Physical chemistry of power to lame and yo spoluk. Busy elective course "chrome and yogo spoluky". Melting temperature and boiling point

Chromium is recognized until the period of boiling development of chemical and analytical dosages of salts and minerals. In Russia, chemists had a special interest in the analysis of minerals that were known in Siberia and maybe not for those in Western Europe. One of such minerals is Bula Siberian Chervona, lead ore (crocoite), described by Lomonosov. Mineral doslidzhuvsya, albeit nothing, except lead oxide, gold and aluminum in the new is not known. However, in 1797, Vauckelin rotsi, having subtly refined the minerals with potash and precipitated carbonate with lead, having trimmed the roschin, made up in an orange-red color. The most wide range of vіn crystallized in the ruby-chervona sil, from which we saw the oxide and the virgin metal, in the form of all kinds of metals. Vaukelen calling yogo chromium ( Chrome ) View of the walnut word- zabarvlennya, color; the truth is that there is little in the respect of power, it is not metal, but very rich salts.

Knowledge in nature.

Chromium ore, which has a practical value, is chromite, an approximate warehouse of a different form of the formula FeCrO ​​4.

Wine grows up in Maliy Asia, in the Urals, in Pivnichniy America, In Africa. The technical meaning can also be guessed at the mineral crocoite - PbCrO 4. In nature, also chromium oxide (3) and deyakі іnshі yogo spoluke can be found. V earthly crust instead of chromium in a pererakhunku for metal to become 0.03%. Chromium is revealed on Sonce, stars, meteorites.

Physical power.

Chromium is bilium, hard and loud metal, but chemically resistant to the infusion of acids and meadows. On the surface, it is oxidized, and on the surface there is a thin opening of the oxide. Chromium weight is 7.1 g / cm 3, the melting temperature becomes +1875 0 С.

Otrimannya.

With a strong heating of the chromium zaliznyak, the chrome and zaliznyak will be renewed from the bulges:

FeO * Cr 2 O 3 + 4C = 2Cr + Fe + 4CO

As a result of the whole reaction, an alloy of chromium with gold is established, which leads to a high performance. To remove pure chromium, add chromium oxide (3) aluminum:

Cr 2 O 3 + 2Al = Al 2 O 3 + 2Cr

In this process, let it turn into two oxides - Cr 2 O 3 and CrO 3

Cheerful authorities.

The thinnest pouches of oxide, which cover the surface with chromium, are even stiffer up to the inflow of aggressive acids and meadows. Chromium does not react with concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids, as well as with phosphoric acid. In the meadows, chromium enters into interaction at t = 600-700 o C. However, chromium interacts with the cultivation of organic and hydrochloric acids, vitisnyayuchi water:

2Cr + 3H 2 SO 4 = Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2
2Cr + 6HCl = 2CrCl 3 + 3H 2

At high temperatures, chromium burns in sour, fusing oxide (III).

Chromium reaction with vapors:

2Cr + 3H 2 O = Cr 2 O 3 + 3H 2

Chromium at high temperatures also reacts with halogens, halogen - water, syroe, nitrogen, phosphorus, vugillam, silicon, boron, for example:

Cr + 2HF = CrF 2 + H 2
2Cr + N2 = 2CrN
2Cr + 3S = Cr 2 S 3
Cr + Si = CrSi

Vishchevkazanі physical and chemical authorities chrome knew their stasis in other areas science and technology. So, for example, chrome and yogo alloy is used for removing high-quality, corrosion-resistant coatings in machines. Alloy in viglyadі ferochroma vikoristovyutsya in the strength of metalorizal іnstruments. Chrome alloys have become known in medical technology, with the development of chemical technological possession.

The position of chromium in periodic systems of chemical elements:

Chrome ocholyu will defeat the group VI group periodic systems elements. Yogo electronic formula is offensive:

24 Cr IS 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 3d 5 4S 1

In the case of electrons stored in the orbital, the chromium atom will break the regularity, so it’s necessary to store 4S - orbital up to 4S 2. 5. The same phenomenon is promoted by the atoms of the other elements of the secondary groups. Chromium can exhibit an oxidation step from +1 to +6. Naybіlsh stіyky є є with oxidation steps +2, +3, +6.

Z'єdannya bivalent chromium.

Chromium (II) oxide CrO - pyrophoric black powder (pyrophoric - building in a finely crushed mill will ignite on the ground). CrO is available in diluted hydrochloric acid:

CrO + 2HCl = CrCl 2 + H 2 O

On turn, at heating at 100 0 С, CrO transforms into Cr 2 O 3.

Divalent chromium salts are established when chromium metal is broken down in acids. The reactions take place in an atmosphere of a low-activity gas (for example, H 2), which makes it easy to oxidize Cr (II) to Cr (III) in the presence of a liquid.

Chromium hydroxide can be used to remove a siege from the beetle when the meadow is broken up for chromium (II) chloride:

CrCl 2 + 2NaOH = Cr (OH) 2 + 2NaCl

Cr (OH) 2 is the main authority, є the main authority. Hydration of Cr2 + ions in white - black color. Water solution CrCl 2 oil blue At the turn of the water, the half of Cr (II) passes into the background of Cr (III). It is especially tempting to roll around in Cr (II) hydroxide:

4Cr (OH) 2 + 2H 2 O + O 2 = 4Cr (OH) 3

Z'єdnannya trivalent chromium.

Chromium (III) oxide Cr 2 O 3 is a refractory powder of green color. Hardness close to corundum. In the laboratory it is possible to distinguish ammonium dichromate heats:

(NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 = Cr 2 O 3 + N 2 + 4H 2

Cr 2 O 3 - amphoteric oxide, when alloyed in meadows, solidified chromium: Cr 2 O 3 + 2NaOH = 2NaCrO 2 + H 2 O

Chromium hydroxide is also used for amphoteric products:

Cr (OH) 3 + HCl = CrCl 3 + 3H 2 O
Cr (OH) 3 + NaOH = NaCrO 2 + 2H 2 O

Anhydrous CrCl 3 may look like leaves in a dark violet color, absolutely do not break in cold water, with boiling wine it grows more often. Anhydrous sulphate chromium (III) Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 horny colora, also rotten at water. In the presence of the witnesses, violet sulfate is approved for chromium Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 * 18H 2 O. Also green hydrates for chromium sulfate, in order to take away less water. Chromium galloon KCr (SO 4) 2 * 12H 2 O will crystallize from the breaks, so that violet sulfate is replaced with chromium and calcium sulfate. The growth of chromium alum when the greens are heated with green sulphates.

Reactions with chromium and yogo

Mayzhe all spheres are chrome and their solutions are intensively worked out. Mayuchi bezbarvny razchin or beleaguered sieges, we can with a great part of the growth of visnovok about the visibility of chromium.

1. Strongly heated in the half of the pallet on the porcelain bowl, such as a bit of bichromate calyu, as it fits on the tip of a knife. You can't see crystallized water, but melt at temperatures close to 400 0 С with the approval of the black country. Pogrієmo її shche kіlka kіlina on the strong half. Pislya chilled to a crock to pretend to be green sieges. A part of it is located near the water (there is a nabuvaє zhovtoy koloru), and іnshu part is surplus to a shard. When heated, the silt spreads out, as a result, the pink chromate of K 2 CrO 4 and greens Cr 2 O 3 was established.
2. Razchinniy 3g of powder-like bichromate calium in 50ml of water. Up to one part of the dodamo trocha is carbonated with calium. The difference is in the CO 2 vision, but the balance will become clear - the new one. Chromate is applied to the bichromate of kaliyu. If now, in portions of adding 50% of the range of sirchanoic acid, then I know it will be red - chew bichromate.
3. Nallumo in a test tube 5 ml. the solution to the bichromate of calories, prokip'yatity with 3 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and under traction. There is a difference between green and green chlorine, so that the chromate oxidizes HCl to Cl 2 і H 2 O. The chromate itself is transformed into green chloride trivalent chromium. Yogo can be seen in the right direction, and then, having fused with soda and celite, translated into chromate.
4. When added to the amount of lead nitrate, the zinc chromate is lead; in case of interaction with the solution to the nitrate of the medium, a red-brown siege to the chromate of the medium is established.
5. Dodamo peroxide is water-based and acidic with calcium bichromate and acidity. Rozchin nabuv glyboky blue color of the preparation of chromium peroxide. When peroxide is removed from the efir, you will go to the organic store and get it into the black color. This reaction is specific for chromium and is even more sensitive. Chromium can be found in metals and alloys. Persh for everything it is necessary to razchiniti metal. With a trivial boil of 30%, it is the іnshoіy sіrchanoіy acid (it is possible to add hydrochloric acid), chromium and a lot of chrome began to grow frequently. Otrimaniy razchin revenge sulfate chromium (III). It is possible to carry out a reaction of detection, with a combination of neutralizing it with sodium chloride. In the siege of siro-greens, chromium (III) hydroxide, which breaks down into a surplus of NaOH and sets the greens with sodium chromite. We will filter the razchin and dodamo 30% aqueous peroxide. When heated, the rosters get buried in zhovty color, so the chromite is oxidized to chromate. Pidkislennya prizvede until the blakitny zaparvlennya rose. Zabarvlene z'єdnannya can be extraguvati, crushing with ethereum.

Analytical reactions on chromium.

1. Up to 3-4 drops for chromium chloride CrCl 3, apply 2M NaOH solutions until it is broken off after a siege. Beastly respect for the color of having accepted sodium chromite. Heat up the inconsistencies on the water holes. What about when you see?
2. Up to 2-3 drops to the size of CrCl 3 give a small volume of 8M to the size of NaOH and 3-4 drops of 3% to the size of H 2 O 2. Heat the reaction sum in a water bath. What about when you see? How can a siege be set up, how can we get rid of the faults of neutralization, add up to CH 3 COOH, and then Pb (NO 3) 2?
3. Pour into a test tube 4-5 drops of breakdowns in chromium sulfate Cr 2 (SO 4) 3, IMH 2 SO 4 and KMnO 4. Heat the reaction with a drop of decalcine quilting in a water bath. Zvernit respect for the change of bargaining razchin. Chim wono viclicano?
4. Up to 3-4 drops of acidified with nitric acid K 2 Cr 2 O 7 give 2-3 drops of H 2 O 2 and mix. Z'yavayutsya blue discord, the line is poured over the claims of perchromic acid and H 2 CrO 6:

Cr 2 O 7 2- + 4H 2 O 2 + 2H + = 2H 2 CrO 6 + 3H 2 O

Beast of respect on the H 2 CrO 6 distribution:

2H 2 CrO 6 + 8H + = 2Cr 3+ + 3O 2 + 6H 2 O
blue color of greens color

Perchromic acid is significant in organics.

