adsby.ru → to the vigilante

What polyaga has a head function of stomata. Pokrivn_ fabrics, vidi, zavdannya. Ustyachka, Budova and Mechanism of Yo Robotics. Trichomes, typi and functions

The leaf is a bit part of the roslin, which is a vison for the most important function of cooking and gas exchange. Possibility of їkh zdіisnennya is tied to the peculiarities of the elements in one of them є prodigies. From їkh help roselin і dikhaє, і viparovu water. Also, the food, such as the special features of the budget and the organization, is discussed in detail in our statistics.

Dikhannya i photosynthesis roslin

All living organisms, including dews, were built to the point of dying. All of this is a fact є obovyazkovuyu mind їkh іsnuvannya. The essence of yogo polyag is in the clay, oxidized organic speech and the vision in carbon dioxide. It is a planetary significance of roslin polyagaє in the vital process - photosynthesis. At the first step of the carbon dioxide, the gas is clamored, and the muslin, which is necessary for all living things, is seen. The growth of the stoma occurs two times in a single hour with a high intensity in which the stomata are located on the surface of the leaf.

budova prodikhiv

What are you doing? Tse saueridnі pori, scho to be found in the yak is called a shkіrka. Ustyachka is a pair of cells with a bean-like shape. Їх stinks are irresistibly instigated in small monsters. Between the cells of food, the stomatal gap grows. Through it, in the cells of the roselin and the name, one can see the development of gas-like speech. Binarny cells of food change their shape, as a result of which the size of the line between them can be changed or changed. The regulation of the intensity of gas exchange in the rose line is also being considered.

Features of the function of food

As soon as it’s like some food, we’ve got out, then the axis is like a stench and it’s as if it’s stuck, we need to know. Loose the cells of the building change their shape in the fallowness of the water. It’s like a lot of speech in roselin to add a lot, the stench swells, grows in size and comes one from one. The stomatal cleft is naturally growing. The process of gas exchange is becoming more intensive. The harbor water flows through the crack, vapors, and the dewline does not overheat during the period of speculation.

The transpiration is the most intense, as well as for the improvement of the temperature in the morning and in the improvement of the strength in the wind. In a protylezhny way, if there is a lack, the mechanism of the release of cold cells. The stench is lazy, one to one, when the stomatal gap is just a sign, it’s overwhelming to the process.

Stomatal growth

It’s already said, the puffs are the structure of the living fabric of the roslin. Vona is called a shkirka. Ustyachka roslin roztashovani, in most vypadkiv, on the lower boat. Tse cool zahist from straight sleepy exchanges. Likewise, at the same time, it is more beautiful to save a supply of water in the wedges of the roselin. But not all the leaves are spread horizontally. For example, iris stinks grow vertically. Tomato broadened from the sides of the leaves.

On-іnshomuyde on the right at the water dews. The lower part of the leaf cannot avenge the stomata. I will add the stench to the bore into the water, which means that you cannot help your function. The stagnation of such roslin perebuyut on the surface of the leaf blade. A number of them are even more abundant, splinters on one square centimeter of a sheet - up to tens of thousands of such devices.

Roslini without food

And the deyaki of the growth of the stomata are depleted. For example, when leafing Elodies buried in the water, I can’t take them out. And if we had a problem and we’d be over there, it’s just not good to go through their functions. All on the right is that the water rises into the chilin, does not give the gas exchange process.

value of food

Ustyachka roztashovani in that їkh head function є exchange of speeches by organism s navkolishnіm middle... One of them is water, the process of vaporization is called transpiration. It’s even more important to ensure that the growth doesn’t overheat during the frying season, and it can even cause it to die. If the viparovannya is not bad, it is practical to tighten transpiration, which is necessary for the doctor himself.

And the axis of Holonasіnnі roslini may have a special electronic prism of the stomata. The stench is corked up for an hour with winter special resin. That is why all the representatives of the given type of roslin are very green. I don’t need to skip the leaves, so you can get yourself out of the way during the winter period. On the view of them, all Pokritonasinny are taken in the whole period of life, in the course of time and roots. And the axis їх leaf litter, do not waste the water supply for the winter. To that, a yalinka "charge and draw in one color".

As well as food, like the stench vashtovani and go to its functions, we looked at it in detail. However, it is easy to say that the transport of stench should also serve as a special attachment for the proper handling, for the efficient process of energy and carbon dioxide for the improvement of photosynthesis. In addition, the quality of the food is controlled and the intensity of all the processes zovnishnikh officials, І be manifested in building up to the adaptation of all living organisms to the smart minds of the midst.

Also, in the curved fabric of the leaf, there are special illumination, which are called stomata. The stench is stored from the binaric sandwiches and the lines between them. Heads of business structure in roslinny organ_zmі The processes of vaporization of water, photosynthesis and energy are welcome.

