Organ, fabric and functional systems of growing roslin
Roslin fabrics і їх vidi
Riznomanittya types of clitin appeared in roslinny light in the trivial process of evolution (in lat. evolut- "rozgortannya") - changes in hours. In the first organisms of the Earth, all cells are the same. Already, water growth, moss, ferrite-like dewline appeared. In cich roslin, clitini may have a specific Budova. That can be done exactly vis-à-vis, the stink of the growths of such a group. However, the zagalna budova klіtini in all roslin is approximately the same.
Clitins with the same authorities make good friends with the roslin. One group will get the growth of the growing line, one group - the harvesting, the third - the conduct of speeches in the body.
A group of klin, who are close to Budova, by their functions and activities, they callfabrics .
In the case of the children, the cells of the cells lie very close one to one, in the others it is fluffy. Promises, which claim to be among the cells, are called `` small spaces '' (or intercellular spaces ). Not only cells, ale and intercellular spaces enter to the tissue warehouse. The growing roslin produce fabrics: lighting, basic (photosynthesizing and storing), pokrivnі, provіdnі, mechanіchnі.
lighting fabrics be stored in a cell, as a building is extended by a stretch of the growing life of a growing line. Klіtini lie here even close one to one і steadily move. The breeders have come to the stink of setting up new clienteleless new clientele, making it possible for them to grow the growth into a new meal. Appeared in the course of the production of light fabrics, the cells are then re-created in the cells of the other fabrics of the growing line.
Main fabric vikonuє such functions in the organism of the growing line, as the stem and accumulation of words. For example, in the main fabric there is a chlorophyll pigment, and this means that organic speech is formed and energy is stored in sleepy vipromynuvannya. Fabrics, in yakiyuyutsya (synthesized) organic speech, It is important to be in the pulp of the leaf.
Fabrics, in the cells that accumulate spare speeches, name storing
fabrics. The stock of the storage tissue is the pulp of the fruit.
Looking at the clits of the Elodie leaf, we got to know with the butt photosynthesizing fabric In the cytoplasm, the cytoplasm has a cytoplasm of tissue so rich in chloroplasts, so it is important to look at the nucleus in an hour.
To store and combine photosynthetic fabrics into one group of basic fabrics, so the stench is efficiently filled with similar functions - the establishment and accumulation of words.
on the fabric zahischak calls are all organisms of the growing line. Clients of crooked fabrics can be completely closed between themselves. For example, in the shkіrtsi, the yak curls the leaves and the young pagony, the cricket from the even thin, clear-cut clitinous shell, it is easy to pass the sleepy light into the clay of the growing line. At the roots and stalks of the shell, the clitin of the curved tissue (cork) can be corked. Covering the tissue on the land of the growing line from the visihannya, overheating and from the mechanical devices.
conductive fabric zdіysnyu oversupply of razchinennyh lively speeches on the roslinі. In bagatokh vishchikh roslin, the won is represented by provincial elements (vessels, tracheidamі and sіtovіdny tubes). At the edge of the provincial elements, open the door and open it, so that the oversubstantiated speech goes from klitini to klitini.
Providna fabrics are installed in the growing line without interruption in the nesting of the hem, so that all the organisms are brought into one system - from the thinnest corners to the young pagons, none to the leaves.
mechanical fabrics approved by klitins with douzhe metsniy shells. The growers of the first dewline can stand up to the great mechanical navanazhennyam (for example, transfer the rocking of the stovbur with porous holes, wipe with thin stems and gilts of the majestic crowns of trees).
The main specialty of living organisms in the field is that the stench is a kind of system that is navkolishnіm middle energy, speech and information (Fig. 4).
Most of the growing roses are stored in two head parts - along with the roots, which make the head of the growing line. This includes the stem, leaves, vegetative brunki (apical and bichni), stems and fruits; The root system is the head, bicni and additional roots.
The stalk of the vison is a supporting and provincial function. Win volodya is also a rook activity (zone of expansion), often serves as a place for the introduction of spare speech and in a row of vypadki є an organ of vegetative propagation (stoloni, vus, etc.). At the connection with the new functions of the stem, which appeared in the course of the evolution, the new numerical modifications were made. For example, pidzemnі roots, bulbi, tsibulini vikonuyut functions of vegetative propagation, zberіgannya spare speeches, transferring unwelcoming seasonal minds. Sokovitі photosynthetic stems of succulents represent themselves predisposing to instability. The function of growing the thistle of climbing roselin is to pick out vusiki grapes and harmelons, є modified stems. Zakhisna funkts_ya powering the thorns of the stem pike (in glod, gledichia).
Small. 4. Roslin - display system
The sheet is a special organ of food consumption, such as healthy photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration. The species of leaves can show the functions of the storage organ (sem'yadoli). In dry roses, leaf life is greatly reduced, or it swells into a thorn (cactus) shape. In climbing roslin (peas, rank), it leaves with staves, and in comahoids, the leaf blade is transformed into a hunting apparatus.