1. Up to 3-4 drops of acidified with nitric acid K 2 Cr 2 O 7 give 5 drops of isoamyl alcohol, 2-3 drops of H 2 O 2 size and add the reaction sum. A ball of organic razchinnik of zabarvleniya in bright-blue color that spills to the top. Zabarvlennya znikaє povіlno. Measure the strength of H 2 CrO 6 in organic and aqueous phases.
2. In the case of the interaction of CrO 4 2- and ions Ba 2+, the precipitation of precipitates to the chromate barium BaCrO 4.
3. Nitrate of the medium set up with ions of CrO 4 2 sieges to chromate of the medium of celadon-chervony kolor.
4. Take three tubes. Place 5 6 dots of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 in one of them, the same amount of K 2 CrO 4 in the other, and three dots of both sizes in the third. Then add three dots of calcium iodide to the skin test tube. Explain the result. Pidkisliti razchin in other probіrtsі. What about when you see? To what?

Tsikavi to walk with chrome spikes

1. Sumish CuSO 4 і K 2 Cr 2 O 7 at the addition of the meadow becomes green, and in the presence of acid it grows old. Heated 2mg of glucerin with a small amount of (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 with additional addition of alcohol, for filtering to use sweet greens, which, when acid was added and aged, would be healthy, and in the middle of green food, it wouldn’t.
2. Place in the center of the canning jar with the term “rubinov sumish” - a lid and space in aluminum foil Al 2 O 3 (4.75 g) with the addition of Cr 2 O 3 (0.25). If the bank has not yet reached it, it is necessary to bury the top of the image in a sip, and after the term and the ear of reaction, cover it with a golden leaf and pick it up. Bank vicopati via doba. The result is a ruby ​​powder.
3. Rub 10g of bichromate with calories with 5g of sodium nitrate or calories and 10g of zukru. Summite and win from the decks. As soon as the powder is pressed into a glass tube, and then when you wipe the stick and podpality from the butt, then it is more likely to take the "snake", a bit of black, and when it is cold it is green. A stick with a diameter of 4 mm burns close to 2 mm per second and burns 10 times.
4. If you change the solution to the sulphate of the medium and dichromate to the calcium and to add the amorphous brown precipitate to the store 4CuCrO 4 * 3NH 3 * 5H 2 O, which can be found in the hydrochloric acid for the solution of the amorphous green, and in the same As soon as the alcohol was given up to the end, then the greens of siege, as if the filter became blue, and the letter hung - blue-violet with red sparkles, kindly visible with strong illumination.
5. As soon as the "volcano" or "pharaonic serpents" is lost, chromium oxide can be regenerated. For the whole requirement of alloying 8 g Cr 2 O 3 і 2 g Na 2 CO 3 і 2.5 g KNO 3 and process the alloy with sprinkling. There is a pink chromate, which can be reconverted in both Cr (II) and Cr (VI), including the external dichromate of ammonia.

Apply oxidatively - intraluvial transitions for the participation of chromium and th

1. Cr 2 O 7 2- - Cr 2 O 3 - CrO 2 - - CrO 4 2 - Cr 2 O 7 2-

a) (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 = Cr 2 O 3 + N 2 + 4H 2 O b) Cr 2 O 3 + 2NaOH = 2NaCrO 2 + H 2 O
c) 2NaCrO 2 + 3Br 2 + 8NaOH = 6NaBr + 2Na 2 CrO 4 + 4H 2 O
d) 2Na 2 CrO 4 + 2HCl = Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 2NaCl + H 2 O

2. Cr (OH) 2 - Cr (OH) 3 - CrCl 3 - Cr 2 O 7 2 - - CrO 4 2

a) 2Cr (OH) 2 + 1 / 2O 2 + H 2 O = 2Cr (OH) 3
b) Cr (OH) 3 + 3HCl = CrCl 3 + 3H 2 O
c) 2CrCl 3 + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2 O = K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 2Mn (OH) 2 + 6HCl
d) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 2KOH = 2K 2 CrO 4 + H 2 O

3. CrO - Cr (OH) 2 - Cr (OH) 3 - Cr (NO 3) 3 - Cr 2 O 3 - CrO - 2
Cr 2+

a) CrO + 2HCl = CrCl 2 + H 2 O
b) CrO + H 2 O = Cr (OH) 2
c) Cr (OH) 2 + 1 / 2O 2 + H 2 O = 2Cr (OH) 3
d) Cr (OH) 3 + 3HNO 3 = Cr (NO 3) 3 + 3H 2 O
e) 4СR (NO 3) 3 = 2Cr 2 O 3 + 12NO 2 + O 2
f) Cr 2 O 3 + 2 NaOH = 2NaCrO 2 + H 2 O

Chrome element in the role of the artist

Hіmіki to finish often went up to the problem of the establishment of piece pіgments for painting. At the XVIII-XIX centuries, the technology of removing bagatokh malovnichny materials was broken up. Luї Nіkola Vauquelin in 1797, Yakiy know in Siberian chervona ore earlier, an element of chrome, having prepared a new, miraculously styled farb - chrome greens. Chromophore її hydroxide chromium (III). With the name "Smaragdova Green", they were celebrated in 1837 rotsi. Piznishe L. Vokelen proponated a sprinkle of new farbs: barite, zinc and chromium. In the meantime, the stench of boules of vitisneni with large sturdy gum, orange pigments based on cadmium.

Zelena Chromova - hiring and lightning of a farb, so that you don't get into the atmosphere of gases. Rosterta on oil chrome greens are very curved with strength and are great until they are hungry, since the 19th century. її is widely used in painting. The majesty is ma in porcelain. On the right in that, porcelain virobi can be decorated with both underglaze and overglaze patterns. In the first place, apply the Farbi vipad on the surface of a slightly scorched virobi, then cover it with a ball of glaze. The next step is the main, high-temperature vipal: for the preparation of porcelain and melting glaze, it is heated up to 1350 - 1450 0 С. Black oxide of cobalt, applied on the surface of porcelain virobi, during vipalyuvanny, it is fused with glaze, chemically in conjunction with it. The result is yaskravo-blue silikati cobalt. Such a cobalt-decarred blue porcelain tableware is good to know. Chromium (III) oxide does not interchangeably with the components of the glaze, it is simply covered with porcelain shards and the glaze with a "deaf" ball.

Krim chrome green artists zasosovyut farbi, otrimanі z volkonskoita. Cei mineral s group of montmorillonites (clay mineral to the class of folding forces Na (Mo, Al), Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2) V.M .. Raevsky, the squad of the Decembrist S.G. Volkonsky.volkonskoyit є clay, which can cover up to 24% chromium oxide, as well as aluminium and zaliz (III) oxides. areas that have a lot of developmental mobility - from the winter darkened yalits to the bright-green color of the swamp toad.

Pablo Picasso zvertavsya to the geologists of our land from the prospect of vivchity stocks of volkonskoit, which gives the farb a uniquely fresh tony. In Denmark, the hour of breaking up is the way to reject the piece volkonskoit. Quite simply, according to the data of the occasional past, the Russian iconographers have taken the Farbi from the material in the middle of the century, back to the last "official" view. Due to the popularity among artists, the greens of Guinier (created in 1837), Chromoform - hydroxide to chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 * (2-3) H 2 O, were sometimes chemically tied, and part of the adsorbuvati. Tsei pigment nadaє farbі smaragdovy vіdtіnok.

site, with a large abo private copy of the material posilannya on pershodelo obov'yazkov.

to describe

Chrome, yak chemical element It is a solid metal of a blakit-white color (div. photo). Wine does not oxidize on contact with food. One of them can be brought to black metals. I will name my wine, having earned the help of the versatile combinations of the color of my z'udnan, and it will be seen from the walnut word chroma - color. It’s a fact that the “chrome” warehouse is stagnant in the spheres of life. For example, the word "chromosome" (s Greek.) - "tilo, yake zabarvlyuєtsya".

The appearance of the attack on the 1797 ric and the appearance of L.N. Vauquelin. Win viyaviv yogo in the mineral crocoite.

There is a great natural reserve of chromium in the earth's crust, sea ​​water... Lands, which are volodiyut with abundant reserves - the price of PAR, Zimbabwe, USA, Turechchina, Madagascar and іnshі. Biogenic half of a microelement should enter the storehouse of fabrics and roslin and food, moreover, there is a greater attack on food.

An important infusion of chromium on the body of people was established for the purpose of conducting publicity on the pike in the end of the 1950s. Two of the winners, Schwartz and Merz, in the experiment, they used to shine and chrome, they called for tsukra to show intolerance, but when they were added to the race, the symptoms became clear.

Diya chromium and its role in organism

Chromium in the body of people and contractions in various spheres and even more important role, prote Mainly, the development of the polyagus is in the normal balance of tsukru in syrovatz blood. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya for the development of the process of exchange in carbohydrates by way of lodging the transport of glucose in the middle of the clitini. This phenomenon is called the glucose tolerance factor (GTP). Mineral draughty receptor of cellini on the basis of being brought up to insulin, which is easier to enter into interaction with it, with a change in its need for the body. That is why the microelement is so vital for diabetics, especially for type II ailments (insulin-independent), so that the capacity to increase the reserves of chromium is even too small. If people are not sick for diabetes, if they have problems with the exchange of diabetic words, then they will automatically go to the category of risk and begin to develop as diabetic.

To go, how positive the chromium is manifested in all ailments associated with a weak interaction of the body with insulin. Such ailments are hyperglycemia (hypoglycemia), obesity, gastritis, colitis, virazki, Crohn's ailment, Minier's ailment, disseminated sclerosis, migraine, epilepsy, insult, hypertension.

Chromium takes part in the synthesis of nucleic acids and by itself adapts the integrity of the structure of RNA and DNA, as it carries information about genes and suggests a decline.

Even if people show iodine deficiency and preserve their power - lame can replace it, which is even more important for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland, as it is in their own minds for the correct exchange of speeches.

Chromium lowers risik rozvitka bagatiokh heart-bladder zhvoryuvan. Yak vin din? Macroelement takes part in metabolism of lipids. Wine breaks down high cholesterol of low concentration, which clogs the judge, and by itself overshoots the normal circulation of blood. With a lot of cholesterol growth, as a positive function in the body.

Adds rivin instead of steroid hormone, Mineral zmіtsnyu kistki... Zvyazu z zim let's be right in power him to get rid of osteoporosis. Chromium in conjunction with vitamin From the side take part in the process of regulating the internal vice and stimulating the transport of glucose to the crystal of the eye. The power of the power allows the vicoristovuvati dana cheery speech in the treatment processes of glaucoma and cataract.

