Perchlorate sodium: formula, formulas, chemical powers. Sodium chlorate: ecotoxicity of transportation and protection
Chlorati - salts of one of acidic acids to chlorine, chloric acid - HCl3. Chlorinated acid і її salts when heated, easily decompose from the appearance of sour, transferring to the salts of perchloric acid - perchlorati. All chlorati are in the greater part of the world in the water. The dissolution of sodium chlorate in water is 50.2% at 20 ° and 69.7% at 100 °. In water chloratias, it is highly susceptible to move in the presence of baguettes to oxidize the chlorati. [...]
Sodium chlorate can change the organoleptic quality of water, nourish it with gircuvato-solonium. For the establishment of the boundary concentrations of dosage salt in water, according to the relish, a series of gray dosages with water levels of sodium chlorate at a temperature of 20 and 60 ° were used according to the adopted method. The results are presented in table. 1. [...]
Sodium chlorate is a whole lot or a zhovtuvaty crystalline powder, which is good. It is good to clay water and fall off when heated up to 300 ° С. [...]
Sodium chlorate is low-toxic for warm-blooded people, LD50 for shchura is 1.2 g per 1 kg, however, behind the cordon, there were drops of lethal withdrawal of people with sodium chlorate being consumed to fight the Buryans. Dіє on the roof, wiklikє the drop of red bloodsheds and to convert hemoglobin into methemoglobin. Klіnіka otruunnya: zhovtyanitsya, bloody zhovchyu, shlunkovo-intestinal rosladi, shkіrnі visipі, feverish. [...]
Sodium chlorate is a crystalline river of white color, Ti 248 ° C, an intensity of 7.49 g / cm3, can be repaired at 265 ° C, it is good for water, ammonia, alcohol, glucerin, acetone, bad - in hexane. [. ..]
The HDC of sodium chlorate in the second working zone is 5 mg / m3. [...]
Our pre-development of sodium chlorate included the state standard and advanced toxicological experiments, as well as the chronic sanitary and toxicological experiments. [...]
For the injection of sodium chlorate injected into the mineralization of organic hardening, a sprinkle of serii of preliminaries was supplied according to the value of the BOD dynamics for the injected sodium chlorate concentration of 20 and 100 mg / l. Until then, the yak was carried out with a 5-day period, and 20-with specifying incubation. The results are presented in table. 2. [...]
In tvarines, sodium chlorate was removed at a dose of 500 mg / kg, from the side of the morphological blood deposit (number of erythrocytes, leukocytes, reticulocytes) changes, as it is possible, it is possible to use it as a result of this in the brain hemoglobin, in the development of blood fractions of blood. The growth of the vagi twarin buv is the same as the increase in the vagi of the control group. [...]
Є also combinations of the drug to avenge sodium chlorate, borax and TXA. [...]
Statements for the introduction of sodium chlorate infusion on the organisms of warm-blooded creatures with a single oral administration were carried out on big, mish, big pike and guinea pigs. The vicorists have 50 mish, 24 pike and 30 guinea pigs. The river was introduced to the creatures at the water point, on the heart. The clinical picture of the detachment was characterized by a sharp backwardness, cyanosis of the tip of the nose and paws, thin courtship in the period of agony. Significant appearances are especially sharp in big bees, weak ones - in schurivs, and even fewer - in guinea pigs. The creatures, who won the menshi dozi, died at the same time, albeit in more terms. Dany of the gostrich prelude to the boule of statistical analysis by the Miller and Teinterag method. The highest average lethal dose was observed in large mice (3600 ± 705 mg / kg). In large shchurіv and guinea pigs, won a boolean approximately by one іvnі (respectively 6500 ± 417 mg / kg і 6100 ± 383 mg / kg). [...]
The product is guilty of being folded by the head of sodium chlorate and being either lightly hardened crystals, either from third-party houses or introduced modification agents. [...]
The results of the standard of thought allow the introduction of sodium chlorate to the level of toxicity and the literary data about those who have been removed by Chlorate viclikal methemoglobinemia. When tsyomu viyavilosya, scho nibilsh viskogo rivnya methemoglobinemia reaches in 4-6 years after being removed. [...]
The United States has a wider default of revenge sodium chlorate. To reduce the fire resistance of sodium chlorate in the preparation, add polyborate or sodium metabolism. Sodium chlorate-pentaborate is widely used to replace 40% sodium chlorate and 60% sodium pentaborate. [...]
It is primed on the reaction of the interaction of sodium chlorate with benzidine chloride in the organic acid medium and a low photometric change in the optical density of the reaction product at 430 nm. [...]
Hydrazine is used during the interaction of ammonia with sodium chlorate. [...]
In the United States, the largest increase in the production of sodium chlorate with borates in a ratio of 1: 4. [...]
Vibrating method. Suputnі when eliminating chlorite with sodium speech (sodium chlorate іn.) Do not lose value. [...]
The visibility of the bends of the brews by stretching out until it is allowed to bring sodium chlorate to non-cumulative speeches. [...]
On the other hand, it is possible to increase the amount of sodium chlorate with the systematic introduction of the systematic administration of methemoglobinemia, however, the price of growth is insignificant. The adjustment of the level of methemoglobinemia for the injection of high doses (at the level of / s Obbo) does not supervise the reaction of a red blood steam, for example, hemolysis. Not noted for chlorate infusion and for zagalny camp organizmu, on yogo growth. [...]
Before oversubstantiation on the webs of the dewline, the Bula was installed near sodium chlorate and ammonium sulfamate, because the preparation is toxic when introduced into the soil. [...]
