Stimulate the central nervous system. See CNS stimulants. Preparations that promote Rozumov's preference: pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Subscribe to such groups.
1. Psychostimulants, such as giving a stimulating infusion
on the function of the brain and activate the psyche
і physical activity of the body і grows on
two pidgroup.
Until the first time, coffee, fenamin, sydnocarb and sydnofen,
they produce a fast-paced stimulating effect.
Preparations in other groups develop in actions
ale. Price nootropic drugs: piracetam, aminalon, sodium
oxybutyrate, fenibut, pantogam, encephabol, acefen.
2. Analeptic zabudzhuyut in pershu cherga
centri of a large brain - Sudden і dichny;
in high doses of stink, they also stimulate motor zones and heads
go to the brain and wick it up. Tse corazole, cordiamin, camphor
ra. Three groups of analeptic cats see a group of
tilnyh analeptics (cititon, lobelin), they are characterized by
I stimulate the movement to the mental center.
3. Make sure that you are going to spinal cord.
The main representative of the group is strychnin. have
There is one more group of young growing wages, providing
shyhchy zhudlivaya d_yu on the central nervous system. Tse fruit lemongrass, to
ginseng ginseng, pantocrin and іn.
Psychomotor stimulants.
coffee(Coffeinum).
Pidsilu and regulate the processes of stimulation in the core of the head-
to the brain, to produce pink and physical
pracezdatnostі.
sucking: weaning with narcotic drugs, not
sufficiency of the heart-vascular system, spasms of the heart-vascular system
to the brain, the adjustment of the mental and physical working
sti. Take in all the middle, an average dose of coffee for grown-ups - by
0.05-0.1 g 2-3 times a day. B.R.D. - 0.3; V.S.D. - 1 m
Pobichna diya: with trivial stasis to see
change in performance, and in case of a raptorized reception -
hardening galmuvannya with appearances in tomy, drowsiness, de-
Resso; reduction of arterial grip.
Prototype indications: wakefulness, sleeplessness,
hypertension, atherosclerosis, organ failure
heart-vascular system, old age cep, glaucoma.
Vipusk form: tablets number 10.
Caffeine sodium benzoate(Coffeinum-natrii benzoas).
Similar to coffee, but more beautifully in water.
Vipusk form: tablets of 0.1 і 0.2 No. 5; viglyadi 10 and 20% -
it is available in ampoules of 1-2 ml.
nootropics
Smell activate vishchu integrative activity brain
hectares, to paint its function, to increase the strength of the brain to ek-
swift injections. Get stuck in a neuroscience
chesky and psychic illnesses.
piracetam(Pyracetanum).
Sinonim: ( Nootropinum). Pidsilyu communication processes of the brain
ha, I will accelerate the transfer of the nerve impulse to the brain,
microcirculation, not inflating with a wide range of vessels
дії.
sucking: chronic and state breakdown of the brain
blood circulation, craniocerebral trauma, depression of various
new ethology, alcoholism and drug addiction. For important conditions
groin intramuscularly or intravenously inject 2-6 g for doba.
With chronic camps - 1.02-2.04 g each, up to
3.2 g per dobu in 3-4 priyomi.
Pobichna diya: added drasticity,
pain, sleep disturbance, dyspeptic symptoms.
Prototype indications: turns of destructive functions of nirok,
vagina, lactation.
Vipusk form: capsules of 0.4 No. 60; tablets of 0.2 No. 60,
ampoules of 20%, 5 ml, No. 10.
aminalon(Aminalonum).
Synthetic analogue - GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid).
sucking: also, yak in piracetam, besides,
stagnate when injected.
Pobichna diya: ruined sleep, seeing heat, cola
bath arterial vise.
Vipusk form: tablets of 0.25 No. 100.
cerebrolizin(Cerebrolysinum).
Nootropics Tse complex of peptides, derived from
the brain of pigs. Withdrawal polіpshennyu obmіnu ve-
speech in the brain tissue.
sucking: falling ill of the central nervous system, brain injuries, weakening
memory, dementia. Introduce 1 to 2 ml intramuscularly every other day. course of treatment
nya - 30-40 ін'єкцій, with intravenous injection - 10-60 ml.
Prototype indications: gostra nirkova lack of
leptic status.