Zinc, zalizo and vanadium are negatively infused onto the chrome consumption in the people. For my transportation in the blood, I make connections with the blood-borne transferrin, which, if it competes with chromium with food-transferring elements, is the least of the rest. In addition, people have too much body in their body, because of the presence of a deficiency in chromium, which can lead to dying in diabetics.

The main part of it is found in the organs and tissues, and in the blood - dozens of times less. To that, if the organism is overloaded with glucose, then the number of macronutrients in the blood quickly grows for the redeployment of the organisms-accumulated.

dobova norm

Physiological demand in minerals is summed up by the general and statute of the people. In early breastfeeding, there is a need for a day out, as they do not have enough wine that has accumulated up to the populace and grows up to 1 rock. Dal, for babies in 1-2 rockets, the norm is 11 mcg for dobu. 3 to 11 rockiv - tse 15 mcg / add. In the middle of the week (11-14 years), the demand increases to 25 mcg / add, and in the middle (14-18 years) - up to 35 mcg / add. Well, if you grow older people, here you can see how much you can reach 50 mcg / dobu.

At normі vmіst chromium in organizmі maє butti is close to 6 mg. Ale navit yaksho dotrimuvatisya correct eating, Reaching standards is even more important. Only in organic springs, where microelements are used, but they take in the whole process of amino acids, as there are only in roslin. To that, the dzherel is a great mineral to be found in natural products.

If the dose becomes more than 200 mg, then the wine becomes toxic, and 3 g becomes fatal.

Lack of chromium deficiency

There are a number of reasons for the diagnosis of instability to the mineral in the body. Through the vprovadzhennya in the ground of the singing kindly won, pereichnyi puddles, which change instead of the element in our races of food. If you need to find a reliable mineral with products, it will be more difficult to acquire chrome if you have lost the exchange of words. Likewise, there is a shortage of information through important physical options, in the vagina, stressful countries - in the vapadas, if the mineral is actively used and necessary additional supplements for the new one.

If there is a lack of a microelement, glucose is absorbed ineffectively, which can be underestimated (hypoglycemia) or it can be reduced (hyperglycemia). Increase the level of cholesterol and sugar in the blood. It is not just "liquor" that is the organism of vimag in carbohydrates and not only "liquor". Aboveworldly implantation in carbohydrates in the lead to even more significant values ​​in chromium - close the colo. I have such ailments, such as overwhelming vaga (in times of hypoglycemia - growing thin), diabetic diabetes, atherosclerosis.

Also, if there is a lack of chromium, such inheritances (symptoms) can be caused:

• I will ruin my sleep, I will be restless;
• headaches;
• lining up to growth;
• ruined dawn;
• a decrease in the sensitivity of both hands;
• ruin the robot of nerve-muscle complexes;
• decrease in reproductive function in cholovic status;
• spostering overwhelming vomiting.

If there is a deficiency of chromium, as there is little opportunity to increase its supply with the intake of іzhі, it is necessary to add supplements to your ratio, but before the implantation it is necessary to consult a doctor about the doses and methods of taking.

A surplus of chrome - why is a Skoda?

In the main surplus of chromium in organs and tissues, it is removed through the detachment at the enterprises, in the technological processes which include the appearance of chromium and the saw. People who work on high-profile virobites and come into contact with the cymbal element, are ill on cancer of the healthy way in dozens of times more often, as chromosome is injected onto chromosomes and is susceptible to the structure of the cellin. Chromium spoluks are also present in slags and saw, which can be used to treat asthmatic ailments.

Dodatkova is not safe for an excess of microelement may occur if the supplements are incorrectly taken without the recommendation of a doctor. As soon as people are susceptible to a zinc deficiency or a zinc, then they replace them with an overwhelming amount of chromium.

If a disease is overwhelmed by a disease, chrome can be a scary thymus, which can appear on mucous membranes, allergies, eczema and dermatitis, nerves.

Have some grub dzherels to take revenge on?

What food products can you add to the stock of chromium? The most popular product in the whole range is the price of beer other, and you can live beer, or even in the smart fringes without a shkodi for health. There is also a lot for a whole microelement liver, peas, seafood, sprouted wheat grains, arachis oil, pearl barley, barley, yalovychina, eggs, sir, mushrooms, bread from coarse broom. From vegetables to see cabbage, part of tsibul, radish, beans, green peas, tomato, corn, rover, beet, and from fruits and berries - tse of pea, apple, lochina, grapes, blackberry, oblipikha. Brewing seagulls from lykarsky roselin (dried flowers, melisy), can also be charged with chromium.

Bidnі on tsey microelement of high-purified products: zucor, macaroni, borono thin pomelo, corn plastics, milk, butter, margarine. Vzhali, їzha їzha іzha іzha bіstіt fats іvіdnіshіm on mіkroelementy, nіzh іzha іzha dіdіnіtomі. In addition, in the products of chrome, it is more beautiful to be protected, if the stench is cooked in a bowl of stainless steel.

Shown before preparation in chromium

Chromium (preparations with chromium) is used for prophylaxis, as well as for the treatment of internal ailments:

• destructive exchange of words: diabetic diabetes, obesity;
• intestinal illness;
• ailments of the liver and other organs;
• heart disease pathology;
• ignition processes in the secular paths and illnesses of nirok;
• allergic stanes, which are supervised by dysbacteriosis;
• development of immunodeficiency.

Chromium is also used for example to the following:

• for the prevention of heart ailments and oncological disorders;
• to recover from Parkinson's ailments and depression;
• as an additional one for thinning;
• for changing the immune system;
• for the usunennya of negative inheritances into the inflow of the navkolishny middle;
• at the age of supervising the growth of chromium (vagina, lactation, period of growth and state maturity, important physical development).

Chromium (Cr) is an element with atomic number 24 and atomic mass 51.996, bytes from the third group of the fourth group of the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements D. I. Mendeleva. Chromium is a hard metal of bluish-white color. MAY VISOKU CHIMICHNU STYKIST. at room temperature Cr stays before driving and until turning. Tsei element є one of the most important metals, vicorized in industrial alloying of steels. Spoluks are lame, but they can be used as a barn for winter colors, for scho, vasne, wine, and having given their name. Aje in the crossbar from the walnut "chrome" means "farba".

Vidomo 24 isotope chromium from 42Cr to 66Cr. Stable natural isotopes 50Cr (4.31%), 52Cr (87.76%), 53Cr (9.55%) and 54Cr (2.38%). Six piece radioactive isotopes of the most important 51Cr with a period of 27.8 dB. Win stagnates, like an isotopic indicator.

On the basis of metals of old times (gold, silver, copper, gold, tin and lead), the chrome of its own "Pershovidkrivach". In 1766, in the outskirts of Yekaterinburg, there was a bouv of knowledge of a mineral, which I would call "Siberian red lead" - PbCrO4. In 1797, L.N. Vauquelin was in the mineral crocoite - natural chromium lead, element no. 24. At about the same hour (1798), chrome was immediately seen from Vauquelin by M.G. mineral (tsebuv chromite FeCr2O4), known in the Urals. Since 1799 F. Tassert has evolved new metal in the same mineral, known at the first meeting of France. Vvazhaєtsya, scho Tassert itself, ahead of time, trimmed out the remarkably pure metal chromium.

Chromium metal is vicious for chrome plating, as well as in the strength of one of the most important components in light-alloy steels (stainless steel). In addition, chrome is known to be used in a number of other alloys (acid and heat-resistant steels). Even the introduction of metal into steel increases the resistance to corrosion in water environments at extreme temperatures, as well as in gases at moving temperatures. Chromium steel power has increased firmness. Chromium stagnation in thermochromization is a process, when the chromium is frozen, it is accumulated on the surface of the steel of a thin, alemetal oxide melt, like a pereshkodzhaє in conjunction with metal with a navkolishnim middle.

The widespread storage of chrome was known, so it is successful for the lame to be vicious in the fire industry: magnesite-chromium solid is lined with open-hearth furnaces and less metallurgical possession.

Chromium is one of the biogenic elements, which continually enter the storehouse of fabrics, roselin and twarin. Roslini reveals chromium in the leaves, devin the presence of a low molecular weight complex in the viglyad, not tied to the subclitin structures. Until now, the first time they could not bring the need for this element for roslin. However, Cr creatures take part in the exchange of lipids, bilks (enter the enzyme trypsin before the store), carbohydrates (the structural component of the glucose-resistant factor). Seemingly, trivalent chromium takes its part in biochemical processes. As and most of the most important biogenic elements, chromium penetrates into the organism of creatures or people beyond the help of others. Reducing the microelement in the body to produce up to growth, a high increase in blood cholesterol levels and a decrease in the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin.

At the same hour, in a pure viglyadі, chromium is even more toxic - the metal saw Cr gratu fabrics and legends, with chrome (III) they wick dermatitis. Chromium (VI) spoluks cause people to become ill, including oncological ones.

biological power

Chromium is an important biogenic element, it is not uncommon to enter the warehouse of fabrics, roslin, food and people. The average substitute for the element in the roslin is 0.0005%, moreover, practically all wine accumulates in the roots (92-95%), and a part of it takes place in the leaves. vischi roslini do not tolerate the concentration of metal in food 3 ∙ 10-4 mol / l. In creatures, instead of chrome, they become from ten-thousandth to ten-millionth shares of the height. The concentration in planktonic capacity of accumulated chromium is 10,000-26,000. In a mature human organism, Cr is accumulated from 6 to 12 mg. Moreover, the exact physical demand in chromium for people has not been established. There is a lot of reason to lie in a race - with the implantation of a large amount of sugar, the organism's need for chromium growth. It is accepted that people need about 20-300 mcg of this element. Yak and іnshі biogenic elements, building chrome accumulates in the tissues of the body, especially in the hair. In them itself, instead of chrome, it is placed on the steps of securing the body with cyme metal. It’s a pity, because of the "reserves" of chromium in the fabrics hang, like a vignette є lungs.

Chromium takes part in the exchange of lipids, bilks (presence in the storehouse of the enzyme trypsin), carbohydrates (a structural component of the glucose-resistant factor). The whole factor will secure the interaction of cell receptors with insulin, changing, by itself, the need for a new organism. Glucose tolerance factors (GTF) increase insulin resistance in metabolic processes with their participation. In addition, chromium takes care of the role in regulating the exchange of cholesterol and an activator of these enzymes.

Basically, the hopefulness of chromium in the organism of creatures and people - їzha was dying. At the end of the day, they set up, but in Russia the concentration of chromium is lower than in the food. A lot of chrome beer, meat, stove, beans and whole grain. Reducing the amount of metal in the blood to reduce the growth rate, decrease the cholesterol in the blood, decrease the sensitivity of the peripheral tissues to insulin (diabetic stun). In addition, the growth of the development of atherosclerosis and the deterioration of all nervous activity.

