Zasosuvannya galiyu. Galiy - Ridky metal Minerali Galiyu
And the axis is still the same for the galia. True, in such a viglyadі it was impossible for me to end up with unsuccessful ones.
Galiy is located in a native camp in the even great range of temperatures, and, according to the idea, the temperature can be increased by thermometers up to 2000 degrees. Forward zastosovuvati gal_y yak thermometric line proponutized to finish for a long time. I, for example, having read about the tse in the dossier of sixty rockies, and also developed a lot of clues in popular science books from chemistry (zokrem, in "Popular library of chemistry elements"). There they said that even with thermometers they can adjust the temperature up to 1200 degrees, a little more people, they do not often enter the thermometry laboratory.
I think that such thermometers are weakly expanded for several reasons. Perche, at high temperatures, galіi є are even more aggressive in speech. At temperatures of up to 500 ° C, wine rose is practically all metal, crimson tungsten, as well as a lot of other materials. Quartz is stable up to molten galia up to 1100 ° C, but the problem can be found through those, where quartz (and also most of the glasses) is susceptible to cime metal. Tobto, the gal_y just sticks to the walls of the thermometer from the middle, and the temperature will not be feasible. Another problem can occur when the thermometer is cold below 28 degrees. When hardened, the galleries appear like water - it expands and you can simply open the thermometer in the middle. Well, the last reason is that a high-temperature galley thermometer can be installed even more quickly, in the course of development of technology and electronics. It is no secret that a digital thermometer can be used to get better, less than ever. Suchasnі temperature controllers, in a set, for example, with platinum-platinum-rhodium thermocouples, allow to change the temperature in the range from -200 to + 1600 ° C with an accuracy, which is not sufficient for other thermometers. Until then, the thermocouple can be used as the default value for the controller.
The thermometer in the photo I know at the nymetsk ebay auction was written approximately by the author of rockets.
Іnuvannya galyu ("ekaalumіnієm") and the main power of the bully was transferred in 1870 by D. I. Mendelєєvim. The element of the study of spectral analysis in the pirenean zinc blende and visions in 1875 by the French chemist P. Ye. Lecoq de Boisbaudran; names in honor of France (lat. Gallia). Precisely from the power of the galley with the transfer of the first triumph periodic systems.
Knowledge in nature, obsession:
Store in two stable isotopes with mass numbers 69 (60.5%) and 71 (39.5%). The middle instead of the galley in the earth's crust is quite high, 1.5 · 10 -3% by weight, which is expensive for lead and molybdenum. Galiy is a typical design element. Single mineral gallium - Galle CuGaS 2 is even more rare. The geochemistry of galia is closely tied to the geochemistry of aluminum, which is explained by the similarity of its physical and chemical powers. The main part of galia in the lithosphere is laid in aluminum aluminium. Zmіst galіyu in bauxite and nephelinіv amount from 0.002 to 0.01%. The increase in the concentration of galia is also promoted in sphalerite (0.01-0.02%), in Kamyanovy (together with German), as well as in avalanche ores... Significant reserves of gallium volodyut are China, USA, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.
Mainly dzherelo otrimannya galia - alumіnіeve virobnitstvo. When bauxite is recycled, galіium is concentrated in uterine growths for Al (OH) 3. From the puddle, cut off from the fillet of amalgam with water, precipitate Ga (OH) 3, yaku razchinyayut in the meadows and see the galley electrolysis.
Otrimanie by electrolysis of a puddle of a rіdky galіy, promitium with water and acids (HCl, HNO 3), revenge 99.9-99.95% Ga. Bigger pure metal should be dispensed with fusible from vacuum, zone fusible or monocrystals from melting.
Physical authorities:
The metal is medium-white color, soft, important. The specificity of the galley is a great interval of a small mill (tm 29.8 ° C, t bp 2230 ° C) and a low grip at temperatures up to 1100-1200 ° C. The density of solid metal is 5.904 g / cm nіzh rіdkogo, that crystallizes galіy, like ice, you can break an ampoule. The heat of solid galіium is 376.7 J / (kg · K).
Cheerful authorities:
On turns at high temperatures galley stiyok. Food at 260 ° C in dry acid is more likely to oxidize (melt metal oxide). Chlorine and bromine react with galієm in the cold, iodine - when heated. Melting of galia at temperatures up to 300 ° C in conjunction with the use of structural metals and alloys (crim W), setting intermetallic processes.