Vipusk form: in ampoules of 1 ml No. 10 and 5 ml each No. 5.
piriditol(Pyriditolum).
synonim: Encefabol; picamilon, ( Picamylon), Vasobral, ( Vazobralum),
instenon, ( Instenon), Fenibut ( Phenibutum), (Biloba,
(Bilobyl), Tanakan, ( Tanacan). Tanakan i Bilobil - preparations z
roslini gingo biloba.
Diya and zasosuvannya: tsikh drugіv also, yak u tse-
rebrolizina.
sodium oxybutyrate(Natrii oxybutyras).
For Budova and Dієya close to GABA, I will do it
narcotic and analgesic speech.
sucking: as a non-inhalation drug addiction
for one-component anesthesia, for initial and basic anesthesia
for in particular a kidnapped person, for a change in neurotic reactions
tions and sleep training.
Ways of storing: intravenously inject 70-120 mg per 1 kg
masi tila; weaken the ailment - 50-70 mg / kg.
Razchinyayut in 20 ml of 5% (inodi 40%) glucose
Administer by volume (1-2 ml per quiline); i / m injected at a dose of 120
150 mg / kg or at a dose of 100 mg / kg in combination with barbiturates.
Pobichna diya: with a quick I / O introduced mobility
rukhove zbujennya, court smokyuvannya kintsevo
stei і movi, inodі bloody, in case of overdose - zupinka di
With trivial zasosuvannі - hіpokalієmiya.
Prototype indications: hypocalypse, miastenia, toxicosis,
remin, neurosis, glaucoma.
Vipusk form: ampoules of 10 ml of 20% retail. sleep
analeptics
kordiamin(Cordiaminum).
Stimulation of the central nervous system,
valny centri.
sucking: state and chronic blood circulation problems
puppies, decreases in sudinnus tone, weakening of dikhannya, ost
ry collapse and asphyxia, shock stun.
Ways of storing: pretend to be in the middle up to 30-40 ka
sang. Parenteral: s / c, i / m; i / v (by and large) to inject older
in a dose of 1-2 ml 2-3 times a day; for children - in fallowness from viz
rasta. To reduce ailments in front of the center
ін'єкції to introduce novokain, V.R.D. - 2 ml (60 drops), V.S.D. -
6 ml (180 drops); s / c one-time - 2 ml, dobova - 6 ml.
Vipusk form: in ampoules of 1 ml and 2 ml for ін'єкцій; at
bottles of 15 ml. List B.
camphor(Camphora).
Bezposredno go to the heart system,
pidsilyu exchange processes in niy, advancing її sensitive
nust to the inflow of pretty nerves, tonic dyshal
center, stimulate the ship-ruff center, paint micro
circulation.
sucking: gostra and chronic heart failure
nist, collapse, driving dikhannya, detaching snodiyny
і drug addiction.
Pobichna diya: You can approve the infiltration.
Prototype indications: epilepsy, scholarship before the judges
reactions.
Vipusk form: preparations for ін'єкцій, vikoristoyut 20%
oil rosch camphor; for the most delicious food - oil
camphor (10% range of camphor in sleepyheads)
(Sol. Camphorae oleosae ad usum externum); camphor ointment
(Ung. Camphoratum) Stagnate with muscular pains and rheumatism.
Alcohol camphorium ( Spiritus camphorae) In bottles of 40 ml,
zm_nyuyut for roztiran.
sulfokamfokain(Sulfocamphocainum 10 % pro injectionibus).
Tse complex z'єdnannya sulfacamphatic acid і but-
vokaina. Along the way, close to camphor, ale not viclikє pro
development of infiltrates. Zastosovuyut in the main with a hostel ser-
childish and dichal deficiencies, with cardiogenic shots.
Prototype indications in case of idiosyncrasy to novokain, with hypotonia.
Vipusk form: in ampoules of 2 ml of 10% razchin No. 10.
To the whole group, cititone ( Cytitonum)
i lobeline hydrochloride ( Lobelini hydrochloridum). stagnate
like dichny analeptics. The drug Tabex (Tabex) is used
yut for a lodged vidvikannya from kurinnya. I mean 1 tab.
rychki 5 times a day with given changes in doses of 1-2 tablets
rychki per day. Lykuvannya course - 20-25 days. List B.
Stimulants are intelligently divided into 4 large groups:
1. PSYCHOSTIMULATORS
a) psychomotor:
fenamin;
Sydnocarb.
b) psychometabolic (nootropic):
Nootropil (piracetam);
cerebrolizin;
Gamalon і ін.
