The function of organic speech in the clit is briefly. Inorganic speeches of klitini
Chemist warehouse of klitini
Nearly 60 elements of the periodic system of Mendeleev have been revealed in the cells, which can be enjoyed by the inanimate nature. One of the proofs of the vitality of a living inanimate nature... In living organisms, the most widening of water, kissen, carbon and nitrogen, is close to 98% of the mass of clitin. It is also amazed by the peculiarities of the chemical authorities in water, sourness, coal and nitrogen, as often as it smelled most suitable for the approval of molecules, as well as biological functions. Several elements must be set up even more covalent links behind the additional pairing of electrons, which should be overlaid by two atoms. Covalently bonded atoms in carbon can form the framework of an unlimited number of organic molecules. Fragments of atoms in carbon can easily reconcile covalent bonds with acid, water, nitrogen, and also, from gray, organic molecules, reach the viny folding and versatility of budovia.
In addition to some of the main elements near the cells, in small portions (10 and 100 parts) there are gold, calcium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus and sirka. All of these elements (zinc, mineral, iodine, fluorine, cobalt, manganese and others.)
Chemistry elements enter the warehouse of non-organic organic spoluk... Water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide, acid and base are carried to inorganic spoluks. Organic spoluces - chains, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, fats (lipids) and lipids. Krim sour, water, coal and nitrogen to the store may include some of the elements. Deyakі bіlki revenge sіrku. The storage part of nucleic acids is phosphorus. The hemoglobin molecule includes zalizo, magnesium takes care of the fate of the chlorophyll molecule. Microelements, unaffected on the lowest edge of living organisms, play an important role in the processes of life. Iodine to enter the storage of thyroid hormone - thyroxine, cobalt - to the storage of vitamins. In 12, the hormone of the acute part of the nutritive zone - insulin - to remove zinc. In some ribs, there is a lack of moisture in the molecules of the pigments, so they can carry muslin, they are borrowed.
Water. H 2 O - spoluca naiposirenіsha in living organisms. The worms in young adults are prone to reach wide fringes: from 10% in emeal teeth to 98% in jellyfish, but in the middle of the year it becomes close to 80% of the weight. Vinyatkovo important is the role of water in the safe processes of life. physical and chemical authorities... The polarity of the molecules and the goodness of the water connection is to use a good source of water for a great number of words. Most of the chemistry reactions that run counter to the cells may be more difficult to deal with in the water. Water takes care of the fate of the bagatokh cheeky re-inventions.
The initial number of watery bonds between water molecules and changes in fallow form t °. At t ° The ice melts about 15% of water-water ties, at t ° 40 ° C - half. When going to gas-like, all water sounds begin to run. Tsim will explain the temperature of the water in the pitom. With a change in the mid-season temperature, the water is clayed, or it sees warmth as it breaks out, or new water ties. In such a way, the middle class appears smaller, lower than the middle class. The high warmth of the vaporization is the basis of the effective mechanism of heat output in roslin and tvarin.
Water is like a razchinnik to take care of the fate of osmosis, which plays an important role in the life of the organism. Osmosis is called the penetration of the molecules of the receptacle through the napivpened membrane into the dialect of any speech. Membranes are called penetrating, as they pass the molecules of the receptacle, or do not pass the molecules (or they) of the disclosed speech. Otzhe, osmosis is a one-way diffusion of water molecules.
Mineral salts. Most non-organic in klitini to be found in the salt viglyadi in the dissociated, or in the firm stan. The concentration of cations and anions in the middle class is not the same. At the clitine it is possible to reach the bagato and even the bagato Nа. In the postclinical middle, for example, in the blood plasma, sea water navpaki, a lot of sodium and little calories. The growth of cells to accumulate in the form of special concentrations of ions Na +, K +, Ca 2+, Mg 2+. At the fabrics of high-quality products Before entering the warehouse of high-quality words, you will not get the flawlessness of the cells and order the distribution. Because of the concentration of salts by the great world, lie an osmotic vice at the clitina and її buffer of power... The buffer is called the health of the clientele for a slightly low reaction instead of the constant level. The buffering of the middle cells is provided for with the head rank of ions Н 2 РО 4 и НРО 4 2-. In lateral ridges and in the blood, the role of the buffer is gray H 2 3 and HCO 3 -. Aniony sounds like a hydroxide-ion (BIN -), so the reaction in the middle of a clutch is practically unchanged. Inappropriate mineral salts (for example, calcium phosphate) will preserve the cyst tissue of the backbone and shells of molluscs.
11. Chemist warehouse of klitini. Inorganic speech of the cell.
Organizational speeches clitini
Bіlki. In the middle of the organic speech of the clitine bilka, it is the first to stand next to the clutch (10 - 12% of the bulk of the clitine), and for the values. Bilky - high molecular weight polymers (molecular weight from 6000 to 1 million), monomers - amino acids. Live organisms vikoristovuyut 20 amino acids, I want it to be much more. Before the warehouse of any amino acid, there should be an amino group (-NH 2), which is the main power, and the carboxyl group (-COOH), which has a lot of acid power. Two amino acids are combined into one molecule by way of establishing the HN-CO link with the vision of the water molecule. The link between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl is called peptide. Bilki є with polypeptides, which can contain dozens and hundreds of amino acids. Molecules of different proteins are derived from one molecular weight, by number, by the storage of amino acids and by the last growth of polypeptide lantsyuzi. In addition to the fact that little ones are known to be majestic, the number of all types of living organisms is estimated at 10 10 - 10 12.
The lance of amino acid lanks, which have covalent peptide links at the singing endpoint, are called the primary structure of the protein. In cells of the bile, there are spirally twisted fibers of the chi bag (globules). As a matter of fact, in a natural blend, a polypeptide lancet is stacked strictly in a singing rank, fallow cheery budovi to enter the storehouse of amino acids.
A collection of polypeptide lantsyug is included in the spiral. Between the atoms of the mid-spirals, the winery is heavy, and the water ties, the spring, and the NH-and CO-groups, which are roasted on the mid-loops, are formed. Lantsyuzhok of amino acids, swirling at the viglyadi spiral, fixing the secondary structure of the bottle. In the result of a given arrangement, the spiral vinicum is specific to the skin configuration, called the tertiary structure. The tertiary structure is enriched by the two forces of agglomeration, including hydrophobic radicals, such as in some amino acids, and covalent links, and in the SH-groups of amino acids, cysteine ( S-S-tie). The amount of amino acids by hydrophobic radicals and cysteine, as well as the procedure for growing in a polypeptide lance is specific for a skin blemish. From the same particularity of the tertiary structure of the library, it begins with the primordial structure. The biological activity of the children is deprived of the vigilance of the tretine structure. To this, the substitution of one amino acid in the polypeptide lance can lead to a change in the configuration of the library and a decrease in or loss of its biological activity.
In some cases, the molecules are one by one, and they can show their function only in the case of complex complexes. So, hemoglobin is a complex of some molecules and only in this form of a built-in transport and transport of a subunit with a quarter-structure of a bottle. Behind your own warehouse, bricks are divided into two main classes - simple and folding. It is simple to store only the amino acids of nucleic acid (nucleotide), lipid (lipoprotein), Me (metaloprotein), P (phosphoprotein).
The functions of the cells in the cells are superbly versatile. One of the most important is the awakening function: the cells take part in the illumination of all cell membranes and organocytes of cells, and the construction of internal cell structures. Vinyatkovo important is the enzymatic (catalytic) role of bіlkіv. Ferments accelerate chemistry reactions, which run counter to the cells, in 10 ki and 100 mln. Development. The dvigun function is provided with special fast-feeling tags. Cycles take part in all types of rukhiv, up to such healthy cells and organisms: the least and the bitty of the jiguties from the simplest, the quickest muzzles from the creatures, the leaves from the roslin and the inn. Transport function of bilkiv polyagaє at the reception chemical elements(for example, hemoglobin is present) or biologically active words (hormones) and transferring them to tissue and organs. The key function is to be found in the form of virobling of special cells, called antibodies, in the form of penetration into the body of alien cells or cells. Antityla will bind that foreign language. Bilki play the important role of energy dzherel. With repeated splitting 1g. bіlkіv is seen 17.6 kJ (~ 4.2 kcal).
Carbohydrate. In carbohydrates, or saccharides - organic speech і from the foreign formula (CH 2 Pro) n. In a large amount of carbohydrates, the number of H atoms is greater than the number of O atoms, as in water molecules. To that, the boules are called carbohydrates. In living cells, carbohydrates are found in quantities that do not overtake 1-2, only 5% (in peppers, myases). Most of the bagati on carbohydrates roselinny klitini, de їkh instead of reachє in some drops of 90% of the mass of dry speech (nasinnya, bulbi kartoplі, etc.).
In the carbohydrates, they are simple and foldable. Simple carbohydrates are called monosaccharides. Deposits of a few atoms in the carbohydrate in the molecules of monosaccharides are called trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses. Three of six carbon monosaccharides - hexoses - the most important values are glucose, fructose and galactose. Glucose takes revenge from the blood (0.1-0.12%). Pentose ribose and deoxyribose enter up to the nucleic acid store and ATP. As in one molecule, two monosaccharides are combined, which is called a disaccharide. Harchovy tsukor, which can be cut off into a line of teddy beets, is stored with one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule, milk tsukor - with glucose and galactose.
Folded in carbohydrates, approved by bagatma monosaccharides, are called polysaccharides. The monomer of such polysaccharides, such as starch, glucogen, cellulose is glucose. In carbohydrates, you can see two main functions: awake and energetic. Cellulose setting roslinnykh klin... Folding polysaccharide chitin serve as the main structural component of the arthropod callus cyst. The wake-up function of hіtin viconuє in mushrooms. In carbohydrates play the role of the main energy source for the client. In the process of oxidation, 1 p in carbohydrates becomes 17.6 kJ (~ 4.2 kcal). The starch in the roslin and the glycogen in the creatures are deposited in the cells and serve as an energy reserve.
Nucleic acids. The value of nucleic acids in cells is even greater. The peculiarities of the chemistry will not allow you to take over the potential for the transfer of information about the structure of the protein molecules, which are synthesized in the skin tissue on the singing stage of the individual development. Oscillations of power, and the sign of a clitin is overwhelmed with glasses, then there is a sense of the stability of nucleic acids - it’s the best mind for a normal life of the client and all the organisms. Whether the changes in the structure of the cells are in the activity of physiological processes in them, they pour in, in such a way, on the life. The development of the structure of nucleic acids is highly important for understanding the signs of organisms and regularities of functioning, such as those of cells, and of cell systems - tissues and organs.