Root - specialization of the organ of soil grazing, claying water and mineral elements, to serve for consolidation in the ground and low activity (expansion zone). Roots can also be used for spare functions, swelling the form of root bulbs (zhorzhini), fleshy roots (orchidnі). Determination of new functions to produce up to the winery of roots of piedrocks (banyan), stilted roots (mangroves), dical roots of marsh dewlines with a strong development of arenchymus, roots of roots (ivy), worms In the roots, as well as in the latter, specific metabolism is established, including phytohormones.
Vegetative brunks serve for growth in the second and second distribution.
Generative organisms will ensure the process of statistic reproduction. Quote is a type of non-cerebralization along with an increase in growth, attachments for statutory reproduction with further approval of the fetus. Organize quotations species of leaves: form the sepals and pellets at the edge of the leaves, and the spore-forming leaves give the ear of the tit and the queen. Peculiarities of the buds and quilts are tied with the methods of filing. Foldable form і yaskrave zabarvlennya vіnochka serve for perekhresny zapilennya with lumps.
Kozhen s re-insured organs roslinnogo to organism prompts from decilkokh types of fabrics, tobto group clitin, which show the singular physiological function and may look like the morphological Budova, so that the implementation of the functional function is not guaranteed. For functional meanings in wedges, there are offensive types of fabrics: light (meristemi), asymmetric (parenchyma), which store, curvature, visual, mechanical (skeletal), and carry out. Moreover, in this type of skin, the fabric is presented with a larger university specialization. For example, before the assimilation of the tissue of the sheet, the columnar and lip part of the parenchyma, the sheath of the bundle, are introduced. Up to the curvature of tissues - epidermis, rhizoderm, periderm, endoderm and іn.
In roslin іsnu kіlka іnіkh for all organism of functional systems, the skin is stored in decіlkoh types of fabrics and specialized clіtins. The system of autotrophic (leaf) and soil harrowing (root), sudinous conductive system, as in the roslin it is possible to see the internal organ, supporting system (mechanical and inshі fabrics), rukovo system (zones of stretching and post-harvesting) state system. The roslin system has a lot of functions, as well as a blood-bearing system of twins, with a blame for transport. The diffuse character may be a dizzy and visible system. Dichal gas exchange lies behind the help of the intercellular spaces, aerenchim, stomata and lenticels. In a large number of growers in the daytime differentiation of organisms is sensitive. Nemag u roslin i nervous system... The transmission of electrical impulses goes through the wire beams.
All the peculiarities of the growing organism are tied in a way of harvesting. Roslin does not need to be oversupplied in jokes, like creatures, like CO 2, water, mineral salts and light є in the midst of life everywhere. However, it is a factor of presence in the "rozsiyanom" camp. To that, when it is as close as possible to їzhі, the roslina can podovzhuvat the axes of the organization and develop the surface of the center with the navkolishnіm middle. It is the origin of the shape of the rose-line organism, as well as the visibility of the new special organs of the environment, as the rose-line has its own rosette and plate-like surface. By and large, do not think of the midst of the midst of the midst of the swelling rosy reactions. However, if necessary in the process of evolution, they develop a building up to shvidkikh rukhiv, Yak, for example, at the mimosi or at the Venus flytrap.
The main functions of the growing organism and their interconnections can be represented in the following diagram:
The diagram shows that the central place in the exchange of rivers of the whole plant is the transport of rivers. The whole transport can go behind a series of uninterrupted phases in the growing organisms, the cells of which are one of the same cells and plasmodesmata: according to the apoplast (in the phase classy wallsі along the intercellular spaces), along the symplast (syncytium of protoplasts) і, possibly, along the endoplast (i.e., along the continuous ER cisterns). However, the main way of the distant transport of rivers along the line is the provincial (sudinna) system, which is stored in xylem and phloemi. Lively speech, which goes along the transport systems, which permeates all the branches of the growing line, for the participation of vikoristovyuyu for the synthesis of specific metabolites and structures of growth and functional cells. At the same time, a part of the rivers is seen to be called abo in a vacuole. On the basis of growth, growth and differentiation of the growth, the morphogenesis of the growth, as well as the processes of reproduction, will develop. In the bagatokh manifestations of life, there is a very important role to play against the roslin's reactions. given functions Roslin is realized for the synthesis of the original words, some of which can be called, as well as the formation of special anatomical and morphological structures. For all these processes, energy is needed to be able to play with dichanna.
In such a rank, the growth of roslin is even a foldable biological system, the functional activity of which will take care of 10-15 organs, 3-4 dozen of new specialty tissues, a few dozen of specialized groups of cells. Pockritonians have up to 80 new types of clitins.
"The system (in Greek. Systema - the whole, folded into parts) is a powerless element, which can be found in single and knitted one by one, to establish a singular sense of unity."
radyanskiy encyclopedic vocabulary
ROSLIN REGULATOR SYSTEMS
Foldable buds of roslinic organisms, differentiated for a large number of specialized organoids, cells, fabrics and organs, vimag and detailed control systems. The integrity of everyone, including those of growing plants, is taken care of by the system of regulation. Regulation of homeostasis to the organism, i.e., Saving the parameters of the internal middle, and also allowing for development (epigenesis).