2. ANALEPTIC
a) straight forward:
bemegrid;
Etimizol i in.
b) reflex action:
Cititon і ін.
c) change of action:
Kordiamіn і ін.
3. Stimulants of the spinal cord
strychnine;
Sekurenin i ін.
4.Galnotonizing disease (ADAPTOGENI)
a) roslinnogo hike:
Preparations for ginseng, eleutherococcus, aralia, golden root, maral root, Bittner's balm and in.
b) tasting walks:
Pantokrin і ін.
PSYCHOSTIMULATORS and nootropics
Psychostimulants (aka psychotonics, psychoanaleptics, psychomotor stimulants) improve the mood, build up to the end of the day, psychomotor activity. Smell to change a little bit more, to promote physicality and growth of praise (especially when you are too old), to reduce the need for an hour (when you’re going to take pressure from organism, I’ll call you “add-on” drugs)
On the basis of how to adjust the central nervous system, stimulants may be less important, so as the stench of the vibrating effect is relieved.
In addition, the stimulation of the central nervous system is superseded by the onset of the drive.
Classification of psychostimulants
1) Suck it up without a mediocrity on the central nervous system:
a) stimulating the cerebral cortex (xanthine alkaloid, phenamine, sydnocarb, methylphenamine, meridol and in.);
b) stimulating and reactive cerebral (corazole, cordiamin, bemegrid, camphor, carbon dioxide);
c) stimulating the spinal cord (strychnin).
2) Get ready to go to the central nervous system reflexively (lobelin, veratrum, nikotin).
A trace of memory, so this kind of cleverly rose, and with high doses of stench, it can stimulate the central nervous system as a whole.
A typical representative of psychostimulants is phenamin (amphetamine sulfate; tabl. By 0005; drops in nis, in eye 1% solution).
Chemically it is a phenylalkylamine, similar in structure to adrenaline and norepinephrine.
MECHANIZM DI of dressings for good health from presynaptic end to norepinephrine and dopamine. In addition, phenamine reduces the rapid accumulation of norepinephrine and dopamine. Phenamin stimulates the viscid active reticular formation of the brain stembur.
Pharmacological efficacy of IVF ON THE CNS Pull-down stimulant of the central nervous system. Winning psychic and physical propriety, polish mood, wickedness, sleeplessness, tremor, restlessness. At therapeutic doses, it is necessary to awaken the effect, assimilated in the same way, increasing physical energy. Stimulates the mental center and in the whole plan as an analeptic.
FLUSHED ON THE HEART-JUDGMENT SYSTEM. Tachyphylaxis according to the diagnosis of a hypertensive effect of phenamine appears to be tachyphylaxis.
SMOOTH MUSCULATION Phenamin increases the tone of the sphincter of the cuticle and relaxes the muscles of the bronchi, ale only at high doses. Fenamin reduces appetite (for hypothalamus), robbing a deyakiy protisudomnu (with Petit mal).
Side reactions An undesirable effect є stimulation of a sympathetic nervous system (tachycardia, unconsciousness, headache, tremor, anxiety, confusion of symptoms, paranoid psychosis, attack of angina pectoris).
The drug viclikal lykarsku laziness, in the main psyche, cumulirut. Tolerance can develop.
INDICATED BEFORE CHARACTERISTICS:
1) neurotic subdepression;
2) with narcolepsy, with catalepsy, for ameliorating pathological drowsiness (narcolepsy);
3) obesity;
4) yak analeptic with narcotic analgesics.
It is analogous to phenamine in a way є for inflow to the central nervous system of piridrol and meridol. They have a lot of irrelevant peripheral adrenomimetic effects.
Besides phenamine, up to the group of phenylalkylsіndnonіmіns, it is also used more actively psychoactively for sydnocarb (mesocarb).
The price of an original vintchiznyanny drug, cheery budova from fenamin. In the Russian clientele, in Danish hour, sidnokarb is the main psychostimulant. In patients with phenaminom, there is significantly less toxicity and no severe peripheral sympathomimetic infusion. The psychostimulating effect develops in a step-by-step manner, albeit more trivial, does not supervise euphoria and rukhovim zabudzhennyam. As a rule, there is a cardiac tachycardia and an increase in arterial pressure. Writing to the preparation of ailments does not lead to excessive weakness and drowsiness.
The drug is vicoristovy at different types asthenia, which opposes the malice and blasphemy, the apathy, the decrease in the rate of normalcy, hypochondriasis, the increased sleepiness.