The pre-conditional reflex action of the chlorate under the infusion of sodium chlorate was carried out using the method of vibrating the clock ringing on the chlorate in the chamber of Kotlyarevsky with the integrator of Losyov. For the selection of groups, who are competitive for the peculiarities of their nervous activity, before the fuse of all the bugs of the buvs mental reflex for a positive sound signal (dzvіnok). At the same time, the speed of the appearance and change of the mental reaction, the magnitude of the latent period, the magnitude of the mental and insane reaction, and the rate of response to the reflex were observed. [...]
Application 3. The oxidative delignification of wasp wood was carried out with sodium chlorate in laboratory sinks. The wood in the viglyadі shavings was given last, -that is, by the oxidation of sodium chlorate in the presence of hydrochloric acid and puddle extracts in the form of sodium chloride. Independent changes: X1 - concentration of sodium chlorate in the range, g / l (X! ° = 50; = 6); X2 - concentration of hydrochloric acid in the range, g / l (X2 ° = 85; Ar = 15); Xs is the temperature of the oxide mixture, ° С (хз ° = 70, Az = 5); X4 - triviality of oxide obrob, xv (X4 ° = 180; A4 = 30); X5 - vitrate No. ON for extraction as a percentage to vikhіda village (X5 ° = 2.5; A5 = = 0.5); Xa is the temperature of the extract, ° С (X6 ° = 92; R6 = 8; X7 - the triviality of the extract, xv (X7 ° = 30; = 10). -, they varied according to the plan of DFE ti-ia 27 3 (/ a replica of PFE) with generating relations: х5 = х, хзх4; .х6 = х1х2хз; х7 = х.1х2х3х4. [...]
Experimental priming of the boundary permissible concentration of sodium chlorate in water. V. T. Myzaev Experimental and toxicological materials up to the introduction of a complex series of chemical agents, so that they can drink water and drink at once. S. M. Pavlenko Ratio assessment of the bromsulfalein test and the second functional tests for the liver in the minds of experimental hepatopathy. V. E. Miklashevsky, V. N. Tugarinova, І. A. Akundinova, A. N. Novikova, G. A. Savonicheva, G. G. Skobtsova. [...]
It is possible to say that sodium chlorate is a word, which is characterized by a fairly low toxicity and not volodya cumulative powers. The systematic introduction of iodine in high doses (up to 7s OH50) is not vicious, but rather manifests itself without a decrease in the amount of metge-moglobin. At the same time, through the additional writing of the introduction of the speech, the number of methemoglobin reaches the norm. The last fact to inform about those, in a given type of organism, to cope with foreign speech and physiological mechanism of demetgemo-globinization (KS Kosyakov, 1939). [...]
Rіznitsya in otrimanikh values practical meaning not low, and the concentration of sodium chlorate 20 mg / l can be determined by the threshold for the inflow on the organoleptic power of the water. [...]
Form zasosuvannya. Borax picks up a yak in a clean viglyad, so in sums, especially with sodium chlorate, it is not safe to use the rest (for example, 9 parts of a storm plus 1 part of chlorate for sterilizing soil) (Grigsby B. H. et al, Mich. [... ]
Otrimanі danі to speak about those, that after an intensity of 1 point, we take water with sodium chlorate in a concentration of 21.9 mg / l at a temperature of 20 ° and in a concentration of 19 mg / l at a temperature of 60 °. [...]
Yak common herbicide can be used for the preparation of chloric acid salts, sodium chlorate sprinkle. Wine is stagnated in doses of 300-500 kg per hectare with a vitrate of water of 1500-2000 liters per hectare. However, the stagnation of the herbicide is interlaced through the fringes for people and food, and also because of the vibration of the insecurity and health of corrosion of metals. Sodium chlorate itself is oven-free for roslin, ale in woolen fabrics win converts on toxic spoluks - chlorite and hypochlorite. Schob uniknuti pollute the vibuch, freeze the chlorate of calcium and chlorate of magnesium - NOT the vibuch of speech. [...]
Singing interest is represented by the education of chlorine dioxide when renewed with sodium hydrochloric acid chlorate (No. С103), possessed by electrolysis kitchen salt at temperatures of 60 ° C. [...]
For the rest of the bulo, 20 large shchurivs were taken (10 before the last days, 10 controls). The ignition was carried out with a rozrakhunka 7s Bbbo (2200 mg / kg) of sodium chlorate for 30 days. Years later, the methemoglobin change began in 4.6 years and 1 before the first seed was given, on the 10th, 20th and 30th days until the end of the day. The test for methemoglobin through the addition of a cob was carried out before the introduction of the Cherg dose of sodium chlorate; [...]
When we carried out an acute toxicological experiment, we put the establishment, in the first place, the health of sodium chlorate to the accumulation in the body, in another way, due to the specialness in the process of making the speech with the systematic introduction of iakі bulo b docіlno viprobuvati in the minds of a chronic sanitary-toxicological experiment. [...]
The Vikoristov didn’t take a handful for the chemistry of fighting with the Bur'ians. organic speech: Sulphate mіdі, sulphate zalіza, arsenite sodium, chlorate sodium, sirchan acid and in. [...]
Fig. 5 shows the technological scheme of eliminating СЮ2 for the Metison method. Concentrated acid and sodium chlorate are fed into the primary reactor. Sumish 80g will be pumped into the lower part of the reactor. Instead of the reactor, it is cooled to a temperature of 40 ° C with an additional water shirt. Chlorine dioxide is blown out from time to time and sent to the absorber, de-cling to the cold water. The chlorine dioxide should be collected in the lower part of the absorber. Ridin from the primary reactor overflows to the secondary reactor, without having reacted the chlorate in conjunction with 80g. The line from the secondary reactor is designed to be purged clean up for the release of the unused CU2 and return to the compartment for the acid reactor surplus. [...]