However, even with concentrations in parts of a milligram on cubic meter in the atmosphere, all chrome spheres produce a toxic effect on organisms. Chromium-chrome-chrome-plated parts in the production of machinery, in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, in textile industry. The stage of chrome outburst is found in the chemical structure of the thromium - dichromate is more toxic to chromates, while Cr + 6 is more toxic due to Cr + 2 and Cr + 3. Signs of frustration are manifested in the presence of dryness. Difficulty living, coughing and other signs. With a small surplus of steam or a saw to chrome, the signs of the detachment pass without a bar when the robot is pinned in the shop. With trivial post-term contact with chrome spikes, there are signs of chronic rejection - weakness, persistent headache, loss in vas, dyspepsia. Repairing damage in the robotic shlunkovo-intestinal tract, podshlunkovoy zalozi, stoves. Bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumosclerosis develop. Z'yavlyayutsya shkirni ailments - dermatitis, eczemi. Besides, spoluces of chromium are not safe carcinogens, which accumulate in the tissues of the body, and cause cancers to become ill.

Prophylactic detachment є periodical medical look around the staff, scho work with a lame and yogi; installation of ventilation, by means of fighting with a saw and sawing; victorious robots for an individual zaist (respirator, mittens).

The root of "chrome" in its own sense of "color", "farba" enter the storehouse of bags of words, as vikoristoyutsya in the most popular areas: science, technology and navigation music. This is how the name of the photographic film is rich in revenge on the roots: "orthochrome", "panchrome", "isopanchrome" and іnshі. The word "chromosome" is composed of two walnut words: "lame" and "catfish". The price can be translated as “tilo tilo” or “tilo, like zabarvlyuєtsya”. structural element chromosomes, which are formed in the interphase of the cellin nucleus as a result of the subunit of chromosomes, are called "chromatids". "Chromatin" is a chromasome speech, which is found in the nuclei of the green and green clitins, as it is intensively loaded with nuclear barvniks. "Chromatophori" - pigment cells among creatures and people. The muzytsi vikoristovuyutsya understand "chromatic scale". "Khromka" is one of the types of Russian harmony. Optically, the understanding is “chromatic aberration” and “chromatic polarization”. "Chromatography" is a physical and chemical method of dividing and analyzing sums. "Chromoscopy" is an attachment for decorating a color image by the way of optical summation of two or three color-separated photographic images, illuminated through specially selected light-colored images.

We will remove the chromium (VI) oxide CrO3; A lethal dose for humans (orally) 0.6 m Ethanol when using CrO3 from the preparation process!

Nayposhirenisha grade of stainless steel has 18% Cr, 8% Ni, close to 0.1% C. It has a wonderful resistance to corrosion and oxidation, and retains moisture at high temperatures. It was from this steel that the leaves were made, which the Vikorists were in the building of the sculptural group of V.I. Mukhinoi "Robin and colgospnitsa".

Ferochrome, which is vicarious, is used in metallurgical industry for the production of chromium steels, in the end of the IXXth century, even of low quality. The price is tied with a low weight in new chromium - only 7-8%. Todi vin called himself "Tasmanian chavun" from a glance at those who brought zalizo-chromium ore from Tasmania.

Earlier zgaduvalosya, scho chromium galloon vicoristovuyutsya for tanning skirting. The staff of the tsyomu came to understand the "lame" choboti. Shkira, tanned with chrome flakes, swell blisk, gloss and taste.

In bagatokh laboratories, “chrome sumish” is the sum of a rich variety of bichromate with concentrated sirchan acid. Vaughn vikoristovuєtsya in the grease on top of the sklyanoi and steel laboratory glassware. It oxidizes fat and sees excess. It’s only necessary to take care of it, it’s necessary to protect yourself, and it’s also a sum of strong acid and strong oxidizing agent!

At our hour, a tree is yak and earlier to be victorious, as an educational material, it is also inexpensive and simple in design. But she has a lot of negative authorities - the power of pozh, fungal ailments, scho ruinut її. To avoid all the inappropriateness of the tree, it can be squeezed out in special warehouses, so that the chromate and bichromate plus zinc chloride, mineral sulphate, sodium arsenate and deyakis of speech. The staff of such warehouses will increase their strength to fungi and bacteria, as well as to open fire.

I am especially looking for chrome in the polygraph. In 1839, the bulo was installed, papyr, leaked with sodium bichromate, and illuminated with an old brownish light. Then, when the bichromate coating on the porch was overwhelmed, it didn’t appear near the water, but, being soaked, swelled a bluish vidtinka. Since the power of the government, polygraphicity has increased. The demanded little ones were photographed on a plate with colossal pockets, to revenge the bichromat. When prompted, the mischievous mischief was not detected, and not the mischief, and there were little babies on the plate that could be drugged.

History

The history of the report of element No. 24 began in 1761, since in the Berezivsky mine (the turn of the Ural mountains), near Yekaterinburg, the knowledge of an unprecedented chervony of a long time The witch belonged to the professor of St. Petersburg University Johann Gottlob Lehmann. Through five rocky teachings, delivering the pupils to the city of St. Petersburg, and proving a number of slides over them. Zokrema vіn, having chipped off non-vicious crystals with hydrochloric acid, having washed away during many sieges, in which lead appeared. As a result, Lehman called the mineral Siberian worm lead. This is the history of Krokoit (as a walnut "krokos" - saffron) - natural chromate lead PbCrO4.

Appreciations given by the sorcerer Peter Simon Pallas is a famous naturalist and mandatel to organize and celebrate the expedition of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the heart of Russia. In 1770, the expedition reached the Urals and brought the Berezovsky mine, de Bouly took the path of the beforehand mineral. The axis of yak tse will be described by the mandrel himself: “The whole divine red lead mineral does not develop more in one family. Yakshcho shkira, we grow into a powder artistic miniatures". A great deal of flexibility has piled up all the difficult vouchers and delivery by Crocoite to Europe. Unimportant to those who have borrowed at least two rockets, not bargains from the noblemen of Paris and London, went to the fabulous ones with the help of Crocoite. The collection of minerological museums in the bagatokh universities of the old svitl were deprived of the details of the mineral from the Russian nadr. However, the warehouse of the mysterious European mineral could not be solved.

Trivially stretching thirty rockets, leaving the sight of the Siberian red lead without eating into the hands of the professor of chemistry of the Parisian minerlogic school Nicholas Louis Voklen in 1796 rotsi. Having carried out the analysis with Crocoite, it did not appear in a new crystal of oxide, lead and aluminum. Nadal Vauquelin had sprinkled crocoite with potash (К2CO3) and, following the precipitation of a white siege, with lead carbonate, he had seen new solutions of undesirable salts. Having checked a number of preliminaries on mineral salts with metal salts, the professor, for an additional hydrochloric acid, saw the differences of "acid and pure lead" - chromium oxide and water (chromic acid is free in diluted versions). Vyparutsya Daniy rozchin, vin otrimav ruby-chervonі crystals (chromium anhydride). The added heating of the crystals in a graphite crucible in the presence of a glass gave the childless, grown-up silver crystals - a new metal for the whole hour. Chergovy row of preliminaries showing the high melting point of the cut-off element and its strength to acids. The Parisian Academy of Sciences inaccurately signaled the idea, giving them a new element - chrome (in the form of the walnut "color", "barbed"). Vauquelin, who had given up his robots, incendiaryly declared that the smaragdian barnacle of expensive stones, as well as the natural forces of beryl and aluminum, was explained by the house in them with chrome. We can use smaragd as an application, which we will use in greens of beryl, in which aluminum is partially substituted with chromium.

Zrozumіlo, scho Vauquelin having cut off not pure metal, it is better for all that carbidi, scho to be supported by the bare form of light-blue crystals. Pure metal chrome was taken out by F. Tassert, imovirno in 1800 rots.

Also, right off Vauquelin, Klaproth and Lovitz were chrome-cut in 1798.

Knowledge in nature

The earthly nadra have chrome - to reach the extensions of the element, unaffected by those that are not visible to the viglyad. Yogo clark (middle vmist in the earth's crust) stock 8.3.10-3% or 83 g / t. This element is mainly characteristic of the mantle of the Earth, on the right, in the ultrabasic breeds (before), which are very close behind the warehouse to the mantle of our planet, the most abundant chromium: 2 10-1% or 2 kg / t. In such breeds Cr I set up massive and disseminated ores, they are tied to the set up of the most generous families of this element. Highly versus chromium in basic rocks (basalts and in.) 2 10-2% or 200 g / t. %, clay shale also reveals chromium - 9 10-3%.

It is possible to create a garment that is chrome є typical of a lithophilic element and even more of the entire folds in minerals of a lumpy lagoon in the nadra of the Earth.

Three basic chromium minerals are available: magnochromite (Mn, Fe) Cr2O4, chromiumpicotite (Mg, Fe) (Cr, Al) 2O4 and alumochromite (Fe, Mg) (Cr, Al) 2O4. I will name it as a mineral - chromium spinel and the formula (Mg, Fe) O (Cr, Al, Fe) 2O3. Behind the callous viglyad, the stench of inviolate and inaccurately is called "lame". Warehouse їх minliviy. The change in the most important components to change (%): Cr2O3 from 10.5 to 62.0; Al2O3 from 4 to 34.0; Fe2O3 from 1.0 to 18.0; FeO from 7.0 to 24.0; MgO from 10.5 to 33.0; SiO2 from 0.4 to 27.0; TiO2 houses up to 2; V2O5 up to 0.2; ZnO up to 5; MnO up to 1. For some chromium ores, 0.1-0.2 g / t of elements of the platinum group and up to 0.2 g / t of gold can be found.

Besides the small chromites, chromites enter the warehouse of a number of other minerals - chromevesuvian, chromic chlorite, chromium turmalin, chromium mica (fuchsite), chrome garnet (uvarovite) and in. Chromium is a remarkably weak aqueous migrant. In exogenous minds, chromium, yak and zalizo, and in the eyes of the eyes, suspensions and may settle in clays. Nybilsh ruhomiy in the form of є chromati.

Practically significant is maє, mabut, only chromite FeCr2O4, which can be used to spinel - isomorphic minerals of a cubic system with the formula MO Me2O3, de M - bivalent metal ion, and Me - metal trivalent ion. Krim spinels, chromium grows in larger minerals, for example, melanochroite 3PbO 2Cr2O3, vokelenite 2 (Pb, Cu) CrO4 (Pb, Cu) 3 (PO4) 2, tarapacite K2m3 CaCrO4, etc.

Lame beckoning to be seen in the eyes of the granular maschorny colora, later on in the eyes of the octahedral crystals, may be a metal blisc, to fall on the eyes of the stem arrays.