In the course of the evolution, some of the blame for the blame of the internal regulatory systems. Prior to them, regulation on pivni enzymes, genetic and membrane regulation is carried out. All systems of regulation are tightly tied between themselves. For example, the power of the membranes lies in the form of gene activity, and the differential activity of the genes themselves is in the control of the membranes. Moreover, in the basis of all forms of internal regulation there is one primary principle, which can be called receptor-conformal. In all types of a protein molecule - whether it is an enzyme, a receptor or a regulatory block - it “understands” a factor specific to it, and in conjunction with it, changes its configuration.
I will appear complex organisms The development and implementation of multiple systems and regulations is being developed. The stench includes trophic, electrophysiological systems and hormonal.
Kinets robots -
Qia theme should be distributed:
LECTURE ON FIZIOLOGIS ROSLIN
MOSCOW DOMESTIC OBLASNY UNIVERSITY ... YA Klimachov ...
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MOSCOW - 2006
Become a friend of the Department of Botany with the basics of the Silskoy government. D.A. Klimachov Lectures on the physiology of Roslin. M .: Publishing house of MGOU, 2006. - 282 p.
First straight lines
In the biosphere, the chilne mice has a loan of the Russian light, the basis of life on our planet. Roslina is a unique power-building power accumulation of energy "light in organic speech
The nature and functions of the main chemical components in the plant
Earth's crust and atmosphere to revenge more than a hundred chemical elements... The number of bulos seen in the course of the evolution for the formation of a folding, highly organized
Roslin elementary warehouse
Nitrogen - enter the storehouse of proteins, nucleic acids, phospholipids, porphyrins, cytochromes, coenzymes (NAD, NADP). Go to the rose line near the viglyadi NO3-, NO2
in carbohydrates
In carbohydrates - folding organic spoluks, molecules of which are stimulated from atoms of three chemical elements: carbon, sour, water. Carbohydrate is the main energy source for living systems. cr
roslinnі pіgments
Pigments are highly molecular natural substances. From hundreds of pigments, which can be found in nature, which have chosen from a biological point of view є metal porphyry and Flavigno
phytohormoni
Seemingly, the life of creatures is controlled by the nervous system and hormones, but it is far from knowing everything that the life of growing can be controlled by hormones, which are called phytohormones. The stench regulates
phytoalexin
Phytoalexin - a lot of low molecular weight antibiotic speech of vishny roslin, which is found in roslin in case of contact with phytopathogens; with a high level of antimicrobial concentration of the stench
klinna obolonka
The clinker shell gives the cells and the tissues of the roslin the mechanical function, the entrapment of the protoplasmic membrane in the form of ruining the hydrostatic vise under the flow of the hydrostatic vice, so that the middle clines develop
vacuole
Vacuole - empty, filled with cellin juice and soaked with a membrane (tonoplast). In young cells, develop a sprinkle of other vacuoles (provacuoles). In the process of growth, the client pretends to
Plastida
There are three types of plastids: chloroplast - green, chromoplast - orange, leukoplast - free. The size of chloroplasts varies from 4 to 10 microns. The number of chloroplasts depends on the composition
Regulation of enzyme activity
Iso-steric regulation of enzyme activity can be found at all catalytic centers. The response of the building and the directness of the robotics to the catalytic center for all
Genetic regulatory system
Genetic regulation includes regulation of replication, transcription, processing and translation. Molecular mechanisms of regulation here also (pH, noni, modification of molecules, bilky-reg
membrane regulation
Membrane regulation is responsible for the development of damage in membrane transport, involving any enzymes and regulatory proteins and a change in the activity of membrane enzymes. all pounds
trophic regulation
Intercourse with the help of lively speeches is the easiest way to communicate between cells, tissues and organs. Roslin's root and heterotrophic organi
electrophysiological regulations
Roslinny organisms on the view of the creatures do not disturb the nervous system. Protect, electrophysiological interactions between cells, tissues and organs play a role in coordinating functional
auxini
One of the first experiments on the regulation of growth in roslin boule viconany by Charles Darwin and blue Francis and vicladen in the robot "The power of the roslin", published in 1881 by Darwin sі
cytokines
The words that are necessary for the induction of the growing cells were called cytokines. Forward into a pure vigor the factor of the clerical delay of visions from the autoclave to the sperm DNA preparation
hyberelini
In 1926, the Japanese glimpse E. Kurosawa stood up and revenge the cultural origin of the phytopathogenic fungus Gibberella fujikuroi cheery speech, For a strong vityaguvannyu stems
abscisic acid
In 1961, V. Lew and H. Carns, from a dry adult capsule, was seen in a crystal viglyad, a rhyme, which was quickening a leaf fall, and called it abscisic acid (in English.
brasinosteroids
Forward to the file, the ripak and vilhi buli viyavleni speech, which volodyuyut regulating growth activity and named brassinamia. In 1979, an active ear (brassinolid) was seen, and this was indicated.