Form zasosuvannya. For the destruction of the bur'yan, the specificity of the brewery should be 98% IaC103, or for sale є warehouses, in which sodium chlorate with the addition of reducing the fire resistance, changes with other salts, for example sodium chloride. [...]
There is a whole way to test chlorine as a by-product and to change the amount of sodium sulphate, according to some of the other methods, based on sodium chlorate. [...]
Conducted in the Primorsky Territory, the Western Urals and other regions of the Territory viprovannya desiccant in wheat crops showed that the most effective chlorati of magnesium and calcium. From a great number of people who have been drinking in Japan, the most acceptable desiccant is sodium chlorate. In many countries, they tried to use reglon for the whole population, which is a very effective preparation, but there were small surpluses of reglon (0.05-0.07 mg / kg) in the grain. The preparation did not appear in the grass and viscous. [...]
Pathomorphologically, boules are pretledged pechinka, nirka and spleen of old creatures. In case of a lot of deprivation, in some creatures, they were given seeds with sodium chlorate at a dose of 500 mg / kg, in the seeds of the purchase of macrophages, which were filled with granules to the pigment, which gave a positive reaction to the disease in the case of hemosurgery. In brews, which were treated with sodium chlorate in doses of 1 or 10 mg / kg, and also in control brews, macrophages, which were replaced by hemosiderin, were detected singly not in all fields. In the other organs of any morphological changes, which can be brought in for the rakhunok injected sodium chlorate, it is not meant. Introduced danis allow the formation of sodium chlorate in case of chronic infusion in doses of 500 mg / kg of normal hemolysis. [...]
Otrimannya chlorine dioxide for the method of Linen, first developed in our land at the Bratsk LPK, is carried out in one reactor, in which a range of hydrochloric acid and sodium chlorate from the outlet is periodically fed. Vikoristannya chlorate does not perevysh 88-89%. [...]
Electrochemical rejection was lighter in health, stagnant baths with diaphragms. In such baths, in the anode space, there is a level of salt with lead, and in the cathode space, there is a level of liquid sodium. In a special apparatus, anolyte with catholyte is reduced when carbon dioxide is passed through. At the same time, lead bilyl is deposited and sodium chlorate is regenerated. [...]
Warehouses are subdivided into categories based on the potential for material in them. So, up to category A, there are: warehouses of LZR, turpentine, sulfanium odorant, products for varnishes, alcohol varnishes and nitrolacs. Warehouses of sodium chlorate and sour chlorate are brought to category B. Warehouses of tricky, straw, waste paper, ganchir and other combustible materials are admitted to category B, and warehouses of non-combustible materials are classified as secondary materials.
Electrochemical removal of sodium and calcium chlorates based on anodic oxidized chlorinated salt:
6С1СГ + 60Н "= 2CIO3 + 4СГ + 17202 + ЗН2О
The theoretical output of chlorate in the case of electrolysis of a neutral solution of NaCl with platinum anodes becomes 66.67% w. Electrolysis accelerates in a sour environment with the addition of HC1, as well as with an increased temperature as a result of accelerated chemical oxidation of sodium hypochlorite. The addition of other acids, for example HBr, is not injected into the output after the stream and the speed of the reaction 19 ". Theoretical output of chlorate on sour current can be 100% as long as one hour through the order of the discharge ioniv Suz of chemically oxidized hypochlorite chlornuvatist with acid per reactions:
2HC10 + CU "= CIO3 + 2CG + 2H +
If the acidity is high, you can see parts Chlorine in viglyadі gas owes to zsuvu of an equivalent reaction to hydrolysis of chlorine in vіdlіvo. To that, the vikoristovuyu difference is pH = 6.7, so that the ratio of chlorate and acid is equal to 1: 2.
With qih drains, the chlorate strum can cross 90%.
It is also proponated for the reduction of acidity in the process of electrolysis in front of the cititi electrolyte with chlorine 192. In case of razchin enter 4-10 G / l chromate or sodium bichromate for the replacement of chlorinuvatist - and chloric - acidic salts for every occasion, as a result of the adoption of the main spoluks of chromium. The presence of Na2Cr04 in the form of renewal decreases to 1-3%, replaces 70% without additive.
The electrolytic solution of NaCl is available in the past few hours from the replacement of graphite anodes and steel cathodes from platinum cathodes; the process is carried out at 35-50 °, at a pH the range is close to 6.7, with a volumetric ratio of 1.7-14 a / l, anode power 300-1400 a / m2 and cathodic gap 250-540 a / m2. Warehouse current flow in the middle 80-85%. Vitrate energy for 1 ton of NaClOs to become close to 1500 kWh Carrying out electrolysis at higher temperatures is associated with a significant vitratic graphite. Stagnation of magnetite anodes replaces graphite ones, allowing the temperature to be increased up to 70 ° 5E. However, 1 magnetite anode is more likely to become stagnant due to a small amount of electrical conductivity.
Є Try even more of the best struma: volume up to 64 a / l, anodic up to 6000 a / m 2 and cathodic up to 3100 a / m2193. For carrying out the process, you can buy vikoristanі elektrolіzeri with navantazhennyam 15-18 yew. A107.
Electrolysis can be solved either for the reduction of the low concentration of chlorate of low concentration with the additional vaporization and crystallization, or in the cascade of electrolysis for the removal of chlorate meadows in the high concentration of young crystals103.
