halyard ravnovaga in chemical technology, prov. from English, part 1, M., 1989; Viktorov O. I. (і др.), "J. Prikl. Khimii", 1991, v. 64, No. 5, p. 961-78. G.L. Kuranov.
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