Thermodynamic bases of water exchange roslin
The introduction of thermodynamics into the physiology of roslin made it possible to mathematically describe and explain the reasons why water exchange occurs, as well as transport of water in the soil - roslin - and
Debate and oversaturated water.
Dzherelom vodi for roslin є ґrunt. The number of available for the growth of water and start in the ground. Forms of soil vology: 1. Gravitational water - stored
Transparency.
The basis of vitraction by water and by growing organism is the physical process of vaporization - the transition from a small camp to a steam-driven one, which results from the closure of the organs of a plant
Physiology of the mouths
The stage of development of the food is determined by the intensity of the light, the moisture content of the tissue of the leaf, the concentration of CO2 in the intercellular spaces, the temperature, and other factors. Leading factor, start
Reducing the intensity of transpiration
A promising way of reducing the level of transpiration is the storing of antitranspirants. According to the mechanism of the process, it is possible to divide it into two groups: speeches, how to wick the curling of the products; vischo
History of photosynthesis
In the old part of the family of goiter knitting, the botanical nobility of the nobility, and even of the rich likarskie zasobi got it from the roslin. It is not surprising that the roslini were growing nerdyly, they spent a lot of time with them.
Yak leaf organ for photosynthesis
In the process of evolu- tion, the growth of a special organ for photosynthesis is formed - a leaf. The attachment to photosynthesis was carried out in two directions:
Chloroplasts and photosynthetic pigments
A leaf of a roselin is an organ that will take care of it to prevent the photosynthetic process. Functionally, photosynthesis of confinement to special organelles - chloroplasts. chloroplasta
chlorophyll
In the Danish hour, we see a collection of different forms of chlorophyll, which are denoted in Latin letters. Chloroplasts of the growing roslin replace chlorophyl a and chlorophyl b. Voni boule іdentifіkovanі russ
carotenoids
Carotenoids - fatty pigments of yellow, orange and red color. The stench enters the storehouse of mitochondria and chromoplasts. Neselenov parts of roslin (quills, fruits, root crops). Have greenery l
Organization and function of pigment systems
Pigments of chloroplasts are combined in a functional complex - pigment systems, in some reaction center - chlorophyll a, which helps to photosensitize, interfacing by processes of transferring energy from
Cyclic and non-cyclic photosynthetic phosphorylation
Photosynthetic phosphorylation, i.e., ATP osvita in chloroplasts during reactions, which are activated by light, can be activated by cyclic and non-cyclic paths. cyclic photophospho
The dark phase of photosynthesis
Products of light phase and photosynthesis of ATP and NADP. H2 vikoristoyutsya in the dark phase for the renewal of CO2 to the level of carbohydrates. The update reactions are being updated to the present
C4-way to photosynthesis
Shlyakh zvonnya CO2, the statements of M. Kalvin, є the main one. Ale іsnu there is a large group of roslin, which includes more than 500 species of pokritonnyh, in which the primary products are fiks
CAM metabolism
The cycle of Hatch and Slek of manifestations is also the case with roslin-succulents (from the genera Crassula, Bryophyllum, etc.). Ale yaksho at C4-Roslin, the cooperation has been reached for a spacious distribution of two qi
photodance
Photodynamics is the price of light scrubbing and vision of CO2, as it spurs on only in tall clays, which reveals chloroplasts. Chemistry of the process of meaning
saprotrophy
In this hour, mushrooms are brought to an independent kingdom, however, there are many aspects of the physiology of mushrooms that are close to the physiology of roslin. Mabut, some mechanisms lie in the basis of heterotrophic
comahoidnі roslini
In a given hour, 400 species of green-colored roselin will be seen, to catch other comas and other organisms, to overtravel their health and to eat products and to distribute them yak Dodatkovy
glikoliz
Glycolysis is the process of generating energy in a cell, so that it can be generated without the need for O2 and CO2. That is why it’s important to be flexible. The main function of glycolysis is the order of
Electron-transport lance
In clear reactions, the Krebs cycle is not consumed in the presence of glycolysis. Demand for acid wine with oxidized renewable carriers NADH2 and FADH2
oxidative phosphorylation
head special the inner membrane of mitochondria є the presence in these cells - carriers of electrons. Qia membrane is impenetrable for іonіv vodnyu, which is carried over through the meme
Pentose phosphate cleavage of glucose
The pentose phosphate cycle, or the hexose monophosphate shunt, is often called apotomic oxidation, on the basis of the glycolytic cycle, called dichotomous (hexosi on two triosi). persons
Fats and bricks yak dichny substrate
Stocked fat is used for growing sprouts, which grow from seeds, rich in fats. Vikoristannya fat to recover from the hydrolytic splitting of lipase into glucerin and fatty acids,
Elements necessary for growing organism
Roslini zdatnі poglіtnі from navkolishny middle ground practically all elements periodic systems D.I. Mendeleva. Moreover, there is a lot of growth in earthly crust elements accumulate in roslin from a significant
Roslin's hunger signs
In case of failure of the elements of the mineral vitality, the roslin exhibit characteristic symptoms. In a number of vipadki ci signs of hunger, you can help to establish the function of this element, and
antagonism of ions
For normal living of both the growing and the healthy organisms in the nascent culture of the midst, it’s better to grow older cations. Clean the salt of one
Prayer of the mineral speech
The Koreneva system of roslin clayє from the ground yak water, so lively speech. Offense at the processes of interconnection, ale, on the basis of new mechanisms. Numerical up to date showing
Ionny transport in Roslin
There are three types of transport of rivers in the line: internal, near (central to the organ) and distant (between organs). internal
Radial change of the ions in the roots
They go to the cells of the rhizoderm by means of exchange processes and diffusion, and then through the cow, the parenchyma is sent to the wire bundles. Right up to the inner ball of measles endodermis can be
Outbound transport of ions in roslin
The last bit of the іonіvіsnusnuyu warehouse part Roslin apoplast. Mechanism for transport - masovy t
Scribbling onions with leaf clitines
On the part of the provincial system, the fit is close to 1/4 of the volume of the fabric of the leaf. The total amount of tincture of wire bundles in 1 cm of the leaf plate is 1 m in length.