Vyhіdniy razchin To revenge 195: 270-280 g / l NaCl, 50-60 g / l NaClOa, 5-6 g / l Na2Cr207 i 0.5-0.6 g / l HC1. Yogo to accept the changes in the salt of the kitchen salt and the secondary uterine rose in the crystallization of NaC103.
In a wicked weak razchini, how to go straight for a drink, get 300-450 g / l NaC103 і 150-180 g / l NaCl. Otrimaniya razchin it is necessary to sound from unreacted hypochlorite to prevent corrosion. It shouldn't be possible to heat the steam range up to 85-95 ° and to the newer versions of ants, brine salts and others. The differences are seen in the graphite particles in the window and in the food filter, and then boiled up to 1.5-1.6 g / cm3. When vaporized, sodium chloride is seen, which is used for the production of vicoric acid for preparing vyhid rosolu.
The stripped-down razchin to revenge in the mid-900 g / l NaC103, 80-100 g / l NaCl i 17-18 g / l Na2Cr207. Yogo vіdokremlyuyut in NaCl, heat up to 100 ° and supplemented with chlorate, seen from uterine rosters. Pislya resischiniya razchin density. - 1.63 g / cm3 and the concentration is close to 1100 g / l NaC103, cool in an enamel chavun crystallizer to 30 °. Crystals of sodium chlorate were seen to release from the centrifuges, rinse with water from the water from the chlorate of chromic acid salt and hang to hot food.
Uterine growth, rejection of the crystallization of the main mass of chlorate, evaporating and visions of the chlorate in the form of vikoristovuyutsya for further exacerbation of the gap, go to crystallization. Obsessions with a lot of secondary uterine growths should be directed to the replacement with saline salt solution 188-1E6.
In some cases of crystallization of NaCl03 from the point of view of the electrolysis, it is possible to go without prior vaporization and without a direct connection to the cooling. In the whole vipaduyuyut at electrolysis of breakdowns, to avenge 550 - 610 g / l NaC103 і 100 g / l NaCl. The preparation of particles of graphite and additional purification on filters allows crystallization during cooling in devices without interruption. Sodium chlorate emerges from the uterine range, hangs and adjusts. Uterine growth, to take revenge on unreacted NaCl, vicious for the distribution of new amounts of salt.
However, he comes in the process of changing the vitrat by ~ 60 Kg On 1 T NaC103. To that end, it is recommended to unite the dilution of the solutions, we recommend 197 viroblyaty subpark of meadows or the speed of the introduction of water at the near stages of the virobnic cycle. On virobnitstvo 1 g of NaC103 per zimet method consume 194: 5200-5500 kWh Electroenergy, 4-8 Kg electrodiv and cold close to 200 yew. kcal In case of robotic viparuvannya with the same vitratio of electric power, replace the cold with vitrified 1.8-2.5 mgcal pair.
When using the electrochemical method of chlorate calium 173 electrolysis, the difference should be made, 250 g / l KS1, 50 g / l KSUz, 3 g / lК2Сг207, at pH = "5.5. The capacity of the electrolyzer in the door is 3000 a. Bath Stress 3 v. Go out of the bath of razchin, scho revenge 150-200 g / l KS103, when the hypochlorite is laid out, it is sent for crystallization into a concrete refrigerator column. From the top to the column, razchin, and from the bottom to feed
22 M. Є. Pozin fan turns at 15-20 °. At the same time, there is a fraction of the vaporization of the difference with the one-hour crystallization of the chlorate of the vapor from the lower part of the colony, the pulp is then thickened into a spinner, and then distributed on a centrifuge. Uterine growth is turned in the process of additional saturation with calcium chloride. Crystals of chlorate kaliyu іnodі rozchinyayut і cross-stallіso - whiskers for the removal of a high-quality product.
Calcium chlorate is mixed by a combined method in two stages. A handful of leading electrolysis solutions to sodium chloride, and also to revenge the number of KSYU3 (as werewolves). It is possible to carry out an exchange reaction of NaC103 with calcium chloride 198. In front of the meadow there is a chlorine bath. In case of chlorination, an additional amount of NaC103 is established for the amount of NaCIO that has not been oxidized during electrolysis. With the same NaC103, there is a combination of hypochlorite and chlorinuvatist acid and 199 "200 (div. Vishche).
In case of electrolysis of a reduced range of NaCl and KC1 conversion of NaC103 behind the addition of KC1, it is necessary to use a small amount of KS103 electric way. Vyhіdniy razchin revenge 70-100 g / l KSYU3 (as werewolves), 180-220 g / l NaCl, 100-130 g / l KS1, 5 - 6g / l NaaCr207 i 0.6-0.7 g / l HC1. As a result of the electrolysis, the differences will be recognized, but the revenge will be 150-200 g / l KSUz, 80-120 g / l NaC103, 60-70 g / l KS1, 140-160 g / l NaCl. Yogo heat up to 100 °. In an apparatus with a mixer, where to serve solid calcium chloride. Conversions of differences, scho to avenge 270-300 g / l KSUz, 180-200 g / l NaCl і 100-130 g / lКС1, cool to 35-40 ° for crystallization of КСЮ3. When the crystals were seen, uterine rosettes were seen to be turned on electrolysis, bringing their warehouse to the cob.
0.61-0.65 g KS1, 15-20 Kg HC1, 1.5-2.0 KgК2Сг207 і close to 6000 kW -year electrical energy.