Explore 2 types of nucleic acids - DNA and RNA. DNA is a polymer, which is composed of two nucleotide spirals, which are linked in such a way that it becomes subordinate to the spiral. Monomers of DNA molecules are nucleotides that are composed of a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine), in a carbohydrate (deoxyribose) and an excess of phosphoric acid. Nitrogen bases in the DNA molecule are separated from each other by a different number of H-links and are expanded in pairs: adenine (A) versus thymine (T), guanin (G) against cytosine (C). A schematic drawing of nucleotides in DNA molecules can be represented as follows:
Fig. 1 Growth of nucleotides in DNA molecules
3 fig. 1. it can be seen that the nucleotides are tied to each other in a non-drooping fashion, but in a vibrating way. Until the vibrational interaction of adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine is called complementarity. The complementary interconnection of singing nucleotides is explained by the peculiarities of the spacious rosetting of atoms in their molecules, which allow them to close and create H-links. In a polynucleotide lance, the suspension nucleotides are tied between themselves through zucor (deoxyribose) and an excess of phosphoric acid. RNA is so itself, like і DNA, є polymer, monomers of є nucleotide. Nitrogen bases of three nucleotides, which are included in the DNA store (A, G, C); fourth - uracil (U) - the presence in the RNA molecule replaces thymine. RNA nucleotides are derived from DNA nucleotides and behind the carbohydrate, which can be included in the store (ribose is replaced by disoxyribose).
In the lance of RNA, the nucleotides are cleared by the way of establishing covalent links between the ribose of one nucleotide and too much phosphoric acid. For the structure, there are two lanes of RNA. Two lantsyuzhkovy RNA є zberigach. genetic information at low viruses, tobto. vikonuyut stench of function of chromosomes. One lantsyuzhkov RNA has been transferred to the information about the structure of proteins from chromosomes to the moment of their synthesis and to take part in the synthesis of proteins.
A little bit of single-lance RNA species. Oh, name the buoyancy of the viconuvanny funcionyu chi mіssem perebuvannya klіtynі. Most of the RNA by cytoplasm (up to 80-90%) becomes ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which can be found in the ribosomes. The rRNA molecules are relatively small and accumulate at the middle of 10 nucleotides. The second type of RNA (іRNA), which can be transferred to the ribosomes, information about the last of amino acids in bottles, which are responsible for the synthesis. The size of the cich RNA is stored in the form of a DNA dilution, which is de-synthesized. Transport RNA has a few functions. The stench delivers amino acids to the point of synthesis of a protein, "understands" (according to the principle of complementarity) a triplet of RNA, a kind of amino acid, which can be transferred, so that the exact use of amino acids on the ribs is obtained.
Fat and fat. Fat є with half fatty high molecular acids and triatomic alcohol glycerin. Fat does not stand out from the water - the stench is hydrophobic. At the head of the family, folding hydrophobic fatty speeches, called lipids. One of the main functions of fat is energetic. The result is a split of 1 p. fat to CO 2 and H 2 The energy is even more intense - 38.9 kJ (~ 9.3 kcal). Instead of fat from the clit, it does not accumulate more than 5-15% of the mass of dry speech. In cells of living tissue, the amount of fat grows up to 90%. Head function fat in food (і chastkovo - roslinny) light - storing.
With repeated oxidized 1 g of fat (to carbon dioxide and water), close to 9 kcal of energy is seen. (1 kcal = 1000 calories; calorie (feces, cal) is a system-by-system unit of the amount of energy needed to heat 1 ml of water at 1 ° C at standard atmospheric vice 101.325 kPa; 1 kcal = 4.19 kJ). When oxidized (in the body) 1 g of protein in carbohydrates is seen only to be close to 4 kcal / g. In small aquatic organisms - from one-line diatom algae to giant sharks - fat becomes "float", changing the average thickness of the body. The content of food fats should be close to 0.91-0.95 g / cm³. The density of the cyst tissue of the spine is close to 1.7-1.8 g / cm3, and the average density of the larger tissue is close to 1 g / cm3. Zrozumіlo, how fat needs a lot, but "vrіvnovazhiti" is an important skeleton.
Fat and lipid taste and wake-up function: the stench enters the storehouse of cell membranes. Fats of rotten heat conductivity building fat up to registrar functions... In children of animals (seals, whales), they deposit in the child's adipose tissue, setting the ball of the child up to 1 m. Confirmation of those children in front of the synthesis of low hormones. Otzhe, cim speech of power and function of regulation of exchange processes.
12. Rozpodil klitini.
Klіtina, in her life, go through the development stage: the growth phase and the phase of preparation until the next stage. The cycle cycle is a transition from a cycle to the synthesis of rivers, storage cells, which, I know, to a cycle, can be determined by the scheme as a cycle, in which a number of phases are seen.
Described are three methods for the preparation of eukaryotic clitins: amitosis (direct podil), mitosis (indirect podil) and meiosis (reduction podil).
Amitoz- an admittedly generous way for a clitini. In case of amytosis interphase, the nucleus spreads like a constriction, the equal growth of decaying material cannot be taken care of. It is not easy for the nucleus to continue without a sub-layer of cytoplasm and to establish itself as double-nuclear cells. Klitina, a yak, has become aware of amytosis, she is not ready to enter into a normal mitotic cycle. This amytosis occurs, as a rule, in cells and tissues, which are prone to bend.
Mitosis. Mitosis, or indirect podil, is the main method for podilu eukariotiv. Mitosis is a whole nucleus, which is capable of producing two daughter nuclei before the approval, in the cutaneous one the same set of chromosomes, which will be in the father's nucleus. When chromosomes appear in the cells, they fight, vishykovyutsya in the cells, fixing a mitotic plate, to them the threads of the spindle are attached to them, as they stretch to the poles of the cell and the cell to move, until the two are copied.
When you see gametes, tobto. statevikh clitin - spermatozoa and ovariancyclin - are found in the growth of clitini, called meiosis. The client has a diploid set of chromosomes, which will soon be able to fight. Ale, if during mitosis in the skin chromosomes, the chromatids simply disperse, then during meiosis the chromosome (which folds into two chromatids) is tightly intertwined with its parts from the one, homologous to the chromosome (it also folds into two chromatids) Since new chromosomes with mixed “mothers” and “father’s” genes diverge and become cells with a diploid set of chromosomes; The first subset of meiosis is completed, and the other subset of meiosis occurs without the synthesis of DNA, and at the same time, the amount of DNA changes in two. Gametes from the diploid set of chromosomes are found from the vivid cells from the haploid set. Chotiri haploid cells are established in one diploid cell. The phase of the growth of the cell, which goes for the interphase, is called prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and when the interphase begins to rise.
Prophase is a mitosis phase that has been found, if all the structures of the nucleus are over-energized for the base. In prophase, there is a shortening and tightening of chromosomes as a result of spiralization. At the end of the hour, the sub-chromosomes (the sub-group are in the S-period of the interphase), are composed of two chromatids, tied together in the area of the primary constriction with a special structure - the cetromere. Immediately after the growth of the chromosomes, the nucleus is found and the nuclear envelope is fragmented (falling around the cisterns). When the nuclear envelope of the chromosome falls apart, it is free and restless to lie near the cytoplasm. The formation of the achromative spindle is to be repaired - the spindle is sub-line, which is a system of threads, which are from the poles of the cell. The spindle threads are close to 25nm in diameter. There are bundles of microtubules that are stored from a sub-unit of a tubule. Microtubules repair the shape from the side of the center of the chromosomes (in the cells of the roslin).
Metaphase. At the metaphase, the establishment of the spindle is completed, it folds into a microtubule of two types: chromosomes, which link with the centromes of chromosomes, that cenrosomal (pole), which stretch out from the pole to the pole of the cell. The dermal subline of the chromosome is attached to the microtubules of the spindle underneath. Chromosomes hiba are vyshtovuyutsya microtubules in the area of the cell, tobto. roztashovuyutsya on the іvnіy vіdstanі from the poles. The stench to lie in the same area and to make the so-called equatorial or metaphase plate. The metaphase clearly shows the subline of the Budov chromosomes, which are deprived of them in the center of the region. Male period is easy to increase the number of chromosomes, including morphological features.
Anaphase is to be repaired under the centrum. The skin from chromatids of one chromosome becomes an independent chromosome. The fast thread, how to pull, the achromatin spindle will pop up to the other poles of the cell. As a result of the skin poles of the cell, there are styles of chromosomes, and the growth of the mother cells, with a number of the same.
Telophase is the last phase of mitosis. Chromosomes are despairing, they melt nasty. On the cutaneous poles of the chromosomes, a nuclear membrane appears. The core is formed, the spindle is underneath the znik. At the nuclei, it has been established, the skin chromosome is now folded in one chromatid, and not in two.
The skin of the nuclei, as they knew, took away the whole amount of genetic information, like the nuclear DNA of the mother's cell. As a result of mitosis offending the daughter's nucleus, the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes, as well as that of the mother's, may occur.
Cytokinesis is the creation of two new nuclei in the telophase, and the growth of cells is formed in the equatorial area of the partition - the cell plate.
In the early telophase with two daughter nuclei, which are out of reach, a cylindrical system of fibers is formed, called a phragmoplast, like the fibers of the achromatin spindle, which folds into a microtubule and is tied to it. At the center of phragmoplast on the ekvator, Golgi bulbs accumulate between daughter nuclei, which reveals pectin speech. The stench of getting angry one by one і give an ear of blood pressure, and іkh membranes take part from the stimulation of the plasmol along the sides of the plate. Klіtinnа platіvka to be laid at the viglyadі of the disk, which is engraved at the phragmoplastі. Fibers phragmoplast, mabut, control directly to the mouth of Golgi bulbs. Klіtinna platіvka growth in a center-to-center right up to the walls of the mother’s ward for a rakhunok included up to her polysaccharides new and new Golgi bulbs. The clay plate can be of a consistency, it is stored from amorphous protopectin and pectate in magnesium and calcium. At the end of the hour from the tubular EP, plasmodesmi are established. Phragmoplast, which expands, step by step swells the form of baril, allowing cell growth laterally, as long as it does not go beyond the walls of the mother's cell. Phragmoplast is known, from two daughters to end. The skin protoplast adds its primary origin to the cell phone.