At the end of the 20th century, the reserves of chromium (revealed) in the amount of half a hundred countries of the world, which could be used for metal, amounted to 1,674 million tons. . T ). Another place in terms of chromium resources is to be found in Kazakhstan, and in the Aktyubinsky region (Kempirsaysky massiv) they add ore of even higher quality. The Інші countries also have a stockpile of the element. Turechchina (in Guleman), Fіlіppini on the islands of Luzon, Finland (Kemi), Indiya (Sukіnda) and іn.

Our land has its own robbled ancestors of chromium - in the Urals (Donske, Saranovskoe, Khalilovskoe, Alapaevskoe and many others). moreover in cob XIX the capital of the same Ural ancestry is the main dzherels of chromium ores. In 1827, the American Isaac Tison discovered the great ancestry of chromium ore in the cordon of Merilend and Peninsula, having surpassed the monopoly of the vid for rich rocky. In 1848, lay down the lameness of the high quality of the boules in Turechchina, not far from Bursi, and, moreover, not bar (for the sake of the Pensilvansky clan), the country itself took over the role of a monopoly. It was until 1906 to rock, as long as they didn’t pop a bag of chromiums in the PAR that India.

sucking

The bulk of the supply of pure metal chrome for the current day of the warehouse is approximately 15 million tons. On a part of the electrolytic chrome - the most pure - it is brought 5 million tons, which is a third part of the warehouse.

Chromium is widely used for alloying steels and alloys, providing corrosion resistance and heat resistance. For the production of such "superalloys", more than 40% of pure metal is used. Most of the alloys support - nichrome with a bite of Cr 15-20%, heat-resistant alloy - 13-60% Cr, stainless steel - 18% Cr and ball bearing steel 1% Cr. The addition of chromium to high-grade steels will reduce the physical strength and damage the metal, which is more removable to thermal processing.

Chromium metal is used for chrome-plating - applied to the surface of steel alloys with a thin ball of chromium with the help of the corrosion resistance of the alloys. The chrome-plated pokrittya vidminno protistote in vologo atmospheric drink, Salty seafood, water, nitric and large organic acids. There are two signs of this kind: decorative and decorative. The stench of the warehouse is close to 0.1 mm, the stench is applied without preference to the air and to give the same increase in wear resistance. Decorative pokrittya can be aesthetically significant, applied to the ball of the other metal (midi or nikel), like a visne I'll write down the function... The thickness of this coating is only 0.0002-0.0005 mm.

Chromium spoluks are also active in vikoristovuyutsya in other areas.

The main chromium ore is chromite FeCr2O4, which is vicorized at virobnitsvі vognetrivіv. Magnesite-chromium ceglin is chemically passive and thermo-resistant, it smells like high temperature changes, because of that it is vicious in the designs of the crypts of the open-hearth furnaces and the working space of the metallurgical equipment.

The hardness of crystals in chromium (III) oxide - Cr2O3 is due to the hardness of corundum, which has prevented it from being stored in storages of slurry and lapping pastes, which have been preserved in machinery, industrial, juvenile, and optical years. Yogo also zastosovovat yak catalyst for hydration and degradation of deeds organic spoluk... Cr2O3 can be used in painting at the green pigment and for the storage of the slope.

Calcium chromate - K2CrO4 is used for tanning skins, as pickling in textile industry, in barnyards, with added wax.

Calcium dichromate (chromopic) - K2Cr2O7 can also be used for tanning skins, mordants in case of farbuvanny fabrics, ingibitor corrosion of metals and alloys. Vikorizovua when preparing sirniks and for laboratory purposes.

Chromium (II) chloride CrCl2 is an even stronger precursor, it is easy to oxidize in acidic liquor, so that it can be vicious in a gas analysis for oxygen concentration. In addition, it is possible to become vicious in the case of chromium rejection by electrolysis of salt melts and chromatometers.

Chrome galloon K2SO4.Cr2 (SO4) 3 24H2O is mainly used in textile industry - for tanning shkiri.

Anhydrous chromium chloride CrCl3 is used to deposit chromium coatings on the surface of steels to chemical precipitation from the gas phase, є warehouse part docs of catalysts. Hydrates CrCl3 is a mordant for farbuvanny fabrics

Lead chromate PbCrO4 is used to produce pigs.

Use a sodium bichromate to clean and rub the surface of the steel dart in front of the zinc, and also illuminate the brass. With sodium bichromate to scrub chromic acid, as vikoristovuyutsya in the quality of electrolyte when chromating metal parts.

virobusiness

In nature, chromium grows in the main one in the form of chromium FeO ∙ Cr2O3, when it is renewed, chromium is alloyed with gold - ferochrome, which is without medium vicorization in the metallurgical steel industry. The amount of chromium in such a warehouse can reach up to 80% (by weight).

Renovation of chromium (III) oxide to vugillam is intended for removal of high-carbon chromium, which is necessary for the production of special alloys. The process is carried out in an electric arc furnace.

To remove pure chromium, first remove the chromium (III) oxide, and then use the aluminum thermal method. With a large amount of powder in front of the shavings of aluminum (Al) and a charge of chromium oxide (Cr2O3), heat up to a temperature of 500-600 ° С. In the whole process, it is important that the heat energy was applied to the smelting of chromium and from the slag.

Cr2O3 + 2Al = 2Cr + 2Al2O3

Observing chrome in this way to avenge the number of houses: salinity 0.25-0.40%, sirki 0.02%, in coal 0.015-0.02%. Zm_st of pure speech becomes 99.1-99.4%. Such chromium is lustrous and easy to grind into powder.

The reality of this method was brought and demonstrated by Fridrikh Veler in 1859. On the industrial scale, however, aluminothermic renewal of chromium has become possible only because the method of rejecting cheap aluminum has become available. Goldshmidt was the first to break up a non-baking way of regulating a strongly ekzotermichnoy (otzhe - vibuhone-safe) renewal process.

If necessary, the removal of high-purity chromium in industrial production is electrolytic methods. Electrolysis of the sum of chromic anhydride, chromium ammonium alum or chromium sulfate with diluted sirchanic acid. During the process of electrolysis on aluminum or stainless steel cathodes, chromium is required to replace gas breakdown in the quality of the houses. The purity of 99.90-99.995% must be taken into account for additional high-temperature (1500-1700 ° C) purification in a sweat and vacuum degassing. The advanced methods of refining electrolytic chromium see gray, nitrogen, goose and water from the "white" product.

In addition, metal Cr can be eliminated by electrolysis of CrCl3 melts or CrF3 in sum with calium, calcium, sodium fluorides at 900 ° C in the middle of argon.

Possibility of the electrolytic method of removing pure chromium from Bunsen in 1854, giving electrolysis water solution to chromium chloride.

The industry is vicious and strong in the way of eliminating pure chromium. When chromium oxide is used, silicon is introduced:

2Cr2O3 + 3Si + 3CaO = 4Cr + 3CaSiO3

Silikothermic chromium is melted in arc furnaces. The addition of quicklime water allows you to transfer the refractory silicon dioxide to the low-melting calcium silikate slag. The purity of silikothermic chromium is approximately the same as that of aluminothermic, however, naturally, instead of the new silica trocha, and the aluminum trocha is lower.

Also, Cr can be trimmed with water at 1500 ° C, with water free CrCl3, with other earth metals, magnesium and zinc.

To reject chromium, zastosuvati and іnshі vіdnovniki were magalized - coal, water, magnesium. However, the methods are not widespread.

In the process of Van Arkel - Kuchmay - De Boer, the deposition of chromium (III) iodide on a heated up to 1100 ° С darts from deposition on a pure metal is stagnated.

Physical power

Chromium is a hard, high-melting, malleable, malleable metal of siro-steel colora. Pure chromium is made up of plastic, crystallizes in a volume-centered solution, a = 2.885 Å (at a temperature of 20 ° C). At temperatures close to 1830 ° C, there is a high degree of conversion to the modification with face-centered burrs, a = 3.69 Å. Atomic radius 1.27 Å; ionic radii Cr2 + 0.83 Å, Cr3 + 0.64 Å, Cr6 + 0.52 Å.

The melting temperature of chromium must be stored without preference in terms of purity. To that, the value of the indicator for pure chrome can be achieved with a foldable amount - even a small amount of nitrogen must be added to the house, or the temperature of the melting temperature can be changed very often. For more than a decade, we have been busy with a number of feedings and took away one of the same results: from 1 513 to 1920 ° C. , chrome to boil at temperatures below 2500 ° C - this can also increase: from 2199 ° C to 2671 ° С. won become 7.19 g / cm3 (at a temperature of 200 ° C).

Lame power in all the main characteristics of metals - it is good to conduct heat, there is not much more to an electric stream, as there are more metals, chrome is a characteristic blisk. Besides, the whole element has one more peculiarity: on the right, in the fact that at temperatures of 37 ° C, this behavior cannot be explained - there is a change in the nature of physical powers, because the change is strong in character. Chrome, like Lyudin's ailment at 37 ° C, repairs: the internal rubbing of the lame to the maximum, the modulus of springiness falls to the minimum values. Download the value of electrical power, gradually change thermoelectric power, efficiency of linear expansion. Denmark cannot explain the phenomenon of vcheni pocky.

The heat of chromium is 0.461 kJ / (kg.K) or 0.11 cal / (g ° C) (at a temperature of 25 ° C); thermal conductivity coefficient 67 W / (m K) or 0.16 cal / (cm sec ° С) (at temperature 20 ° С). Thermal efficiency of linear expansion 8.24 10-6 (at 20 ° С). Chromium at a temperature of 20 ° C, the low power supply is 0.414 mkom m, and the thermal efficiency of the electrical support in the range of 20-600 ° С is 3.01 10-3.

Seemingly, chrome is even more sensitive to the houses - the smallest parts of the same elements (kisen, nitrogen, coal) are built to grow chrome even screaming. Otrimatit chrome without cich houses in the edge is important. There are no reasons for metal construction purposes not to be vicious. Then, in metallurgy, wine is actively stagnant, as a lightweight material, as an additive to an alloy will break hard and wear-resistant steel, and even if chrome is hardened from stronger metals - wine is similar to a diamond rather thin! Brinell hardness of high-purity chromium is 7-9 Mn / m2 (70-90 kgf / cm2). Chromium is used for alloying spring, spring, tool, stamping and ball bearing steel. They (for ball bearing steels) have chromium at the same time with manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium. The addition of chromium to high-grade steels (up to 5% Cr) will reduce the physical strength and damage the metal to the point of thermal processing.

Chromium antiferromagnet, pitoma magnetic rejection 3.6 10-6. Pitomiy electric opir 12,710-8 Ohm. Temperature coefficient of line extension to chromium 6,210-6. The heat of the steam solution becomes 344.4 kJ / mol.