View Ions from a leaf
Mayzhe all the elements, behind a vignette of calcium and boron, can flow out of the leaves, as they have reached maturity and the earliest age. In the middle of the cations in the phloemic exudates, the dominant place is to lay the calories on
Roslin Nitrogen
The main digestible forms of nitrogen for vishlin roslin are ammonia and nitrate. Nybilsh generally feed on the growth of nitrate and amic nitrogen breakdowns with the help of roslin by Academician D.N.P.
Assimilation of nitrate nitrogen
Nitrogen to enter the warehouse organic spoluk only in the updated form. The inclusion of nitrats in the exchange of speeches must be repaired from the update, as it can be found in the roots, and in
assimilation of amiaku
Amyak, having established himself with the renewal of nitrates, either molecular nitrogen, and also hopes to grow in roslin with amonia, were allowed to start as a result of the new amination of kett
Accumulation of nitrates in roslin
The rate of absorption of nitrate nitrogen can often change the speed of its metabolism. It is tied to the time that the bagatovic evolution of the roslin was in the minds of the lack of nitrogen and the systems were not circulated
Сlіtinnі bases of growth and development
The basis for the growth of tissue, organs and all growth is the establishment and growth of the tissue of the meristematic tissue. They develop apical, lateral and intercalary (insertion) meristems. apikalna Meris
The Law of the Great Period of Growth
The fluidity of growth (lineal, masi) in the ontogeny of clitine, tissue, whether it is an organ or a growth in general, is not really and may be twisted by a sigmoid curve (Fig. 26). Forward tsya regularity of growth
Hormonal regulation of growth and development of roslin
The bagatocomponent hormonal system takes part in the management of growth and formative processes of the roslin, in the implementation of genetic programs for growth and development. In ontogenesis in the vicinity of
Infusion of phytohormones on growth and morphogenesis of roslin
Germination of the day. At the swelling of the center of education, for the vivification of gibberellins, cytokines and auxins from the tied (conjugated) stalk, I will become the embryo. s s
Victory of phytohormones and physiologically active speeches
The development of the role of these groups of phytohormones in the regulation of growth and development of roslin was due to the possibility of victorious production of such phytohormones, of synthetic analogs and of the most physiologically active things.
Physiology with peace of mind
Spok_y today is carried to the final phase of the embryonic period of ontogenesis. The main biological process, which is promoted during the organic calmness of the day,
Processes that occur during germination
When sprouting, the onset of the phase is seen. Poglinnya Vody - dry nasinnya, how to be in the camp in peace, poglinnya water for good, for whatever the substrate until it is critical
spokiy roslin
Rist roslin is not an uninterrupted process. At a large number of growths, an hour every hour, there is a period of strong confidence, or to see more general growth of growth processes - a period of calm.
Physiology old roslin
The stage of old (elders and vidmirannya) - the period of the general growth of fruiting until the natural death of the growing line. Old - the period of the natural weakening of the processes of living,
Main bookmarking of leaves and leaf fall
Take a leafy leaf and garden and change the color of a leaf. At the place of monotonous riches, there is a great versatility of bright colors. Hornbeam leaves, maple and birch leaves grow light-zhovtymi, d
Injection of microorganisms to Rist Roslin
A lot of soil microorganisms may well stimulate growth of growth. Brown bacteria can push their inflow without the need for a medium, supplying nitrogen fixation to the roslin, chelation
roslin
Roslini on the vidminu from the creatures are attached to the place of their living and cannot be moved. However, they are characterized by roc. Rukh roslin - the price of changing the position of roslin's organs in pros
phototropisms
Among the factors, scho wiklikayut manifestation of tropisms, lightened up, on the dyu of a person, beating respect. The ancient literary dzherels of bouly have described the changes in the position of the organs of the roslin
geotropism
The order with the light on the dewline infuses the power of the heavy, which is the reason for the position of the stems in the open space. I will be attracted to all the growers of the building of the earthly hardship and responsiveness
cold resistance of roslin
The resistance of the roselin to low temperatures is susceptible to coldness and frost resistance. Because of the coldness, the reason is the growth of the roslin to tolerate positive temperatures for good.