Wine production is carried out to the area of production of sodium chlorate, which is widely used in other areas promises. Electrolysis to sodium chloride can be used in chlorine diaphragm electrolyzers. Establish chloride-chlorine solutions and electrolytic chlorine-gas reduce the reduction of chloride-chlorine solutions. Otrimanization of differences is reduced from the mother liquor of the stage of crystallization and is directed to non-phragmatic electrolysis with a further vaporization of chloride-chlorate solutions and crystallization of sodium chlorate. The products of diaphragm electrolysis can be frequently introduced for removal of hydrochloric acid from chlorine-gas for acidification of chlorine electrolysis and recovery of chloride-and-salt solutions for upsetting sanitary columns. The technical result is a decrease in the vitrate of electrical energy and the possibility of organizing an autonomous power supply. 1 C.p. f-li.
Wine production is carried out to the area of sodium chlorate production, which is widely used in other industrial areas. Svitovy virobnitstvo sodium chlorate reach decilkoh hundreds of thousands of tons in rik. Sodium chlorate is stagnated for eliminating chlorine dioxide (vidbilyuvach), calium chlorate (bertolet silt), calcium and magnesium chlorates (defolianti), sodium perchlorate (as a product for the production of solid rocket burners) uranium ore etc. A method of eliminating sodium chlorate in a chemical way is possible, with a clear cut of sodium hydroxide, chlorination is obtained from eliminating sodium chlorate. For its technical and economic indicators, the chemistry method does not show competition with the electric chemistry, so it is practically impossible to get used to it in this hour (L.M. . 366). Vidomy way of removing sodium chlorate by means of electrolysis of sodium chloride in a cascade of non-phragmless electrolysis using sodium chloride-chlorate solutions, of which crystalline sodium chlorate is visualized by the method of crystallizing sodium chloride. Technologie ", s.729, Munchen, 1970; L.M. Yakimenko, T. A. Serishev" Electrochemical synthesis of inorganic spoluks, Moscow, z-vo "Khimia", 1984, pp. 35-70). The main technological stage, non-phragmatic electrolysis of sodium chloride, through the current flow 85-87%. Before feeding the solid product to the stage of solid product, electrolyte is alkalized to an excess of 1 g / l with the addition of the lead for crushing corrosively active sodium hypochlorite, which is already present in the food uktakh elektrolizu. A secondary anode process in the case of electrolysis of chloride breakdowns є seeing Cl 2, but not only by reducing the current output, but by means of cleaning the electric gases in the sanitary columns, which are growing in the meadow. Due to the process, it is linked with a hundred vitrate of hydrochloric acid and meadows: for 1 ton of sodium chlorate, ~ 120 kg of 31% hydrochloric acid and 44 kg of 100% NaOH are vitrified. There are many reasons for chlorate production there, de є chlorine electrolysis, which supplies caustic soda and electrolytic chlorine and water for the synthesis of hydrochloric acid, at that time it is often required in all types of chlorate sodium hydroxide. Ale і there, de chlorine electrolysis and chlorate electrolysis, when the chlorine electrolysis is switched on,
In such a rank, the view of the way of sutta shortcomings: great energetic vitrati (not even a high current flow) and the unhappiness of organizing an autonomous power supply. To the managers of the proponated wine-carrier є the method of eliminating chlorate with sodium electrolysis of sodium chloride with lower energy costs. The task was set to be used in a pro-proponated way, with any amount of sodium chloride being processed in chlorine diaphragm electrolyzers from gas-like chlorine gas and electrolytic meadows in a warehouse 120-140 g / l NaOH and 160-180 g / in conjunction with the reduction of the chloride-chlorate range of 50-60 g / l NaClO 3 and 250-270 g / l NaCl, which should be directed to non-phragmatic electrolysis. The process of chlorate non-phragm-free electrolysis is effective when acidified with hydrochloric acid. In case of a wide range of chlorate breakdowns, to take revenge on sodium chloride, it is directed to the stage of vitrification, and then crystallization of chlorate. The mother liquor from the stage of crystallization together with the products of the interaction to the meadow and chlorine from the diaphragm electrolysis is directed to the non-diaphragmatic chlorate electrolysis. Before feeding the solid product to the stage, the electrolyte is alkalized to an excess of 1 g / l with the addition of the lead for ruining sodium hypochlorite. In case of partial introduction of products into the electrolysis of chlorine diaphragm electrolysis, chlorine is used to remove hydrochloric acid, as it stagnates for the acidification of chlorine electrolysis, and the meadow of vicorists to be cleaned for the green colonies. With such a scheme, 30-35 g of sodium chloride from 300-310 g, it is possible to take place in the skin lithology of a vychid rosch, to be processed in the sinks of chlorine electrolysis. Such a scheme is used to summarize the reduction of energy vitrates, so that the process of chlorine electrolysis is shown behind the stream of chlorine electrolysis, and at the bottom of the electrolyzers, lower in the chlorate electrolysis, and during the frequent electrochemical process of chlorine oxidation in sodium chloride In addition, when the scheme is described, vitrati is reduced for cooling electrolysis, because chlorine electrolysis does not require