Chromium is resistant to corrosion in water and in water.

Cheerful authorities

It’s a good idea to finish chrome inert, so it’s clear on the surface of the thin metal oxide on the surface. On the other hand, Cr, which does not oxidize, is used in the presence of a doctor. When heated, oxidation is against the surface of the metal. At 1200 ° C, the melt breaks down and oxidizes against the water. At 2000 ° C, chromium is combustible with green chromium (III) oxide Cr2O3, but with amphoteric powers. Alloy Cr2O3 in meadows, remove chromium:

Cr2O3 + 2NaOH = 2NaCrO2 + H2O

Non-roasting chromium (III) oxide is easy to break in puddles and acids:

Cr2O3 + 6HCl = 2CrCl3 + 3H2O

In the case of chrome, the main manifestation of the oxidation stage is Cr + 2, Cr + 3, Cr + 6. The most stable є Cr + 3 and Cr + 6. So the process itself, de chrome, is the stage of oxidation Cr + 1, Cr + 4, Cr + 5. Chromium spikes are even more versatile after color: blue, blue, green, chervony, violet, black and rich.

Chromium easily reacts with dilutions of hydrochloric and hydrochloric acids with solutions of chloride and chromium sulfate and water:

Cr + 2HCl = CrCl2 + H2

Tsarska gorіlka and nitric acid passive chromium. Moreover, the chrome nitric acid passivuvati is found in dilutions of hydrochloric and hydrochloric acids; The whole process will be explained by the fact that a chrome passive will turn into an active one, in which metal is not stolen by a catch. Moreover, even in the process of breaking down the addition of nitric acid, then the reaction is crumpled, as chromium is also passivated.

In the case of extravagant minds, chromium interacts with fluorine, allowing CrF3. At temperatures of 600 ° C, the interaction with water vapor occurs, the result of such interaction is chromium (III) oxide Cr2O3:

4Cr + 3O2 = 2Cr2O3

Cr2O3, is a green microcrystal with a density of 5220 kg / m3 and a high melting temperature (2437 ° C). Chromium (III) oxide exhibits amphoteric power, alewelmia, and its important development in aqueous acids and meadows. Chromium (III) oxide is toxic. Have fun at the school, in the building of the wickedness and the wickedness of the school. That is, when robotic with chromium (III) oxide, it is absolutely necessary to be victorious for an individual victim.

Krym oxide, in the form of one of them with sour: CrO, CrO3, won by an indirect way. Naybilsha is not safe to inhale aerosol oxide, because of the importance of enlightenment of the upper dicks and legends.

Chromium will set up a large number of salts with acid components.

Chromium is a refractory, even harder metal, which has an unviable stiffness to corrosion. The price of unique qualities and made it impossible for such a high demand in industry and business.

The most common knowledge is not with chrome virobs, but with objects covered with a thin ball of metal. A slippery mirror-like glare of such a pokritty is gimmicky by itself, however, it has a purely practical meaning. Chromium is resistant to corrosion and durable to clean the alloy and metal from the first.

First of all, we are interested in food about those, chrome - metal or non-metal, and also metal, sometimes: black or color, important or light. Similarly, in every view, chrome is developed in nature, and in the way that chromium is seen from and other other metals.

For the cob, let's talk about those who are lame, who threw their revenge, and why is such a speech special. Chromium is a typical metal of silver-blakite color, important, in terms of magnitude, upside down, before it can be referred to the category of refractory - the temperature of its melting and boiling point is even higher.

The element of chromium is distributed in separate groups of 6 groups in 4 periods. Close behind the authorities to molybdenum and tungsten, I want some more prominence. Remaining most often there are no steps of oxidation, at that hour, as chromium shows valence, two, three, and width. Tse means, how the element is set up without a lord of good-natured people.

The very same thing and gave the name to the element itself - kind of walnut farb, colir. On the right, in the one where the salts and oxides are made up in nyr_znoman_shі yaskravі kolori.

There is a video message about those with chrome:

Particularities and insights in porous with other metals

In the case of implantation of metal, the most interesting is the two power of speech: hardness and refractoriness. Chromium is used to the most solid metals - borrowing money and donating uranium, iridium, tungsten and beryl. However, the quality of the price was not required, the splinters of the metal were more important for the promiscuity of power.

Chromium melts at 1907 C. To tungsten, or molybdenum, for the cym indicator of wine, it’s not worth it, but all one is considered to be a refractory word. True, houses are heavily infused onto the temperature of this melting.

• Yak rich in metals, resistant to corrosion, chromium is applied to a thin and even stronger oxide layer. Remaining with access to sourness, nitrogen, and vology to speech, so and to rob him is unmoved. The peculiarity is in the fact that the quality of the wine is transferred to its alloy: in the presence of the element, the potential of the a-phase is increased, and in the bag the steel can be covered with a solid oxide melt. Tse and є the secret of stainless steel.
• Being a refractory speech, metal changes the melting temperature of the alloy. Heat-resistant and heat-resistant steels are bound to include a piece of chromium, moreover, an hour is too high - up to 60%. An even stronger effect is given by the addition of і, і chromium.
• Chromium is approved alloys with their twin brothers in the group - molybdenum and tungsten. Їх vikoristovuyu to cover the details, it is necessary especially for the weariness in the minds of high temperatures.

The overwhelming amounts of chrome are described below.

Chrome yak metal (photo)

perevagi

Yak і be-like іnsha speech, threw my dignities and shortcomings, and іkh sukupnіst is the sign of thier victorian.

• An insane plus of speech is the corrosive strength and the ability to transfer power to your alloys. Chrome stainless steel began to be of great significance, the spikes at once showed a number of problems during the stay of courts, underwater chambers, frames in the future and so far.
• It is resistant to corrosion in the only way - to curl the object with a thin ball of metal. The popularity of this method is still great, at least a dozen of ways to improve the mind and to reject a good result for the current year.
• The chrome ball opens up as a mirror-like blisk, so it’s not just for the purpose of creating an alloy of corrosion, but for rejecting the aesthetic the most recent viglyad... Moreover, the modern methods of chrome-plating make it possible to set the scene on any kind of material - not only on metal, ale and on plastic, and on ceramics.
• Otrimannya heat-resistant steel with the addition of chromium can also be brought to the merits of speech. There are no areas where metal parts are to blame at high temperatures, and most of them are by their own strength until they are ready at temperatures that are not cold.
• From the most refractory springs, the wine is the most stable to acids and bases.
• Plus, the speech can be increased in width and width - 0.02% in the earth's crust, and in a relatively simple way of video recording and rejection. Apparently, vin vimagaє energovitrate, it doesn’t make it foldable, for example.

shortcomings

Until a short time, it’s worth noting that we don’t allow chromium in the world to be victorious.

• In the first place, there is a strong depletion of physical, and not just of the cheeky authorities of the houses. Adjust the melting temperature to the metal, it can be folded up, so if an insignificant part of nitrogen is visible, then the indicator will change.
• Uninvolved on a higher level of electricity in the case of porous, chrome on the other hand, it is less victorious to use electrical technology and part of it to reach the ceiling. Vygotoviti s ny, nebud nagato is more important: the temperature of the melting point and the hardness are well surrounded by the filling.
• Pure chrome is a malleable metal, so we harden more and more to avenge houses. I want to make it right, I want it to be plastic metal, I want it to be done before it’s finished, it’s very, very smart, and it’s going to be turned on.

metal structure

Crystal chromium has a large-centered cubic lattice, a = 0.28845 nm. The temperature of 1830 C can be modified with face-centered cubic grates.

At temperatures of +38 C, a phase transition of another genus takes place from an increase in the amount of money. At the same time, the crystal lattice of speech does not change, but the axis of its magnetic power is becoming more and more powerful. Up to the central temperature - the Neel points, chromium shows the power of an antiferomagnet, tobto, by speech, as magnetization is practically unwise. The metal of the Neel point has become a typical paramagnet, so that it manifests magnetic power in the presence of a magnetic field.

Power and characteristics

In normal minds, the metal is filled with energy - і zavdyaky oxide plіvtsі і just by nature. However, when the temperature is adjusted, it enters into a reaction with simple words, with acids, and with additives. Yogo z'adnannya even more versatile and stagnate even wider. Physical characteristics metal, like zgaduvalosya, strongly lie down from the number of houses. On the right hand side there is chromium with purity up to 99.5%. so:

• Melting temperature- 1907 S. Tsya value to serve as a cordon between refractory and extravagant words;
• Baking temperature- 2671 C;
• hardness beyond the Mohs scale – 5;
• electricity- 9106 1 / (Ohm m). For the cym indicator, chromium is used only for silver, for gold;
• petty opir-127 (Ohm mm2) / m;
• heat conductivity to become 93.7 W / (m K);
• pitoma warmth-45 J / (g K).

The thermophysical characteristics of the speech are abnormal. At the point of Neel, there is a change to metal, the efficiency of the heat expansion is to increase rapidly and to increase the consumption of hot temperatures. It is also anomalous behavior and heat conductivity - falling at the point of Neel and changing when heated.

The element is carried up to the number of necessary ones: in the human body and chromium є by the participants in the carbohydrate exchange and the process of regulating the vision of the insulin. Dobova dose becomes 50-200 mcg.

Chromium is non-toxic; Trivial spheres can be reliably safe and secure in food and sports industry. And the axis of the hexavalent one for people is.

Let's talk about the price of chrome metal per kg of the current year.

The video clip will show you if you are chromovable:

virobusiness

In a great number of small mines, they are often supervised. On the other hand, this is a disadvantage, but it is important. Prospective - if only the breed, which includes at least 40% of the element, which is attached to the species of trocha minerals, in the main chrome zaliznyak or chromite.

Vidobuvayut mineral mine and kar'ernim method in the fallow of glibini zalyagannya. And since the ore is a chance to take revenge on a large piece of metal, then it is practically impossible to waste money, but, apparently, I will forgive and cheaply process the virobnitting process.

For leguvannya steel, vikoristovuyutsya is close to 70% of the cast metal. Moreover, it is often not in a pure viglyad, but in a viglyad, ferochrome. The rest can be trimmed directly in the mine electric furnace or blast furnace - so it can be trimmed in carbon ferochrome. It is also necessary to use a low volume of coal, to use the aluminum thermal method.