Cytokinesis behind the additional clitinous payment is seen in all the growing growths and deyakim water bodies. In the first organisms of the cells, they spread to the keratinous shells, as they step by step get lost and the subtilian cells.
Biological significance of mitosis is strictly the same in the variety of daughter cells of material noses in decay - DNA molecules that enter the chromosome fold. The directors of the identical subtype of replicated chromosomes between the daughter cells will not be able to ensure the establishment of genetically competitive cells and will ensure the onset of a number of clientele generations. At the same time, there are important moments of life, such as the development and development of organisms, renewal of organs and tissues for production. Mitotic podіl kіtin є is also a cytological basis for the stapleless reproduction of organisms.
Meiosis. Meiosis - tse special way As a result of a decrease (decrease) in the number of chromosomes, a decrease (decrease) in the number of chromosomes and a transition from a diploid state (2n) to a haploid (n). Meiosis is a single, uninterrupted process that develops from two last days, the skin can be divided into the same, even in mitosis, chotiri phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. There is one interphase about each sub-lam. In the synthetic period from interphase to the ear, meiosis undergoes a bit of DNA, and the skin chromosome becomes dvoromatid.
Perche is meiotic, or reducible, subl.
Prophase I progresses from years to years. Chromosomes are spiraled. Homologous chromosomes conjugate, valid bets are bivalent. Bivalent is composed of chotir chromatids of two homologous chromosomes. In bivalents, there is a crossing over - the exchange of homologous chromosomes with homologous dylancs, which can lead to a very large conversion. It’s an hour for the cossing-over to see the exchange of gene blocks, which will explain the genetic development of the offspring. Until the end of the prophylaxis of the nuclear envelope that nucleus, the achromatin spindle is formed.
Metaphase I - bivalent to climb into the equatorial area of the clinic. The organization of the mother's and father's chromosomes from the skin homologous bet to one pole of the spindle is subdivided into a type. Achromatin spindle thread is pressed down to the center of the skin chromosomes, which is more difficult. Two sets of chromatids are not available.
Anaphase I - the speed of the threads is drawn, pulling, and the dvromatidny chromosomes diverge to the poles. Homologous chromosomes of the skin from bivalents go to the opposite poles. Vipadkovo overgrowth of homologous chromosomes and skin bets (independent rosters), and half (haploid set) of chromosomes climb to the skin pole, two haploid sets of chromosomes are established.
Telophase I - when the spindle poles climb a single, haploid, set of chromosomes, in which the skin type of chromosomes is represented not by a pair, but by a single chromosome, with two chromatids. In a short time of telophase I, the nuclear envelope is renewed, for which the mother's cell grows into two daughters.
Another meiotic went down immediately to the first and possibly to an acute mitosis (which is often called mitosis meiosis), only cells, which enter before new, carry a haploid set of chromosomes.
Prophase II is non-trivial.
Metaphase II - once again, the spindle is set up, chromosomes and chromosomes are placed in the equatorial area and centralizers are attached to the microtubules of the spindle.
Anaphase II - is able to come under the influence of the cenromere, and the dermal chromatid becomes an independent chromosome. Daughter chromosomes, which went one from one, straight up to the poles of the spindle.
Telophase II - the distribution of sister chromosomes to the poles is completed and the growth of cells is infused: from two haploid cells, 4 cells are established with a haploid set of chromosomes.
Reduced sub-regulator, which allows for an uninterrupted increase in the number of chromosomes in case of zlit gametes. Yakby did not have such a mechanism, with the statutory multiplication, the number of chromosomes underwent a new generation of skin. Tobto. meiosis growers increase the number of chromosomes in all generations of the skin type roslin, tvarin, protist and fungus. The most significant difference in the disease-free genetic disposition of gametes is as a result of crossing-over, as well as as a result of a change in father's and maternal chromosomes in case of loss in anaphase I of meiosis. Tse will prevent the appearance of a versatile and healthy offspring with a statically reproduction of organisms.
13. The process of photosynthesis in roslinny cells.
The process of photosynthesis is composed of two last and last coupled stages: light (photochemical) and dark (metabolic). At the first stage, it is necessary to reconstruct the glazed photosynthetic pigments of energy quanta of light in the energy of chemical links in the high-energy synthesis of ATF and the unified name of the primary product of the NADFN. In the dark reactions of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are observed, which were established in the light, in the cycle of carbon dioxide and further renewal to carbohydrates.
In all photosynthetic organisms in the photochemical processes of the light stage, photosynthesis is carried out in special energy-generating membranes, called thylacid membranes, and organized in the so-called electronic transport of the lance. The dark reactions of photosynthesis are normalized by the thylakoid membranes (in cytoplasm in procaryotes and in the stroma of chloroplast in roslin). In such a rank, the light and dark stages of photosynthesis are distributed in the vastness and in hours.
The intensity of photosynthesis of tree dews is widely varied in fallowness due to the mode of baguette and internal factors. new species.
Photosynthetic health is evaluated by pure dry weight gain. Such a tribute may be of particular importance, for which the priest is an average reference for the great advance of an hour in the minds of the most recent middle age, which includes extraordinary stresses that come periodically.
Deyaky vid pokritoninnykh effectively succeed in photosynthesis at low, as well as for high intensity of light. Bagato holonasinnyh nagato productive with high illumination. Rowing two groups for low and high light intensity often gives rise to photosynthetic health benefits from the accumulation of lively conversations. In addition, holoness often accumulates a bit of dry oil during the period of calm, so as deciduous pookryonnі consume її in every day. That is why the holoness of the roslina with a low intensity of photosynthesis, less deciduous growth, is more than an hour of growing up, you can accumulate a lot of style or to see more of the wilderness of the triple dry mass of the adventurous
14. Main types of linen fabrics Covering fabrics of roslin (shkirka).
Fabrics are a tse group of klin, which can be one-sided Budov, however, it’s just as easy to use the same function.
There are several types of fabrics that are widely used in the developed functions: light (meristem), basic, conductive, mechanical, visual. Clients, who fold fabrics and may have more of the same budget and functions, are called simple, as they are not similar, then the fabrics are called foldable or complex.
Fabrics are made for light, or meristem, that post (curvy, conductive, basic).
Classification of fabrics
1. Osvіtnі fabrics (meristemi): 1) upper;
2) bichni: a) first (procambian, pericycle);
b) secondary (cambium, phellogen)
3) insert;
4) early.
2. Main: 1) asymmetric parenchyma;
2) spare parenchyma.
3. Providni: 1) xylem (tree);
2) phloem (bast).
4. Pokrivnі (prikordonnі): 1) calls: а) pervinnі (epіdermu);
b) secondary (periderm);
c) tretiny (kirka, abo ritidom)
2) callings: a) pisoderma;
b) velamen
3) internal: a) endoderm;
b) exoderm;
c) lined cells of wire bundles near the leaves
5. Mechanical (supporting, skeletal) fabrics: 1) knee;
2) sclerenchyma: a) fibers;
b) sclereid
6. Vidilny fabrics (secretory).
2. Osvіtnі fabrics. Osvіtnі fabrics, or meristemi, are constantly young groups of children, who actively participate. There is a stench in the plants growing up of the growing organs: the roots of the root, the tops of the stalk. The managers of the meristems are growing the growth of the growth and the establishment of new permanent tissues and organs.
Falsely from the mice of roztashuvannya in tili roslini lighting fabrics It can be upper, either apical, lateral, or lateral, intercalary, or intercalary, and wound. Osvitn_ fabrics for the first and second. So, the top of the meristem is the first, the stench is the beginning of the growth of the head. In low-organized growls (horsetails, ferns), the upper meristems are weakly twisted and are represented by only one cob, or rather an inferior clit, which can spread. Among holonas and pokritonnyh upper meristems, good bends and are represented by the bagatma as іnіtsіal cells, which fix the cones of the build-up. Lateral meristems, as a rule, are secondary and for the growth of them, the growth of axial organs (stem, roots) of the baby is growing. The cambium and cork cambium (phellogen), the capacity of such a spriy to set the cork in the roots and stalks of the growth, and also especially the tissue of the cork - lentils, are introduced to the family meristems. Bichna meristem, like і cambіy, fixing the village of wood and bast. In the unpleasant period of life of the growing line, the cambia is encouraged to grow up and to be drawn back. Intercalary, or insertions, meristems are most often the primary and most likely to be found at the vigils of the dairy farms near the active growing zones, for example, at the front of the junior nodes and at the base of the stalks of the leaves of cereals.
3. Covering fabrics. Woven fabrics capture the dewline from the unpleasant inflows of the new middle age: sleepy overheating, overheating vaping, a sharp temperature drop, hanging in the wind, mechanical infusion into the middle of the winter, etc. Razr_znyayut first and second on the fabric. Before the primary tissues, the skirka is introduced, or the epiderma, and the epiderma, to the secondary ones - the periderm (crusts, cork cambium and phelloderm).
Shkirka, or epiderma, poured all the organisms of single-leafed roselin, young green pahony of bagatorny village growers of a flowing vegetative period, above-ground grassy parts of roselin (leaves, stems and kits). Epidermis is most often stored in one ball, completely closed cells without small space. Vaughn is easy to know and є by the fine insight of the float. Epidermis is a living tissue, which is stored in a protoplast in a ball with leukoplasts and a nucleus, a great vacuole, which will occupy the entire client. A glass of wine is overly cellulosic. The name of the wall of epidermal cells is much more dramatic, and the internal thin ones. Bichni and inner walls of the clientele may well be. The main function of epidermy is the regulation of gas exchange and transpiration, so that it mainly goes through the ustyachka. Water and non-organic speech penetrate through the poros.
Klitini epidermi roslin not similar in form and size. In the bagatokh monocotyledonous grows, the clitines are vytyaginated, in the majority of the monocotyledons, the vividness of the common stinks may appear, so that the scholarship of their wives is one of one. The epiderma of the upper and lower parts of the leaf can also appear as its own: on the lower sides of the leaf in the epiderma there is a greater number of prodiges, and on the upper sides of the leaf there is less; on the leaves of water dews with floating leaves on the surface (cube, latatta), only on the upper sides of the leaf, and in the more boring ones near the water, the dews are out of the way.
