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Potted mushrooms. Growth of mushrooms and infusion of vital factors on growth processes

The process of increasing the size of the cells, and also, the foreign masi, is characterized by the understanding of the “growth”. Wines to stay at the micelial mushrooms by the way of stretching the inner shell of the upper cell. It is necessary to think about growth - the appearance of lively conversations and the need for growing cells of cytoplasm from the suspicious pre-apex cells. Not less important are the active processes of synthesis, in the course of which the nucleus, cell organelles and elements are established culture... In other mushrooms, the growth of new daughter cells grows irregularly with a brute for a long time. The quality is typical for children of microcellular fungi.

The growth-resistant dilenca of the gypsum has to be replaced by the number of cytoplasms, blood cells, nucleic acids, enzymes, that is, E. Vin is the most active in physiological development. Behind the growing cells, vacuolization grows, the cytoplasm of those through the pores of the transverse partitions under the inflow of the forces of the osmotic grip vyshtovuyutsya to the upper cells. In vacuolization of the pre-apical cells, there are spare live speech, including the glycogen, which is vicarious for the coverage of the shell.

The speed of growth of mushrooms, which grows on solid, lively middle-ground, most often starts with a path to the diameter of a radius and the back area of a colony, and the speed of growth of a super-spreader is due to the increase in the amount of problems in life.

Rostov processes are strongly influenced by genetic features, the minds of the cultivation and the development of the zoomed bureaucrats. The growth rate of growing mushrooms is far from the same. At the link of the cym їх they grow on swiftly growing (Neurospora, Trichoderma, Muco-rales, Aspergillus), some representatives of which can grow with high swellings - up to 3-6 mm / year, and slowly growing (Phellinus pіnі, Polyatus) The sprouting of shvidkozrostayushchikh tree-ruinous fungi Fomes fomentarius and Pleurotus ostrealus become 9-14 mm for doba, and slow-growing Piptoporus betulinus - less than 1.5-3.0. E.V. Vitrovy has been informed that the growth of heterocarions is higher than homocarions.

Mycelium (mycelium) - vegetatively fungal and actinomycetes (early ages, susceptible to the bacterial nature of actinomycetes, call them an analogue of mushroom mycelium with thin threads), and then fold up to 0 microns in thin (1.5-10 microns in actinomycetes) rosy threads, called gyphae. Grow in substrates and on their surfaces. Dovzhina mycelia of mushrooms in natural minds, sprouts, in lisovy pidstyltsi, can reach 35 km per 1 gram. Growth of mycelia will grow apically (only at the top). Mushrooms develop non-linear (cenotic) microcells, add small partitions and represent a majestic cell of great number nuclei (typical for zygomycetes), as well as clitinnia (septirovanny), with the appearance of microcrystalline partitions (known as the term septi) and one or more nuclei in the vicinity of the cells.

Mycelium of actinomycetes does not have enough nuclei, and it can be distributed on the edge of the cell, so it can be lost. Septi can be used with simple and folding pores. Simple characteristic for ascomycetes. Folding pores are often supravodzhuyutsya buckles - slack-like virost of the septum, shared with one cell and adjacent to the middle. In such a type of cell, two kernels and micelles of the fungus are called dikarotic. Vin typical for Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Buckles play an important role in the delivery of clitin. The fruits of the basidiomycetes are approved by the gracious tissue of plectenchim, which is stored in densely intertwined hyphae in the micelle and is seen from the correct tissue, which is good to form when there are some tensions. In basidiomycetes, mycelium is often bagatory, in other fungi it is monotonous.

Form mycelia:

Plates - solid planes gossip of hyphae, small growths, goods, light types to serve for attaching flesh to the substrate. Rip ferments to cellulose and glaze її.

Cords - grown Stack of gillok gypsy mushroom. For attachment to the substrate і th widening. They are short hairs or very bad hairs.

Rizomorphs - taut cords up to 5 meters, stored from dark, weldable cords, and inner, fine, fluffy cords.

Rhizoktoniya - thin twisted cords. Serve for attachment and expansion.

Sclerocy is the worst gossip of the GIF. Revenge a lot of thread-like rosary. Often sclerotia take root from the fruiting of the fungus. Serve to lull the transference of unwilling minds.

The stromi are flat-sculpted growths with the woven growth of the ruler. Serve to protect mushroom spores.

Fruit tilo - to serve for the establishment of a spore-bearing mushroom.

Growth of mycelium is attached to the general growth of the vital medium, or during the transition of the fungus to the onset of the development stage, it is tied to the multiplication. In such a rank, vegetative growth is a preparatory stage, which I open with a friendly mind for breeding. Microscopic advances in mycelia were allowed to see a number of stages in fungi, which are characterized by singing signs.

Stage I - germination of conidia (super-stream). Includes two stages: first - swelling of conidia (trivia 4-10 years), the other - approval of growth tubes and primary mycelia from decilkoh clitin. Cytoplasm is not differentiated, in cells it is replaced by other vacuolar cells.

Stage II - the growth of mycelia and the 1st stage of hair growth (lag phase). The core of the mushroom is a characteristic species of mushrooms. Other granules of lipids are adopted.

Stage III - rapid intensive growth, which is supervised by active exchange processes and accumulation of nucleic acids.

Stage IV - non-growth, aging of mycelia, sporulation, accumulation of secondary metabolic products.

Stage V - accepted for the mental identification of secondary autolysis of mycelia.

You should try to treat mushrooms, sprout to the producers of penicillin, describe in detail all the changes. Thus, in Penicillium chryzogenum, 7 stages are described.