The drug stagnates as a psychostimulant for asthenic and neurasthenic breakdowns in ailments, who have suffered from toxicity, infections and brain injuries, with some forms of psychosis.
In addition, sidnocarb is vicorious for the elimination of asthenic manifestations of the consumption of neuroleptics, tranquilizers, as well as for the elimination of ailments with alcoholism (the elimination of asthenoneurotic reactions in alcoholic reactions)
Sydnokarb also stagnates when children are oligophrenic, they are superfluous with adynamy, spontaneity, blasphemy, dullness, asthenia.
Vicious Effects. In case of an overdose, there is increased urgency, restlessness, decreased appetite. For people with psychoses, it is more possible to get stronger madder and hallucinations. In one way it is meant to be taken care of by the arterial vice.
The drug is dispensed in tablets of 0.005; 0.01; 0.025.
Promislovіstu also carried out the combination of the drug Sіdnogluton, where 0.025 sydnocarb and 0.1 glutamic acid are used. Remaining potential psychostimulating effect of sydnokarba.
Until then, to stimulate the cerebral cortex, the xanthine ALKALOEDI (lost purine; metalxanthine), a typical representative of such є COFFEE, is introduced.
Ksanthinovie alkaloids vyavlenі in kіlkokh roslins, which grow in all light. There are three natural xanthine alkaloids in cich roslins: coffee, theobromine, theophilin, which are purine bases. When heated with nitric acid, the stench set up sieges, and the term xanthini (Greek xanthos - zhovty) is set. Coffee can be found in tea leaves (Thea sinensis - 2%), in Chinese kawi (Coffea arabica - 1-2%), in coffee beans (Theobroma acuminata) and in.
Pharmacological efficacy Naybilsh is directed to the central nervous system on the basis of coffee, followed by theophilin and theobromine. Having infused coffee on the nervous system, the ability to lie down as a dose and type of nervous system. In small doses of coffee, the activity of measles increases, in great doses, it increases. At small doses of wine, the process of misdirection is accelerated and the process of misdirection is accelerated, and it is clearer and clearer to the mind, reduces sleepiness, while it also makes it more intelligent and intelligently foldable. It changes the hour of the reaction, increases the motor activity and strengthens the reflexes. This can be done with 1-2 cups of kawi. In one bowl, there is close to 1500 mg of coffee.
Greater high doses of wickedness, wrinkleness, lack of sleep, headache, tremors. Teofilin in large doses can be viciously navit.
ADVANCED BRAIN Visoki doses directly stimulate the dyshal, sudoriferous center and the center of the bloating nerve. Tse vede to the power of dikhannya (frequent and perishing), the advancement of an arterial vise, tachycardia. True, in high doses, tachycardia and arrhythmias are found in high doses, so that it overwhelms the peripheral effect (the heart wikid is growing).
SPINAL CROWD The dose is even greater to increase the reflexiveness of the spinal cord and may lead to a cloning trial.
BLOODY JUDGMENTS On the blood-bearing vessels of the xanthini, myotropic, ale tse, the bladder-widening diu is short-lived. Yogo is not possible to vikoristovuvati for lіkuvannya zahvoryuvan peripheral Sudins.
Xanthini is a controversial infusion in the region. Remaining supplementary help in case of migraine. Coffee has a weak myotropic spasmolytic effect on cells of smooth organisms (bronchi, zhovchny paths). The price is great for the clientele. It has long been seen that theophilin assimilates bronchospasm in anaphylactic shock, stimulates skeletal mucosa, stimulates metabolism in them, assimilates their tumors.
Coffee pidvishchuє BASIC OBMIN. Zbіlshu glycogenolіz, wіklіklіuchi hіperglіkemiyu. Pidvyschuє lipolysis, zvіlnyaє adrenaline from the cerebral ball of the supra-nirkoval lobes.
Dyurez Xanthini promote dyurez. The most powerful in the whole plan is theophilin, instead of theobromine and coffee.
Xanthini increase about "m, acidity and instead of pepsin in shlunk juice.
MECHANIZM DIЇ of dressings with two straight lines:
1) xanthini ingest cyclic nucleotidphosphodiesterase and preceding the transition of cAMP to 5-AMP;
2) wick the change in the amount of calcium on the basis of internal processes.
Side reactions
1) Loss of vision, tremor, headache, sleeplessness.