refrigeration. It is very important that there is more chlorine spraying in the sinks of chlorine electrolysis, it is less reasonable (close to 10%), to make it unimportant to balance the technological scheme for chlorides, chlorati and water, and that doesn’t need sense. Within the framework of the proponent scheme, it is possible to reject an additional effect when feeding on chlorate electrolysis rosters with a concentration of NaClO 3, obtained from a greater concentration on NaOH, less chloraminous meadows, rosters. Chlorine electrolysis electrolysis can be replaced with chlorine gas in general, and in private. At the same time, a part of electrolytic clamps of diaphragm electrolysis, which is not directly connected to chlorine, is introduced for vicarystanny in sanitary columns, and an equivalent part of electrolytic chlorine can be used for synthesizing hydrochloric acid. Directly, electric shocks from diaphragm electric tanks in a sanitary colony, and electric chlorine gas to the removal of hydrochloric acid, causes the problem of autonomous chlorate virobration, since the supply of acid to the meadow and acid from the side will no longer be lost. Chastka chloride natrіyu scho pereroblyalasya chlor elektrolіzerah, viznachaєtsya remark chi will attempt otrimanі produkti vikoristovuvatisya tіlki for otrimannya in rezultatі їh vzaєmodії chloride hloratniє lugіv, pіslya zmіshuvannya of mother liquor Zi stadії kristalіzatsії on bezdіafragmennih elektrolіz, abo elektroscheloka perchloric elektrolіzerіv will attempt vikoristovuvatisya tіlki for alkalizing , and electrolytic chlorine - for the synthesis of perchloric acid and for acidification in the scheme of chlorate electrolysis, for a part of the product will be victorious in one straight line, and a part in the other. With the transfer of the proponated way є:
1) reduction of energetic vitrates for rakhunok conduction of the cob stage electrolysis great entrance for current і at low pressure, lower in high chlorate electrolysis: output behind the strum 92-94% і vapruga 3.2 V in chlorine electrolysis against 85-90% and 3.4 V and apparently in chlorate;
2) the possibility of removing one hour at a time with the main product - sodium chlorate - lucency, necessary for the technological scheme for alkalizing and growing sanitary columns;
3) Possibility of acidification of chlorine, possessed in chlorine electrolyzers, for removal of hydrochloric acid on a mixture for acidification of chlorine electrolysis. butt
In the previous electrolysis tank, chlorine diaphragm electrolysis was applied to sodium chloride concentration of 300 g / l on oxide-ruthenium anodes at a flow rate of 1000 A / m 2 and temperature 90 o C. Otrimania electrolytic meadow, about 175 g / l. NaCl, dissolve with anode chlorine gas and distill chloride-chlorate solutions in the warehouse 270 g / l NaCl and 50 g / l NaClO 3. The whole range is supplied to non-phragm-free chlorine-free electrolysis, which is carried out in a cascade of 4 electro-analyzers The thickness of the struma is 1000 A / m 2 and the temperature is 80 o C from the reduction of the end point of the offensive stock: 105 g / l of NaCl and 390 g / l of NaClO 3. Thus, from one 1 l of the chlorine solution, it is necessary to change the amount of 10% I have the best choice for wine steaming with electric gases and vaping 355 g of sodium chlorate, with 50 g (14.1%) was used to reduce the products of chlorine diaphragm electrolysis, and 305 (85.9%) loratnye elektrolizu. The stress on the chlorine electrolysis tank was 3.3 V when the output behind the strum was 93%. The middle voltage on the chlorate electrolysis tank was 3.4 V when the output behind the strum was 85%. Pitoma vitrate of electricity W (kWg / t. Thus, the decrease in energy vitrates was 12.1%.
FORMULA FOR WINE
1. Sposіb otrimannya chlorate natrіyu Shlyakhov elektrolіzu rozchinu chloride of natrіyu away viparovuvannyu chloride hloratniє rozchinіv i kristalіzatsієyu natrіyu of chlorate liquor Povernennya stadії kristalіzatsії in protses, yaky vіdrіznyaєtsya tim scho spochatku elektrolіz rozchinu chloride natrіyu zdіysnyuyut chlor dіafragmennih elektrolіzerah of otrimannyam Luzhnogo-chloride development and electrolytic chlorine gas, which reduce the chloride-chlorate range and direct the process of changing from the mother liquor to the stage of crystallization on non-phragmatic electrolysis. 2. The method according to claim 1, how to use it, that the products of diaphragm electrolysis are supplied in part for the removal of hydrochloric acid from chlorine-gas for the acidification of chlorine electrolysis and the reduction of chlorine-puddles for sanitary towers.Cl (= O) = O]
sodium chlorate - inorganic z'єdnannya, Cyl metal sodium and chloric acid with the formula NaClO 3, barn-free crystals, good water.
rejecting
- Sodium chlorate is scrubbed with chloric acid for sodium carbonate:
texvc NO knowledge; Div. Math / README - an update about the adjustment.): \ Mathsf (Na_2CO_3 + 2 \ HClO_3 \ \ xrightarrow (\) \ 2 \ NaClO_3 + H_2O + CO_2 \ uparrow)
- or passing chlorine through concentrations of sodium hydroxide when heated:
texvc NO knowledge; Div. Math / README - completion of the adjustment.): \ Mathsf (6 \ NaOH + 3 \ Cl_2 \ \ xrightarrow (\) \ NaClO_3 + 5 \ NaCl + 3 \ H_2O)
- Electrolysis of water solutions to sodium chloride:
texvc NO knowledge; Div. Math / README - completion of the adjustment.): \ Mathsf (6 \ NaCl + 3 \ H_2O \ \ xrightarrow (e ^ -) \ NaClO_3 + 5 \ NaCl + 3 \ H_2 \ uparrow)
Physical power
Sodium chlorate P 2 1 3 , Parameters of the commercial a= 0.6568 nm, Z = 4.
At 230-255 ° С, go into the іnshy phase, at 255-260 ° С go into the monoclinic phase.