Prodigal - high-class approval by epidrmis, stacked with two quiescent clitines and a generous approval by them - stomatal schilini. Cells, scho zamikayut, change the shape, regulate the size of the stomatal gap; The thickness can be curved and curled up in the back of a turgor clutch in the clays, which is frozen instead of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and other factors. So, in the daytime, if the cells of food take part in photosynthesis, the turgor grip of the stomatal cells is high, the stomatal gap is open, at night, navpaki, closed. It is more likely that the phenomenon is spared in the dry hour and when the leaves are growing, they are tied with the attached foodstuffs to the store in the middle of the growing line. In bagatokh species, they grow up in areas with overworldly disturbances, especially in vologians tropical forests, є podhih, through how water is seen. Prodikhannya otrrimal called gіdatodi. Water like a drop is seen as a drop from a leaf. "Crying" of the Roslin is a free-spirited clerk, wait a minute, and from the scientific point of view it is called guttatsiyu. Somehow they are roasted along the edge of the sheet, they have no mechanism for displaying and curling up.
In the epiderma bagatokh roslin є the attachments of unfriendly minds: hairs, cuticles, wax deposits, etc.
The hairs (trichomes) are the wicked virginity of the epiderma, the stench can curl up the whole growth, or the deyaki of the part. The hairs are alive and dead. The hairs take a change in vapors, protect the growth from overheating, given by the creatures and from the high temperatures. To that, the hairs most often cover the growing lines of arid - arid regions, high mountains, polar regions. earthly coo, as well as the growth of the plant.
The hairs are one-liner and one-liner. One-line hairs are present in the papillae. Suckers zustrіchayutsya on the peels of bagatokh quilts, nadayuchi їm velvety (tagetisi, brothers). One strand of hairs can be simple (on the underside of the baguette of fruit crops), and, as a rule, the stink is dead. One-line hairs can be butti gillyasti (shepherd's bag). Most often, the hairs are boggle-weighted, and they grow behind Budova: lily (leaves of cartopla), bushy-gillyasti (cows), lusky and sparsely lusky (representatives of the family of Lokhimivos), wolves There are hairs, in which there can be accumulation of epic speech (lipocytes and parasolkovy dewline), oozing speech (drip) and іn. emergents, in the form of which take the fate of krym krytin epidermi glibshi shari klin.
Epіblema (rhizoderma) is the primary one-ball pokrivna tissue at the root. Establish from the last clitin of the apikalnoy meristem of the root close to the root chohlik. The problem of covering young roots of the end. Through her, the water-and-mineral food of the growth from the runtu grows. In the epіblemі there is a lot of mitochondria. Clitini are of the thinnest type, with more viscous cytoplasm, the food and cuticles are removed. The problem is not consistent and is constantly changing for the rakhunok of mitotic podiliv.
Peridermis is a folding bagatosharovy complex of secondary curved fabric (cork, cork cambium, abo felogen, and phelloderm) stem and roots of bagatorial dwarf dewlines and holoness, which are permanently persistent. Until the fall of the first fate, the life of the forest will be healthy, and it will be cleaned from green to brown-gray, tobto. change the epidermis to the periderm, a great showcase of unpleasantness, and the winter period. The second meristem, phellogen (cork cambium), lies in the basis of the peridermis, which can be established in the cells of the main parenchyma, which lies under the epidermis. Fellogen set up cells in two directions: named - corks, in the middle - live cells of feloderma. Korok store up with old cells, kept by the twins, stinking in a little meal, creeping one to one, once out of the day, the cells are watertight. Cork corks may have a brownish color, which can be found in the presence of resinous or tannic rivers (bark oak, Sakhalin oxamite). The cork is a good insulating material, does not conduct heat, electricity and sounds, vikoristovuyutsya for blocking dances and in. A downward ball of cork oak cork oak, vidi oxamite, cork elm.
Lentils - "ventilate" open in the sample for the gas-safe water exchange of living, large, lying tissues of the growing line from the middle ground. The names of the lentils are similar to our fellow women, for which they have won their name. As a rule, lentils are mortgaged for food. Form and size the buddy. In a bit of a born companion, it’s nagato less, less food. Lentils є rounded thin, chlorophyll-free cells with small cells, which are used for growing and growing. A whole ball of fluffy, weakly corky parenchymal cells, which can be put together, is called a cloth, which is a vicon.
Crust is a straining complex of іz vіdmerlіkh zovnіshnіkh clіtin peridermі. Vona form on the bagatorey pagons and roots of the village roslin. The kirka is tricky and has an irregular form. Vona oberig stovburi of trees from mechanical plants, lower burns, low temperatures, dormant opiqs, penetration of ailing bacteria and fungi. The growth of the pick for the rakhunok build-up under her of new verdicts of periderm. At tree-chagarnikovyh roslin, kirka vinikak (for example, near a pine tree) is at 8-10th, and at an oak - at 25-30th life. The peel should be entered up to the measles warehouse. The name of you is constantly angry, throwing off all the super-strands of mushrooms and lichens.
4. Main fabrics. The main fabric, or the parenchyma, occupies a large part of the space between the smaller post-fabrics of the stems, roots and other organs of the roses. The main fabrics are stored mainly from living cells, flexible in shape. Clitinis of thinness, ala inodi vodovsheni and zdrev'yanili, with permanent cytoplasm, simple pores. The parenchyma is the bark of the stalk and roots, the heart of the stalk, rootstocks, the pulp of juicy fruits and leaves, and there is a lot of lively speeches from us. Vidіlyayut kіlka pіdgroup of basic fabrics: asymіlyatsіynu, reserve, water-carrying and re-carrying.
Asimilar tissue, or chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma, or chlorophyllum - tissue, in which photosynthesis occurs. Clitini thin, revenge chloroplasts, nucleus. Chloroplasts, as well as cytoplasm, retract gradually. Chlorenkhima is located without the middle. In the main, chlorenchyma is grown in leaves and young green pagons of roslin. The leaves grow palisade, but most often, and often chlorenchy. Clitini palisadnoy chlorenchim podovzheniya, cylindrical forms, with even vuzky microdistricts. The lips of the chlorenchim are smaller and more rounded, the fluffy roasted cells from the great number of small children, remembered by the children.
Airenchima, albeit a pervasive tissue, is a parenchyma with a significant growth in small organs. It is characteristic of water, coastal and marsh dews (outlines, rushes, cups, rdesti, watercolors, etc.), Atmospheric flowing through water organs through the photosynthetic system in the transmission cells. In addition, reversible microcrystals appear from the atmosphere behind the additional pneumathodes - leaf and stem puffs, pneumatic pneumatic roots of deyaky roslin (monstera, phylodendron, ficus banyan and from), clotted Arenhima changes to a pitched wagon of dewlines, scho, ymovirno, spriy pіdtrimtsі vertical positioning of water dewlines, and water dewlines with floating leaves on the surface - wipes out the leaves on the surface of the water.
Water-bearing tissue for storing water in the leaves and stems of succulent roselin (cactus, aloe, agave, tovstyanka, etc.), as well as salinized roselin (saltwort, biyurgun, sarsazan, saltwort, comb, blackberry, usually saksa) Leaves of cereals can also cause great water-bearing cells with mucilaginous sponges, so they can stifle a vologue. Good development of water-bearing cells may sphagnum moss.
Stocking fabrics - fabrics, for those of the singing period of the growth of the line, they put in the products for exchange - bottles, carbohydrates, fat and іnshikh. Clitini stocks of fabrics are thin-walled, the parenchyma is alive. Stocked fabrics are widely represented in bulbs, cybulins, sweetened roots, core stems, endosperm and seed buds, parenchyma of wire tissues (leaven, aroide), in the form of stone resins and eaphyryl leaves of olives, for example, when sprouting bulb cartopli, cybulin cybulin roslin.
5. Mechanical fabrics. Mechanic, chi support, fabric reinforcement of its own kind, chi stereome. The term stereome resembles the walnut "stereos" - solid, mint. The main function is to secure the support for static and dynamic navantazhennyam. According to the functions, the stench may appear to be from Budov. The stinks of the ground grows are the most developed in the axial part, in the second - the stems. Cloths of mechanical fabric can be rostered in the stems either along the periphery or by the suction cylindrome or by the edges of the stems. At the root, yake, I show it in the main reliance on the cutting, the mechanical fabric on the stock is in the center. The peculiarity of Budovi Tsikh Klitin is a stronger cultivation of wines, which give the fabrics a taste. Naybilsh kindly developed mechanical fabrics near the village roses. For the budovaya clіtin that character, the cultivation of the clіtinnyh clіtinas of mechanical textiles is subdivided into two types: knee and sclerencim.
Collenchima is a simple primary supporting tissue with living interstitial cells: nucleus, cytoplasm, some chloroplasts, with unreasonably growing cell lines. Behind the character of the potovsheni and z'єdnannya klіtin, there are three types of kollenchіmi: kutovu, lamellar, and fluff. It’s like the clientele is dragged away from the grooves, the center of the coffin, and the walls are parallel to the surface of the stem, and the cultivation is equal to the platen part of the collenchyme. Klitini kutovoy and lamellas are often rooted, one to one, they do not fit together. Pukhka kolenchіma maє mіzhklіtini, and otvushchenі classrooms straightened at bik mіzhklіtinnikіv.
Evolutionary collection of vicinities with parenchyma. Formation of the kollenchy from the main meristem and located before the epidermoy in the country of one or a few verses from it. In young stems of pagones, they grow at the viglyadі of the cylinder along the periphery, in the veins of a great leaf - along the sides. The cells live by their knees to grow up in full, not overshadowing the growth of young parts of the growing line, so that they can grow.
Sklerenchyma - the most widened mechanical fabric, which is stored in ligneous cells (behind a vignette of bast fibers) and equally sweaty cell walls with innumerable long pores. The clientele are sklerenched in perfect form and in fiery finishes. Slices of sklerenchimnykh clitines for the meat close to steel. Instead of lignin in cich cells, the disease grows with sclerenches. Sklerenchyma is the growth of all vegetative organs of the most common terrestrial dewlines. In water plants, either it is not mute, or it is poorly represented in the buried organs of water dews.