Ustyachka Roslin *- to be found in їх shkіrtsі (epіdermіsі). Skin dewlap perebuvaє in post-lay exchange with a navkolishn_m atmosphere. Vono permanently clayey kisen and vidilya in carbonic acid. In addition, with its green parts, it is clayed in carbon dioxide and vidilya kisen. Then, the roselina is constantly viparovu water. So, like a cuticle, like covering the leaves and young stems, even slightly passing gas and water steam through itself, then for a non-permeable exchange with a new atmosphere in a small and especially open, called Ustyachka roselin * On a transverse root * to appear at the viglyadi shilini ( S), We go to the airy empty space ( i).

Fig. 1. Ustitse ( S) Leaf of hyacinth in pink.

On the side of offense Ustyachka Roslin * is located one by one zamikaє klittsі. The splinters of quiescent clitines are opened in the direction of the estuary, two steps each, and they will fall on two chambers: the front and rear courtyard. When viewed from the surface - Ustyachka roslin * appears in the viglyadi of a douglas-like slit, otochened with two pvmisyatsevym sticky clitines (fig. 2).

Fig. 2. The stomata of the Sedum purpurascens leaf from the surface.

In the afternoon, Ustyachka roslin * vidkriti, at the very least, the stench zakryvayutsya. Ustyachka roslin * zakryvayutsya also during the day before the hour on dry land. Zakrivannya Ustyachka roslin * is carried out by impermeable clitines. If you put a little bit of shkirka arkusha in the water, then Ustyachka roslin * prodovzhuyut zalishatisya vіdkrytimi. If you substitute the water for zukru, wiklika plasmoliz clitin, then Ustyachka roslin * zakryut. So yak plasmol_z clitin supravodzhutsya changes їх obsyagu, then it means, scho zakryvannya Ustyachka roslin * є the result of changing obsyaguyh clitins. For an hour on dry land, the clitinys are absorbed by a part of their water, which changes in volume and curls. Nichne zakryvannya Ustyachka roslin * is explained by such mirkuvannya. To freeze the clientele permanently to take revenge in their own and that building up to the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, that is, to the independent consumption. Accumulated on the lights will strongly attract water to themselves from the new cells, which will cause the cells to grow in general and grow. Vyrobleny at night on the lights organic speech Vitrachayutsya, and at the same time they consume the power to attract water, і Ustyachka roslin * zakryvayutsya. The root of the roslin * is found on the leaves and on the stems. On the leaves, the stench is placed either on both surfaces, or on one of them. Herbaceous, soft leaves may fall Ustyachka roslin * yak on the upper, and on the lower surface. Hard shkiryasti leaves may appear Ustyachka roslin * may even be on the lower surface. In a leaf floating on the surface of the water, Ustyachka roslin * viklyuchno is found on the upper side. Ustyachka roslin * at pink roslin is tighter in a way. For a larger leaf, the number of Ustyachka roslin *, which is located on one square millimeter, is numbered between 40 and 300. The highest number of Ustyachka roslin * is located on the lower surface of the Brassica Rara leaf - by 1 sq. mm 716. The growth of the dewline in the growth of the bones may be larger than the Ustyachka of the roslin *, below the dewline of the dry bones. Krim zvychaynykh Ustyachka roslin *, services for gas exchange, at bagatokh roslin є shche watery Ustyachka roslin * The stench is to serve for seeing water not in a gas-like station, but in a native one. Substitute to lie under the worms Ustyachka roslin * air-borne empty before water Ustyachka roslin * is especially water-bearing tissue, which is stored in thin shells. Vodyanі Ustyachka Roslyn * zustrіchayutsya zdebіlshogo in Roslyn sirih mіstsevostey i znahodyatsya on rіznih Chastain Liszt Square od znahodyatsya immediately zvichaynih Ustyachka Roslyn * Vodyanі Ustyachka Roslyn * vidіlyayut kraplі Vod zdebіlshogo todі, if vnaslіdok velikoї vologostі povіtrya not mozhut viparovuvati water povіtronosnі Ustyachka Roslyn * Krіm water Ustyachka roslin *, іsnu tsіliy a number of versatile attachments for seeing the leaves of water in a wild viglyadі. All such statements were named whereodi(Hydathode). The butt can serve as a guide to Gonocaryum pyriforme (fig. 3).

It's easy to add your good robot to the knowledge base. Vicorize the form

Students, postgraduates, young people, who are victorious to develop the knowledge base in their own lives and robots, will be your best friend.

Marked by http: // www. allbest. ru /

MINISTRY OF VISCHO І MIDDLE SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

Control robot

ON THE SUBJECT OF "BOTANIKA"

THEME: crooked fabrics, See, zavdannya. Ustyachka, Budova and Mechanism of Yo Robotics. Trichomes, typi and functions.

Vikonala: Asadova Sh.

Tashkent 2016

2. First-class fabrics.

3. Peridermis

4. Rіtіdom

5. Ustyachka

6.trichomes

1. Covering fabrics. Basic functions

Curtain fabrics and roslin. Cover fabrics. The main functions are the recovery of young organs from visihannya, mechanical recovery and gas exchange. Razr_znyayut: epiderma, periderma and kirku. 1. Epidermis, primordial tissue. Set up with one ball of keratin, which will cover all young organisms of the roselin. The cover of the tissue on the zone and the wetness of the roots is called epiblema (rhizoderm).