When heated under a grip, gal_ reacts with water: 2Ga + 4H 2 O = 2GaOOH + 3H 2
With mineral acids Ga, depending on the type of aqueous solution: 2Ga + 6HCl = 2GaCl 3 + 3H 2
With a large amount of hydrochloric acid in the hydrochloric acid, gallium breaks down more often, in hydrofluoric acid it is fast, in nitric acid in the cold, gallium is strong.
In hot meadows, galleries are growing in number. 2Ga + 6H 2 O + 2NaOH = 2Na + 3H 2
Naivazhlivіshі spoluks:
gallium oxide, Ga 2 O 3 - bіlium or gallium powder, tp + 1795 ° C. Hold the heating of metal galium for powder at 260 ° C, either in an atmosphere of sour or fried nitrate or gallium sulphate. I have two modifications in the eyes. By and large reacts with acids and meadows in the range, showing amphoteric power:
galium hydroxide, Ga (OH) 3 - vypadaє in a jelly-like siege during sampling of salts of trivalent galium with hydroxides and carbonates of foreign metals (pH 9.7). Can be trimmed with trivalent gallium salts with hydrolysis.
Viyavlya amphoternі, with a change of acidic, power, when working in the meadows I will gallate(For example, Na). Differentiate in concentrated ammonium and concentrated ammonium carbonate, in case of boiling precipitation. Gallium hydroxide heating can be converted to GaOOH, sometimes to Ga 2 O 3 * H 2 O, i, nareshty, to Ga 2 O 3.
salt galia... GaCl 3 - barn-free hygroscopic crystals. tp 78 ° C, bp 215 ° C Ga 2 (SO 4) 3 * 18H 2 O - without barn, good at the water, setting the sub-salt to the type of alum. Ga (NO 3) 3 * 8H 2 O - barn-free, available from water and ethanol crystals
gallium sulfide, Ga 2 S 3 - zhovtі crystals or amorphous bіlium powder with a temperature of 1250 ° C, decompose in water.
gidrid galia to recover from organic gallium z'єdnan. Possible to hydride boron, aluminum: Ga 2 H 6 - digalan, volatile ridina, tm - 21.4 ° C, boiling temperature 139 ° C. x - polygallan, bila solid river. Gidridi nestiykі, open up with vidіlennya vodnyu.
Galanat litiyu, Li can be recognized in an ether reaction 4LiH + GaCl 3 = Li + 3LiCl
Bezbarvny crystals, unstable, water slide through the visions of water.
sucking:
Galіy can be victorious for preparing optical mirrors, which can be seen in a high quality building.
Galiy is a miraculous mastic material. On the basis of galia and nickel, galia and scandinum, it is practically more important than metal adhesives.
Arsenide galley GaAs, as well as GaP, GaSb, but also the power of the provincial authorities are promising materials for the electrical power industry. The stench can be stagnant in high-temperature rectifiers and transistors, sleepy batteries as well as in infrared devices.
Gallium oxide should be included in the warehouse of important laser materials of a group of garnets - GSGG, ІАГ, ІSGG and іn.
Galiy Dorig, in 2005 it was on the global market a ton of gallium was worth USD 1.2 million, and in connection with high price and at the same hour, with the great need for the whole metal, it is even more important to give grace on the outside of the work with the aluminum virobnity and reprobation kam'yanogo wugillya there is a fire on the river.
Ivanov Oleksiy
KhF Tyumen State University, 561 groups.
About the element with atomic number 31, there are most of the readers' memorials only, as well as one of the three elements, which were transferred and most of the reports described by D.I. Mendelev, і shcho - velmi fusible metal: schob transform it into іdina, add heat to the valley.
We didn’t think of the answers about the item No. 31 at all. I will explain this to the "vidome". Everybody knows that Mendeleev's transmissions are galloping, but Lecoq de Boisbaudran was seen by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, but not all of them saw that it became apparent. As much as I know, it’s a fusible metal, but it can’t be attributed to food, because it’s fusible.
Yak buli vidkriti galiy
French chemist Paul Emil Lecoque de Boisbaudran led the way in history as three new elements: galia (1875), samaria (1879) and dysprosia (1886). Pershe from tsikh vіdkrittіv brought glory to him.
In an hour beyond the borders of France there are few views. Yomu bulo 38 years, taking care of the spectroscopic advances. Spectroscopist Lecoque de Boisbaudran was good, and in the end of the rakhunka he called to success: all three of his elements were shown by the method of spectral analysis.