The triviality of the growth of fungi in the third stage ecology officials, Genetic features, minds of cultivation and in.

mushroom poultry to build up from the clitinous membrane (the callus is often a slime ball-capsule), Lomas, cytoplasm from the cytoplasmic membrane, endoplasmic hemisphere, mitochondria, ribosomes, dictosomes and nuclei. In some cases in fungi cells, vacuoles and growths included. The clinker shell, which is healthy in mushrooms, has a numerical function, including the active soaking up of old speech from the substrate, in the capacity of the main components to replace chitin, polysaccharides, including glucans, bilks and fats. In the case of clitinny mushrooms, there are also pigments (melanin, chinoni), which also include different types of salts. Electronically microscopic vyvchennya of a clitin mushroom sheath will show how the stench is stored from decile balls of fibrillary buds. They are fibrillated, which are white microtubules to form a skeleton, which serves as the basis for the other components of the shell. The clitine shell is given the form of clitins of hyphae and the organs of reproduction. Visible signs of the clerical shell of some representatives of the lower fungi є the appearance in any habit and the appearance of cellulose. In the cytoplasm, in the cytoplasmic membrane, in fungi rostasovani lomasomi - sponge-like electronic structures.

Mushroom cytoplasm is a kind of colossal middle, in which there are structural bricks, cells of organisms and not linked to them enzymes, amino acids, carbohydrates, lipid and other words. Vacuoles - structures of a rounded, earlier incorrect form, which function as a depot for adding spare words or toxic products to metabolism. In the capacity of reserve rivers, here they are stored in the main polyphosphate (metachromatin, volutin), glycogen, lipid.

membrane system It is represented by endoplasmic fissures in cytoplasm and knotted membranous tubules, cisterns and empty ones, showing the function of internal and microcrystalline transport measures for metabolism.

core rounded or podovzhenoi form, marked by a sublayer membrane, a nucleus and chromosomes with DNA. Number of kernels in mushroom cakeі їх sizes of development. There are both single-core cells, as well as cells, a number of nuclei, within the reach of dozens of decils; The size of nuclei can also vary from 2-3 microns in diameter to decile tens of micrometers. For mushrooms, which are dominant in the development phase. Characterized by the appearance of two nuclei, paired in the viglyadi dikarion. Mushrooms are also characteristic of all the organisms of brewery.

Vegetatively tilo mushrooms to be stored in a cell, where you can see cylindrical tubes up to 10 microns in diameter, smell high (apical) growths and clear hairs. Vseredinі, gypsy vikonanі protoplasm; in wild mushrooms є the transverse partitions and the stench take on a stench on the singing from the end of the gyfi. Significant versatility of the reach of the budov's cell walls, or heres, which are the old cells of the clitine and pretends to be the path of the cytoplasmic membrane in the middle of the cell. The price of power for all mushrooms is the way to win. Through them, there is a link with the cytoplasm of the susceptible cells, the change of living words, the migration of certain cell organs. For the large basidiomycetes, the characteristic doliporic type is characteristic, which is very likely to fold budov. Gifs of wild mushrooms, merging among themselves, fixing mycelia, in the case of other species, they are similar to fabrics.

mushrooms multiply vegetative stateless abo statevim ways. vegetative propagation to work with fragments of mycelia, as they appear, give an ear to a new micelle. In other fungi and representatives of the order Agaricales and Plectascales, they are vegetatively propagated by means of bruncation, either a cell or a cell, as a result of which some cells of organisms are formed, so that mushrooms can be found. For a whole series of mushrooms, vegetative propagation is characteristic of a path of growth on the outskirts of klitini-arthrospori.

at stateless reproduction argue more and more highly specialized for budget and methods of reproduction. In the middle of the super-streak of non-statically growing mushrooms, the way to illuminate the super-streams of endogenous and exogenous.

status of multiplication at mushrooms buva different types... The essence of this field is in the fact that two states of cells (gametes) - cholovic and female - or two vegetative thalluses, which function as state of cells, as a result of new vitamins (gametes), are seen. Angry gametes take revenge only half the set of chromosomes. In a zygote, the number of chromosomes will vary. Gametes є structures, which are located, may have half chromosomes, in the haploid phase, and the zygote goes into the diploid phase.

In vine fungi, the process of against organisms and clitin, which is not differentiated on gametes, is a process. Newly approved as a result of the zygote zlittya (it is not differentiated, and the zygote is a deprivation of the nuclear age) without a period of calm to go to forged development; in nіy are formed a range of kernels of other articles, which sometimes get angry in pairs and become aware of the reduction. The haploid nuclei, which were established in the process of the reductive subtype, go into ascospore, which can be adopted in bags, or in basidiospores, which are established on special cells - basidia - basidiomycetes exogenously.

Mushrooms are widened everywhere: їх super-splines, cutting with a micelі, іnshі illumination, іnіchayut on the ground and in the second, on land in the water. The stench grows on all kinds of natural substrates of grass and food, as well as on piece materials created by people. At XX century. before the people faced the problem of improving the natural and piece dzherel bіlka, the deficit of which age is all seen. In connection with the cysts of vinicle, it is necessary to introduce into the culture new protein-containing organisms, the middle of one of the most valuable fungi. The cultivation of traditional mushrooms allows for the preservation of grubs and wild mushrooms. Viroshuvati ustivnі mushrooms is possible tsiliy rik right from the climatic i ґgrave minds, On growing substrates, unproductive for their purposes, for example, on other non-food inputs; with a wide variety of substratum, let it grow in two: for picking, I grow mushrooms and become valuable dzherel humus for gardening and vegetable production. The admission will eat mushrooms on the market with a wide variety of methods of growing up on the basis of a great variety of biological culture.