Cheerful authorities
- Disproportionates when heating:
texvc NO knowledge; Div. Math / README - completion of the adjustment.): \ Mathsf (10 \ NaClO_3 \ \ xrightarrow (390-520 ^ oC) \ 6 \ NaClO_4 + 4 \ NaCl + 3 \ O_2 \ uparrow)
- Sodium chlorate is a strong oxidizing agent, in a hard mill in the amount of coal, sirka and other leading agents of detonation when heated or hit.
sucking
- Chlorate sodium is known for storing in pіtekhnіtsі.
Write a report about the article "Chlorate sodium"
literature
- Khimichna encyclopedia / Editorial board: Knunyants I.L. ta in .. - M .: Radianska encyclopedia, 1992. - T. 3. - 639 p. - ISBN 5-82270-039-8.
- Dovidnik Khimika / Editorial Board: Nikolskiy B.P. ta in .. - 2nd ed., rev. - M.-L.: Khimiya, 1966. - T. 1. - one thousand seventy two p.
- Dovidnik Khimika / Editorial Board: Nikolskiy B.P. ta in .. - 3rd ed., rev. - L .: Khimiya, 1971. - T. 2. - 1168 p.
- Ripa R., Chetyanu I. Inorganic chemistry. Chemistry metal. - M .: Svit, 1971. - T. 1. - 561 p.
| cheesy dishes | There is an unfinished article about inorganic speech. You can help the project by adding її. |
Urivok, which characterizes sodium chlorate
- Well, did Vi "walk", Madonna Izidora? - rewarding with a mile voice feeding my tormentor.- I wanted to see my daughter, Your Holiness. Ale could not ...
I was absolutely baiduzhe, I was thinking, and my "vilazka" was angry. My soul was hovering far away, in the divine White Mist, which showed me the walls, and all the navkolishn seemed to be distant and miserable. Ale Karaffa needs to go to the world, unfortunately, not giving ... Immediately he saw my changing mood, "sanctity" zapanikuvav.
- Did they let you into Meteora, Madonna Izidora? - yakomoga spokіynіshe powering Karafa.
I knew that in the soul of a wine it was just "goriv", you should better reject the message, and you will torture it, as long as it doesn’t happen to me, because it’s my father at once.
- Hiba tse maє meaning, your holiness? Even if you have my father, you can supply everything that is natural to you, I don’t see it. Why didn't they get up to finish his meal?
- I don’t want you to shake it with me in such a tone, Izidora. Because of the fact that you will be able to do something about it, if you have a lot to do with it. Tom, try to get it right.
- And yak bi Vi to yourself, yakbi to replace me, then your daddy, sanctity, has appeared? ..- remember that it has become an unbeatable topic, I energized it.
- Yakbi my daddy bov heretic, I burned bi yogo on the wall! - absolutely spok_ydpovіv Karafa.
Who is the soul of a bully from the "holy" people ?! .. What is it? .. Well, do you talk about strangers? ..
- So, I was in the Meteor, Your Holiness, and I’m even shy, I won’t eat anything else anymore ... - I said a lot.
- Neither can you be alerted, Izidora? - Happy laughing Karafa.
- Ні, Holy, I was asked to leave. I went by myself ...
- This can not be bootie! I don’t know such people, they wouldn’t want to be there, Izidora!
- Well, why? And my father, holiness?
- I don’t believe that it’s permissible for you. I think the fault is guilty of the buv piti. It’s just that hour, it’s over. For the lack of a strong gift appeared.
I was well, well, I’m getting tired, I’d not have it, I’m overtaking myself in the one that I really wanted to see.
- Not all people love only themselves, you know ... - I said summarily. - Є it is more important, less vlada or strength. Є still in the light of Love ...
Caraffa looked at me, as if I was a persistent fly, but I just said I’ll say I’ll go back to my senses ...
- Lyubov is not a keru, svitom, Izidora, well, but I baptize it to manage!
- Lyudin can do anything ... if you don't start, try it, Your Holiness - without getting into it, I “tasted”.
Having guessed it, I wanted to know something about it, I energized:
- Tell me, Your Holiness, why do you know the truth about Jesus and Magdalene?
- Do you think about uvazi who lived in the Meteoria stench? I nodded. - Well, it’s awful! Tse bulo persche, for what I have powered them!
- Yak is the same ?! .. - I energized it. - And did you know about those who don't smell like a Jew? - Karaffa nodded again. - Ale V, don't you say anything about it? .. I don’t know anything about it! And yak is TRUE, your holiness ?! ..
- Do not confuse me, Izidora! .. - shiro rosmіyavsya Karafa. - Vy spazzhny child! Who needs your "truth"? .. Yurbi, yaka її nіkoli didn’t joke ?! .. Ні, my dear, truth is needed for the deprivation of the mischievous, and NATO is simply guilty of "virity", well, but be it - it is not of great significance. Smolder, people have gone to order. And what about it when we give it - it’s already є other rows. TRUTH is not safe, Izidora. There, when the truth is found, there is a reason, well, and there it is, there is no reason - to fix it ... I am leading my way, Izidora, and leave me to bring me a fair amount of satisfaction! Svit zavzhdi trimmed on nonsense, bachta ... Golovne, sob tsya nonsense bulldozed tsikava, sob could lead "close" minds ... "Viru" is unacceptable in scho, you and rose in parts, and the NATO itself ...
- Neither the walls of the smart people, like Your Holiness, can you also master self-betrayal? .. Aje vi will burn the innocent, prikrivayuchis im'am tsyogo felled, and such an innocent God? How can you be so bezsovіno nonsense, your holiness ?! ..