In 1875, Lecoque de Boisbaudran reached the spectrum of zinc blende brought from Pierrefit (Pirene). In the whole spectrum of Bula, a new fioletova line has appeared (dovzhina Khvili 4170A). A new line indicated the presence of an unattended element in the mineral, and, quite naturally, Lecoque de Boisbaudran didn’t have a chance to get the most out of it. It is not easy to break up the process: the change of a new element in ore is less than 0.1%, and in some cases it is added to zinc. The song was trivial to the memory of the far away, however, a new element, albeit in a very small number. Small plates (less than 0.1 g), Cheerful authorities Lecoq de Boisbaudran is far from common.
The news about the opening of the Galia - so in honor of France (Galia is the Latin name), but the names of the new element - appeared in the antecedents of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
After reading D.I. Mendeleev and known in the gallery of transmissions from five rocks earlier than ekaaluminim. Mendelєєv immediately wrote to Paris. “The way to see and see, as well as the actions of the description of the power to stifle the allowance, but the new metal is not as good as yakaluminim”, - said in the yoy sheet. Then the winners have repeated the transmissions for the whole element of power. Moreover, if grains of galia are trimmed in the hands, not bachachi yogo in the eyes, the Russian chemist has been merciful, but the spirit of new metal can’t be more expensive than 4,7, yakab wrote Lekok de approximately 5.9-6.0 g / cm3.
Yak, it’s not marvelous, but about іnuvannya periodicalthe law is the first one to be sure, "strengtheners", knowing that it is deprived of a single leaf. Once more times, we’re going to sit and relax.having cleared the particles of the galia, you will reconsider the results of the first slides. The deyakі of the history of science vvazayut, who were robbed of the blaze of self-singing Russian"Provisnika". Ale dosvid showing the ringleader: having mercy on the pershovidkrivach. Piznishe wrote: "It is not necessary, I think, to make a decision on the victories, as there is more power of a new element to support the theoretical glances of Mendelev."
Mayzhe just took the tribute to the information and transmission of Mendeleev to the power of element number 31. "Mendeleev's prophecy was true with insignificant insults: ekaaluminim transformed into galia". This is how Engels characterizes the podia in "The Dialectics of Nature".
It’s necessary to say that the first message from the transmission Mendelєєvim of the elements signifies a changepositions of the periodic law.
You read the article on the topic of galiy history
Galley thermometers allow, in principle, to vary the temperature from 30 to 2230 ° C. Infected galley thermometers for temperatures up to 1200 ° C.
Element No. 31 is located on the production of low-melting alloys, vicoristovuvanih in signal annexes. Alloy of gallium from indium melts even at 16 ° С.Cesami fusible from all types of alloys.
As an element of the III group, it is possible to make it harder in the provincial "pre-riverine" provinces, (with a purity not less than 99.999%), to add an additive to germanium and silicon.
Intermetallic galleries with elements of the V group - surmoy and mish'yak - are most likely by the provincial authorities.
The addition of gallium to the sklyan mass allows you to trim the skylights with a high efficiency of breaking the skylights, and skylights on the basis of Ga2O3 are good for skipping the infrared skylights.
The hard image is 88% of the light falling on the new light, the hard one is three times less. It is even easier to use a glass mirror - the gallery can be applied with a penzel.
In some cases, the galleries are good to feel solid surfaces, they are frozen in diffusion vacuum pumps. Such pumps "trim" the vacuum more beautifully, less mercury.
Bully try zastosuvati in atomic reactors, but it is unlikely that the results can be successful. Moreover, the galley can actively consume neutrons (overflowing 2.71 barn), it reacts more and more at higher temperatures with higher metals.
Galiy without becoming an atomic material. True, one piece of radioactive 72Ga isotope (with a period of 14.2 years) is used to diagnose cyst cancer. Chloride and nitrate of gallium-72 is adsorbed by the fluff, and, as it is characteristic of the isotope of vipromyuvannya, physicians may be able to accurately begin to measure third-party approvals.
Yak bachite, the practical possibilities of element No. 31 can be reached wide. Vikoristovuvati їkh more often do not go out through the difficult to reject the galia - the element to finish the rіdkіsny (1.5-10-3% of the earth measles) І even more rosy.
Vlasnykh mineralyv galia vіdomo nebagato. The first and most popular yogo mineral, Halle CuGaS2, was born in 1956, and there are two more minerals, which are also common.
The name of the gallium is found in zinc, aluminium, ores, as well as in kam'yanomu vugili- yak insignificant house. And it is characteristic: the more the house is, the more important is the vityagti, there is more galia in the ores of the quiet metals (,), which are close to the authorities. The main part of the earth's galley is laid in aluminum minerals.
Vityag galiyu - "satisfied" with the road. To that element number 31 vikoristovutsya in fewer numbers, not be-like yogo susid on the periodic system.