Our presenters have them gliva zvichainu... Vaughn to enter the group of macromyceti (macro - large, mitseti - mushrooms). For the budovi of the vegetative body, the macromycetes should be laid down to the edible mushrooms. Oh mycelium bagatore. Having settled on a singing substrate, wine is virostaє nerіdko for a lot of meters in a meal. In the world of growth, people get hungry, intertwined. There are jumper (anastomoses) at the mice of the ichny zitknennya; ci jumper to unite gifs in a single organism, zyssnyuyut sounds between them, the transfer of lively rhetoric.

The wood-destroying micelle of Glivi grows into a rotary micelle, similar to the sponge wool.

Mycelium is healthy to all life is important to the function of the mushroom organism - its harvesting, growth and development, propagation. The method of harvesting macromycetes, such as fungi, heterotrophy, is the tact of how the building is reduced to photosynthesis. That stench live only there, even if the organic speech is ready, and add it from the most popular dzherel.

Having accumulated a sufficient supply of lively words, the mycelium grows old before multiplication. In macromycetes, the process of tying for the establishment of the mushroom body - that part of the fungal organism, which we call mushrooms, is dull, or I don’t know about those who don’t need to organize reproduction, so I’m found on the singing stage for the growth ... Fruits are very flexible, grow out, as a rule, on the surface of the substrate - it can be visually observed and vivchati. Foldable fruits of macromycetes otochenny mushroom pomegranate tissue, or plectenchimi, as it is stored from a large-scale gossip of giph.

The mushrooms and the growths may be so susceptible - the hopefulness of the living speech in the cell, in the head, on osmosis (diffusion of the speech through the penetrating partitions on the surface of the cell), not purely physical, alem. When there is a good old talk in the mushroom cell, the cell will be active, and not passive, as the penetration of protoplasm, as if it’s to lie, є the size of the snake. In addition, there is a sense of vibrancy for singing speeches and, at the same time, it grows in a growing body of culture. It seems that the possibility of storing a certain rank of stimulants, for example, heteroauxin and epin for fungi, is a possibility.

Dicarious mycelium is healthy on non-growing growth - vegetatively mushrooms are stored in the form of cylindrical tubes up to 10 microns in diameter, the stench is characterized by upper (apical) and moderate growth and vivid pink.

The visibility of the lumpiness in the vegetative stand at vishykh roslin Tissue Budova Vinikє with Dilenna Clitin at All Straight. And in mushrooms, mycelia only go through the setups of transverse straights, so that only in one straight line. It is accepted to respect, that mushrooms do not have any reference fabrics, but there is no more gratitude for fabrics. According to the morphological features of mushrooms, there are two types of tissues: paraplectomy and protoplectic.

The image of the morphological understanding of the mental and physiological understanding of the fabric of mushrooms. From the point of view of the functional significance of the development of the curvature, mechanical and wire fabrics. s curved fabric lay on the surface of sclerotia and fruiting fungi. Clitini of such fabrics can hide the envelopes, on the surface there is a pigment, which is a clay of the sleep spectrum, and the vicon will play a role by himself. Mechanical fabric is represented by hyphae, strongly endearing stinks and judged enlightenment, which produce the taste of fruit tree, or be it a part. Typical wire fabrics in mushrooms are not, its function is to display the special specialization of gypsum by adding transverse partitions. Tsі gіfi, permeating the fruit tilo in small straights, will get it with water. For suction organic speechesє gіfi, yaki є vіdgaluzhennymi zvychainykh gіf. The stench comes out thick and smacked together.

All pererahovanie - so that the functional similarity of fabrics of growing roses and specialty mushrooms is to say more simply one similarity.

Vegetative propagation - vegetative propagation to grow in fragments of mycelia, as they appear, give an ear to a new mycelia. In agaric species, vegetatively propagation by means of a path is bruncated by mycelium, or as a result of which a clitine - Oidia is established, which gives an ear to a new fungal organism.

Most of the fungi are characterized by a smaller number of mineral springs, in contrast to those of some other species, up to 11.5% (average 7.7%). Fruits of mushrooms are rich in calories, phosphorus, in small amounts sodium and calcium can be found in them, instead of a salt in macromycetes, it is approximately similarly quiet in a large quantity of green products.

That is, in obviousness, there is a similarity in the chemistry warehouse of fruit trees of wild mushrooms and products of wild roses. And now again, more schematically, about the propagation of mushrooms.

breeding mushrooms

In macromycetes, they grow statically, without status and vegetatively. Vegetative propagation, which is based on the health of the body before regeneration, can be used for additional parts of the body. The growth of fungi before vegetative propagation is widely used in case of piece propagation of cultivated mushrooms, as well as in the reproduction of pure cultures in laboratories, in order to propagate seed micelles.

It is more special to get involved in a way, with any micelles, to fall on the edges of cells, as they grow over time, setting up micelles. To the organs of vegetative propagation, it is necessary to introduce the Oedia, the clamidospore, which I want, and occasionally, very often, to set up some species of species of fungi. Chlamidospore - the price of food for children, which came to the mind and cover with a dark, cracked shell. The stench of building zberigati life from rock to ten rock. At the time of the nosyatny minds, the stench grows into a new microcelium. Оїдії - short cylindrical subtleties of hyphae, approved as a result of a general drop in mycelium with high minds. When germinated, they give an ear to a new micelle.