• In this way, і clean chromium, і ferochrome. For the sake of the smelting mine, fill up the charge, which includes chromium zaliznyak, chromium oxide, sodium nitrate, etc. The first port is a fiery summish, pidpalyuyut, and іnshu part of the charge is tied into the melting. In kіntsі add flux - vapno, chrome chrome. Loan smelting close to 20 khvili. When the deyakogo cooling down the mine, they are pumping out the slag, once again turning at the wrong position, and again, they are now being brought into the mold, and chrome, and slag. Pislya cooling off the block is added.
• Zastosovuyut and the first method - metal-thermal smelting. To be carried out in the electric furnace in the turn of the mine. The charge is subdivided into 3 parts, the skin is delivered as a warehouse. The whole method allows you to remove more chrome, ale, smut - faster vitrate.
• If you need to remove the chemically pure metal, you can use it up to the laboratory method: you can use the crystal by way of electrolysis of chromates.

Vity to chrome metal for 1 kg it is necessary to be watered down, bits to lie in a sheet of rolled metal rolling - the main living element. In 2017, 1 ton of metal was estimated at $ 7655.

sucking

categories

Otzhe ,. The main solution for chromium is Chorna Metallurgy. It is tied to the quality of the metal to transfer such power, such as the strength to corrosion and the hardness of its alloys. Moreover, the infusion of wine robs when added in even small quantities.

All alloys for chromium and zalizayut into 2 categories:

• low-grade- with a part of chromium up to 1.6%. In general, chromium does not contain steel of micro-strength and hardness. As long as there are special steel between 400-580 MPa, the same steel grade with the addition of 1% of speech will demonstrate an interface of 1000 MPa;
• high leagues- to avenge more than 12% chromium. Here the metal will be safe for the alloy as well as strength to corrosion, like Volodya himself. All stainless steel are called chromium, fragments of the male element will be safe.

Low-grade steels are referred to constructional ones: they are used to make the number of machine parts - rollers, gear parts, wheels, shtowers and so far. The sphere of stainless steel viciousness is magnificent: the metal parts of the turbines, the hull of the ship and the sub-water chambers, the chambers of fire, fastening of any kind, pipes, channel bars, coils, sheet steel and so far.

In addition, chrome has an increased resistance to the alloy up to temperature: when the temperature is reduced from 30 to 66%, the heat from hot steel can show its function when heated to 1200 C.

Whereas 70% of chromium is used for metallurgy, then 30% is used for chromium production. The essence of the process is brought up to a thin ball of chrome applied to the surface of the object with metal. Wickedness for a wide variety of useful methods that are abundantly available to home masters.

chrome bath

Chrome can be divided into 2 categories:

• functional- yogo mark є overcome the virobi corrosion. The share of the ball is bigger here, so the process of borrowing money is more than an hour - an hour up to 24 years. In addition, if the chromium ball is passed over the rzhavinnia, it is not so bad for the wear and tear of the details;
• decorative- chrome sash mirror-blinking surface. Car enthusiasts and motorcyclists are seldom able to decorate their car with chrome parts, if they think about it. The decorative ball is thinner - up to 0.0005 mm.

Khromuvannya is actively victorious in everyday life when preparing furniture. Accessories with mirror covers, accessories for bathroom and kitchen, kitchen stuffing, details of furniture - virobi with chrome covers for the popularity of. And so yak zvdyaki with a free method Chroma, pokrittya can be installed literally on any object, there was an atypical method of storing. So, for example, chrome plumbing cannot be made to trivial solutions.

Chromium - metal with even unseemly authorities, moreover, its quality is demanded in the industry. It is of great interest to present this alloy and spoluke, which will deprive the industry of the value of metal for the people's statehood.

About chrome and metal, the video ratios are lower:

Chromium is recognized until the period of boiling development of chemical and analytical dosages of salts and minerals. In Russia, chemists had a special interest in the analysis of minerals that were known in Siberia and maybe not for those in Western Europe. One of such minerals is Bula Siberian Chervona, lead ore (crocoite), described by Lomonosov. Mineral doslidzhuvsya, albeit nothing, except lead oxide, gold and aluminum in the new is not known. However, in 1797, Vauckelin rotsi, having subtly refined the minerals with potash and precipitated carbonate with lead, having trimmed the roschin, made up in an orange-red color. The most wide range of vіn crystallized in the ruby-chervona sil, from which we saw the oxide and the virgin metal, in the form of all kinds of metals. Vaukelen calling yogo chromium ( Chrome ) View of the walnut word- zabarvlennya, color; the truth is that there is little in the respect of power, it is not metal, but very rich salts.

Knowledge in nature.

Chromium ore, which has a practical value, is chromite, an approximate warehouse of a different form of the formula FeCrO ​​4.

Winning culture in Maliy Asia, in the Urals, in Pivnichniy America, in Africa. The technical meaning can also be guessed at the mineral crocoite - PbCrO 4. In nature, also chromium oxide (3) and deyakі іnshі yogo spoluke can be found. In the earth's crust, instead of chromium, in the case of metal, it becomes 0.03%. Chromium is revealed on Sonce, stars, meteorites.

Physical power.

Chromium is bilium, hard and loud metal, but chemically resistant to the infusion of acids and meadows. On the surface, it is oxidized, and on the surface there is a thin opening of the oxide. Chromium weight is 7.1 g / cm 3, the melting temperature becomes +1875 0 С.

Otrimannya.

With a strong heating of the chromium zaliznyak, the chrome and zaliznyak will be renewed from the bulges:

FeO * Cr 2 O 3 + 4C = 2Cr + Fe + 4CO

As a result of the whole reaction, an alloy of chromium with gold is established, which leads to a high performance. To remove pure chromium, add chromium oxide (3) aluminum:

Cr 2 O 3 + 2Al = Al 2 O 3 + 2Cr

In this process, let it turn into two oxides - Cr 2 O 3 and CrO 3

Cheerful authorities.

The thinnest pouches of oxide, which cover the surface with chromium, are even stiffer up to the inflow of aggressive acids and meadows. Chromium does not react with concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids, as well as with phosphoric acid. In the meadows, chromium enters into interaction at t = 600-700 o C. However, chromium interacts with the cultivation of organic and hydrochloric acids, vitisnyayuchi water:

2Cr + 3H 2 SO 4 = Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2
2Cr + 6HCl = 2CrCl 3 + 3H 2

At high temperatures, chromium burns in sour, fusing oxide (III).

Chromium reaction with vapors:

2Cr + 3H 2 O = Cr 2 O 3 + 3H 2

Chromium at high temperatures also reacts with halogens, halogen - water, syroe, nitrogen, phosphorus, vugillam, silicon, boron, for example:

Cr + 2HF = CrF 2 + H 2
2Cr + N2 = 2CrN
2Cr + 3S = Cr 2 S 3
Cr + Si = CrSi

Vyshchevkazanі physical and chemical authorities chrome knew their stasis in the other fields of science and technology. So, for example, chrome and yogo alloy is used for removing high-quality, corrosion-resistant coatings in machines. Alloy in viglyadі ferochroma vikoristovyutsya in the strength of metalorizal іnstruments. Chrome alloys have become known in medical technology, with the development of chemical technological possession.

The position of chromium in periodic systems of chemical elements:

Chromium will be divided by group VI of the periodic system of elements. Yogo electronic formula is offensive:

24 Cr IS 2 2S 2 2P 6 3S 2 3P 6 3d 5 4S 1

In the case of electrons stored in the orbital, the chromium atom will break the regularity, so it’s necessary to store 4S - orbital up to 4S 2. 5. The same phenomenon is promoted by the atoms of the other elements of the secondary groups. Chromium can exhibit an oxidation step from +1 to +6. Naybіlsh stіyky є є with oxidation steps +2, +3, +6.

Z'єdannya bivalent chromium.

Chromium (II) oxide CrO - pyrophoric black powder (pyrophoric - building in a finely crushed mill will ignite on the ground). CrO is available in diluted hydrochloric acid:

CrO + 2HCl = CrCl 2 + H 2 O

On turn, at heating at 100 0 С, CrO transforms into Cr 2 O 3.

Divalent chromium salts are established when chromium metal is broken down in acids. The reactions take place in an atmosphere of a low-activity gas (for example, H 2), which makes it easy to oxidize Cr (II) to Cr (III) in the presence of a liquid.

Chromium hydroxide can be used to remove a siege from the beetle when the meadow is broken up for chromium (II) chloride:

CrCl 2 + 2NaOH = Cr (OH) 2 + 2NaCl

Cr (OH) 2 is the main authority, є the main authority. Hydration of Cr2 + ions in white - black color. Water solution CrCl 2 oil blue At the turn of the water, the half of Cr (II) passes into the background of Cr (III). It is especially tempting to roll around in Cr (II) hydroxide:

4Cr (OH) 2 + 2H 2 O + O 2 = 4Cr (OH) 3

Z'єdnannya trivalent chromium.

Chromium (III) oxide Cr 2 O 3 is a refractory powder of green color. Hardness close to corundum. In the laboratory it is possible to distinguish ammonium dichromate heats:

(NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 = Cr 2 O 3 + N 2 + 4H 2

Cr 2 O 3 - amphoteric oxide, when alloyed in meadows, solidified chromium: Cr 2 O 3 + 2NaOH = 2NaCrO 2 + H 2 O

Chromium hydroxide is also used for amphoteric products:

Cr (OH) 3 + HCl = CrCl 3 + 3H 2 O
Cr (OH) 3 + NaOH = NaCrO 2 + 2H 2 O

Anhydrous CrCl 3 may look like leaves in a dark violet color, absolutely do not break in cold water, with boiling wine it grows more often. Anhydrous sulphate chromium (III) Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 horny colora, also rotten at water. In the presence of the witnesses, violet sulfate is approved for chromium Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 * 18H 2 O. Also green hydrates for chromium sulfate, in order to take away less water. Chromium galloon KCr (SO 4) 2 * 12H 2 O will crystallize from the breaks, so that violet sulfate is replaced with chromium and calcium sulfate. The growth of chromium alum when the greens are heated with green sulphates.

Reactions with chromium and yogo

Mayzhe all spheres are chrome and their solutions are intensively worked out. Mayuchi bezbarvny razchin or beleaguered sieges, we can with a great part of the growth of visnovok about the visibility of chromium.