frost resistance of roslin
Frost resistance - the growth of the roses can withstand temperatures below 0 ° C, low negative temperatures. Frosty ruslini zdatnі zapobіgati or zmenshuvati dіu are low
winter hardiness of roslin
Bezposredn dіyu frost on kіtini - not only a bite, yak will obstruct large grassy and village crops, winter to the dews by stretching out the winter. Krim straight to the frost of the races
Overflow into the ground
After a while, overloading is typical for Bagatyokh districts. earthly coo... It is not easy to be spared the same way in the case of germination, especially carried out by the method of flooding. The excess water in the ground can be
dryness of roslin
Dry land has become a primeval phenomenon for the regions of Russia and the land of the SND. Drought is a trivial, rainless period, superfluous to the decrease in weather conditions, in the soil and soil
Inflow on roslini nestachivologi
Drainage of water in the fabrics of vine rosins as a result of the transfer of vitrati to the transpiration before the necessary ground. Tse often sposterіgaєtsya in hot, sleepy weather until mid-day. With tsom
Physiological features of dryness
The health of the growers to endure the lack of health care є complex power. It’s possible to start with the ability to add a line of stitching to a certain reduction in the water content of protoplasm (unique
heat resistance of roslin
Heat resistance (heat resistance) - the resistance of the roselin to high temperatures, overheating. Tse genetically obumovaniya sign. For fever, see two groups
saltiness of roslin
For the rest of 50 rocky in the Holy Ocean, it has grown by 10 cm. The trend, according to the forecasts of the people, will be trivial and distant. A taste of a growing deficit of good water, and up to
Basic terms and understanding
A vector is a self-replicating DNA molecule (for example, bacterial plasmid), which can be used in the genetic engineering for gene transfer. vir-geni
3 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
The soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a phytopathogenic disease, which transforms cellini roslin in the process of its life cycle. Qia transformation to create a crown gall - about
Vector systems based on Ti-plasmid
The easiest way to test the natural health of Ti-plasmids before the genetic transformation of the roslin is to transmit the message to the endorsement of the T-DNA
Physical methods for gene transfer in Russia
The system of transferring genes behind the help of Agrobacterium tumefaciens is effective only in the case of various types of growls. Sprout, monocotyledonous dewline, including the main grain crops (rice,
bombardment with micro-particles
Bombardment with micro-particles, or biolistic, is the most sophisticated method of introducing DNA into roslinnі klіtini... Gold or tungsten spherical particles with a diameter of 0.4-1.2 microns cover DNA,
Viruses and herbicides
Roslin, stinky to coma-shkidnikov Yakbi grain cereals can be cooked using genetic engineering methods, so that stench was produced with functional insecticides, then they were taken to
Injection and old
At a time from a large variety of food, the growth of the line physically cannot be taken away from the unwelcoming inflows from the side of the midst of the colony: high illumination, ultraviolet optimization, high t
Change of registration of quotations
Kvіtnikarі all hour is magenta on the side of the line zovnishniy viglyad and more beautifully to be able to see it. For the help of traditional methods, grasping for
The snake of roslin's grub
Agronomists and breeders reached for a wealth of rock great successes in the polished quality and increased productivity of the agricultural crops themselves. However, the traditional methods of providing new
Roslini yak bioreactori
Roslin gives a great number of biomas, and growing is not difficult, so it was reasonable to try to open transgenic Roslin, to create a commercially valuable library and chemistry
Federal Agency for Health of the Russian Federation
GOU VPO "Maikop State Technological University"
Department of Pharmacy
discipline: "Botany"
on the topic: "Tissue roslin"
Vikonala: 2nd year student
groupy f-21
Faculty of Pharmacy
Kalaydzhan G.V.
Revised: Artem'ev V.V.
Maykop-2011
FABRICS ROSLIN
Osvitnі fabrics (meristemi)
Osvіtnі fabrics in tіlі roslin roztasvayut in іnіtіvіy fіts, that іkh go on the steps of the group
Verkhivkov (apikal) meristems grow on the tops, or apexes, of the axial organs - the stem, root. Behind the help of the cich meristems of the vegetative organisms of the growths, they grow up into a full meal.
- Lateral meristemis are characteristic of axial organs. There the stink of rostashovuyutsya concentrically, at the viglyadі mufti.