For bagatokh macromycetes, it is characteristic of stateless reproduction. Look out for the help of special cells or structures that grow in microcells.

They are not aware of the versatility of the forms of statical growth of fungi, the process of differentiation in basidial fungi, which is called somatogamy, is not visible. Wines are stored in two cells of the vegetative mycelium by means of the establishment of anastomoses between the threads of the mycelium, or by the small way and to inspect the wild-fatherly mecelium, which is established by the basidiospores. Basidiospori haploidny, the stench gives the ear to the haploid mycelium, and everything is repaired from the ear.

The mycelium of wild mushrooms, being an aerobic organism, grows and develops in natural minds in a vegetative way, uniquely overworldly and swampy. With the singing minds of the zvnіshnyy middle age, the reach of biological maturity and the establishment of reproductive organisms - the fruits of thila. They develop super-splices, which serve for propagation and widening of the mind in nature by means of a walkway. When the minds are out for the approval of the fruitfuls of the fungi, the fungi grow in growth and develop only a vegetative way behind the help of the growth and distribution of hyphae, and in some species, they are approved.

The mushroom life cycle

Haploid basidiospores - Haploid basidiospores germinate in species in the midst of the midst and transform into a short haploid mycelia - haploid mycelia.

Hyphae - hyphae of two prototypes of haploid mycelia - haploid mycelia mate, fermenting with its plasmas - plasmogamy.

Dikaryotic mycelium, which grows shvidshe, but not Batkiv's haploid mycelium - haploid mycelium, and, in the kintsev rakhunku, will take over the whole space. Mycelium - Mycellium fungus, here (Cortinarius) forms mycorrhiza - mycorrhizae with trees. Factors of navkolishnogo center of the type of board, temperature changes, i, for mycorrhizal type, seasonal changes in the ruler - roslini play a majestic role in the life of the mushroom.

Dikaryotic mycellium is a dikaryotic mycellium form of a compact mass that grows into mushrooms. Cytoplasm - Cytoplasm, strumming in mycelia - mycellium and also, inflating from mycorrhiza - mycorrhizae, blowing hyphae - hyphae mushrooms, raptus "whiskey". Not vipadkovo, from Arabic, the mushrooms are called "Futari" - vilazites are named, prolate, rozkolyuvati, rapt is named, similar to the Russian "wounds" (mushrooms pick up early warnings).

Dikaryons basidiomycetes - Dikaryons basidiomycetes is a long-lasting, vigorously new crop - fruit tilo - basiocarps (fungi, in general) pork.

Karyogamy - zlittya klin vіdbuvaєtsya in the thermal dikaryotic midges, which cover the surface of the wild birds.

The skin is slightly swollen, and it forms a diploid basidium - diploid basidium, which is easily susceptible to meiosis - meiosis, and I make chotiri haploid - haploid nuclei.

Basidium - Basidium todі viroshuє chotiri appendage, and one haploid - haploid nucleus enter the skin appendage and develop into basidiospore - basidiospore.

If it is ripe, basidiospores - basidiospores penetrate lightly (by electrostatic forces) into the meat between the chaffinches - droplet plates. For that, the yak of the super-straps hangs from the drop. The stench rises in the morning. Moreover, in a droplet of a mushroom it is ripe from hundreds of millions to a million of a super-stream. At the same time, all two super-links are required for the establishment of a specific micelle.

The biological peculiarities of edible fungi are characteristic when cultivated in piece minds.

The phyzology of wild mushrooms served as an object of vivification in the last century, but later in the 1950s, it was two or three decades later, since the last two or three decades, since it was growing, so that the organs of blooming may be antibiotic

Growth and development of the skin surrounding organisms are found in direct fallowness as a type of living substrate, in which folding physiological and biochemical processes occur, and the intensity of the middle organisms is caused by slowing down Before the factors, which are caused by the organism itself, the species and strains of the fungus, the walking, the culture, the amount of plant material, the growth of vegetative propagation, the establishment of biologically active speech, intensity.

In case of single-piece cultivation of traditional mushrooms, the growth of factors, which are needed by the organisms in the process of evolution, it is necessary to change and regulate the factors of the new middle, so that it is infused into the physiological fruitfulness and biochemistry.

Prior to the most important factors, such as the activity of heterotrophic organisms, it follows that there is a manifestation in the middle of life elements, the root of optimal minds of temperature, vologosti, light, reaction of the middle.

Growth of mushrooms and infusion of vital factors on growth processes

Growing mushrooms. The process of increasing the size of the cells, and also, the foreign masi, is characterized by the understanding of the “growth”. Wines to stay at the micelial mushrooms by the way of stretching the inner shell of the upper cell. It is necessary to think about growth - the appearance of lively conversations and the need for growing cells of cytoplasm from the suspicious pre-apex cells. Not less important are the active processes of synthesis, in the course of which the nucleus, cell organelles and elements of the cell chain are established. In other mushrooms, the growth of new daughter cells grows irregularly with a brute for a long time. The quality is typical for children of microcellular fungi.

The speed of mushroom growth, which grows on solid, lively midst, most often begins with a path to the diameter of a radius or home area colonies of mycelia, and the growth rate of the super-stream is due to the increase in the amount of money during the swelling.

Stage II - the growth of mycelia and the 1st stage of hair growth (lag phase). The core of the mushroom is a characteristic species of mushrooms. Other granules of lipids are adopted.

