Yak is read as helium at the Mendelian table. Poznachennya, vimova, name that symbols of chemical elements. Latin name of a chemical element
Try to name the chemical elements to resemble Latin Movies. The price is necessary in the first place in order to get rіznih lands could reasonably be one.
Chemistry signs of elements
Elementi is instituted by chemical signs (symbols). On the proposition of the Swedish chemist Bercelius (born in 1813), the chemical elements mean the cob and the onset of the letters of the Latin name of this element; The persha letter is great, the other is small. For example, water (Hydrogenium) is known as letter H, kissen (Oxygenium) - letter O, sirka (Sulfur) - letter S; mercury (Hydrargyrum) - Hg letters, aluminum (Aluminum) - Al, zalizo (Ferrum) - Fe thin.
Small. 1. Table of chemical elements with the names of Latin and Russian languages.
Russian names of chemical elements are most often Latin names with type endings. Ale also іsnu bezlіch elements, Vimova, which are seen from the Latin pershoderel. Tse abo kornnі Russian words (for example, zalizo), abo words, like perekladayut (butt - kissen).
Chemistry nomenclature
Chemist nomenclature - correct naming of cheeky words. Latin word nomenclatura to change yak "perek іmen, name"
At the early stage of development of chemistry, the words were given quite, vypadkovy names (trivial names). Lightweight ridines were called alcohols, before them were "hydrochloric alcohol" - aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, "sodium alcohol" - nitric acid, "ammonia" - aqueous solution of amiaku. Butter-dripping lines and solid words were called olia, for example, concentrated sirchan acid was called "vitriol oil", chloride mish'yaku - "olia mish'yakova".
Some of the speeches were named after the first-timedkryvach, for example, "Glauber's sil" Na 2 SO 4 * 10H 2 O, with a nimetsky chemistry I. R. Glauber at the 17th century.
Small. 2. Portrait of I. R. Glauber.
Have old names could vkazuvatsya the relish of the river, color, smell, zovnishniy viglyad, medical diya. One speech is inodі small kіlka naymenuvan.
For example, in the 18th century, the chemists are more than 150-200 spoluks.
Pershu system scientific names at chemії virobila 1787 r. comic of chemistry on choli z A. Lavois. Lavois's chemical nomenclature served as the basis for the establishment of national chemical nomenclatures. In order for the chemistry of the rural lands to grow one by one, the nomenclature is only one. In the Danish hour of pobudova chemical formulas and names inorganic speeches to order the system of nomenclature rules, established by the International Committee of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The dermal speech is represented by a formula, as before, it will be systematically called spoluca.
Small. 3. A. Lavois.
What did you know?
All chemical elements may be Latin root. Latin names of chemical elements є far-fetched. In Russian language, the stench is carried over to the aid of calculating and transferring. Prote deyak_ words may be confused with Russian meaning, for example, mid chi zalizo. Chemistry nomenclatures are arranged in order of all chemistry words, such as atoms and molecules. Formerly the system of scientific names was broken up by A. Lavois.
Test on the topic
Assessment of additional information
Average rating: 4.2. Usyogo otrimano estimates: 768.
"Khimichny element - sirka" is a natural growth of crystals of native sirka. Molecules can be either closed (S4, S6) lancers or open lancers. Sirchany ore is vidobuvayut in different ways - fallen from the minds of zalyagannya. Natural minerals of sirki. You cannot forget about the power of self-borrowing. View of ore at vіdkritiy sposіb. The crooked excavators know the layers of the ore.
"Nutrition from chemical elements" - You can be stable and radioactive, natural and piece. It is tied due to the change in the number of energy races in the main groups. 8. What element is not a permanent registration in the Periodic system? Be in post-rus... Tellurium, 2) selenium, 3) osmium, 4) germanium. De hoarding up mis'yak?
"H2O and H2S" - Sulfate-ion. Y =? K K2 = 1.23 10-13 mol / l. Otrimannya: Na2SO3 + S = Na2SO3S (+ t water solution). At water solution: + Hcl (efir). Sulphate MSO4 5 (7) H2O (M - Cu, Fe, Ni, Mg ...). Сірчана acid H2SO4. Budova anioniv SO32-i HSO3-. = y. The SO3 molecule is non-polar and diamagnetic. ? ... Hydrosulfite-ion: tautomeria.
"Periodic system of chemical elements" - 8. How many electrons can be transferred to the third energy level? Roztashuvati elements at the order of the growth of metal authorities. The name of the country: "Cheerful element". Virshi by Stepan Shchipachov. A. 17 B. 35 C. 35.5 D. 52 6. How many electrons wrap around the nucleus in a fluorine atom?