Razrіznyayut first and second sclerenchy. The primary sclerenchy is to walk from the main meristema - the procambia or the pericycle, the secondary - from the cambia. There are two types of sclerenches: sclerened fibers, which are stored from dead cells from sharpened knots, from a ligneous sheath and numerous pores, like in bast and tree fibers, or fibers or fibers or fibers structural elements mechanical fabrics, which can be rasped one at a time, or in groups of living cells of the growing parts of the growing line: shkirki nasinnya, fruits, leaves, stalk. The main function of the sclereid is to protect it. The shape of the size of the sklereid is flexible.
6. Providn_ fabrics. Providn_ fabrics transport lively speeches at two straight lines. The descending (transpiration) strum of rіdini (water roschini and soli) goes down the winds and tracheids of the xylem from the roots up the stems to the leaves and the other organs of the roseline. The small strum (assimilation) of organic speech grows from the leaves along the stems to the underground organs of the dewline behind the special sieve-like phloem tubes. The tissue of the dewline, how to carry out the blood-bearing system of the people, scraps the blood-bearing system of the people; lively speeches to treat the skin of a live dewline. In the dermal organ of the xylem and phloem growth, the order is formed and presented in the vigels of the strands - bundles, which are carried out.
Find the first and second provincial fabrics. The first differentiation is made from the procambia and is laid in the young organs of the growth, the second is the provision of the fabric, it is formed from the cambium.
Xylem (tree) is represented by tracheids and tracheas, or sudins.
Trachey - viny, closed cells with obliquely raised jagged teeth, in the mature country are represented by dead prozenchimny cells. Dovzhina medium 1-4 mm. Due to susceptible tracheids, it is seen through simple or lamellar pores. Walls are unstoppable, by the nature of the growing of the trachea and spinal parts, spinal, descent, and porosity. In porous tracheids, pori becomes oblique. Sporophytes of all growing roses may be tracheal, and in most pine-like, ferruginous and holon-like stinks, they serve as the only provincial elements of the xylem. Trakheydy vikonuyut two main functions: carrying out the lead and mechanic change to the organ.
The trachea, or the judges, are the most water-supplying elements of the xylem of the pokrytonasinny roslin. Trachea є empty tubes, which are stored in the circumference of the segments; at the partitions, between the segments, there are openings - perforations, zvdyaki yakim zdіysnyutsya strum rіdini. Trachea, like a trachea, is a closed system: the skin trachea can be skewed with oblique pores. The members of the trachea are larger, lower than the trachea: in the diameter, they become 0.1-0.15 to 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter in the older species. Dovzhina trachea from a few meters to a few tens of meters (lian). Trachea are stored from dead cells, wanting to form a stench at the cob stage. Vvazhayut, that the trachea in the process of evolution winnickle with tracheidiv.
The judges and the trachea of the primordial sheath of the small may be the second instigation as the spirales, spirales, descended thinly. Secondary urge to establish themselves on the inner stage of the court. So, in most of the vessels, the inner walls of the walls are at the viglyads, but there is one in one. Kiltsya roztashovani across the judgment and trocha stole. At the spiral vessels, the secondary shell is found in the middle of the clitine at the spiral spirits; at many of the vessels, the mice of the shells are looking at the eyes of the shells, so they can figure out the nets; at the gatherings of the dishonors of persuasion, there is a mischief of the unprepared ones, making the likeness of descent.
Trachey and judgments - tracheal elements - are distributed in the xylem in a way: on the transverse view, by the succinct pupils, setting up a cyclical village, and at the same time, there are more villages in the village, but in a simple way. The second shell, as a rule, seeps through with lignin, nourishing the growth of the dodatkova meznist, ale water hours, intertwining the growth of the zavdovzhka.
Krim sudin and tracheid xylem includes exchange elements, which can be stored in cells, which can be used to make heart exchanges. Heart-shaped interchanges are made up of thin, live parenchymal cells, such as lively speeches coming from the horizontal line. Ksіlemіnіt also has a live village parenchyma, which functions like a short-range transport, and іn a shortage of spare speeches. Try xylem elements to resemble cambia.
Phlome is a conductive tissue, for transporting glucose and other organic speech - products of photosynthesis from a leaf to the smallest of leaves, and an extension (up to cones of growth, bulb, cybulin, roots, roots, roots) Phloema is also primary and secondary. The primary phloem is formed from the procambia, the secondary (bast) - from the cambium. In the primary phloem, in the middle of the heart, the system of sieve elements is strained, but not in the trachea. In the process of forming the sieve tube in the protoplast of the keratin - the segments of the sieve tube, there are mucous membranes, which take part in the established mucus strand for the sieve-like plates. The shape of the sieve tube segment ends. Function of sieve tubes at large grassy roslin one vegetation period up to 3-4 rocky in the village-chagarnikovyh roslin. The sieve tubes are stored in a row of subdivided cells, so that one after one after the additional perforated partitions - a sieve. The shells of functional sieve-like tubes do not bind and become alive. Old cells are clogged with so-called calloused corpuscles, and then the young, functional cells flatten themselves out with the grip on them.
Lub'yan parenchyma is introduced before the phloem. , it is possible to stock up on thin cells, at which there are spare, lively speeches. On the heart traverses of the secondary phloem, there is also the short-term transport of organic living verses - products for photosynthesis.
Conducting the beams is heavy, which is established, as a rule, xylem and phloem. Even before the wires, the bundle adjoins heavy mechanical fabrics (often sclerenchy), such bundles are called vessel-fibrous. At the conductive bundles, there may be included and іnshі fabrics - the parenchyma is alive, the milkmen are alive. (Phloemny, or a bunch of lub'yaniy, scho to carry out).
Bunches, scho to carry out, were set up in the procambia. See a few types of wire bundles. A part of the procambia can be spared, and then it can be converted into a cambium, that is, a bunch of building up to the secondary temptation. All beams are visible. Such wire bunches are re-bridged from a large number of double-breasted and holonized grows. Roslin, which can see the bunches, is built up to grow in size for the size of the cambia, and the tree for sale is about three times more for the size of the box. If, when differentiating the wire bundle from the procambial cord, all the coverage of the fabric on the back is stained on the shaping of the old fabrics, then the bundle is called closed.
Zakritі wire bunches are seen at the stems of monocotyledonous dews. A tree that barks in bunches can grow mothers again and again. At the link with the cym, there are a number of types of conductive bundles: collateral, bicolateral, concentric and radial. Collateral, or bichni, - bundles, in which xylem and phloem are added one to one. Bicolateral, or double-sided, are bundles, in which to xylem two phloem strands adjoin plych-o-plych. In concentric beams of tissue on xylem, I will increase the amount of tissue from phloem chi navpaki. In the first vipad, such a bundle is called centrofloemic. Centrofloemny bundles є at the stems and rootstocks of deyaky dvodolny and monocotyledonous dews (begonia, sorrel, iris, rich sedge and liliaceae). They are fermented with them. Іnіnіt і intermediate conductive bundles mіzh closed collateral and centrofloemny. At the roots, there are radial beams, in which the central part and the promenade along the radii is a tree, and the skin of the tree is built up from the central great courts, stepwise changing along the radii. The number of changes in the growing roslin is not the same. Lub'yani dilyanka are growing among the village promenades. The wire bundles stretch along the growth of the growing line at the view of the strands, which are repaired in the root and pass along the strength of the growth along the stems to the leaves of those organs. The stink leaves are called veins. The main function of the їх is the implementation of low and high strata to drive the lively speeches.
7. Vidilny fabrics. Vidіlnі, albeit secretory, tissues are special structural statements, building visions from the growth, or isoluvati in its tissues, the products are metabolized and speckled middle. Metabolism products are called secrets. As soon as the stench is seen to be called, the price of the tissue is called the secret, if it is stuck in the middle of the growing line, then it is the internal secret. As a rule, the parenchymal delicate cells are alive, however, the world accumulated in them a secret stench is allowed to the protoplast and the cells are corked. Confirmation of tricky secrets is tied to the inner membrane membranes and the Golgi complex, and to the curl fabrics... The main function of the wild secrets of the field in the case of the growth of the growth is given by creatures, by the comas and by the ailing microorganisms. The tissues of the internal secretion are presented in vigels of cells-idioblasts, resinous passages, milchiks, etheric canals, vines of vision, hairy head hairs, hairs. In cells-idioblasts, crystals of calcium oxalate (representatives of the Lileyni family, Kropivnі and іn), slizu (representatives of the Malvov family and іn), terpenoids (representatives of the family Magnolіevі, Perechny) are often found.
15. Kornnya, you see. Tipi root systems. Root functions.
Root functions... Root - the main organ vishoi roslini... The functions of the root are as follows:
Absorb water from the soil and break it down in mineral salts, transport it up the stems, leaves and reproductive organs. The function of being wet root hairs(abo mіkorizi), roztashovanі in the zone of wetness.
The staff of the great culture will close the roselin at the runt.
With the interaction of water, ions of mineral salts and products in photosynthesis, the products of primary and secondary metabolism are synthesized.
From the root grip and the transpiration of the water lines of the mineral speech, and the organic speech along the root of the xylem of the root, it passes along the viscid strum into the stem of that leaf.
At the roots, they add to the stock of lively speech (starch, іnulіn and ін.).
The roots have a biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, hormones and biologically active substances).
Synthesized in the meristematic zones of the roots of the growth of speech (hyberelin and in) is necessary for the growth and development of the above-ground parts of the roseline.
For root rakhunok, there is a symbiosis of root microorganisms - bacteria and mushrooms.
For the help of the root, there is a vegetative propagation of the bagatokh roslin.
Deyaki root vikonuyut function of the dyshal organ (monstera, phylodendron and in.).
The root of a number of roslin shows the function of a "stilted" root (phycus banyan, pandanus and іn).
The root of the growth before metamorphosis (the growth of the head root is done "root-growing" in carrots, parsley, etc.);
The root is an axial organ, a cylindrical shape, with radial symmetry, which is great geotropism. The growth of the doti, the docks of the top of the meristem, are covered with a root chokhlik. At the root of the vidminu, in the course of the nicholas, the leaf does not pretend, but then, like and in the course, the root of the root is rooted, root system.
The Korenev system is the same root of the same growth. The nature of the root system lies in the development of the head, bichny and appendage roots.