Stage III - rapid intensive growth, which is supervised by active exchange processes and accumulation of nucleic acids.

Stage IV - non-growth, aging of mycelia, sporulation, accumulation of secondary metabolic products.

Stage V - accepted for the mental identification of secondary autolysis of mycelia.

You should try to treat mushrooms, sprout to the producers of penicillin, describe in detail all the changes. Thus, in Penicillium chryzogenum, 7 stages are described.

The triviality of the growth of fungi in this and the second stage is found in the form of ecological factors, genetic characteristics, minds of cultivation, etc.

Infusion of significant factors into growth processes. Determine the middle ground - temperature, pH of the middle ground, light, aeration, vology - by stretching the mushroom life cycle to constantly rotate the flow. The first thing for all the stinks will be recognized on the nature of the peculiarities of growth processes, that is, the speed of growth is one of the leading indicators of the general reaction of mushrooms to the inflow of new officials.

Temperature officials. Adequate amount of heat is one of the main minds of the mushroom life. Moreover, the life of the skin type is active in the inter-axial temperature between. The most harmonious interruption of communication processes is more likely to occur at the optimum temperature. The inflow of even lower or even higher temperatures will lead to severe damage in the coordination of the processes of life, to non-gall-eaters with cytoplasm. As the temperature goes down and becomes critical, the cytoplasm collapses, it is absorbed into the penetration of membranes and blood cells. The temperature can also be brought up to the bend of the cell, as a result of the deterioration of the membranes, which is infused as a result of the activation and denaturation of the cells and the breakdown of the metabolic processes.

The lower boundary, when the growth of an absolutely large mushroom grows, is 0-3 ° С, and the upper boundary does not change 40 ° С. spir is not the same. For example, the optimum temperature for spore germination in the tinder fungus Qloephillurn seriarium becomes 30-34 ° С, and for the growth of myceliums - 36 ° С.

A decrease in the intensity of growth, for example, increases the visibility of the fungus at high temperatures in some cases of low synthesis of the necessary amino acid and vitamins. In D. Phryse's past, the cultures of Coprinus fimetarius grew rapidly at a temperature of 44 ° C, as in the middle of the day, hydrolyzate to casein, an active component of yak, methionin, was displaced. Obviously, blocking the synthesis of the amino acid cycle when the temperature is increased, causing the growth of mycelium. The mushrooms are generally consumed in temperature and fall into three groups: cold-loving, heat-loving and heat-loving.

The growth rate of mushrooms at temperatures below zero does not mean they stink. The fruits of the family of the Polyporaceae family are kept at low temperatures down to -100 ° C, and the micelium of Lentinus lepideus, Fomitopsis carnea is dry heat up to + 100 ° C, if the fruit is allowed to grow up to 55 ° C. May the meaty meaty, or the meaty crusty consistency and be treated to the same (Роlyporus, Polystictus and ін.), charge to go out frost. In its own tree, woody and corky fruits of mushrooms from the genera Fomes, Daedalea, and they grow up to a high rate to low temperatures and from the coming spring, I know to fix vegetation.

We will show you the ecological modifications of the geographic expedition. So, the middle-like growth of Fusarium sporotrichioides in the breeding crops (Yakutsk) grows lower, less in the breeding isolates (Azerbaijan and Krasnodar).

It is possible for the development of a skin fungus, a perspiration for everything, this is due to the pH of the middle, or the reaction of the substrate in the natural minds. A lively middle ground, to take revenge on all the necessary speeches, is prepared without the necessary acidity (anyway); It is worth explaining the statements of the ammonia and organic acids, which increase the pH, in case of unequal clinging of the components of the middle, the development of cations and anions. In case of physiological preliminaries, it is important to take the cob pH value of the middle soil, vikoristovoy crade, meadow or phosphate buffer.

The optimal pH value for larger mushrooms is lower than 7 (between 5.0-6.0), which is due to the slightly acidic reaction of the middle. At the same time, the mushrooms are attached to the substrate with a more acidic reaction. Prior to them, wood-destroying, fungal and microbial fungi are introduced, and organic acids can be established. M. I. Boyko, having shown the growth of Hetero-basidion annosum in 9 strains of the fungus, showing that the growth can be observed in the pH range from 2.5 to 9.5, and the accumulated biomass at pH from 5.5 to 9.5 changes. In some representatives of mycorrhizal fungi in the genus Boletus, the optimum pH is between 3.

It is shown that the pH of the middle is injected on the activity of proteases. Thus, in the fungus Emericellopsis glabra, when the pH value of the reaction sum changes from 6.0 to 12, the protease activity increases 5.6 times.

Growth of mushrooms on lively midstows in a large variety of crops is supervised by a change in pH towards acidification. Original until the boule of I. G. Konevskaya, for the change in the pH of the middle, took papyr (sulphate, llyana, sulphite, bavovnyana and gazetna) in the capacity of yakosti, inoculating the cellulose-destroying fungus Chaetomium globosum. Pislya 60 dib to the pH of the sulfate, bava, llyano and sulfite papers changed into acidity, and the newspaper - in the direction of alkalization.