Curled fabrics є close-knit. The stench grows on the surface of the organisms of the roses, which will enhance the specialties of their buddies and the versatility of their functions.

1. Cover the fabric with the rings of the roslin with the navkolishn_m middle. With this stench є not just a passive bar, but an active participant in interaction. For example, the clergy of the epidermis take their part in the made-up of the folly and the mother of the mother; in the development of the processes connected with the immune system of the roslin, the reaction to the change in temperature and moisture content in the soil.

2. Cover fabrics and keep transpiration and gas exchange and regulation.

3. Curved fabrics take a part in the seen products in metabolism.

4. Pokrivn_ fabrics seize the growths from the defeat of ailing viruses, bacteria, fungi; seen by creatures.

5. Woven fabrics preserve growths from pre-season and seasonal temperature drops.

About urahuvannyam pokryzhennya, mіstsya roztashuvannya, features kіtinnoї budovі and vіkonuvanny funktsіy mіd pokrivnyh fabrics vіdіlyayut epіderma, epіblem, velamen, periderma and kіrku. On a thought, a number of people can tell themselves a story.

2. First-class fabrics

Epіblema. velamen

Epidermis (epidermis) is the primary curved tissue characteristic of all vishykh roslin... In pokrytonnykh won, it grows on the surface of the leaf, stem and species, as well as on the reproductive organs - stamps and fruits. In addition, epidermal cells can whistle the inner surface of the endocarp - the inner ball of the fruit shell. Epiderma is typical for grassy roslin... In trees and chagarniks, they grow on young parts of pagons, and in the world of old, they are replaced by periderma.

Epidermis vinikє z protoderm, is generated by the tunikoy of the cone of the pagon build-up. The price is foldable fabric, before the warehouse, which includes the main and secondary cells, which jam the cells of food, and also the trichomes - the viruses of the epidermis. Klіtini epіdermi roztashovuyutsya one-ball. However, among the deyakie tropical roselin (palms, orchid and in.) Epidermis buvak bagatosharovoy.

The main cells of the epiderma stem, leaf stalks, and in monocotyledonous and leafy blades, the shape is puffed up, stretched to the axis of the organ. For example, in the stalks of cereals dozhina klіtin epіdermi reach 300 microns. The leaf blades have a large dvodolnyh, on the leaves and the fruits of the epidermal cells, the parenchyma and folds form. The main cells of the epidermis are to take advantage of the vacuoles that have grown, and the chloroplasts have been reduced and do not take part in photosynthesis. There are a number of peculiarities in the klіtinnі shells. The inner shell is thin, smooth. Anticlinal, tobto transverse, often buzzy, which increases the area of closure of the summonary cells of the epidermis, and also the strength of their heat. The name of the shell is the best mint. Vaughn is approved by a large ball of cellulose. A cold storehouse of shells changes in the course of ontogenesis. In horsetails, sedges and cereals, the shells are often leaked out with calcium salts, in veins - with silica, and in candied fruits - with suberin. Later, in bamboo mint, lignification of shells is prevented. In the cytoplasm of epidermal cells, crystals can be established: Rafida (grapes, undershoot), friends (beetle), cystolity (ficus), and more - crystalline pisok (cartopla).

Protoplast epidermy actively virobly and vidilya on the last surface of the high molecular weight organic spoluke, Yakі in sukupnostі fit the cuticle. At the warehouse, the first ball is used to fix the pectin molecules, then the pectin wax breasts, cutin and epicuticular whisk are smoothed out. Falling as a fold and sculpture of a surface ball, the cuticle can be sharp and bright, like at the leaf of a phycus, or fluffy and matte, like at the stalk of a rye, the fruit can be drained or an apple. The cuticle reduces the intensity of transpiration, imaging the exchange of dreams and preying leaves to overheat, reducing the ability of pathogens to penetrate into the growth.

In the middle of the main cells of the epidermis, on the upper sides of the leaf of the mint, there are large motor cells with great vacuoles. At the time of speculation, it is time to smell the stink of a leaf into a tube (corn) or a folded leaf blade (kovil), so that the growth of the plant grows from the overwhelming vologue.

On the main cells of the epiderma, they often pretend to be viral, or trichomes, which, according to their functions, are covering and hairy, and behind the structure - hairs and emeralds. Covering hairs are stored in vitro and boldly barbed. Smell good to see straight sleepy exchanges and change the vaping of water. Loss of hairs are the living cells of the cells, how to swirl and see essential oils and products to metabolism. The hairs are set from the clitin epidermi. The stench is one-liner and generous, simple and glamorous. One-liner simple hairs are characteristic for thermopsis and nursery, single-line hairs - for shepherd's purse and mother. Bagatoclitinni is easy to develop in pelargonium, bagatoclitinni gillyasti - in lavender, and sparse - in sucker and oblast.