"Kaltsiy Ca" - З'єднання Ca. Chemistry Ca. Physical Power Ca. Calcium should be used before the most common elements. Zasosuvannya. Obsession with calcium in industry. Calcium Ca. Describe Physical power Ca. Knowledge from nature. Zavdannya for repeat. Calcium Ca medium-white and hard metal, lightweight.
"Element phosphorus" - Phosphorus is the 12th month for the wider nature of the elements. Interaction with simple words - non-metals. Vzaєmodia from metals. For the ringing of the spoluk calcium, add a quartz crystal. When heated with white phosphorus, the wine disproportionates to the meadow. phosphorus. Black phosphorus.
All in all, there are 46 presentations
Instructions
Periodic system є large-top "booths", in which there is a large number of apartments. Kozhen "baganets", for at the vlasn_y apartment with a singing number, which is permanent. Krym tsyogo, the element is "prizvische" or I will name it, for example, kissen, boron or nitrogen. Krym tsikh danikh at the skin "apartments", for such information is meant, as an atomic mass, as it can be matte or rounded.
Yak at be-like a booth, here є "go", and the gurti itself. Moreover, groups of elements roztashovuyutsya lіvoruch і right handed, approve. False from that, on which side it is more, there is called a head. Insha pidgroup, apparently, will be bit by bit. Likewise in the table є "on top" chi period. Moreover, the period can be either larger (stored in two rows), as well as malimi (only one row).
According to the table, it is possible to show the budov of an atom of an element, the skin has a positively charged nucleus, which accumulates from protons and neutrons, and also negatively charges electrons, which is wrapped around it. The number of protons and elec- trons is numerically increased and given in the tables after the serial number of the element. For example, chemistry element sirka maє No. 16, from the same, matime 16 protons and 16 electrons.
However, if there is a number of neutrons (neutral particles, which are also roasted in the nucleus), it should be indicated from the given atomic mass of an element of its ordinal number. For example, a zalizo is known to be atomic mass, which is expensive 56 and ordinal number 26. Otzhe, 56 - 26 = 30 protons near the zaliza.
Electroni are located on the development of the core from the core, which is validated by the electronic equipments. However, there are a number of electronic (or energy) equipments, you need to wonder at the number of the period in which the element is located. For example, aluminum is found at the 3rd period, and at the same time it is 3 rivnii.
For the number of the group (ale lishe for the head pidgroup), you can visually find the valence. For example, the elements of the first group of the head group (lithium, sodium, kaliy meager) may have valence 1. Apparently, elements of another group (beryl, magnesium, calcium, etc.) have a valence of 2.
The tables can also analyze the power of the elements. Evil to the right, metal power weakens, but non-metal ones accept. The price is clearly visible from the butt of the 2nd period: to repair with lusen metal sodium, instead of lusen-earth metal magnesium, use an amphoteric element aluminum, instead of non-metals silicon, phosphorus, silver and stop with pernimyl rheumines with gas. In the offensive period, there is a similar fallowness.
From top to bottom, it is also possible to try to adhere to the rule - metal power will accept, and non-metal power will weaken. Tobto, for example, a cesium nagato active in the context of a natural environment.
The classification of inorganic speeches and the nomenclature is based on the most simple and persistent characteristics. chemical warehouse , I will show the atoms of the elements, I will confirm the given speech, in its numerical representation. Yaksho speech from the atoms of the chemical element, tobto. є the shape of the element in the viglyad, then we will forgive him speech; if there is a speech from two atoms or a large number of elements, then they call folding speech... Effortlessly simple speech (small monatomic) and all folding speech taken by nazivati cheeky days, that is why they have atoms of the same abo new elements z'єднані between themselves with cheeky sounds.
The nomenclature of inorganic speeches is based on the formulas of names. Chemical formula - Representation of the warehouse of speech for additional symbols of chemical elements, numerical indexes and deyakiy інshih signs. Khimichna name - The image of the warehouse of speech for the help of the word abo groupi sliv. Pobudova chemical formulas that are called by the system nomenclature rules.
Symbols of that naming of chemical elements of guidance at the Periodic systems of elements D.I. Mendeleva. Elements cleverly add to threw і nonmetals ... To non-metals, carry the elements of VIIIA-group (noble gases) and VIIA-group (halogens), elements of VIA-group (crim polonium), element nitrogen, phosphorus, mish'yak (VA-group); carbon, silicon (IVA-group); boron (ІІІА-group), as well as water. Інші elements are carried out to metal.
When the name is folded, the name of the river will start to freeze the Russian naming of elements, for example, dioxygen, xenon difluoride, calium selenate. According to the tradition for deyakie elements of the old term to introduce the root of the Latin naymenuvan:
Forward: carbonate, manganate, oxide, sulfide, silikate.
Name simple talk in one word - naming a chemical element with a numeric prefix, for example:
Vikoristovoyutsya like this numeric prefixes:
Unassigned number of prefixes n- Paul.