1. Strongly heated in the half of the pallet on the porcelain bowl, such as a bit of bichromate calyu, as it fits on the tip of a knife. You can't see crystallized water, but melt at temperatures close to 400 0 С with the approval of the black country. Pogrієmo її shche kіlka kіlina on the strong half. Pislya chilled to a crock to pretend to be green sieges. A part of it is located near the water (there is a nabuvaє zhovtoy koloru), and іnshu part is surplus to a shard. When heated, the silt spreads out, as a result, the pink chromate of K 2 CrO 4 and greens Cr 2 O 3 was established.
2. Razchinniy 3g of powder-like bichromate calium in 50ml of water. Up to one part of the dodamo trocha is carbonated with calium. The difference is in the CO 2 vision, but the balance will become clear - the new one. Chromate is applied to the bichromate of kaliyu. If now, in portions of adding 50% of the range of sirchanoic acid, then I know it will be red - chew bichromate.
3. Nallumo in a test tube 5 ml. the solution to the bichromate of calories, prokip'yatity with 3 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and under traction. There is a difference between green and green chlorine, so that the chromate oxidizes HCl to Cl 2 і H 2 O. The chromate itself is transformed into green chloride trivalent chromium. Yogo can be seen in the right direction, and then, having fused with soda and celite, translated into chromate.
4. When added to the amount of lead nitrate, the zinc chromate is lead; in case of interaction with the solution to the nitrate of the medium, a red-brown siege to the chromate of the medium is established.
5. Dodamo peroxide is water-based and acidic with calcium bichromate and acidity. Rozchin nabuv glyboky blue color of the preparation of chromium peroxide. When peroxide is removed from the efir, you will go to the organic store and get it into the black color. This reaction is specific for chromium and is even more sensitive. Chromium can be found in metals and alloys. Persh for everything it is necessary to razchiniti metal. With a trivial boil of 30%, it is the іnshoіy sіrchanoіy acid (it is possible to add hydrochloric acid), chromium and a lot of chrome began to grow frequently. Otrimaniy razchin revenge sulfate chromium (III). It is possible to carry out a reaction of detection, with a combination of neutralizing it with sodium chloride. In the siege of siro-greens, chromium (III) hydroxide, which breaks down into a surplus of NaOH and sets the greens with sodium chromite. We will filter the razchin and dodamo 30% aqueous peroxide. When heated, the rosters get buried in zhovty color, so the chromite is oxidized to chromate. Pidkislennya prizvede until the blakitny zaparvlennya rose. Zabarvlene z'єdnannya can be extraguvati, crushing with ethereum.

Analytical reactions on chromium.

1. Up to 3-4 drops for chromium chloride CrCl 3, apply 2M NaOH solutions until it is broken off after a siege. Beastly respect for the color of having accepted sodium chromite. Heat up the inconsistencies on the water holes. What about when you see?
2. Up to 2-3 drops to the size of CrCl 3 give a small volume of 8M to the size of NaOH and 3-4 drops of 3% to the size of H 2 O 2. Heat the reaction sum in a water bath. What about when you see? How can a siege be set up, how can we get rid of the faults of neutralization, add up to CH 3 COOH, and then Pb (NO 3) 2?
3. Pour into a test tube 4-5 drops of breakdowns in chromium sulfate Cr 2 (SO 4) 3, IMH 2 SO 4 and KMnO 4. Heat the reaction with a drop of decalcine quilting in a water bath. Zvernit respect for the change of bargaining razchin. Chim wono viclicano?
4. Up to 3-4 drops of acidified with nitric acid K 2 Cr 2 O 7 give 2-3 drops of H 2 O 2 and mix. Z'yavayutsya blue discord, the line is poured over the claims of perchromic acid and H 2 CrO 6:

Cr 2 O 7 2- + 4H 2 O 2 + 2H + = 2H 2 CrO 6 + 3H 2 O

Beast of respect on the H 2 CrO 6 distribution:

2H 2 CrO 6 + 8H + = 2Cr 3+ + 3O 2 + 6H 2 O
blue color of greens color

Perchromic acid is significant in organics.

1. Up to 3-4 drops of acidified with nitric acid K 2 Cr 2 O 7 give 5 drops of isoamyl alcohol, 2-3 drops of H 2 O 2 size and add the reaction sum. A ball of organic razchinnik of zabarvleniya in bright-blue color that spills to the top. Zabarvlennya znikaє povіlno. Measure the strength of H 2 CrO 6 in organic and aqueous phases.
2. In the case of the interaction of CrO 4 2- and ions Ba 2+, the precipitation of precipitates to the chromate barium BaCrO 4.
3. Nitrate of the medium set up with ions of CrO 4 2 sieges to chromate of the medium of celadon-chervony kolor.
4. Take three tubes. Place 5 6 dots of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 in one of them, the same amount of K 2 CrO 4 in the other, and three dots of both sizes in the third. Then add three dots of calcium iodide to the skin test tube. Explain the result. Pidkisliti razchin in other probіrtsі. What about when you see? To what?

Tsikavi to walk with chrome spikes

1. Sumish CuSO 4 і K 2 Cr 2 O 7 at the addition of the meadow becomes green, and in the presence of acid it grows old. Heated 2mg of glucerin with a small amount of (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 with additional addition of alcohol, for filtering to use sweet greens, which, when acid was added and aged, would be healthy, and in the middle of green food, it wouldn’t.
2. Place in the center of the canning jar with the term “rubinov sumish” - a lid and space in aluminum foil Al 2 O 3 (4.75 g) with the addition of Cr 2 O 3 (0.25). If the bank has not yet reached it, it is necessary to bury the top of the image in a sip, and after the term and the ear of reaction, cover it with a golden leaf and pick it up. Bank vicopati via doba. The result is a ruby ​​powder.
3. Rub 10g of bichromate with calories with 5g of sodium nitrate or calories and 10g of zukru. Summite and win from the decks. As soon as the powder is pressed into a glass tube, and then when you wipe the stick and podpality from the butt, then it is more likely to take the "snake", a bit of black, and when it is cold it is green. A stick with a diameter of 4 mm burns close to 2 mm per second and burns 10 times.
4. If you change the solution to the sulphate of the medium and dichromate to the calcium and to add the amorphous brown precipitate to the store 4CuCrO 4 * 3NH 3 * 5H 2 O, which can be found in the hydrochloric acid for the solution of the amorphous green, and in the same As soon as the alcohol was given up to the end, then the greens of siege, as if the filter became blue, and the letter hung - blue-violet with red sparkles, kindly visible with strong illumination.
5. As soon as the "volcano" or "pharaonic serpents" is lost, chromium oxide can be regenerated. For the whole requirement of alloying 8 g Cr 2 O 3 і 2 g Na 2 CO 3 і 2.5 g KNO 3 and process the alloy with sprinkling. There is a pink chromate, which can be reconverted in both Cr (II) and Cr (VI), including the external dichromate of ammonia.

Apply oxidatively - intraluvial transitions for the participation of chromium and th

1. Cr 2 O 7 2- - Cr 2 O 3 - CrO 2 - - CrO 4 2 - Cr 2 O 7 2-

a) (NH 4) 2 Cr 2 O 7 = Cr 2 O 3 + N 2 + 4H 2 O b) Cr 2 O 3 + 2NaOH = 2NaCrO 2 + H 2 O
c) 2NaCrO 2 + 3Br 2 + 8NaOH = 6NaBr + 2Na 2 CrO 4 + 4H 2 O
d) 2Na 2 CrO 4 + 2HCl = Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 2NaCl + H 2 O

2. Cr (OH) 2 - Cr (OH) 3 - CrCl 3 - Cr 2 O 7 2 - - CrO 4 2

a) 2Cr (OH) 2 + 1 / 2O 2 + H 2 O = 2Cr (OH) 3
b) Cr (OH) 3 + 3HCl = CrCl 3 + 3H 2 O
c) 2CrCl 3 + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2 O = K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 2Mn (OH) 2 + 6HCl
d) K 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 2KOH = 2K 2 CrO 4 + H 2 O

3. CrO - Cr (OH) 2 - Cr (OH) 3 - Cr (NO 3) 3 - Cr 2 O 3 - CrO - 2
Cr 2+

a) CrO + 2HCl = CrCl 2 + H 2 O
b) CrO + H 2 O = Cr (OH) 2
c) Cr (OH) 2 + 1 / 2O 2 + H 2 O = 2Cr (OH) 3
d) Cr (OH) 3 + 3HNO 3 = Cr (NO 3) 3 + 3H 2 O
e) 4СR (NO 3) 3 = 2Cr 2 O 3 + 12NO 2 + O 2
f) Cr 2 O 3 + 2 NaOH = 2NaCrO 2 + H 2 O

Chrome element in the role of the artist

Hіmіki to finish often went up to the problem of the establishment of piece pіgments for painting. At the XVIII-XIX centuries, the technology of removing bagatokh malovnichny materials was broken up. Luї Nіkola Vauquelin in 1797, Yakiy know in Siberian chervona ore earlier, an element of chrome, having prepared a new, miraculously styled farb - chrome greens. Chromophore її hydroxide chromium (III). With the name "Smaragdova Green", they were celebrated in 1837 rotsi. Piznishe L. Vokelen proponated a sprinkle of new farbs: barite, zinc and chromium. In the meantime, the stench of boules of vitisneni with large sturdy gum, orange pigments based on cadmium.

Zelena Chromova - hiring and lightning of a farb, so that you don't get into the atmosphere of gases. Rosterta on oil chrome greens are very curved with strength and are great until they are hungry, since the 19th century. її is widely used in painting. The majesty is ma in porcelain. On the right in that, porcelain virobi can be decorated with both underglaze and overglaze patterns. In the first place, apply the Farbi vipad on the surface of a slightly scorched virobi, then cover it with a ball of glaze. The next step is the main, high-temperature vipal: for the preparation of porcelain and melting glaze, it is heated up to 1350 - 1450 0 С. Black oxide of cobalt, applied on the surface of porcelain virobi, during vipalyuvanny, it is fused with glaze, chemically in conjunction with it. The result is yaskravo-blue silikati cobalt. Such a cobalt-decarred blue porcelain tableware is good to know. Chromium (III) oxide does not interchangeably with the components of the glaze, it is simply covered with porcelain shards and the glaze with a "deaf" ball.

Krim chrome green artists zasosovyut farbi, otrimanі z volkonskoita. Cei mineral s group of montmorillonites (clay mineral to the class of folding forces Na (Mo, Al), Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2) V.M .. Raevsky, the squad of the Decembrist S.G. Volkonsky.volkonskoyit є clay, which can cover up to 24% chromium oxide, as well as aluminium and zaliz (III) oxides. areas that have a lot of developmental mobility - from the winter darkened yalits to the bright-green color of the swamp toad.

Pablo Picasso zvertavsya to the geologists of our land from the prospect of vivchity stocks of volkonskoit, which gives the farb a uniquely fresh tony. In Denmark, the hour of breaking up is the way to reject the piece volkonskoit. Quite simply, according to the data of the occasional past, the Russian iconographers have taken the Farbi from the material in the middle of the century, back to the last "official" view. Due to the popularity among artists, the greens of Guinier (created in 1837), Chromoform - hydroxide to chromium oxide Cr 2 O 3 * (2-3) H 2 O, were sometimes chemically tied, and part of the adsorbuvati. Tsei pigment nadaє farbі smaragdovy vіdtіnok.

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