Emergencies - the whole surface structures, adopted by the cells of the epidermis and the large, large-scale fabrics. Before them, thorns on the fruits of Selerovichs, thorns on the stems of raspberries and spines, frizzy hairs of a leaf and a stalk of sprinkles can be seen. The stench will seize the growths from the present.

Locking the cells of food roztashovuyutsya between the main cells of the epidermis. Stink є active participants in transport and gas exchange. To freeze the cells, they may not grow large, to revenge the chloroplasts and to grow in pairs in the epidermis, so that they do not grow up among themselves. Between them there is an stomatal gap, and beneath them - a stomatal empty mouth.

In monocotyledons, the clitini may be dumbbell-shaped. The stench sounds in the middle part and widens along the edges. At the expanded part of the clinker, the shells are thin and stretched, and in the middle - the stretched and non-stretched. In dvodolnykh, the clitini may appear, when viewed from above, bean-shaped. They have a strong and non-retractable membrane of the membrane, the furrow up to the stomatal cleft. The name of the shells of cich clitin may be virile, as it floats over the stomatal gap and creates a small empty space - the front yard. As soon as the virginity is found below the stomatal slit, the stench will create the back, or internal, courtyard, which is without a middle bandage from the under-stomatal emptying. At the end of the day, the cells, the stomatal gap, the front and back courtyards, and also the underpants of the empty room, fix food, regulating the transpiration and gas exchange. The number of food items to finish is great. In cultivated grows, by 1 mm, 2 leafy surfaces grow from 100 to 700 pills.

The robot prodihiv is brought up to adjust the width of the stomatal slit for the addition of folding physiological processes. Ustyachka can be seen in early hour dib. Tse to deposit from the physiological camp of Roslin, chemistry warehouseі concentration of wine juice, food safety with water і carbonized with gas, Leaf illumination, weather and weather.

The ranking of the appearance of food can be schematically represented by the offensive rank. Before the flow of light into the chloroplasts of the quiescent cells undergo photosynthesis. As a result of the concentration of wine juice, the juice grows, and before the entry of water comes from the susceptible, vicious, wine and growing turgor vise. Under the turgor grip of the thin shells of the stagnant clitin, they stretch out to the sides, the opposite sides of the stomatal slit, and the shells of the shell go out one from one. The mouth is growing. When the turgor grip is lowered in the quiescent clays, the prodihs begin to curl up. The details of the stomatal robot and transpiration process are taught in the course of the physiology of Roslin.

Little cells roztashovuyutsya order with the quiescent cells of food and take a part in the regulation of the water regime. The stench is smaller than the basic ones and does not have chloroplasts. Raztashuvannya side cells є diagnostic knowledge, how to become vicious in the systematic roslin. There are more than a dozen types of stomata in fallowness from the mutually growing stagnant and secondary cells. For example, in case of anomotic type, characteristic of grapes, red pepper and other stems, the number of small clays does not come from the size of the main clines of epiderma. When perіtsіtny, vіdomomu in ferruts - one byproduct of a clitine will drain the food. In dvodolniks, a parasitic type of food is often developed, if two are small, small, wartholes grow in parallel with a stagnant. For monocotyledons, the characteristic tetracytric type, when chotiri bitty clytins roztashovani near the food, so that the area of these stinoks does not grow out of the area of rostal cleavage.

The growth of stomata on the surface of the leaf is also systematic. For example, in monocotyledons, the stench grows in regular rows, and in dvodolnye it grows along the entire surface of the leaf blade. As a rule, the prodihs rostashovuyutsya on the lower boat arkush. The price of a change in viparovannya vodi with ground dewlines with plugiotropic, so that parallel to the surface of the Earth, leaf growth (apple, beetroot and іn.). If the leaf is heavy to vertical, orthotropic, placed in the open space, then the food can grow on both sides, like in maize or cibula. In water dews, leaves that float on the surface of the water, food is found on the upper sides, like in the typical for Bilorian waters, cubes of zhovtoi.

Epіblema. A special kind of primordial fabric of the root is the problem, as the meristematic cells of the surface of the root can be established. Clitini are alive, thin, with a rooted vacuole, grow on the surface of the root in the wet zone. Some of them, three regions, set up a special one-line virginity - root hairs, Iakі actively soak up water from the ground and breakdown in the new speech. Іnshі, atricho-areas, root hairs do not appear. The life of the root hairs is surrounded by two - three types. Let the stench of rage and rage. Suddenly, in the world of growth of the root, new root hairs appear.

Epіblema on the roots of monocotyledons to be preserved by a stretch of the vine life of the growing line. In dvodolnyh, in connection with the transition of the root to the secondary anatomical budova, the problem is deprived of the zone of root hairs, and in the zone of carrying out it is replaced by the periderm.

Velamen is the price of primary tissue on the wrinkled roots of tropical epics and climbing lian.