For those simple rhetoric vikoristovuyut also special name, such, yak O3 - ozone, P4 - bilium phosphorus.
Chemistry formulas folding rivers warehouse from designated electropositive(clever and real cats) and electronegative(Decent and real anion) warehouses, for example, CuSO 4 (here Cu 2+ is a real cation, SO 4 2 is a real anion) and PCl 3 (here P + III is a clearing cation, Cl -I is a clearing anion).
Name folding rivers store for cheeky formulas right to left. The stench is stored in two words - the name of the electronegative warehouses (in the nasal type) and the electropositive warehouses (in the generic type), for example:
CuSO 4 - sulphate mіdі (II)
PCl 3 - phosphorus trichloride
LaCl 3 - lanthanum (III) chloride
CO - monoxide in carbon
The number of electrically positive and electronegative warehouses in the names is indicated by numerical prefixes, pointing to the direction (universional way), or by steps of oxidation (as the stink can be used as a value for the formula) behind the addition of Roman numerals in the rounds of the plus-bows. In a number of vipads, induce a charge of ions (for folding cations and anions behind the warehouse), vikoristovuchi Arabic numerals with a sign.
For extended rich-element cations and aniony stasis, use the following special names:
|
H 2 F + - fluoronium |
C 2 2 - - acetylenide |
|
H 3 O + - oxonium |
CN - - cyanid |
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H 3 S + - sulfonium |
CNO - - fulminate |
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NH 4+ - amoniy |
HF 2 - - hydrodifluoride |
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N 2 H 5 + - hydrazinium (1+) |
HO 2 - - hydroperoxide |
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N 2 H 6 + - hydrazinium (2+) |
HS - - hydrosulfide |
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NH 3 OH + - hydroxylamine |
N 3 - - azide |
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NO + - nitrosyl |
NCS - - tiocyonat |
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NO 2 + - nitroyl |
O 2 2 - - peroxide |
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O 2 + - dioxygenyl |
O 2 - - superoxide |
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PH 4+ - phosphonium |
O 3 - - ozone |
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VO 2 + - vanadyl |
OCN - - cyanat |
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UO 2 + - uranium |
OH - - hydroxide |
For a small number of dobre vіdomyh speeches also vikoristovuyt special name:
1. Acid and basic hydroxides. Soli
Hydroxidi - a type of folding rivulets, up to the warehouse which include atoms of the deyakogo element E (for fluorine and acid) and hydroxogroup BIN; Zagalnaya formula hydroxides E (OH) n, de n= 1 ÷ 6. Form of hydroxides E (OH) n be called ortho-Form; at n> 2 hydroxide can also be used meta-form, which includes the limit of atoms E and the group BIN more atoms of the acid Pro, for example, E (OH) 3 і EO (OH), E (OH) 4 і E (OH) 6 і EO 2 (OH) 2.
Hydroxydate on two prototypes according to the chemistry of the group: acidic and basic hydroxides.
Acid hydroxides Revenge on atoms, as you can defend on atoms for metal for taking into account the rule of stoichiometric valency. Most acidic hydroxides are in meta-form, whereby the atoms of water in the formulas of acidic hydroxides should be placed on the perspex, for example H 2 SO 4, HNO 3 і H 2 CO 3, and not SO 2 (OH) 2, NO 2 (OH) and CO (OH) 2. The initial formula of acidic hydroxides is H NS EO at, de-electronegative warehouse EO y x - call it acidic. As soon as all atoms are replaced by metal, all the stench will be left in the warehouse of acid surplus.