Sodium perchlorate is a crystalline word without color and smell. Volodya is hygroscopic and approved for crystallization of crystals. From a chemical point of view, it is sodium chloride of perchloric acid. Non-flammable, albeit with toxic dyu. The chemical formula of sodium perchlorate is NaClO 4.
rejecting
The speech can be described as a chemical way, as well as an electric one. At the first vipad, you are prone to corytize with a quick reaction to exchange between perchloric acid and hydroxide or sodium carbonate. Also, the thermal distribution of sodium chlorate is possible. At 400-600 ° C, I will fix perchlorate and sodium chloride. Ale daniy is able to end up with something that is not safe, for that є the threat of vibuhu in case of a protested reaction.
Theoretically, chemical oxidation of sodium chlorate is possible. We will most effectively oxidize lead (IV) oxide in an acidic environment. Add chlorine acid to the reaction.
Most often in industry, it is used in an electrochemical way. Wine is a great pure product, and in general it is more effective. In the quality of the syruvin, it is vicious with the same sodium chlorate, which, when oxidized on a platinum anode, gives perchlorate. For an economical process, sodium chlorate is distilled on more cheap graphite type electrodes. There is also a promising method for removing sodium perchlorate in one stage. The yak of the anode here vikoristovus lead peroxide.
Mechanisms of electrical and chemical rejection
I will increase the mechanism of chlorate oxidation into perchlorate until the end of the grafting process, and the loss of stewed milk is lost. Doslіdzhennya is conducted until the tsikh feast.
We will nybіlsh primed є option, we will base on the provision for the delivery of an electron to the anode of chlorate-ion (ClO 3 -), as a result of which the radical ClO 3 is accepted.
Tse pripuschennya is caught up in the ranks of authoritative scientific robots... It is also confirmed by the results of the progress of the oxidation of chlorate to perchlorate at water levels, which are notable for important isotopes of 18 O acid. If you need to change the anode material (for example, from platinum to graphite), you can also change the reaction mechanism.
Another option is to interrupt the process of polarization in oxidized ions of chlorate acidic, which can be set up when electrons are supplied with hydroxide ion.
One of the most important options is that the speed of the reaction is without a doubt due to the concentration of chlorate in the electrolyte, that is.
It is also an option for a one-hour delivery of elec- trons such as chlorate-ion, as well as hydroxide-ion. Confirmed as a result of reactions, radicals may have a high activity and oxidize sour, which can be seen as OH -.
Physical power
Sodium perchlorate is even better at water. The difference is stronger than that of the other perchlorates. There are a number of reasons for the preparation of perchlorates with a scatter of sodium perchlorate, and then, if necessary, to convert it into the salts of perchloric acid. It is also good wine in natural ammonia, acetone, water peroxide, ethanol and ethylene glycol.
As it is already said, vishche, win low hygroscopicity, and in case of hydrolysis, sodium perchlorate is set up crystalline hydrate (mono- and dihydrate). You can also make solvations with other spokes. At a temperature of 482 ° C, it melts in the form of sodium chloride and kissen. With vicious additions to sodium peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide, cobalt (II, III) oxide, the expansion temperature drops to 150-200 ° C.
Cheerful authorities
Sodium chloride of perchloric acid - even a strong oxidizing agent, coatings, which oxidize rich organic fluids to in carbon dioxide i drive.
Viyaviti perchlorate-ion is possible for an additional reaction with ammonium salts. When fried sum, counter reaction:
3NaClO4 + 8NH 4 NO 3 → 3KCl + 4N 2 + 8HNO 3 + 12H 2 O.
Another way of detecting is a reaction to exchange with calories. Perchlorate kaliyu nabagato menschinny at the water, that will be vipadati in the siege.
NaClO 4 + KCl → KClO 4 ↓ + NaCl.
With other perchlorates, complex spoludes can be established: Na 2, Na, Na.
sucking
Through the knowledge of crystals, the storage of sodium perchlorate in the region is difficult. Basically, it’s like a herbicide, I want to stay an hour less and less. Mayzhe all sodium perchlorate should be converted into perchlorate (for example, calcium and ammonia) or chlorine acid and vicoric acid in the synthesis of bagatokh інshih z'єdnan for a strong oxide power. It is also possible to use it in analytical chemistry for the appointment and precipitation of calories, gold and cesium, moreover, both from water and from alcoholic solutions.
With thermal distribution of all perchlorates, kissen is seen. Zavdyaki tsomu, solі can be stashed yak dzherelo sisnu in rocket engines. Deyaki perchlorati can be victorious on the basis of vibration technology. Calcium perchlorate is used in medicine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. The price of the disease is explained by the increased function of the thyroid gland, and whether it is perchlorate, the power of change is the power of the disease, which is necessary to bring the body back to normal.
not safe
By itself, sodium perchlorate is nonflammable, but with the interaction with the deyakim іnshih speeches, it can lead to vibuhu or pozhezhі. In the presence of toxic gases or gases (chlorine or chloroxide) can be seen. You can spin it with water.
Sodium perchlorate at room temperature practically not to viparovuєtsya, or even if you do it, you can consume it in the body. When inhaled, a cough, teasing mucous membranes. When you get to the school, there are some problems. In the case of the first help, it is recommended to spend a great deal of water with a dear one, as well as to get along with a difficult one. With a trivial infusion on the body, it is consumed in the roof and to bring methemoglobin until approved.
With the introduction of tvarinam (zokrema to the grizzly) 0.1 g of sodium perchlorate, their reflexive zeal increased, they appeared by surprise and right. After the introduction of 0.22 g of squash ginul in 10 years. With the introduction of such a dose of pigeons, they only had flesh symptoms of rejection, and after 18 years the stench disappeared. Tse talk about those with sodium perchlorate to develop more often.