Types of roots and root systems... In the embryo, all organisms of the growth are overwhelmed by the embryonic plant. Golovny, or the first, the root to grow out germinal root... The head root of rooting is at the center of the whole root system, the stalk is to serve the extended root, and at once the stench becomes the first order. Dilyanka on the cordon between the head root and the stem is called root shykoyu... The whole transition from the stem to the root is discolored according to the growth of the stem and root: the stem is toste, lower to the roots. Dilanka of the stem from the root shyka to the first germinal leaf - name the sem'yadoliv pidsim'edolny colin abo hypocotyl(Fig. 46). From the head root to the side, go from the common roots of the Chergov orders. Such a root system is called sheared(Fig. 47, A, B) At Bagatiokh dvodolny roslin, it is good to go. Gilyasta root system is a type of shearing root system. The lateral root root is characterized by the fact that the root is newer to be laid down for the first time from the top and endogenous - in the inner tissues of the mother root in the middle order for the activity of the pericycle. The greater the growth of the native roots from the head root, the larger the area of the growth of the growth, that is, the special agrotechnical priyomy is introduced, so that the health of the head root is adopted, pikiruvannya the head root by 1/3 of the second dojini. Pislya pіkіruvannya For a decade, the main root of growing old in the second, so that many roots grow intensively.
In dvodolny rosslin head root, as a rule, all life is saved, in monocotyledonous embryo root is shvidko vidmira, head root does not develop, but as a basis it is established appendages root (fig. 47, G) as it is also possible to display the first one, another, etc. order. Such a root system is called loin(Fig. 47, C, D)... Attached roots, yak and bichni, are laid endogenously. The stench can be established on the stems of those leaves. The growth of roslin growing appendages of root is widely used to grow in roslin during vegetative propagation of roslin (propagation by stem and leaf live baits). Use overground stem live bait to multiply willow, poplar, maple, black currant and ін; leaf stalks - uzambarskuy, or saintpaulia, deyaki vidi begonii. Underground live bait species of pagones (rootlets) multiply a lot of lykarsk roslin, for example, a convoy of travnev, bought lykarsk and іn. Deyaki roslini set up abundant appendage roots at the lower larynx of the lower part of the stem (potatoes, cabbage, corn, etc.)
In the spore spores of the roe (lyes, horsetails, ferns), the head root is not in the root, they form less of the appendage roots, so that they come out of the root. In the bagatokh dvodolny herbaceous rootstocks, the head roots are often transformed into a system of appendage roots, which can be seen from rootstocks (sleep, dripwood, sprinkling, etc.).
For the depth of penetration in the root of the first place, there is a shortcut root system: a record depth of penetration of the root, for the deyakie vidomosty, 120 m! However, the lobe root system, volodiyuchi is important for the surface rots of the roots, the stem of the sod cover and before the erosion of the soil.
The backbone of the roots in the root systems of development, the roots of the roots reach dozens and hundreds of kilometers. For example, wheat has 20 km of all root hairs, while in winter wheat there are first roots of the first, another third order of 180 km, and those of the fourth order of roots - 623 km. Unimportant on those who are growing all life, growing up and surrounded by the flowing roots of the growing roses.
The stage of development of root systems on іznіh soil in іznіh natural areas not the same. So, in peasant wilderness, de gliboko lagoon root water, the root of deyaky roslin syagaє glibini 40 m and more (cereal seed, earring prosopis from the family of Bobov and others). Roslini-ephemeri napivpustel mayut Verkhnev root system, the yak is attached to the early spring vologue, which is quite sufficient for the quick passage of all phases of the growing season of the roslin. On clayey, filthy aerated pidzols of the taiga forest zone, the root system of roslin is 90% harvested in the surface sphere of the soil (10-15 cm), the roslin can be "root of the root" (Yalina Evropeyska). For example, at the Saxaul root in early hour rocky vikoristovuyut in the logue of the new horizons.
Another important factor in the development of the root system is vology. Directly, the roots of the root can grow more weakly in the water and in the overflowing soil the root grows slightly weaker.
Water- one of the most important components of live cells, which makes the average 70-80% of the weight of cells. In cells, water is found in virgin (95%) and tying (5%) forms. In addition, you need to enter to the warehouse, for a bag of organisms at the same time.
The role of the leader in the clientele is played by unique chemical and physical powers, tied by the head of the rank with the small sizes of molecules, with the polarity of the molecules and with the goodness of making one for one water connection. Water is a component of the biological systems of the vison, such as the most important functions:
1. Water is a universal source for polar rivers, for example, salts, candies, alcohols, acids, etc. Speeches, kindly at the water, are called hydrophilic.
2. Molecules of water take their part in various chemical reactions, for example, during hydrolysis of polymers.
3. In the process of photosynthesis, water is a donor of electrons, dzherel in water and vitality.
4. Non-polar speech the water does not break and does not join with them, the fragments cannot be made with water sounds. Inverted in water speech is called hydrophobic.
5. Water gains warmth for the temple. For breaking up watery sounds, as to reduce water molecules, it is necessary to shake off a great amount of energy. The power of power will ensure that the heat balance of the body is adjusted for significant temperature drops in the midst of the day.
6. Water becomes high heat conduction, which allows the body to adapt to the same temperature in all society.
7. Water is characterized by the high heat of the steam solution, so that the molecules can carry with them a significant amount of heat when the body is cooled for one hour. The breeders of the power of the driver, who appear at the sight of the workers, the warm badness of the crocodiles and those of the twins, the transpiration of the roslin, and the overheating.
8. For vodi characteristic vinyatkovo high superficial tension. The power of power is of great importance for oversubstantiation of fabrics (blood circulation, lower and lower strumi in roslin). Bagaty to other organisms the surface tension is allowed to settle on the water or on the surface.
9. Water will become oversaturated with water in cells and organisms, chased in and out products in metabolism.
10. In Roslin, water is a turgor clitin, and in some creatures, there is a viconu support function, being a hydrostatic skeleton (round and a few worms, golkoshkiri).
11. Water - warehouse parasitic ridges (synovial - in the ridges of the spine, pleural - in the pleural empty, pericardial - in the navcolocervical sums) and mucus (lodged oversaturated speech along the intestines, fold the vologic middle membranes on the mucosa) Vaughn to enter to the warehouse!
Power, function and meaning of the driver
Mineral salts... Molecules of salts in water fall into cation and anion. The highest value may be for cation (K +, Na +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, NH4 +) and anioni (Cl-, H2P04 -, HP042-, HC03 -, NO3 2-, SO4 2-). Deyaki and they take part in the activation of enzymes, stems in the cells, in the processes of meat fasting, in the formation of blood and in. ... Hydrochloric acid enter before the slag sap storage. Salts of calcium and phosphorus are present in the cyst tissue of food and people.
Organizational speeches. The basis of all organic spolucs is carbon (C), which fixes links with other atoms and groups. The result is a foldable chemistry, and macromolecules (from the Greek macros - great).
Macromolecules are composed of low-molecular-weight ones, which are repeated, - monomers(View of Greek. Monos - one).
Polymer(Vid waln. Poly - bagato) – macromolecule, approved by monomers.
Monomer molecules of polymers can have the same number of values. Due to the fact that monomers enter the warehouse of polymers, polymers are subdivided into such groups:
Polymeri
Regular Irregular
A-A-A-A-A-A- - A-B-A-C- B-A-A-D- C- A-
A-S-D-A-S-D-A-S-D-
Polymers, which enter the warehouse of living organisms, are called biopolymeri, the power of which to lie down in the form of molecules, the number and difference of monomers. Biopolymeres are universal, inspired by a single plan in all living organisms. The versatility of the authorities of the bipolymer is ampled by the new monomers, so that the different options are adopted. The power of biopolymers is manifested in deprivation of living cells.
In the carbohydrate, abo the saccharidi, - Organіchnі spoluki, before the warehouse which enter into coal, water and muslin. The name "carbohydrate" was taken away from the stink through its own chemical warehouse: the formula for the greater number of them is Сn (H2O) n.
Warehouse ta budova vuglevodiv
Monosaccharide- simple tsukru, which may be the original formula (CH2O) n, de n = 3-9. Serious monosaccharides develop triosi (3C), tetraosi (4C), pentozy (5C) - ribose, deoxyribose, hexosi (6C) - glucose, galactose. Monosaccharides are good for water, the stench of licorice for relish. Fructose is included in the honey warehouse, near the fruits, green parts of the roselin. Glucose is found in fruits, blood, lymph, є the main source of energy, to enter the store of disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Disacharidi- The statements made as a result of the condensation of two molecules of monosaccharides into the second one molecule of water. Roslin has sucrose (C12H22O11) and maltose, and twarin has lactose. Sucrose is the main transport form of carbohydrates in roslin. Lactose is established in the milkweed and in the young.
glucose + glucose = maltose;
glucose + galactose = lactose;
glucose + fructose = sacrose.
For their power, disaccharides are close to monosaccharides. The smell of good razchinyayutsya by the water that may savor the liquor.
Polysaccharides- High molecular weight in carbohydrates, approved by the way of a large number of molecules of monosaccharides, Roslin - starch, cellulose (klitkovina), formula (С6Н10О5) n; in tvarins - glycogen, chitin. Cellulose is the main supporting component of the roslin cell line. Starch is the main reserve carbohydrate in roslin. Glycogen is a reserve polysaccharide of tvarine (accumulates in the ovens and myases. It goes to the warehouse of arthropods, without preserving the meat of the mushroom structures.
Localization in cells and organisms: cell wall, cell inclusion, clitinniy sik Roslin, curl the arthropods.
Functions in carbohydrates:
1) Energetic. Carbohydrate is the main source of energy for organisms. The oxidation process of 1 g of carbohydrates produces 17.6 kJ.
2) Structural. Clinical stinks of roselin are made from cellulose. Protect the arthropods, the cells of the fungi are stored in the chitin. In carbohydrates, enter the storehouse of organoids, DNA and RNA molecules.
3) Stocking up. Qiu funkts_yu vikonuyut at roslin starch, tvarin glycogen. The smell of building may be accumulating in cells and being spent in the world of consumption in energy.
4) is painted. Put in the secrets to take revenge on the carbohydrates. Secrets to capture the stinks of empty organs (shlunok, intestines) from mechanical ears, penetration of ailing bacteria.
Lypidi- a whole lot of fatty acids, most of them are stored in fatty acids and triatomic alcohol; tse folding ether fatty acids and triatomic alcohol glycerin.
Fat is the simplest and the most popular. Ridky fat are called oliyah. In the animals, olii grows in young, and more often grows in rosins in our own, fruits.
Warehouse ta budova lipidiv
Mice synthesis in cells: on the membranes of smooth endoplasmic fissures.