Name the extended acidic hydroxides, which can be stored in two words: Probably the formulas and names of extended acidic hydroxides and acidic surpluses (a dash means that hydroxide is not visible in a strong eye, but in an acidic water solution):
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acidic hydroxide |
acid surplus |
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HAsO 2 - metamish'yakovista |
AsO 2 - - metaarsenite |
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H 3 AsO 3 - orthomish'yakovista |
AsO 3 3 - - orthoarsenite |
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H 3 AsO 4 - mish'yakova |
AsO 4 3 - - arsenate |
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В 4 О 7 2 - - tetraborate |
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BiO 3 - - vismutat |
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HBrO - bromine |
BrO - - hypobromite |
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HBrO 3 - bromine |
BrO 3 - - bromate |
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H 2 CO 3 - vugilna |
CO 3 2 - - carbonate |
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HClO - chlornuvatista |
ClO - - hypochlorite |
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HClO 2 - chloride |
ClO 2 - - chlorite |
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HClO 3 - chlornuvate |
ClO 3 - - chlorate |
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HClO 4 - chlorine |
ClO 4 - - perchlorate |
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H 2 CrO 4 - chromium |
CrO 4 2 - - chromate |
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HCrO 4 - - hydrochromate |
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H 2 Cr 2 Pro 7 - dichromova |
Cr 2 O 7 2 - - dichromate |
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FeO 4 2 - - ferrate |
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HIO 3 - one |
IO 3 - - idat |
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HIO 4 - meta-one |
IO 4 - - metaperiodat |
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H 5 IO 6 - orthoide |
IO 6 5 - - orthoperiodate |
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HMnO 4 - manganese |
MnO 4 - - permanganate |
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MnO 4 2 - - manganate |
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MoO 4 2 - - molibdat |
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HNO 2 - nitrogenous |
NO 2 - - nitrite |
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HNO 3 - nitrogen |
NO 3 - - nitrate |
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HPO 3 - metaphosphoric |
PO 3 - - metaphosphate |
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H 3 PO 4 - orthophosphoric |
PO 4 3 - - orthophosphate |
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НPO 4 2 - - hydroorthophosphate |
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H 2 PO 4 - - dihydrootophosphate |
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H 4 P 2 O 7 - diphosphoric |
P 2 O 7 4 - - diphosphate |
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ReO 4 - - perrnat |
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SO 3 2 - - sulfite |
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HSO 3 - - hydrosulfite |
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H 2 SO 4 - sirchana |
SO 4 2 - - sulfate |
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НSO 4 - - hydrosulfate |
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H 2 S 2 O 7 - dissert |
S 2 O 7 2 - - disulfate |
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H 2 S 2 O 6 (O 2) - peroxodisulfur |
S 2 O 6 (O 2) 2 - - peroxodisulfate |
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H 2 SO 3 S - thioserna |
SO 3 S 2 - - thiosulfate |
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H 2 SeO 3 - selenistic |
SeO 3 2 - - selenite |
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H 2 SeO 4 - selenova |
SeO 4 2 - - selenate |
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H 2 SiO 3 - metasilicon |
SiO 3 2 - - metasilicat |
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H 4 SiO 4 - orthosilicon |
SiO 4 4 - - orthosilikat |
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H 2 TeO 3 - Telurist |
TeO 3 2 - - Telurite |
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H 2 TeO 4 - metatelurov |
TeO 4 2 - - metatelurate |
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H 6 TeO 6 - Orthotelurov |
TeO 6 6 - - orthotelurate |
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VO 3 - - metavanadat |
|
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VO 4 3 - - orthovanadat |
|
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WO 4 3 - - tungstate |
The change in the expansion of acid hydroxides is called according to the nomenclature rules for complex spoluks, for example:
The name of acidic surpluses is vicious when prompted to name the salts.
Basic hydroxides to replace hydroxide, which can be replaced by acid surplus for taking the rules of stoichiometric valency. All the main hydroxides are in ortho-form; їх zagalnaya formula M (OH) n, de n= 1.2 (more than 3.4) and M n+ - Cation metal. Add the formulas for the names of the main hydroxides:
On the basis of the chemical power of the basic and acidic hydroxides, the interaction between them and the salts ( salt solution reaction), for example:
Ca (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O
Ca (OH) 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 = Ca (HSO 4) 2 + 2H 2 O
2Ca (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = Ca 2 SO 4 (OH) 2 + 2H 2 O
Soli - a type of folding rivers; n+ that acid surplus *.
Soli z by the formula M NS(EO at)n name average salts, and salts with non-substituted water atoms, - sour salts. Some of the salts are also located in their warehouse, as well as hydroxide - or (i) oxide - they; I call such soli the main salts. Hopefully put the name of the salts:
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Calcium orthophosphate |
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Calcium dihydroorthophosphate |
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Calcium hydroorthophosphate |
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Міді (II) carbonate |
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Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 |
Dihydroxid-carbonate dimed |
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Lanthanum nitrate (III) |
|
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Titanium oxide dinitrate |
Acid and basic salts can be reconstituted into the middle salt in combination with a common basic and acidic hydroxide, for example:
Ca (HSO 4) 2 + Ca (OH) = CaSO 4 + 2H 2 O
Ca 2 SO 4 (OH) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = Ca 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O
There is also a salt, which is to take revenge on two children: they often call subsalts, for example:
2. Acid and basic oxides
Oxidi E NS About at- products of general dehydration of hydroxides:
Acid hydroxides (H 2 SO 4 H 2 CO 3) adapt acidic oxides(SO 3, CO 2), and the main hydroxides (NaOH, Ca (OH) 2) - mainoxides(Na 2 O, CaO), and the steps of the oxidized element E do not change for an hour before going from hydroxide to oxide. The application of the formulas is called oxides:
Acidic and basic oxides save the salt-forming power of all hydroxides during the interaction with the other hydroxides behind the power, either:
N 2 O 5 + 2NaOH = 2NaNO 3 + H 2 O
3CaO + 2H 3 PO 4 = Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + 3H 2 O
La 2 O 3 + 3SO 3 = La 2 (SO 4) 3
3. Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides
Amphotericity hydroxide and oxide - cheeky power, but there are two rows of salts approved by them, for example, for hydroxide and aluminum oxide:
(a) 2Al (OH) 3 + 3SO 3 = Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2 O
Al 2 O 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 = Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2 O
(b) 2Al (OH) 3 + Na 2 O = 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2 O
Al 2 O 3 + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO 2 + H 2 O
So, hydroxide and aluminum oxide in reactions (a) is the power the main hydroxides and oxides, tobto. react with acidic hydroxides and oxide, which can be used as aluminum sulphate Al 2 (SO 4) 3, and in reactions (b) stench and show power acidic hydroxides and oxides, tobto. react with the main hydroxide and oxide, and the solvent is sodium dioxoaluminate (III) NaAlO 2. For the first one, the element of aluminum appears to have the power of metal to enter the warehouse of the electropositive warehouse (Al 3+), the other has the power of nonmetal and to enter the warehouse of the electro-negative warehouse salt formula (AlO 2 -).