Episodes grow in the chilines of gilk, filled with humus, and at the bottom of the leaves of great trees, vicoristy and no support, but a substrate, for example, teniophillum and phalaenopsis from the family of orchids. The stench also settles on the skeletons. Climbing the trees, until they are culturally visible - vanilla flat-leaved (family Orhidnykh) and monstera delikatesna (family Aroidnye), like a substrate vicorist soil. They set themselves up to the stem, to attach themselves to the supporting trees for the additional help of the twisted roots, allowing the leaf and leaf to grow in the upper tier, to the lighthouse. In the bagatokh of them, as in the monster, they pretend to live on the stems of the twisted roots, so that they can grow down. Having reached the ground, the stench penetrates it, raspers and soaks up the water and the mineral speech.

Velamen set up with protoderms and store up with decal balls of dead cells, shells of which may be a part of the world, or a spiritual inspiration, which will give you this pleasure. Favors of the presence in the shells of numerical feasts and openings, velamen is like a sponge with a capillary drip into the wet board water, and also condenses in the atmospheric vologue. In such a rank, the velamen vikonuє will prescribe the role and regulation of the roslin.

3. Peridermis

Peridermis is a secondary pokrynny complex, which is characteristic of holonas and dvodolny pokryoninnyh. Vaughn establish itself on roots and roots, bulbs and stems, on leaf scars and scales of wintering brunettes, and more on fruits. Wound peridermis is formed on traumatized organs of roslin.

Peridermis is generated by cortical cambium clines, named by phellogen. Fellogen has all the signs of light fabrics. The price is not very large, straight, slightly pushed to the radial direct, shrinking cells with thin shells. The smell of a dense binding of cytoplasm and numerical organelles, linked by the processes of synthesis, which will prevent the nucleus and cytoplasm from underneath.

Fellogen asserts itself, as a rule, in the first life of the body, for example, on the pagons of apples or currants.

However, in the yew yew yew wine is 2 - 3 pik, and in the American maple - by 3 - 4 pik. Fellogen is embedded in the surface balls of the roselin. For example, in the Trojandi winy, in the epiderma, in the raspberry - in the primordial bark, in the spirea - in the pericelle, and in the pusicarp - in the secondary phlome.

When the secondary anatomical bud is formed, the phellogen root is established in the cyclin pericycle, and when the repeated balls of phellogen are established, they are found in the secondary cortex.

Mitotic podіl kіtin phellogena to produce before the approval of fellemi and fellodermi. Fellema is referred to as a type of fellogen. Її cells roztashovuyutsya bagatosharovo, in equal rows, one above the others. Have small groups roslin klitini fellemi are formed by the type and species of shells, the appearance of crystals of calcium oxalate. When the shells are soaked, the fellemi suberin pretends to be a cork. It is also possible to approve the felloid, tobto weave, as it appears when sympathized with the shells of the fellemi lignin. The dead cells of the corks may grow thinner, the stench is remembered by the twigs, or it is thickened by the protoplasm of the dark color. The cork is impenetrable for water and low heat conductivity, so it is effective to capture the growth of the line from the water, temperature drops, and contaminated microorganisms. The flow of the cork can be directly injected into the saving of the bulb of cartopland and root crops during the period of growth and growth. The cork of cork oak is of great importance in the variety of yakisnyh wines. Fellodermi, approved by phellogen, є living parenchymal tissue. Її cells to avenge chloroplasts and build up starch. The cork in the end with phellogen and phelloderm becomes a secondary pokrivny complex - periderm. In the surroundings of the peridermy lentils are established, which serve for gas exchange and regulation of the water regime of the roses. Lentils - open in a sample, filled with a viscous cloth, so that they can be stored in fluffy folds, weakly corked parenchymal cells. Lentils in phellogeny are not large intercellular spaces, so that the gas exchange of live phelloderm cells is lodged. In the end of a lita, a fellogen viroblya ball of alimentary, folded clitin loses a ball, which significantly changes gas exchange and vypovvannya water through the lentils during the seasonal calm of the roselin. Hanging the ball rush to the grip of the clutch of cork and lentils to continue their functions. It is a triviality to preserve the perіderma among the species of roslin. Naybilsh is short among grassy dews. In garden chagarniks (currants, aurus), the periderm contains all life, in fruiting granular breeds (apple, pear) - 5 - 10 rocks in length. Beech, hornbeam, bird cherry, foliage with a stretching of the animal life becomes smooth-bore.

4. Rіtіdom

pokrivny roslin epidermis prodikhi

At the big trees, for the change of periderm, a kirka or a child is adopted. The cure is from the superficial measles balls as a result of the insertion of repeated periderm. Pellogenous peridermis are formed from parenchyma of secondary phloemas. When parenchymal cells of measles are alive, they are isolated with cork balls, and in the case of small measles tissues and balls of repeated corks, make a pick. If repeated peridermis are established at the view of irregular arcs, as their knots are sticking to the earlier periderm, then they are set as trischinuvata, or luskata, kirka (oak, maple and in.). When pledged repeatedly, peridermi with a succinic ring, yak in grapes, the pick will be ringed. When the stool is instigated, the dead tissue of the picks grows in the surroundings, however, the trickle does not reach the living tissue of measles. The rate of growth of kirka in tovshchina is not great, so as її zvnіshnі shari act to be angry. Kirka vikonuє will provide a functional function, protecting the storms of trees from mechanical plants, temperature drops, penetrating pathogens. However, in її triches there can be wintering stages of shkidlivny comas, dispute ailment fungi and bacteria. Tse summarize the need for a steady glance behind the surface of the stovbury of village garden species.