Dzvin in wuhah, headache, tachycardia, zadishka, arrhythmias. In case of cich reactions, it is necessary to indicate sedation.
2) Kspntini rotavopasaniye we have ailments for virazkovy ailments and gastritis.
3) Up to xanthines to develop zvikannya, a larger world of psychic fallowness, but, however, it is not infallible.
Shown for zasosuvannya For stimulation of mental activity. At the same time, with the manifestation of symptoms of asthenia, with migraine, hypotension. In case of disrespect, loss of respect, visnazhennya.
Coffee should be entered before the warehouse of combined drugs with non-narcotic and narcotic analgesics: citramone, panadol extra, solpadein, as well as with alkaloids ryzhkiv - the drug kofetamin.
After drinking, nootropic stimulation
The term for statements from walnuts is noos - misleading, tropos pragmatism, dispute. Get it, how to make a special injection into the integrated functions of the brain, stimulate the memory, start, and improve the efficiency.
Polishing of psyche, rosum activity is the main effect of this group of participants. Manifest itself in case of pink deficiency, tied with organic lesions of the brain.
Mechanisms of nootropic activity on the neurophysiological level: injecting into the transchannel and other types of polyynaptic potential, which is restructuring on the EEG.
The directness of the nootropic drugs is indicative of their bends in the flow to the integrated activity of the brain and the process of transferring information to the brain. Ymovіrno, before dієу natrapiv the setting according to the tetta rhythm of the children set up to the brain and the processes of transmission of information to the brain. At the heart of the building of nootropic ways of reducing the processes of development and memory is the process of advancing the spacious synchronization of the bio-potentials in the brain.
Slide means that no drugs are injected onto the nervous system of healthy creatures and the psyche of healthy people. The stench in the norm does not change the rich behavioral reactions, reflexes, bioelectrical activity of the brain, rukhovoy activity.
In the basis of pharmacotherapeutic action, drinking on molecular rivnі in the minds of pathology lie a friendly infusion on neurometabolism and energy to the brain. This group of drugs is also called psychometabolic stimulants. The main nootropics, which are stagnant in practice, are metabolic efficient aminobutyric acid (GABA).
The first preparation synthesized behind the cordon in the early 1960s at the pre-old laboratory of the UCB company (Belgium) with the names NOOTROPIL. Our country has an analogue - PIRACETAM (Piracetamum; in the table, n 0.2; in amp. 20% retail, 5 ml each; capsules - 0.4).
Є a classic nootropic method, that is why it is often the most common to become a drug addict of different specialties.
Pharmacological efficacy Piracetam (nootropyl) is a cyclic loss of GABA.
Nootropics reduce the metabolism of blood cells in the brain, persh for all the metabolism in them of glucose, acidity, increase the strength of the blood cells to hypoxia, reduce the blood circulation in the brain, and the ligation between the pulses. Nootropics increase memory, reduce stomia. Alee efekti is manifested in a deed, not all at once. Piracetam has anti-dominal activity, and in the rest of the rock The description of the same immunomodulatory effects, immunopotentiating injection.
INDICATED BEFORE CHARACTERISTICS:
When craning, pislya struma to the brain;
Have children rozumovo vіdstalikh, with a growing degree of oligophrenia; for children with ruined memories, uvagi, movi;
To the old, to the persons of the kidnapped vik, in the heroes for the improvement of the memory, the mood;
With chronic abuse of drug addicts, alcoholics;
The sick have an insult;
Nootropics are indicated for enuresis in young children.
In addition, it is recognized for the potential of immune stimulants.
Aminalon is a GABA drug. Finish with a synthetic road. GABA
Galmic mediator, which plays an important role in the communication processes of nerve tissue. The drug stimulates tissue reaction, activates the enzyme Krebs cycle, diminishes glucose utilization by neurons.
Shown to zasosuvannya: the loss of the brain, the growth of the child.
Vicious effects: stimulation of the brain can lead to cravings, disruption of sleep, nasroenia, restlessness in children, induction of arterial tension, sexual arousal. To that їkh vikoristovuyut courses (2-3 times).
In the last few years, the group of nootropic drugs has expanded rapidly. Ce and Ugrian drug Cavinton (Gedeon Rihter), cerebrolizin, etc.
KAVINTON (tab. 0005; amp. 0.5%, 2 ml each). Ethyl ether of apovinkamic acid (preparation of alkaloid barvinic acid).