As the reaction values run counter to the water outlet, the salt storehouse, which is established, changes, or the presence of aluminum in the cation and anion is lost:
2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 = 2 (SO 4) 3
Al (OH) 3 + NaOH = Na
Here, with square arches, there are complex ions 3+ - cation hexaaquaaluminium (III), - - tetrahydroxoaluminate (III) -ion.
Elements, which appear in the midst of metal and non-metallic power, are called amphoteric, elements of the A-group are referred to them Periodic systems- Be, Al, Ga, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Po and in., As well as a large number of B-group elements - Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cd, Au and in. Amphoteric oxides are called so itself, as in the main, for example:
Amphoteric hydroxides (where the steps of the oxidized element change + II) can be used for ortho- abo (i) meta- Form. Put on amphoteric hydroxides:
Amphoteric oxides are not susceptible to amphoteric hydroxides;
As for the amphoteric element in the middle of a few stages of oxidation, the amphotericity of the oxidized oxides and hydroxides (and also the amphotericity of the element itself) will be rotated in a different way. For low levels of oxidation in hydroxides and oxides, it is more difficult to overvalue the main powers, and for the element itself - metal powers, so it may be necessary to enter the storehouse of cations. For high steps Oxidation, navpaki, in hydroxides and oxides, prevent acidic powers from being overwhelmed, and in the element itself - non-metallic powers; So, manganese (II) oxide and hydroxide dominate the main power, and manganese itself enters the storage of type 2+ cations, while manganese (VII) oxide and manganese hydroxide dominate acid power, and manganese itself enters into the storage type ... Amphoteric hydroxides with a great experience of acidic power are attributed to the formula named after differently acidic hydroxides, for example НMn VII O 4 - manganese acid.
In such a rank, rozpodil elements on metal and non-metal - out of hand; Between elements (Na, K, Ca, Ba and іn) with purely metallic elements (F, O, N, Cl, S, C and іn) and purely non-metallic powers there is a large group of elements with amphoteric powers.
4. Binarnie spoluki
The great type of inorganic folding speech is binarny spoluki. They are referred to, in front of the two-element halves (except for basic, acidic and amphoteric oxides), for example H 2 O, KBr, H 2 S, Cs 2 (S 2), N 2 O, NH 3, HN 3, CaC 2, SiH 4 . Electropositive and electronegative warehouses of the formulas of the same element include three atoms or linked groups of atoms of one element.
Bagatoelement speech, in the formulas of which one from the warehouse place is not tied between itself and the atoms of several elements, as well as single-element or very large groups of atoms (except for hydroxides and salts), F, CrO (O 2) 2, PSI 3, (CaTi) O 3, (FeCu) S 2, Hg (CN) 2, (PF 3) 2 O, VCl 2 (NH 2). So, CSO can be paid as a return to CS 2, in which one atom of gray is replaced by an atom of sour.
Name binarnykh spoluk to follow the zychayy nomenclature rules, for example:
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OF 2 - Kisnyu difluoride |
K 2 O 2 - calium peroxide |
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HgCl 2 - chloride of mercury (II) |
Na 2 S - sodium sulfide |
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Hg 2 Cl 2 - dichloride dirtuty |
Mg 3 N 2 - magnesium nitride |
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SBr 2 O - sirky oxide-dibromide |
NH 4 Br - ammonium bromide |
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N 2 O - oxide diazote |
Pb (N 3) 2 - lead (II) azide |
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NO 2 - nitrogen dioxide |
CaC 2 - calcium acetylenide |
Deyakі bіnarni s'єdnannya vikoristovoyut special names, the list of such guidance notes is earlier.