Nasinnєva shkіrka A special type of crooked fabric is a nasinnєva shkіrka, or nasinnєva shell, which is set up from crooks (integuments) ovule and the basic part of the nasin. You will have to store from the decal balls in the folds of the folds and the vicon will play the role of preserving the embryo of the day and store the fabrics from the dried up, mechanical items and ailing microorganisms. Slinking of nasin saplings, yak in legumes, lion and іnshih roslin, spriy smockuvannyu vologi s ґruntu. In addition, the mackerel can seize us from the early germination, but in agronomic practice it is called a hard-boiled one. At the connection with the cym of the seed of the deyakykh cultures (stables, galega and in.) Scarified before sowing, in order to run all the shells, or by means of mechanical grinding with the help of these materials, or even more acidic acids. The virgin sheaths of the wattle hairs of the pubescence, like the willows and the bavovnik, will ensure the broadening of the macula in the morning. Shkirka comradeship is often tied with a branch of a fruit shell. In roslin with mitsnims, they do not open up by the pericarp, as a rule, it is more thin, for example, in mountainous ones. important structural arrangements on the surface of the pin there is a micro-saw and a scar. Mikropile is a small opening, through the yake, the penetrated water can be repaired when the seed grows. Hilum є mіscem attached to the seed stem.

The most important characteristic of the curtain fabrics is the zapobigannya of the growth of the visceral and those uncomfortable infusions of the zesty middle. There are three groups of fabrics that fall into the ground: epiderma, cork, cork, epiderma. Primarily curled fabric, like pretending to be protoderma, curling leaves and young stems. Most often epidermis are stored in one row of living, very wormy cells. There are few chloroplasts in them, and the photosynthetic stench is inactive.

Stinky klin zvivisty zvdyak, zavdyak what to reach the mitsne to get from you. The comradeship of the walls is not the same: they are called, they are between the last and the middle, the larger ones, the lower ones, and the cuticle is covered with a ball (Fig. 33.5). Zakhisna function Epidermy can use the virost of її klіtin (trichomes) - the hairs of a flexible budovi, bits and pieces. In the epiderma, there is a special education for gas exchange and transpiration - ustatic equipment, which is stored from two unstable cells and intercellular spaces between them, called the ustych-new school. Locking the cells to revenge the chloroplasts. The wall is thinner from the side of the clitin epidermi, lower from the side of the slit (div. Fig. 33, B, C). Clitini epidermy, scho adjoin to fading clitines, often lose their shape, lower than others.

Such cells are called vicious. The estuarine aparaty of the terrestrial dewlines grows more importantly on the lower side of the leaf blade, and in the floating leaves of water dewlines it is deprived on the upper sides. Cork. Clitini epidermi grows after the growth of the stem to deform and wither.

Until the end of the hour, there is a second on the fabric - a cork. The statement is made from the range of the secondary meristem - cortical cambia (phellogen), which is associated with subepidermal or more recumbent cells, and inodi with cellin epidermi. The cortical cambies spread tangentially (by septa parallel to the surface of the stem) and differentiate in the central direction into the cork (Fell), and in the docentral one - into the ball of live parenchymal cells (fellodermi). The complex, which is stored from three fabrics: phellogena, fellemi and phelloderm, is called periderm.

I will use the function of the vison only cork. It will be stored in the correct radial rows in the walled-off cells, on the walls of which the suberin is deposited. As a result of the proofing of the glasses instead of the clitin vidmira. For transpiration and gas exchange in the sample є especially approved - lentils, filled with rounded cells, between large and large intercellular spaces.

I will store the lentils before the cortical cambium appears as a result of the parenchymal cells, so that they lie before the appliance. Kirka (ritidom) set itself up by the trees and chagarniks for a change of probts, as it grows with pressure into the thickness of the stem after 2-3 times it grows. In more deep-seated measles tissues, new cortical cambies are laid, which give an ear to new types of cork. To that, the calling fabrics are isolated from the central part of the stem, deform and resist.

On the surface of the stem, a complex of dead tissues is established, which can be stored from decile balls of cork and dead measles. The names of the balls of the kirks are steadily ruined.

5. Ustyachka

Ustyachka, їkh budova і mechanizm dії

Klіtini epіdermіsu mayzhe impenetrable for water and gas establishments in an outbuilding of the zvnіshnyo stinki. How does the gas exchange work between the growing and the growing and the vaporizing of the water - the processes that are necessary for the normal living of the growing line? In the middle of the cinnamon epidermis, a characteristic statement is formed, called stomata.