Localization in cells and organisms: cell membrane, cell inclusion, adipose tissue and omentum.
Functions of lipids:
1) Energetic. Ліпіди - "energy depot". When 1 g of lipids is oxidized to CO2 and H2O, the increase is 38.9 kJ, which is higher in proportion with carbohydrates and bottles.
2) Structural. People take part in the induction of the membranes of cells and the establishment of important biological spoluks, for example, hormones, vitamins.
3) Stocking up. Roslins often accumulate olii, but not fat. Nasinnya soyi that dormouse is rich in oil.
4) Zakhisna and heat insulation. Fat is nasty to conduct heat. The stench comes from the shkiroi of creatures, from the deyakhayut such purchased goods up to 1 m, for example, from the whales. The fatty ball of the prey Fatty tissue on the vison function of the thermostat. The whales, in addition, have the most important role to play - the buoyancy. The breeders of low heat conductivity, the ball of the fats' fat, additionally helps to preserve the warmth, allowing, for example, baggy creatures in the minds of a cold climate.
5) It’s a wondrous one. Visk is covered with shkiru, wool, pir'ya, rob їх more elastic and oberіgaє from the vology. Wax nal_t may leave the leaves and fruit bagatokh roslin. Such a ball is captured, leaving the strong boards for an hour wet.
6) Regulatory. Bagato biologically active speech (hormone status - testosterone in
cholovikiv and progesterone in women), vitamins (A, D, E)
7) Dzherelo metabolic water. One of the products of oxidized fat is water, yak
Even more important are the deyakim inhabitants of the creature's svitu kestrel, for example, for camels.
Fat, like storing food at the humps, є dzherel vodi. Oxidized 100 g
fat and approx. 105 g of water. I need water for living, babaki and
іnshі creatures, scho fall into a bunch, get obsessed as a result of oxidized fat.
8) In the muslin sheaths of the axons of the nerve cells, there are lipids and insulators for an hour when the nerve impulses are carried out.
9) Visk vikoristovuyutsya bjols for budivnitstva honeycomb.
You can create complexes with other biological molecules - bottles and tsukras.
Bіlki, abo proteine (from walnuts. protos - first) - the most numerous, versatile organic spoluks, which may be of the first order of magnitude. Bilki - macromolecules, fragments may be great size.
Chemistry warehouse protein molecules: carbon, kissen, water, nitrogen, sirka, also phosphorus, zalizo, zinc, honey.
Bilkies are all polymers, which are stored in low molecular weight monomers, which are repeated. Amino acids are monomers of protein molecules. There are nearly 200 amino acids at a time, which can be seen in living organisms, but only 20 of them enter the warehouse of bilkiv. The prices are basic, protein-forming amino acids. 20 amino acids will provide you with benefits. In roselin, the necessary amino acid is synthesized from the primary products in photosynthesis. Lyudin's creature didn’t synthesize a number of amino acids and was guilty of removing them from the ready-made viewer all at once. Such amino acids are called indispensable. Before them lizine, valin, leucine, isoleucine, threonin, phenylalanin, tryptophan, methionin, arginin and histidine (total 10) are included.
Budova amino acids:
Between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of the second amino acid, a covalent link, which is called peptide link, and the protein molecule - polypeptide.
Amino acids can be used in the role of both acids and bases, to be amphoteric. The carboxyl group -COOH is a useful proton, a functional acid, and aminna - NH2 - accepts a proton, which is such a rank of power of the base.
The structure of bіlkіv. The skin whiteness in the middle of the power has a particularly spacious structure. When characterizing the spacious (trivial) structure, one can see a choice of the same organization of the molecules of the proteins.
identical structural organization of the bottle: a - the primary structure - amino acid lasting of the bottle; b - secondary structure - polypeptide lance of curls at the viglyad spiral; c - tretine structure of the bilka; d - a quarter structure of hemoglobin.
Mice synthesis of proteins in cells: on ribosomes.
Localization of blood cells in cells and organisms: presence in all organoids and cytoplasmic matrix.
The spacious structure of the library:
Pervinna structure bile - the sequence of amino acids, one to one peptide links in a polypeptide lance. From the primary structure to lay down the efforts of power and the function of bіlkіv. Replacement of one-single amino acid at the storage of molecules of a cell is damaged in order, in the case of that roasting, you have a more complicated function of the cell.
Secondary structure protein molecules can be reached by spiralization: a polypeptide lancet, which can be stored in the last few amino acids, twisted into a spiral, made up of non-water-borne links between N-CO-groups.
In case of education tretal structure The spiralized bilk molecule shrinks like a bagatoraz, making a bag - a globule. The peculiarity of the tertiary structure starts with different links, for example, disulfide links (-S-S-), ion, water, hydrophobic interaction.
Quaternary structure- tse z'єdnannya, scho to be stored from decilkoh molecules of a bilka, which may cause tretin structure. Chemistry sounds - ionny, watery, hydrophobic interaction.
Otzhe, the primary structure is a whole line structure, like a polypeptide lance; vtorinna - spiral, for a rakhunok of watery sounds; tretinna - globular; quarter - the combination of several molecules of a block with a tertiary structure.
Power of the bank - denaturation- Destruction of the natural structure of a white, yak is reversible, as if the primary structure is not rounded, and not curved, as the primary structure is tinted.
Infusion of factors into the middle
(temperature, chemistry, vipromynuvannya and in.)
Denaturation of the bank (structure ruining)
Renaturation- Outside of the updated structure of the library.
Along with the inflow of different chemical and physical factors (treatment with alcohol, acetone, acids, meadows, high temperatures, high temperatures, high pressure), there is a change in the secondary, tertiary and quarter-like structures of the The process of destruction of the natural structure of the protein is called denaturation. At the same time, there is a change in the size of the bottle, change in the form and size of molecules, in the enzymatic activity etc. The process of denaturation can be recapitulated. For some people, they go over to the normal minds of the middle class, they go on to mimic the innovations of the natural structure of the cell. This process is called renaturation.
Simple and foldable bottles. Behind the chemistry warehouse you can see simple and folding bricks. Before the simple ones, the bottles are used, only the amino acids are stored, and before the folding - the bottles, where the white part and the non-alcohol ones are removed - these metals, an excess of phosphoric acid, in carbohydrates, lipid and in.
Bilk functions:
1) Enzymatic, abo catalytic. Catalysts - the chain of speech, to accelerate chemical reactions. Fermenti- Tse of catalysts of biochemical reactions. Enzymes accelerate reactions in organisms in tens and hundreds of thousands of times. The stench of a highly specific, oily skin enzyme catalyzes a deprived reaction.
Enzymes = Biocatalysis
2) Structural. Bricks enter before the storage of all membranes and organoids of the cell (for example, in the case of some RNA, the ribosomes are installed).
3) Energetic... With a drop of 1 g of alcohol to end products (CO2, H2O and nitrogen mixtures), 17.6 kJ is seen.
4) Stocking up. The qiu functiyu vikonuyut bіlki - dzherela vivlennya (bіlok egg - albumen,
milk block - casein, endosperm and egg cells).
5) Zakhisna. Effortlessly live the cells and organisms of the systems. Among the people, that twarin is a tse immune zahist. In lymphocytes, antibodies are established - stored cells, which can detect foreign bodies. The first butt of the clotting function is the throat of the fibrinogen in the blood, to produce a clot of blood - a thrombus, which clogs up the vertebral body, and bleeds. Mekhanichnu zahist will get horny illumination - hair, horns, hoarding. Bilki should be entered before the storehouse. Roslin can also be used to create such bricks, for example, alkaloids, zavdyaki, how to turn the roslin become mint and stiff.
6) Regulatory. Bagato Bilkiv - hormones, which regulates physiological processes (bile nature may be insulin and glucagon). Clitinus podshlunkovoy zolozi vyrolyayut hormone insulin, which regulates instead of glucose in the blood.
Pidshlunkova zalosa
Hormone insulin
Glucose (in the blood) à Glycogen (in the liver)
7) Transport. The function of transport polyagons in the supplied chemical elements or biologically active speech and transferred to tissue and organs.
Hemoglobin (transformed into erythrocytes)
Hemoglobin + kissen Hemoglobin + carbon dioxide gas
8) Dvigun. The swift little ones take part in all types of rods, such as healthy cells and organisms. Apply: ruch dzhgutikiv and vіy in the simplest one-strand twins, fast mujaz in bagatoclítin twins (bilki myosin and actin will make quick mint clitins), crumbling in roslin.
9) Signal. Bricks inserted into the membrane of the cell
Zovnіshny middle ground and transfer of information to the clitina. Such protein molecules are healthy
Change your tretin structure from all the children of the dovkill.
10) Toxic(Toksini, who will be able to get away with the death of the enemies).
| Library functions | Characteristic |
| 1. Structural | Bilki enter to the warehouse of cell membranes and organoids |
| 2. Energetic | With oxidized 1 g of protein, 17.6 kJ is seen |
| 3. Storage | Bіlki - spare lively and energetic material |
| 4. Catalytic, enzymatic | Bilki are enzymes that will accelerate chemical reactions |
| 5. Regulatory | Bagato bilkiv - hormones, which regulate physiological processes |
| 6. Transport | Postponed rechovin (hemoglobin + kisen) |
| 7. Dviguna | Quick-sensing little ones to get rid of the roc (chromosomes to the poles of the cell) |
| 8. Zakhisna | Seize an organism from alien til |
| 9. Signal | Signals received from the last middle ground and transfer of information to the client |
| 10. Toxic | Toksini will become unaware of the death of the enemies. |
Bilky vikoristoyutsya like dzherelo energy rіdko, oskіl stinky vikonuyut low in the most important functions. Bilki will start to play viciously, if there are such dzherela, like in carbohydrates and fat. In carbohydrates and fat are put into stock; If you don't have organic spoluks in your body, you can transform some organic spoluks into organisms: fat and carbohydrates, fat and carbohydrates, one in one. Ale in carbohydrates and fat cannot be transformed into bottles.
CARBON FAT
Amino acids, which are established during the cleavage of protein molecules, are required to induce new ones. A shortage of bile's in a child is irreparable, a bit of a stench can be taken away from amino acids. To that, bіlkove hunger є is not unbeatable for the body.