The cheeky authorities of the binarials are able to finish off the promiscuous ones, which are often subsumed into groups for the name of anion, tobto. Okremo look at halogens, chalcogenides, nitridies, carbidi, hydrides, etc. In the middle of the binaries, there are those, which may be signs of the other types of inorganic speeches. So, half of CO, NO, NO 2 і (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4, the names of which will be from the word oxide, to the type of oxides (acidic, basic, amphoteric) cannot be used. Monoxide in carbon, nitrogen monoxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO 2 do not have any kind of acidic hydroxides (if the oxides are fixed with non-metals C and N), do not smell and salt, before the store of N and IV, there were N and II atoms. Underlying oxide (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 - iron oxide (III) -zaliz (II) wants to be placed in the warehouse of the electropositive storage atom of the amphoteric element - zaliz, or at two stages of oxidation, in case of acidic acid not one, but two different salts.
Such binarny spoluks, yak AgF, KBr, Na 2 S, Ba (HS) 2, NaCN, NH 4 Cl, and Pb (N 3) 2 are stimulated, possibly to salts, from real cations and anions, to which they name salty Binarnyi spoluks (or just salts). Їх you can see how the products of substitution of atoms in water are in the case of НF, НCl, НBr, Н2S, НCN and НN3. Remaining in water solution may have an acidic function, and that is called acids, for example HF (aqua) - hydrofluoric acid, H 2 S (aqua) - hydrohydric acid. However, the stench does not stick to the type of acidic hydroxides, and the old ones - to salts at the boundaries of the classification of inorganic rivers.
2.1. Khimichna mova and її chastini
People are vikoristovuє a lot of young movs. Krim natural mov(Japanese, English, Russian - all in all 2.5 thousand), piece movi for example, Esperanto. Among the piece movs movi rіznykh sciences... So, in chemistry vikorystuyutsya svіy, himichna mov.
Khimichna mov- a system of intellectual understanding, designed for a short, a lot and scientific recording and transmission of chemical information.
Often, written in great natural language, it is written in speech, speech - in words, and words - in letters. As a matter of fact, the words and letters are called parts of the mov, so it is possible to see the analogous part in the chemical movement (table 2).
Table 2.Parts of the chemistry movi
If I’m talking about it, it’s unfortunate at once, it’s a cheesy move. To that end, learn only about the basics of the motion picture: vivchit deyaki "literi", start understanding the senses "sliv" and "propositions". For some reason, get to know by the names cheeky words - not a lot of cheeky words. In the world of chemistry, your knowledge of chemistry is expanding and expanding.
HIMICHNA MOVA.
1. Do you know what pieces of music do you know (except for the names of the text of the handler)?
2.What kind of nature do we see from the piece?
3.Yak you vvazhate, what can you do without a victorious chemical move when describing chemical manifestations? Yaksho ni, then why? If this is so, then why should I go over the slopes, and why would I describe the shortcomings of this?
2.2. Symbols of chemical elements
The symbol of a chemical element means the element itself or one atom of the tsy element.
Such a skin symbol is a quick Latin name of a chemical element, which can be stored in one or two letters of the Latin alphabet (Latin alphabet div. At supplementary 1). The symbol is written from the great letter. Symbols, as well as Russian and Latin names of deyakie elements, pointed in table 3. There is also a video about the similarity of Latin names. Zagalny rule vimovi symbols in mute, in tables 3 it is induced and "reading" of the symbol, tobto, as the symbol is read in a chemical formula.
It is not possible to substitute a symbol for the name of the element in the translation, and in manuscript or handwritten texts it is not allowed, or not recommended. For this hour, there are 110 chemical elements, 109 of them have the names of the symbols that have been hardened by the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Table 3 contains information about 33 items. There are a lot of elements, as when you vivchenni chemistry you will be prepared for us in front. Russian name (in alphabetical order) and symbols of all elements of pointing at the supplement 2.