- Intercalary, or insertion, meristems resemble the upper meristems. Tse groups of children, who have not yet multiplied, however, have become on the way of differentiation. The Іnіtsialnykh klіtin in the middle of them are dumb, a little more special.
- Early meristemi will not be provided with the renewal of the piece of furniture. Regeneration starts from dedifferentiation, so that rapid development from specialty cells to meristematic ones. The stench will transform into fellogen, which I will make a cork, yak will cover the surface of the wound. Dedifferentiated cells, dilyachis, can form a puff of parenchymal tissue - callus. Most of the singing minds pretend to be organisms of roselin.
crooked fabrics
Smell vikonuyut the role of a near-cordon bar, seemingly lower lying fabrics and from the navkolishny middle. The first line of growth is stored only from live cells. Secondary and tertiary pokrivi - mostly from the dead with the same clinker walls.
The main functions of curtain fabrics:
- zakist roslini vid visihannya;
- zakist all the way into the shkidlivy microorganisms;
- zakist from sleepyachnykh opikiv;
- zakist of all mechanic pockets;
- regulation of the exchange of speech between the growth and the navkolishn_m middle;
- take away the razdratuvannya.
The primary fabric is epidermis, epidermis. Store from living cells. To pretend to be apical meristems. Covering young, growing stems and leaves.
The epiderma was formed at the roslin in connection with the exit from the water center of living on land with the help of the connection from the visihannya. Krym food, all the clientele of the epidermis are deliberately made up of themselves. Names of the main clientele of the company. The entire surface is covered with a ball of Kutin and tall waxes. Tsei ball is called a cuticle (shkirka). Vona vіdsutnya on growing roots and sub-water parts of roslin. When dry, the penetration of the cuticle will significantly weaken.
Most of the main cells, in epidermis and іnshі, are hairs, or trichomes. The stench is one-liner and one-liner. Functionally, the stench to increase the surface of the epidermis, for example, in the zone of root growth, serve as a mechanical stool, chill for support, change the water. A number of roslin may have zalizist_ hairs, for example, sprinkling.
Tilki from vine growers in the epidermis and food, which regulate the exchange of water and gas. If there are no cuticles, then every day there is a need for food. Ustyachka is a whole group of clitins, which is used to set up an appliance, which is stored in two quiescent clitins and a clitin epidermi, slithered clitins, lay down to them. The smell comes from the main epidermal cells. To freeze the clientele by being quiet, to feel their clientele in the form and presence of a great number of mitochondria and nervously aggravated stinks. Those, as there are one against one, comrade of them. The stomatal slit is set up as the confused cells, as it is led into the stomatal space, which is called the stomatal emptying. Freeze the cells and cause photosynthetic activity. They have a great number of spare starch and numerous mitochondria.
The number of stomata, type of stomatal apparatus, is widely varied in the growing dews. Prodikhs at the current moss-like ones. Their photosynthesis is gametophytic generation, and sporophyte is not developed to independent development.
Zazvychay prodikhi roztashovuyutsya on the lower boat arkush. In the dews floating on the water surface - on the upper surface. In a leaf of cereals, the food often grows out of the way along the sides. Such sheets are displayed on a regular basis. On 1mm 2 surfaces, it is possible to rotate from 100 to 700 pieces.
Secondary crooked tissue (periderm). Tsya fabrics to come to the change of epiderma, if the greens of the color of the same pagones change brown. Vona Bagatosharova and stored in the central ball of cambial cells - phellogen. Clitini phellogena, for example, are called a ball of fellemi, and in the middle - felloderm.
Fellam, a stopper. A collection of live delicate clines. By the end of the year, the senses will permeate with suberin and tall wax and wake up. Instead of a clerk, it will remind you of the fathers.
Functions of fellemy:
- zapobіgaє vratі vologi;
- the possession of the roslin from the mechanical pockets;
- preservation of ailing microorganisms;
- I will not provide thermal insulation, so as the children are reserved for the meals.
Clitini of phellogen, rosted in the very epiderma, for the sub-epidermal sphere, and earlier - in the globules of primary measles, which is the generative basis of primary measles.
The ball of the plug is not permanent. At the new age, they see how they are, as they see the intercellulars, roztashovany handrails. At the same time, small humps are set on the surface - lentils, which make the space between the intercellular spaces open to the atmosphere.
Vosseni phellogenes from lenticels form a ball of corked clitin, which greatly alters the transpiration, but does not increase it. Hanging the ball from the middle to ruin. On the light bark of a birch, lentils are kindly stained near the dark lines.
The tretin is crooked fabric (shkirka), so it is itself characteristic only for the village forms of roslin.