Svitlovi factories and vipromynuvannya. Sleepy radioactivity to rob the hundredth inlet on the processes of living of mushrooms, if the development of the small dialects of the spectrum of sleepyheads is not the same. Thus, the effect of promoting heat receptor activation, the mutagenic effect of inhibiting ultraviolet exchanges, and the visible light injected into photo processing and photochemical processes. More fungi in growth with approximately the same intensity on light and temperature. However, after the infusion of bright light, it helps to drive the growth of mycelia and germination of spores in representatives of Trichoderma, Penicillum and other fungi, especially with barless shells. Velma is a sign of light for the formation of fruiting organs. Fruits of Heterobasidion annosum, Polystictus abietinus, Armillariella mellea and other fungi, when grown on individual livestock centers, are set up only in the minds of growing illumination. It is demonstrative that the growth of light on spore formation can be found in all the middle of the same genus. Yaksho Botrytis cinerea spores on light and in tempera, then B. gladiolorum - only on light. In case of unilateral illumination, a phototropic reaction of spore-bearing organs towards dzherela light is promoted. Good positive phototropic viginas are produced by representatives of Mucorales, sporangial sporangia of Pilobolus cry-stallinus, and species of Phycomyces, Spinellus, Hirschio-porus and others. For some pyrenomycetes, the characteristic proboscis viginum is Perithetsii, in the common ones the bursae bend with an analogous rank, and in the chapine basidiomycetes - nizhni.

The increase in light intensity in some fungi (Pilobolus, Lentinus, Coprinus, etc.) Normal development of fruit trees in Lentinus edodes is accelerated at an intensity of illumination of 5 lux and food. When the light is out, light-colored hypertrophied fruit is set. From the beginning of the light in the micelle and the super-streaks of the mushrooms, the pigments are set.

The word "pigment" resembles the Latin pigmentum - farb. The breeders of the "color" pigments of the stench of the great variety of the spectrum. The pigmentation of the sheaths of the super-stream significantly increases its strength to a series of straight sleepy changes in case of alternating leaks. Pigments of mushrooms are added to the group. 1. Pigments that are established as a result of the transformation of orilpyruvate (terfenilchinoni and іх old - atromentin, polyproval, telephoric, pulvic, variegated acids and in.). 2. Pigments, which are carried out on the acetate-mevalonate route (scuteral, trametin, dermotsibin, dermorubin, dermolutein, emodin and in.). 3. Pigments that can be set up according to the mevalonate route (lactarovolin, lactarofulvin, rizni carotenoid, in Pershuchu (carotene, as well as lacopin, cantaxanthin and in.). walking (azakhioni, indigo and in.).

Slid of pidcrescence, so light is not necessary for the synthesis of mushrooms in all pigments. Thus, the biosynthesis of the blue pigment Indigo in the fungus Schizophyljum lies in the form of malic acid, so that it accumulates in mycelia in the world of its development. Tsei pigment to become deprived of culture, yak wasted the state of mind before the synthesis of malic acid. At the same hour, when added to the middle of the season, the malic acid changes and the number of indigo decreases and grows.

For children, the seedling Candida pulcherria, the characteristic yaskravo-chervonia pigment pulcherrimin.

Numerical and widely widened in lower fungi (Mucoraceae, Choanephoraceae, Mogtierellaceae, etc.) The group of pigments becomes carotenoid. BlakesJea trispora і Choanephora cucurditarum can be synthesized by intensive synthesis of carotene, as it can be used for removing 3-carotene. In the footsteps of E.P. Feofilov, it was shown that diphenylamine is strongly infused into the synthesis of carotenoids. In the fungus Blakeslea trispora, mycelia, which is in the form of diphenylamine, synthesizes carotene is much better, lower in the control culture, it is possible to mate with the accumulated barless mediator, which is far from being used for the synthesis of carotene. If the mycelium is NOT formulated as diphenylamine, then it does not contain fatty inclusions accumulated by the orange granules of carotene. The order of the cym changes and morphology of blood cells. In some fungi, diphenylamine has accumulated phytoin and phytofluin, i.e., there is a specific inflow of the designated contribution to the biosynthesis of pigments.

Carotenoids - lost isoprene, which are non-contaminated spoluks of the terpene series, adhere to non-fatty pygmyes. It is known the number of words in mushrooms of all systematic groups, wanting to take revenge in the bagatokh stench in a small amount. For example, in basidiomycetes Clitocybe venutissima - and carotenes store 0.17% of dry weight of fruit bodies. Additions instead of carotene is typical for ascomycetes (orders Taphrinales, Protomycetales and іn.) And basidiomycetes, especially rusty fungi, which can be harvested and orange-colored. Carotenous pigments are known in Bagatioi incomplete fungi such as Dark (Cladosporium, Curvularia and in.), So also light-colored (Cephalosporium, Trichotecium and in.). The role of them in the organisms of fungi to achieve developmental and persistent for everything is tied to the reactions of phototropism and phototaxis.

Mushrooms take revenge on rich pigments - old quinone (atrometin, leukomelone, auratitin and in.), Anthraquinone, benzoquinone and naphthoquinone. A large number of different types of quinones are found in incomplete fungi in the order of hyphomycetes (Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and in.). Chinoni may be antibiotic and toxic, made from violet or even black colir. Pigments of mushrooms may be nyr_znoman_tn_shu zhovtu, brown, chervona, black, green, violet and ін. The stench wicks farbuvannya not only mycelia and fruit trees, ale and vivifying center, on the growth of mushrooms.

Bagato mushrooms take revenge on dark pigments - melanin, which are high-polymeric spoluks, which are established with enzymatic oxidized phenols. Melanin ferment gives a number of mushroom species a high strength to extreme Minds.

With a change in the sleep spectrum, the most powerful inflow will produce ultraviolet radiation, which may lead to mutations, and with high doses of optimization, it will increase the susceptibility of mushroom life.