Table 3.Name the symbols of the deyakykh chemist elements
Name |
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Latin |
Writing |
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| - | Writing |
Hiking |
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| Nitrogen | N itrogenium | View of walnuts. "narodzhuk selіtru" | "en" | |
| Alyumіnіy | Al uminium | From lat_v. "galloon" | "Aluminiy" | |
| Argon | Ar gon | View of walnuts. "nedіyalniy" | "Argon" | |
| Bariy | Ba rium | View of walnuts. "important" | "bariy" | |
| Boron | B orum | View of Arabic. "biliy mineral" | "boron" | |
| Bromine | Br omum | View of walnuts. stinky | "bromine" | |
| Voden | H ydrogenium | View of walnuts. "scho narodzhu water" | "ash" | |
| Geliy | He lium | View of walnuts. "Sonce" | "helium" | |
| Zalizo | Fe rrum | From lat_v. "sword" | "ferum" | |
| Gold | Au rum | From lat_v. "scorching" | "aurum" | |
| Iodine | I odum | View of walnuts. "violet" | "iodine" | |
| Kaliy | K alium | View of Arabic. "meadow" | "kaliy" | |
| Calcium | Ca lcium | From lat_v. "vapnyak" | "calcium" | |
| Kisen | O xygenium | View of walnuts. "narodzhu acid" | "O" | |
| Silicon | Si licium | From lat_v. "flint" | "silitsium" | |
| Krypton | Kr ypton | View of walnuts. "ghosts" | "krypton" | |
| Magniy | M a g nesium | Type of name p_vostrova Magnesia | "magniy" | |
| Manganese | M a n ganum | View of walnuts. ", scho cleansesє" | "Manganese" | |
| Mid | Cu prum | View of walnuts. name O. Kipr | "cuprum" | |
| Natriy | Na trium | Vid arabsk, "miiny zasib" | "sodium" | |
| Neon | Ne on | View of walnuts. "new" | "neon" | |
| Nickel | Ni ccolum | Vid nyogo. "mid St. Nicholas" | "nickel" | |
| Mercury | H ydrar g yrum | Lat. "Рідке Сібло" | "gidrgirum" | |
| Lead | P lum b um | From lat_v. call the alloy lead with tin. | plumbum | |
| Syrka | S ulfur | The type of Sanskrit "combustible powder" | "eu" | |
| Sriblo | A r g entum | View of walnuts. "light" | "Argentum" | |
| Vuglets | C arboneum | From lat_v. "vugilla" | "tse" | |
| Phosphorus | P hosphorus | View of walnuts. "do not have a light" | "Pe" | |
| Fluorine | F luorum | From lat_v. words "flow" | "fluorine" | |
| Chlorine | Cl orum | View of walnuts. "greenery" | "chlorine" | |
| Chromium | C h r omium | View of walnuts. "farba" | "chromium" | |
| Cesiy | C ae s ium | From lat_v. "sky-blue" | "cesiy" | |
| Zinc | Z i n cum | Vid nyogo. "tin" | "zinc" | |
2.3. Chemistry formulas
For the renowned cheeky speeches, vikoristovuyut chemical formulas.
For molecular speech, a chemical formula can mean one molecule of a chain of speech.
Information about the speech can be good, so there is a good reason type of chemical formulas.
Regardless of the information, chemical formulas are subdivided into some basic types: simplest,
molecular, structuralі spaciousness.
Pidryadkovy indexes in the simplest formulas of a dumb specialist.
Index "1" is not used for formulas.
Apply the simplest formulas: water - H 2 Pro, kissen - Pro, sirka - S, phosphorus oxide - P 2 O 5, butane - C 2 H 5, phosphoric acid - H 3 PO 4, sodium chloride ( kitchen food) - NaCl.
The simplest formula of water (Н2О) shows how to enter the element before the warehouse water day(H) ta element mussen(O), moreover, in any port (a port is a part of what you can do without losing your powers.), The number of atoms in each other is greater than the number of atoms in sour.
Particle number, including th number of atoms, denoted by Latin letter N... Having designated the number of atoms in water - N H, and the number of atoms in the composition is N Oh, we can write it down
Abo N H: N O = 2: 1.
The simplest formula of phosphoric acid (Н3РО4) shows that atoms vodnu, atomi phosphorus that atomi sour, moreover, the ratio of the numbers of atoms and elements in any portion of phosphoric acid and expensive is 3: 1: 4, so that
N H: N P: N O = 3: 1: 4.
The simplest formula can be folded for any individual cheery speech and for molecular speech, in addition, it can be stored molecular formula.
Apply molecular formulas: water - H 2 O, kissen - O 2, serka - S 8, phosphorus oxide - P 4 O 10, butane - C 4 H 10, phosphoric acid - H 3 PO 4.
Non-molecular speeches of molecular formulas are not a mystery.
The sequence of writing down symbols of elements in the simplest and molecular formulas is based on the rules of chemistry, in which you can learn from chemistry. On the information, which is conveyed by the formulas, the last of the symbols in the flow is not necessary.
Signs, how to visualize Budova's speech valence stroke("Drawing"). The whole sign shows the manifestation of atoms between the so-called covalent link(well, you will find out soon for the type of connection that is special).
In the molecule, the atom is bound by simple (single) links, from two atoms to each other, and the atoms to each other are bound. The most demonstrative is the structural formula for driving. 
Іnshy butt: S8 SIRKI molecule. In a number of molecules, 8 atoms of a ring constitute an eight-membered cycle, in which a skin atom of a ring, from two atoms of a ring, with simple links. Determine the structural formula of the gray from the volume model of the molecule, shown in Fig. 3. Beast to respect, that the structural formula of gray does not convey the form of a molecule, but rather shows the lastness of the connection of atoms by covalent links.