The mouth is a slit-like opening, separated from two sides by two quiescent clays, which may have a semi-lunar shape.

Ustyachka is the center of the epidermis, through which gas exchange is carried out. Smell є head rank in the leaves, ale є і on the stems. The skin of the two sides is soaked with flaccid cells, as on the other side of the epidermal cells to replace the chloroplasts. Lock the cells to control the size of the opening of the food for the crack of its own turgidity.

Clients live and take away chlorophyll grains and grains of starch, visible on the day in other cells of the epidermis. Especially rich in stomata on arkushi. On the transverse size, it is clear that the middle of the leaf is empty, called dikhal. In the interiors of the cracks, the clitines are more close to the middle part of the clitin, and the lower stinks come one way out of one, making the space open, called the front and back courtyard.

To freeze the clientele of the zbilshuvati and change their growth, for which the stomatal slit is wide open, then it sounds, or the sound of the sound is closed.

In such a rank, I conquer the cells with an apparatus, which regulates the process of opening and closing of food.

How does it work?

Walls of frozen cells, turning to a crack, growing much stronger, lower than stiffness, turning to medium-sized cells to epidermisu. If the roselin is illuminated and there is a surplus of vologue, in the chlorophyll grains of the quenching clitin, the accumulated starch accumulates, a part of which is transformed into zukor. Zukor wine juice, I draw water from the middle clitin epidermisu, in which case the turgor grows in the quiescent clitins. To produce a strong grip until the walls of the clitin are adhered to the epidermal ones, and the prototypes, strongly dragged out the walls, are straightened. As a result, the stomatal slit opens up, and gas exchange, as well as the vaporization of water, grows. At temryavi, for in case of instability, the turgor grip will change, so that the clientele will be slowed down to accept the forward position and the urge to wiggle. Shchilina podikhi close up.

Ustyachka roztashovani on all young non-lignified ground organs of the dewline. Especially rich on the leaves, and there is a stench of roztashovani, head rank, on the lower surface. If the leaf is folded vertically, then the strands are folded from both sides. In floating water leaves on the surface of the leaves (for example, latatta, kubushki), there are loose leaves on the upper side of the leaf.

The number of food items per 1 sq. mm of sheet surface in the middle road 300, however, only 600 or more. Cattail (Typha) has 1300 stomata per square meter. mm. Leaves, buried in water, stomata do not grow. Roztashovani food most often equitably on all surfaces of the shkirka, and even at the children of the roslin selected groups. Monocotyledonous roselin, as well as conifers of conifers, have a stink in late rows. In the deweds of arid areas, it is not easy to get burnt in the tissue of the leaf. The development of the stomata is encouraged to become an offensive rank. In the vicinity of the cells of the epidermis, arcuate walls are established, which distribute the cell into a few others, so that the central of them is the ancestor of the stomata. The qia klitina is distributed later (along the axis of the klitini) by the partition. Let the partition split open, and make the crack. Surrounding її clitines melt into withering clumps of food. Have some pechinkovyh moss є natural food, letting down the quieter clitins.

In fig. indications of the type of stomata and quiescent cells on microphotography, taken by the aid of a scanning electronic microscope.

It can be seen here that the clichés of the flaccid clines are not the same for the trade: the cliché, which is closer to the opening of the food, is clearly not the counterpart. Prior to that, cellulose microfibrils were used to store a wall of glass, roasted in such a rank, but a wall is brushed to the edge, less elastic, and the fibers of the fibers make their own kind of hoops around the same kind of clinker, similar. In the world of that wine, the water is soaked and turgid, and the hoops do not give you wider distance, you can only stretch it out for dinner. Oskilki lure the clientele with their smiles, and the larger thinnest lines, far away from the stomatal slit, stretch out more easily, the clitines swell into a round shape. Tom, mіzh zamakayuymi clіtina z'yaaa otvіr. (The same effect is made by us, if we will inflate the sausages I'll drink a bag with a sticky line glued to one side of one side.)

I navpaki, if the water flows from the quiescent walls, it's time to curl up. The change of turgidity is not clear yet.

In one of the traditional hypotheses - "sugar-starch" hypothesis - to transfer, during the day, in the quiescent cells of the growth of concentration of sugar, and as a result, the osmotic grip of the cells and the need to lead them. However, no one has yet gone far into the show, that in the quiescent clays there is a sufficient amount of zukru, a chance to wickle, sparing the wrinkles of the osmotic vice. Not long ago it was set up, that in the afternoon on the lights in the quieter cliffs one accumulates some calories and supporters; such accumulation of ions is quite enough, for the victories of sparing the wines. In temriavi іoni kalіyu (K +), there are from cold cells in the adjoining cells of epіdermisu. It’s not clear to the number of times that anion is a positive charge of an ion of kaliyu. In some (but not in all) vivic roslin, the accumulation of a large amount of anionic organic acids, such as malate, was indicated. Suddenly change in the size of starchy grains, which appear in the temperature in the chloroplasts of the frozen cells. It is not allowed to allow the allowance, but the starch on the lights is transformed into malate.