Pellogen bagatoraz is stored in large balls of measles. Fabrics, which appear to be called out, in an hour see, flesh out a pick. Clitini are dead and not ready to stretch. However, the rostashovani more lively cells should be distributed, which lead to an increase in the transverse size of the stovbur. Every year, the ball of the pick is razrivayetsya. The hour for such a shake-up є should be finished by a constant value for specific roslin. Yabluni tse vidbuvaєtsya on this life, the hornbeam - on the fiftieth. The children of the species do not have a call. The main function of the pick is to recover from mechanical and thermal battles.
parenchyma
Vona is a group of special-purpose fabrics that will fill the space in the middle of the growing line with industrial and mechanical fabrics. Most often klitini parenchymy mayut okruglu, ridshe twisted shape... Characterized by the appearance of rozvinennyh intercellulars. The space between cells is equipped with a transport system - apoplast. Krym tsyogo, the intercellulars set up a "ventilation system" of the growth. Through the food, or lentils, the stench is tied with the atmospheric food and the optimal gas storage in the middle of the growing line is provided. It is especially necessary to develop intercellular spaces for roslin, which grow on boggy ground, de normal gas exchange of difficulties. This parenchyma is called aerenhima.
Element parenchyma, zapovnyuchi promіzhki mіzh іnshim fabrics, vikonuyu also function of support. Clients are parenchyma alive, they have dumb cells, like sclerens. Tom mechanical power get tired of turgor. Yaksho vmist vodi falls, scho to produce plasmolysis and growth of growth.
The asymmetry of the parenchyma is established by thin cells without intercellular space. Klitini of the structure of the structure revenge the depleted chloroplasts, which is what they call chlorenchim. Chloroplasts will grow out of the way of the walls, but not one of them. In asymmetric parenchymal processes, reactions to photosynthesis take place, which will prevent roslin from becoming organic and energetic. The result of photosynthetic processes is the power of sensing all living organisms of the Earth.
Asimіlyatsіynі fabrics are presented only in the illuminated parts of the growing line, in the midst of the midst of the stench, prompted by the glimpse of epіdermoy. As for the change of the epidermis, there will be opaque second crooked fabrics, Assimilation parenchyma znik.
The storing parenchyma serve as a styliste of organic speech, as it is not time-consuming to become a growing organism. In the principle of communicating organic speech to the viglyadi of a growing family, the inclusion of a healthy cell with a living protoplast is included, however, on the whole, special cells are used. Energy bags are added only during the vegetative period, and during the period of calmness and during the preparation until the Chergovy vegetation period. To that, the reserve speech is introduced into the vegetative organs only in the bagatorian roslin.
In the place of stocks, there can be individual organisms (vtecha, root), as well as special ones (root, bulbi, tsibulin). All plant growths store energetically valuable words in men (family, endosperm). Bagato roselin dry climate, store not only organic speech, ale and water. For example, scarlet stores water in fleshy leaves, cactus in pagons.
mechanical fabrics
The mechanical power of the growing cells will take care of:
- a hard shell of clitini;
- turgidity, tobto turgor camp kіtin.
Uninvolved on those who are practically all fabrics with mechanical powers, protectors in rose linen and fabrics, for some mechanical power they are the main ones. The price of collegiate and sklerenhim. Smell squeak out funktsіonuyut at interaction with інshim fabrics. The middle section of the rose line is used to create a frame. These are called reinforcement bars.
Not all roslin have the same kind of twisting mechanical fabrics. Significantly, in a smaller world at the inner support, it is necessary to require dewline, to live near the water center, below the ground. The reason for this is that water grows are required from the internal support in the menshy world. Їх tilo in the meaning of the world pіdtrimutsya navkolishnogo water. Drinking on dry land does not mean anything like that, so in spite of the water there is less power. The most important reason is the appearance of special mechanical fabrics.
Adequate internal support structures were built in the process of evolution.
Kollenkhima. It was approved only by living cells, twisted around the axis of the organ. The whole kind of mechanical fabrics are formed even early, in the period of the first growth. It is important to this, that the clitines have become too alive and the building has been stretched out at once from the clitines, as there is a hand.
Features of klinikhimi:
- an unreasonable endeavor of the shell, as a result of which one dish becomes thin, but it does;
- shells are not wood.
Klіtini kollenchіmi roztashovuyutsya in a fashionable way but one by one. We have a lot of klіtins on the beasts, one to one cocks, to pretend to be sweating. Such a collegium is called a corner. In іnshomu vypadku clіtini roztashovuyutsya parallel balls. Slices of keratin, beefed up to cichlids, strongly endeared. Tse lamellar collenchyma. Clitini can grow fluffy, with clear intercellulars - the whole collenchim's fluff. Such kollenchyma is often seen in the dewlines on over-altered soils.
The colony is especially significant in young dewlines, herbaceous forms, and also in parts of the roses, the second growth does not appear, for example, in the leaves. In general, it should be laid even close to the surface, sometimes immediately before the epidermis. If the organ is not enough, then on the crests of the combs they appear tense balls with knee-lengths.
Description of the robot
Osvіtnі fabrics in tіlі roslin roztasvayut in іnіtіvіy fіts, that іkh go on the steps of the group
Verkhivkov (apikal) meristems grow on the tops, or apexes, of the axial organs - the stem, root. Behind the help of the cich meristems of the vegetative organisms of the growths, they grow up into a full meal.