Є About the great intensity of action on the steps of mushroom blue-violet exchanges.

In Aspergillus clavatis, when infused with blue exchanges, species of conidia are formed, while the size of conidiophores grows rapidly under the same red exchanges. The stage of illumination is strongly infused and into the liquidity of the super-stream of fruit trees. In some ascomycetes (Podospora curvula, Nectria cinnabarina), sporulation is present only in the daytime, in others (Hypoxylon fuscum) - only in the middle of the day. In a number of slides, the oppressive inflow of infrastructure changes to the growth of Budinkovs (Serpula lacrymans, Poria vaporaria, Coniophora cerebella) and tree-haired (Heterobasidion annosum) mushrooms is shown.

A strong inflow on the mushrooms is necessary to optimize, the dark mushroom wants to see its resistance to the point of being overwhelmed. There is indirect evidence of the fact that the ionizing radioactivity of the DNA test has been taken away. Mutants Aspergillus nidulans, Coprinus lagopus and ін are especially sensitive to radioactive prominence. Dozi, as they make a lethal mushrooming, the main rank of flowers, vikoristovy for the capture of materials from the microdestructors, the order of the mysterious values and archaeological documents.

Light is poured into the status and non-status reproduction of mushrooms. One of the reasons for the induction of reproductive processes is a hormone-like speech, which I named P310, seen from the microcell of Ascochytapisi, due to the development of near ultraviolet and incomplete fungi.

Aeration. In the middle of mushrooms of German regional anaerobes. Most types of optional anaerobes are others. The need for sourness for normal development is far from the same, it can be found in mushrooms, it can be referred to one and the same kind. So, Fusarium oxyporus lives in anaerobic minds stretching for 13 times, while F. eumartii lives less than three times.

Vologist of the middle. A large number of mushrooms for their growth will require a higher price. So, їstіvni mushrooms invite to come in warm weather. The growth of moldy mushrooms can also be deprived of substrates, which is subject to change. Wood-destroying mushrooms can grow most easily with an absolute wood content of 30-80%, if it is minimal and maximal, with a stink they develop, be in between 20 to 150%.

The nature of the tree can serve as a factor that intertwines the growth and ruinous activity of a number of mushrooms. Tsiu osoblivist vikoristovuyt, zokrema, for zapobіgannya derevinya urazhennya mushrooms, nasichuyuchi її vologoi by the method of pre-donation or doschuvannya. Tsey priyom zasosovuyt for p_vischennya preservation of freshly cut wood. The yogo technique is broken down in detail by A. T. Vakin.

Organizational reproduction is encouraged to develop in a rotational environment, and for them they are more friendly, sometimes more dry in proportion to the optimum for the growth of mycelia. It is also demonstrative that in some mushrooms, which are more importantly colored, there is a slight decrease in the value of the dispute, while at that time, for those of them, for example, the flour-growing Erysiphales, the number of accepted condi- tions is significant.

Dispute mushrooms grow up to a high stiffness to uncomfortable factors and in the minds of a low level of lightness, you still gain life.

There are mushrooms, especially from the gasteromycetes, who have been addicted to life in arid empty minds (see the canopies of Simblum, Podaxis, etc.). The stench is to wine outside of the season, and in the period of the boards to renew their life. Growth of mushrooms on the range of living springs can be streamed by the osmotic grip of the midst of the colony, i.e., the water in the whole range is inaccessible, the concentration of osmotically effective spines can be increased by the osmotic pressure of the clustin and spines. At the same time, the value transferred by the osmotic clutch cells is not the same and is due to the specific features of the mushrooms, as well as by nature it is found in the range of speech. According to V. Lilla and G. Barnett, the fungus Rhizopus nigricans can transfer the osmotic pressure of glucose at 63.2-10 2 kPa (63.2 atm), sucrose - 42.1-102 kPa (42.1 atm), KNO 3 - 27 , 5-10 2 kPa (27.5 atm). The sisna force of the cells in the micelle of the young strains of Trichoderma fungi is located in the boundaries (45-48) 10 2 kPa (45-48 atm). Phytopathogenic fungi develop with a high stiffness to an osmotic vice, the sucking power of cells, which are significant, but not the growth of the roslin-ruler.

Zabrudnennya povitrya. It takes a lot of industrial inputs to fix negative influx on the growth of fungi processes in incremental concentrations. Thus, the treatment of 5-day culture Heterobasidion annosum with a syrupy gas at a concentration of 134 mg / l reduced the growth of mycelia in fallowness by 75-95%. With the introduction of NO x at a concentration of 66.7 mg / l, the 7-day culture grows mycelia by 45%, and in some strains it grows back. The accumulation of biomass for the injected SO 2 and NO x is approximately the same. In the past, in the inflow of important metals, it has been known that the highest toxicity to N. annosum is lead and nickel salts, in the small world - medium and manganese salts, and zinc salts in the lips of non-corrosive concentrations.

The value of fluorine instead of fluorine in the fruit trees of traditional mushrooms in the order of Agaricales showed that, instead of fluorine, in the form of a mushroom, it is possible to pick up 1 mg per 100 g of dry speech in the middle, i.e. ... As a rule, the concentration of mineral elements in the droplets of the eye, lower in the nizhkah.