In deyaky roslin, for example, in Allium cepa (tsibulya), there is no starch in the quiescent clitines. That is, in case of severe food, malate does not accumulate, but cation, mabut, glaze at once with inorganic anions like chloride (Cl-).

Deyakі nourishing become non-virіshenim. For example, what is the need for light to display food? What role is played by chloroplast, what is the role of storing starch? To transform malate in temryavi back into starch? In 1979, it was shown that in the chloroplasts of the quiescent cytins Vicia faba (kinsky bobi) during the day the enzyme cycle of Calvin and the thylakoid system is rotten, it wants chlorophyll and є. As a result, it is not a very primitive C3 - the path to photosynthesis and the starch does not pretend. Tse could help to explain why the starch is not in the daytime, as in the very photosynthetic cells, but at night. іnshy tsikaviy fact- the visibility of plasmodesmata in quiescent cells, so that the relative isolation of these cells from the cells of the epidermis.

6.trichomes

Thrichommy, abo hairs (from the Greek. FsYachshmb - hairs) - clitini epidrmis, which are set on the organs of the roslin rіznomomanіtnі zvnіshnі virosty. Before them, there are hairs (hairs and non-fermentation), pieces, galls, nectaries and deyakis inspiration.

Trichomes have evolved from among the Emergents, who are microcircles, in which banks the fate is not only epidermis, sub-dermal tissue.

All developmental trichomes are divided into two functional types: curiosity and valorization.

The first to establish themselves from the curtain fabrics and serve to capture the growth of the unfavorable, inflowing middle-class, others - to lay down to the visible fabrics of the newest secrets and take part in the processes of accumulating and visualizing the speeches.

Trichomes are able to display the versatile functions, which are not available until the end of the day. It is taken with respect that the stench will seize the physiological tissue of the leaf - chlorinated from the overheating, mechanically all the growth from the growth of comas and creatures, take the change in vapors from the tissue of the leaf, and the health of the salts from the tissue of the leaf

The enigmatic peculiarity of both types of trichomes is to become those of the basal cells from subepidermal cells with a significantly larger number of plasmodesmata, less from suspicious epidermal cells. Such a rank of trichomes, being structurally and genetically parts of the epidermis, physiologically, it is more closely knitted with subepidermal tissues. Functions of childish trichomes are not seen.

Trichomes are one-liners and one-liners, dead and alive. The dead are remembered by the twains and make the dewdrops of beads of color. The form of trichomes can be versatile (head, spice, gachkuvat and in.). Often trichomes are minimized - seeped with silica and calcium.

Rosemiri trichomes vary in significant boundaries. Most often, a hair, little pieces, or gleaned well into a strong magnifying glass or a microscope. Naybilsh dovgy trichomes (up to 5-6 cm) cover the bavovnik.

The hairs most often cover the growing lines of arid - arid regions, high mountains, subpolar regions earthly coo, And also the growths of the smithy mice.

The hairs are about three - in the thick sense of the word, tse - Virostkov okremikh clitin shkirki (epidermi); in a larger wider - bichni organisms of the stalk, roots or leaves, sprouted either from one surface orb of clitin (shkirki), or from a few upper balls (shkirki in the recumbent bottom of her pulp). The value of їх zdebіlshy in the edge is insignificant, but it is simple. Physiological role of development in different types of diseases. Some (hairs of nirok, leaves, stem) fix a dull twist, іnshі (hairs of V.) function as organs of vision, as well as organisation of lively speeches from runtu (root hairs). Some of them are bigger men; іnshі efemerіnі, having professionalized the day, will soon be replaced by new ones; takі korenevі V. (lecture by div. Korіn). Confirm V. can be found on all parts of the stems: on the roots, stems, leaves, and on the small parts of the stems, and on the fruit, which does not turn on and off (the cotton wool, for example, not so much as the hairs of the bavovnik). V. and about them, inspect the knowledge also in spore deweds, such as leafy stems, as well as layering (gleophytes). On one and the same there is a line, to navigate on one and the same part of it, you can eat small hairs both in shape and in function. From the side, there are views, canopies and whole families, which are characterized as being of the same shape of hairs. If you want to look at a hair yourself, then you will be able to see the way to grow up one cliché of shkirki. A small number of cells are called at the papilla, then the papilla grows more and more, due to which the shape of the hairs begins. As soon as having established itself as a virostok, it’s not like a partition wall from the side of a child’s shkirka, then we can take a one-lined hair, if we’re going to be distributed, so why shouldn’t, for the help of a partition, then we’ll fold a bag. Yak bi did not accept, however, by a hair's breadth, in most cases the shell of the yogi is cuticle, but instead it is deposited with protoplasm, the nucleus and the form of chlorophyll grains. Hair-like hairs and hair-like illumination can be found in two groups: Hair in the thick sense of the word and Virostkov.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...