The structural formula of phosphoric acid shows that in the molecule of speech there is one of the atoms in the ringing without the phosphorus atom with a sub-link, and the phosphorus atom, in its own heart, is bound with three atoms with simple links. Skin from three atoms of atoms, besides, we will forgive dressing with a ring of one from three obvious atoms in a molecule.
Calculate the model of the methane molecule with a spacious, structural and molecular formula:
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The vast formulas for methane have wedge-like valence strokes like bi, in the future, show which atoms are "close to us" and which "are far from us".
In the case of spacious formulas, it is shown in the figure of the molecule that is shown on the butt of the molecule.
Non-molecular speech reveals molecules. For quickness of carrying out chemistry projects at non-molecular speeches I see so called one formula.
Add to the warehouse of formula units of these words: 1) silicon dioxide (quartz sand, quartz) SiO 2 - the formula unit is composed of one silicon atom and two atoms of silicon; 2) sodium chloride (kitchen silt) NaCl - the formula unit consists of one sodium atom and one chlorine atom; 3) zalizo Fe - the formula unit is stored from one atom of zaliz. Yak is a molecule, the formula is one of the fewest portions of speech, which is the most important thing.
Table 4
Information transmitted by the formulas of different types
Formula type |
Information transmitted by the formula. |
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| Naiprostisha Molecular Structural Prostorova |
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Now you can see it, as the information gives us the formulas for different types.
1. Rechovina: octic acid. Simplest formula - CH 2 Pro, molecular formula - C 2 H 4 O 2 structural formula
The simplest formula like us, well
1) before the storage of ostovoy acid and enter into coal, water and acid;
2) in the whole speech, the number of atoms in the carbon is carried to the atoms in the water and to the atoms in the acid, at 1: 2: 1, N H: N C: N O = 1: 2: 1.
Molecular Formula dodaє, scho
3) in the molecule of ocetic acid - 2 atoms in carbon, 4 atoms in water and 2 atoms in acid.
Structural formula dodaє, scho
4, 5) the molecule has two atoms in carbon tied together with a simple ring; one of them, in addition, is tying with three atoms of water, with a skin forgiveness with a ring, and the first one - with two atoms of sourness, with one - with a subordinate ring, and with one - with a simple connection; the last atom of the dressing, we will also forgive the ringing from the fourth atom of the water.
2. Rechina: sodium chloride.
The simplest formula is NaCl.
1) Sodium chloride and chlorine should be included in the storehouse for sodium chloride.
2) The number of sodium atoms is equal to the number of chlorine atoms.
3. Rechina: zalizo.
The simplest formula is Fe.
1) Before the storehouse of speech, it is not necessary to enter it, so that the speech is simple.
4. Rechina: trimetaphosphoric acid ... Simplest formula - HPO 3, molecular formula - H 3 P 3 O 9, structural formula
1) Before the storage of trimetaphosphoric acid enter water, phosphorus and kissen.
2) N H: N P: N O = 1: 1: 3.
3) A molecule is composed of three atoms in water, three atoms in phosphorus and nine atoms in composition.
4, 5) Three atoms of phosphorus and three atoms of phosphorus; The ringing of the cycle is simple. The phosphorus atom is leathery, besides, it is tied with two atoms of sourness, moreover, with one sublingual ring, and with simpleness. Skin from three atoms of sour, tied with simple links with atoms of phosphorus, tying with a simple ring with atoms of water.
| Phosphoric acid - H3PO4(the name is orthophosphoric acid) - the hole is a barless crystalline diaphragm of molecular structure, which can melt at 42 o С. Vibrate phosphoric acid great number of thingsі vikoristvuyut us in front of the kind of phosphoric kind, as well as in the chemistry industry, in the case of virobnesty sirnikiv and to go to the state of affairs. In addition, phosphoric acid stagnates when the cement is prepared in the zubolikarskiy technology, before entering the bagatokh warehouse lykarsky zasob_v... The amount of acid is cheap, so in some countries, for example, in the United States, phosphoric acid is already pure and highly diluted with water to be added to refreshing drinks to replace the expensive citric acid. |
| Methane - CH 4. If you have a gas stove in your house, then you can see the following day from the speech: natural gas, which burns at the burners of your stove, is 95% stored in methane. Methane is a gas without color and odor with a boiling temperature of -161 o С. The third name for methane - marsh gas - is tied to the fact that the bulbs of the male gas are painful from the bottom, and it deserves to be taken as a result of the effectiveness of these bacteria. The industry has methane vikoristovutsya yak saliva and syruvina for vyrobnitva інshy rivers. in carbohydrate... Ethane (C 2 H 6), propane (C 3 H 8), ethylene (C 2 H 4), acetylene (C 2 H 2), and a lot of phrases are also included in the class of speech. |
Table 5.Apply formulas for different types of speech-