It is not included, absolutely, but the science of the best possible display in Gaul is also the one that is absolutely necessary and indispensable, as it was connected with the same element that Mendeleev would transfer - germanium.
SHOWS OF LAWS. The power of the gallery was transferred to D. I. Mendeleevim for five rockies before the opening of the element. The genial Russian chemist will be able to predict on the laws of power over the groups of the periodic system. Ale і for Lecoq de Boisbaudran, the gallery did not look happy. A talanovitiy spectroscopist, in 1863 he discovered regularities in the range of spectra close to the power of the elements. Rovnyuchi spectra іndіyu and alumіnіyu, wіn came to visnovka, but among these elements we can be "twinned", the lines of which have kept a clearing in the short-hillovoy part of the spectrum. The very same line of shukav and know-how in the spectrum of zinc blende from Pierrefit can be seen.
GRA SLIV? For the history of science, in the name of element No. 31 it is not only patriotism, but the immodesty of the first person. It is pinched vvazati, the word "galiy" resembles Latin Gallia (France). But if bazhanna is in the same word, it is possible to charcoal on the word "piven" 1 In Latin "piven" - gallus, in French - le coq. Lecoq de Boisbaudran?
DEPRECATED VID VIKU, In minerals galіy often supervise alumіnіyu. Tsikavo, how to spend these elements in the mineral for an hour to get acquainted with the mineral. Polovye spar has one gallium atom per 120 yew. Aluminum atoms. At the nepheline, which has been decided on the basis of the increase, the price of the spivery is already 1: 6000, and in the still more "young" scum tree - all 1:13.
FIRST PATENT. The first patent for the storing of the neck of the ear on the very ear of the XX century. Element number 31 wanted vikoristovuvati in arc electric lamps.
Сіrku VITISNYAЄ, СIROЇ to seize. Tsіkavo vіdbuvayutsya vzamodіya galіya with sіrchanaya acid. Wono supervise the visions of the elementary events. With a wide covering of the surface of the metal and re-distribution If you dump the metal with hot water, the reaction will be renewed and you will stay until quietly, leaving the growth of a new "skin" from sirki on the galley.
SHKIDLIVIY VPLIV. Ridkiy galiy in combination with a large metal mechanical authorities... The very same link with galleries is to bring abundant design materials to the point of being lost. The most stable up to the galley: at temperatures up to 1000 ° С, it successfully protects the aggressiveness of the element No. 31.
І OXIDE TER! Insignificant additives to gallium oxide are poured in on the power of oxides of bagatokh metals. So, the house of Ga2Oz to zinc oxide significantly reduces sintering capacity. Zinc in such an oxide is more concentrated than in pure zinc. And for titanium dioxide, when Ga2O3 is added, the electrical conductivity drops sharply.
YAK TO REJECT GALI. Industrial genera of galevikh ores in the light of day. To this, galіy is brought to life from even more non-magical ores of zinc and aluminum ores.
Oskіlki and zmіst in them are not similar, ways of rejecting element No. 31 to achieve profitability. Razpovimo for the butt, yak vityagayut galiy from zinc blende - mineral, in which is an element of bouvings forward.
First, for all the zinc blende ZnS scorched, and then they got the hang of it with sirchanoic acid. At once from the bagatmaWith the small metals of gal_y, go into razchin. Zinc sulphate is the main product, which needs to be cleaned from houses, including from gallium. persha stadiyapurification - sedimentation of the so-called zalizny sludge. In case of stepwise neutralization of sour, the sludge vipadu is sieged. On the 13th, close to 10% aluminum, 15% gallium (which is most important for passing at a time) 0.05-0.1% gallium. To sip on the gallium, the sludge is stained with acid or sodium hydroxide - gallium hydroxide amphoteric. The luzhny way to the best of your ability, oskilki in all kinds of vipad, you can rob the equipment with less expensive materials.
From the next meadow, the aluminum and the galia turn into rosters. If there is any difference, it is safe to neutralize the hydroxide of gallium vipadaє in the siege. Allow to go under siege і part of aluminum. The siege is to be solved again, now in hydrochloric acid. Go to the range of gallium chloride, not too much aluminum chloride. Growth rate is given to extracts. Top up with efir i, on the form of AlCl3, GaCl3, you can more often go to the organic outlet. The balls are razdіlyayut, vіdganyayut ether, and otrimaniyu chloride galіyu once again drenched with concentrated sodium hydroxide, then transfer to the siege and release from the galіu domіshka zalіza. Thin puddle line and remove the metal gal_. Otrimyuyut with electrolysis at a load of 5.5 volts. Put galley on a copper cathode.