It was brought in that the fruits of the old mushrooms were accumulated with cadmium and mercury, as well as with radioactive isotopes. Thus, in Pleurotus flabella-tus, 75% of the cadmium introduced into the substrate and 38.5% of mercury were found, while in Agaricus bisporus it was apparently 1.27% and 8.42%. In such a rank, the transfer of metals into the fruits of the tree in the older species is observed with unequal intensity.

literature

1. Zhdanova M.M., Vasilevska A.I. Extreme ecology of mushrooms. - K., 1982

2. biosynthetic activity of edible fungi / О.М. Shivrina, O. P. Mezkovskaya, M.M. Falina і ін. - L., 1969

3. Becker 3.E. Physiology of fungi and їkh practical vikorystannya... - M., 2003

4. Denisova N.І. nature i biological role Proteinases of basidial fungi // Mycology and phytopathology. - 1984 - T. 18, No. 2. -Z. 116-121.

Antimetabolite arginine, lysine or histidine, synthesized Act. macrosporus (thermofill). 2. A unit of biological activity. Viraz of the values of biological activity of antibiotics develop in different units, in 1 ml solution (od / ml) or in 1 mg of the drug (od / mg). For one antibiotic activity, take the smallest amount of antibiotics, throttle ...

Look at it again. Be careful to spend on 1, 2, 3, 7, 15 dobu. The tendency to microscopicity, the sprouting of the superweed (%), the number of seedlings (in microns) (Kurakov, 2001). ROSE 3. ADDITIONAL GROWTH of microscopic fungi in young substrates Ten strains of microscopic microscopic fungi in Aspergillus canopy, A. niger, A. ustus, A. flavus terreus, A. flavus a ...

I ailment. Ale tsi methods in the main negatively mean on the quality of the product and on the navkolishnє middle. In our pre-grown children, only ecologically safe preparations were used to regulate the growth of roslin on the physiological and biochemical indicators, and the yield of soya was used. The whole product of the living of microorganisms and identities for their walks of natural spolu ...

Preparations. The scale of the cich robits grew rapidly and continued to expand in a Danish hour. Synthesized a lot of thousands of popular chemistry spoluks, which have turned out to be highly effective regulators of growth and life processes of roslin. In our country, the development of synthetic regulators for growth began to develop rapidly since 1936 ...

side 1

Clitini mushrooms, as a rule, are gram-positive. Gram-based prescription for additional help to detect bacterial cells and capsules in cryptococci. Tushevie (negative) Burr-freezing allows for the detection of encapsulated cells of Cryptococcus neoformans in liquor preparations for cryptococcal meningitis. Zabarvlennya for Romanovskiy-Gimza vikoristovuyutsya for emergence in sputum trophozoites Pneumocystis carinii, in the blood abo the cystic marrow (as Wright) - another form of the prototype of histoplasmosis. For the development of nocardia and other acid-resistant fungi, use the method of hardening for Zilem - Nilsen or modifications of the Hanks method.

Clitini mushrooms (gypsy) are covered with a shell, according to the warehouse, they are formed from bacterial and tall shells; components of mushroom shells - polysaccharide and chitin. Necessity to the singing class for V.I. Bilay do deyakoi miri zoomovlyu chemistry warehouse clinny shells. So, in the class of phykomitiv (subclass zigom-cetov) in bagatokh species, the shell is stored in a cellulose-Khit-new complex; in children of the species from the classes of the most common and incomplete - chitin-glucanium, in others - manna-glucanium. From the same time, to the warehouse of fungal shells, it should be included in the main components: glucans, chitins, whites and fats. Khitin is a speech, ruled by the creature's light. It’s hard to get away with it. For mushroom shells cellulose is not typical, ale in shells, for example, phytofluoro, is found.

Clitini Mushrooms and algae, for their organization, are similar to clitini vishchin roslin. Cellulose should be included in the storehouse of the casing. Protoplasm is a foldable colossal illumination with a sharp turn of the surface tension. In the coloidal system, the non-interrupted phase is water, and the dispersed phase is lipoprotein-new spoluki. In protoplasm of single-cell fungal organisms-old-life - vacuoles easily appear, which are empty, stored classic juice... When the vacuole of the daughter's cell grows, it is established as a sprouting path from the vacuole of the mother's cell. In protoplasm є also other granules - - ribosomes (microsomes), the size of which becomes 200 mmk, it can be removed by the method of electronic microscopy.

A cluster of mushrooms in a large area is covered with a hard shell - a clinker wall.

Clitini of fungi and algae, for their organization, are similar to clitini of vishchiv roslin. Before the warehouse of the shell, there is cellulose: Protoplasm is a foldable coloidal illumination with a sharp turn of the surface tension. In the coloidal system, the non-interrupted phase is water, and the dispersed phase is lipoprotein-new spoluki. In protoplasm of single-celled fungal organisms - - other fungal organisms - vacuoles can easily emerge, which are empty, filled with juice. When the vacuole of the daughter's cell grows, it is established as a sprouting path from the vacuole of the mother's cell. In protoplasm, there are also other granules - ribosomes (microsomes), the size of which becomes 200 mmk, which can be removed by the method of electronic microscopy.

Clients of mushrooms for their buds, however, do not appear to be bacterial and are stored from quiet elements.

Fungi are supplied to cells, and fungicides are infused into the inner membranes. It is transferred, but this is done, it stimulates metabolism, disrupting the synthesis of such components. cell membranes, Yak fatty acids and steroids.

Driven by a mushroom clitin.

The nucleus in the cells of fungi and algae is clearly decorated with a light, oiled with a membrane. At some stages of the development of the cellin, the membrane is known. When there is a depletion of clitin in the nuclei, there are specific findings - chromosomes.