Nucleic acids. ATF
Nucleic acids(Latin Nucleus - nucleus) - acids, which were first revealed in the presence of leukocyte nuclei; bulo vidkrito 1868 p. I.F. Misher, Swiss biochimik. Biological meaning nucleic acids - the transfer of decay information; stench of necessary education.
Nucleic acids
The DNA nucleotide and the RNA nucleotide may be susceptible and specific.
Budova DNA nucleotide
Budova RNA nucleotide
The DNA molecule is a sub-lance, twisted along the spiral.
The RNA molecule is a single strand of nucleotides, similar to the strand of DNA behind the buds. Only replace deoxyribose RNA, replace the second carbohydrate - ribose (name and name), and replace thymine - uracil.
Two strands of DNA are connected, one with one watery links. At the same time, it is important to observe the regularity: against the nitrogenous base of adenin A, in one lancin, the nitrogen base of thymine T grows in the lancet, and against the guanin G, I call the base of cytosine Ts. complementary pairs.
In such a rank, principle of complementarity(in Latin complementum - additional) the fact that the skin nitrogenous base, which is included in the nucleotide, forms the nitrogen base. Vinnikayut strictly singing bets of the basics (A - T, G - C), prices of specific bets. Between guanine and cytosine there are three water links, and between adenine and thymine there are two water links in DNA nucleotides, and in RNA two water links are found between adenine and uracil.
Water links and nitrogenous bases of nucleotides
G ≡ C G ≡ C
As a result, in the cutaneous organism the number of adenyl nucleotides is equal to the number of thymidyl nucleotides, and the number of guanyl nucleotides is equal to the number of cytidyl nucleotides. Establishments of the power of the last nucleotides in one lance This building, prior to the vibrational definition of nucleotides, is called complementarity, and power is the basis for the establishment of new DNA molecules with the structure of a specific molecule (replication, i.e., a subordinate).
In such a rank, fewer instead of nitrogenous bases in DNA according to the following rules:
1) Sum of adenine and guanine for the sum of cytosine and thymine A + G = C + T.
2) Suma adenin and cytosine for the sum of guanin and thymine A + C = G + T.
3) The amount of adenine is for the thyme, the amount for the guan is for the cytosine A = T; R = Ts.
With a change in the minds of DNA, perhaps to the point of being strong, it can be denatured, as it is called fused.
DNA of uniqueness of power: building to self-sufficiency (replication, reduplication) and building to self-renewal (reparation). Replication The information is stored in the daughter molecules without any information, so that the information is recorded in the mother molecule. Ale at the process of replication innodes there are pardons. The state of the DNA molecule is correct, so that they are found in lantsyugs, so that the correct sequence of nucleotides is identified, they are called reparation.
DNA molecules are found mainly in the nuclei of the cell and in a small amount in the mitochondria and plastids - chloroplasts. Molecules of DNA - the basis of decay information.
Budova, function and localization at the clinic. There are three types of RNA. Name the tied with the viconious functions:
Equivalent characteristic nucleic acids
Adenosine phosphoric acid - a denosine triphosphoric acid (ATP), a denosine diphosphoric acid (ADP), a Denosine monophosphoric acid (AMP).
In the cytoplasm of the skin cells, as well as in mitochondria, chloroplasts and nuclei, adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP) is avenged. You will be able to supply energy for more reactions to be seen at the client's side. Behind the addition of ATP, cytin synthesizes new molecules of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, active transport of rechovins, bittya jgutics and vitamins.
ATP is similar to an adenine nucleotide, which can enter before the RNA store, only to replace one phosphoric acid, before the ATP store contains three surpluses of phosphoric acid.
Budova ATP molecules:
Unstable chemical links, such as the transfer of phosphoric acid molecules to ATP, even more for energy. With the development of the ciches of the sound, you see energy, as it turns into a skin clytina to prevent the processes of life:
ATP ADP + F + E
ADP AMP + F + E,
de F - phosphoric acid Н3РО4, E - energy, how to sound.
Chemical compounds in ATF with surpluses of phosphoric acid, energy consumption, are called macroergic links... The addition of one molecule of phosphoric acid and superfluous energy is 40 kJ.
ATP is taken from ADP and inorganic phosphate for energy production, which is generated during oxidized organic fluids and during the process of photosynthesis. This process is called phosphorylation.
With a large amount of energy, it is 40 kJ / mol of energy, which accumulates in macroergic links. From the same time, the main meaning of the processes of energy and photosynthesis is to start with the stench of supplying energy for the synthesis of ATP, for the participation of the client, a large part of the robot is seen.
ATF is very quick to develop. In humans, for example, the skin molecule of ATP is split and renewed 2400 times for a second, so the average life is less than 1 min. The synthesis of ATP is the leading rank in mitochondria and chloroplasts (partly in the cytoplasm). ATF, scho has established itself here, to hide in tіlanka kіtynі, de vinikak demand in energy.
ATF is shown in bioenergy cells: one of the most important functions - energy accumulator, a universal biological energy accumulator.
Chemist warehouse of klitini. Inorganic speeches of klitini
Basic power and equal organization of wildlife
Equivalent organization of living systems to represent the order, structure of the structural organization of life:
Molecular genetic - okremi biopolymeri (DNA, RNA, blood cells);
Klіtinniy - an elementary self-created unit of life (prokaryoti, one-linen eukariti), fabrics, organisms;
Organizmovy - self-awareness of the surroundings of the individual;
Population-species - an elementary unit, scho evolution, - population;
Biogeocenotic - ecosystems, which are built up from the growing populations and the middle of the population;
Biosphere - all the inhabitants of the Earth are alive, so I will keep the circulation of words in nature.
Nature is the whole thing material light in all different forms. The unity of nature is manifested in the activity of the elementary warehouse, in the order of one and the same physical laws, at the systematic organization. Developed natural systems, both alive and non-living, interconnected and mutually modulated. Applied systemic interaction biosphere.
Biology is a whole complex of sciences, which helps to develop the laws of development and life of living systems, the reason for their development and preoccupation to the nascent middle age, interconnection with other living systems and non-living systems.
Nature is alive about biology.
The subject of further biology є:
General and private patterns of organization, development, exchange of conversations, transmission of decay information;
The versatility of the forms of life and of the organisms themselves, as well as the connections with the nascent midst.
All the cultural life of the Earth is explained by the evolutionary process and by dovkilla on organisms.
The everyday life of M.V. Volkenstein said that "living bodies, which are self-regulating and self-generated systems, prompted from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids," appeared on the Earth.
The main power of living systems:
Obmin rechovin;
self-regulation;
Irritability;
Minlity;
Slump;
Breeding;
Chemist warehouse of klitini. Inorganic speeches of klitini
Cytology is a science that helps vivch budov and the function of klin. Klitina is an elementary structural and functional unit of living organisms. Clients of single-line organisms are attached to all power and functions of living systems. Klitini complex organisms differentiation for budovoy that functions.
Atomic warehouse: close to 70 elements of the periodic system of elements of Mendelev, 24 of which are present in all types of cells.
Macroelements - H, Pro, N, C, microelements - Mg, Na, Ca, Fe, K, P, CI, S, ultramicroelements - Zn, Cy, I, F, Mn, Co, Si and in.
Molecular warehouse: molecules of inorganic and organic spoluk enter the cellin warehouse.
Inorganic speeches of klitini
Water. The water molecule has a non-linear spacious structure and low polarity. Water bonds are formed between the three molecules, so that physical Cheerful authorities drive.
Small. 1. Molecule of Vodi Mal. 2. Water bonds between water molecules
Physical power of the driver:
Water can be used in three stanes - rough, solid and gas-like;
Water is a distributor. Polar molecules drive polar molecules of their words. The words that are out of water are called hydrophilic. Records, which do not stand out from the water, are hydrophobic;
Visoka pitoma warmth. For breaking up watery sounds, as to reduce water molecules, it is necessary to shake off a great amount of energy. The power of the water and the maintenance of the heat balance in the body;
Visoka steam room warmth. For viparovannya water, you need to add a lot of energy. The temperature of the boiling point of the water is, below that of the other rivers. The power of the water and the control of the body through overheating;
Molecules are found in post-rus, it stinks one by one at the ridky phase, which is important for the processes of exchanging speech;
Zceplenya that surface tightness. Water bonds zoom in on the viscosity of the water and the agglomeration of molecules from the molecules of the other words (cohesion). Zavdyak the forces of the formation of molecules on the surface of the water, and the flow is established, which characterizes the surface tension;
Schilnist. When cooled, the molecules collapse. The number of watery bonds between molecules becomes maximum. Naybilsha thick water should be at 4 ° C. When it freezes, the water expands (it is necessary to have a place to establish water sounds);
Building up to the establishment of colossal structures. Molecules lead to create a shell around the irrelevant molecules of some words, so that the great particles are transformed. Such a station of molecules is called dispersed (roscianim). Finding particles of rechovins, otochened with water molecules, create coloids (cytoplasm, microdivisions).
Biological functions of the driver:
Transport - water will provide oversupply of speech in cells and organisms; In nature, water to transfer the products of life from the runt to the water;
Metabolic - water is the middle ground for all biochemical reactions and a donor of electrons during photosynthesis, which is necessary for the hydrolysis of macromolecules to monomers;
Take part in education:
1) mesmerizing ridges, which change the grating (synovial - in the slopes of the vertebral creatures, pleural, in the pleural empty, pericardial - in the navkolosetsev);
2) mucus, which lodges over-saturated speech with the intestines, set the middle on the mucous membranes of the dichny way;
3) secrets (sludge, sluzi, zhovch, sperm too) and juices in the body.
Inorganic ones. Inorganic cellini are represented by: cations К +, Na +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, NH3 and anions Сl-, NOi2-, H2PO4-, HCO3-, HPO42-.
The growth between a number of cations and anion on the surface and all the middle of a cell will not be able to determine the potential of the development, which lies in the basis of the nervous and muscular excitement.
Anioni phosphoric acid and release the phosphate buffer system, which adjusts the pH of the internal medium to the organisms at levels 6-9.
Vugilny acid and її anіoni create a bicarbonate buffer system and adjust the pH of the pozaklitinny middle (blood plasma) at 4-7.
Z'єdnannya nitrogen є dzherelom mineral food, the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids. Atoms and phosphorus enter the storehouse of nucleic acids, phospholipids, as well as cysts of ridge, chitinous cover of arthropods. They should enter the calc until the storehouse of the cysts, the stench is also necessary for the health of the meat fast and the blood.