Cavinton nada nadnі efekti:
1) I expand my brain;
2) weaken the cerebral blood flow, we will reduce the blood flow to the brain with sour;
3) I will paint the utilization of glucose by neurons, the accumulation of cAMP, ATP;
4) lowering platelet aggregation;
5) advise instead of catecholamines in the central nervous system.
To become stuck on the front in neurology when:
1) neurological and psychotic breakdowns, Pov'yazanih with damaged cerebral blood circulation (stroke, trauma, sclerosis);
2) distribution of memory;
3) zamorochennyah;
4) aphasia;
5) hypertensive encephalopathy;
6) atherosclerosis of the blood vessels, tobto in ophthalmology, etc .;
7) decreased hearing of toxic genesis.
Analeptic ZASOBI (ANALEPTIKI)
I am analeptic with zasob (in Greek analeptikos - new, zmіtsnyu) I think of a group of likarsky zasobov on uvazi, so zhudzhuyut life in the first place, life is important in the center of a rather dense brain, judgmental and quiet. In high doses, the price can cause damage to the motor zones and to the brain and viclikati sudomi.
At therapeutic doses, analeptics become vicious in case of weakened vascular tone, in case of impaired symptoms, in case of infectious diseases, in the postoperative period and in the period.
In this day, a group of analeptics in terms of localization can be cleverly divided into three groups:
1) Prepare without pre-mediated, directly activate (povavlyuyut) the dichny center:
bemegrid;
Etimizol.
2) Set aside, reflexively stimulate the dichanna center:
cititon;
Lobelin.
3) Snatch of a different type dії, scho volodіyut і direct, and reflex action:
cordiamin;
camphor;
corazole;
Carbonic acid.
Bemegrid (Bemegridum; in amp. 10 ml, 0.5% retail) є a specific antagonist of barbiturates and nadaє "revive" the effect in case of intoxication, viclican preparations of the group.
The drug reduces the toxicity of barbiturates, it is known to drive the reaction and blood circulation. The drug also stimulates the central nervous system, which is not effective only when barbituated.
Bemegrid zastosovuyut at hospitality otrunnyh barbіturatami, for the renewal of dikhannya on vyhodі s anesthesia (efіr, fluorotan and іn.), For vivedennya sick from important hypoxic conditions Introduce the drug internally, by and large until renewal, arterial vise, pulse.
Pobichni efekti: nudota, blues, sudom.
In a number of analeptics, the drug etimizol is especially useful.
Etimizol (Aethimizolum; in the table. 0.1; in amp. 3 or 5 ml of 1% retail). The drug activates the reticular formation of the stovbur to the brain, promotes the activity of neurons in the dical center, due to the adrenocorticotropic function of the hypophysis. Stop to produce additional portions of glucocorticoids to the wikid. At the same time, in the form of bemegrid, the drug will appear as a slight oppressive infusion on the cerebral cortex (sedative effect), shrinking the short-line memory, sprying out the robot. Due to the fact that the drug is taken to form glucocorticoid hormones, it suddenly has anti-inflammatory effect.
Shown to zasosuvannya. Etymizol vikoristovyu is an analeptic, stimulant for dysfunction in case of morphine, non-narcotic analgesics, in the main period of anesthesia, in case of atelectasis of the disease. Psychiatry has a vicarious effect on sedation in cases of anxiety. I will look at the fire for the fire, it will be used for treating ailments with polyarthritis and bronchial asthma, as well as anti-allergic disease.
Side effects: nudota, dyspepsia.
Reflexive stimulants є H-cholinomimetics. Tse preparations cititon i lobelin. Smell of the H-cholinoreceptors of the carotid sinus zone, the sounds of the afferent impulses coming into the back of the brain, pushing the activity of the neurons in the dical center by themselves. Try to do it for a short time, with a stretch of decilkokhilin. Clinically, there is more frequent and deceleration of the dichotomy, the development of an arterial vise. The drugs should be administered only internally.
Vikoristovuyut on a single svidchennyu - when discharged with foul gas.
In the case of a small type, the central effect (non-mediated damage to the dical center) is supplemented by a stimulating inflow to the chemoreceptor of the carotid glomerulus (reflex component). Tse, as it is meant food, cordіamіn and carbonic acid. In medical practice, carbogen is victorious: sum of gas - carbon dioxide (5-7%) and acid (93-95%). I mean in viglyadі іngalyatsіy, as they increase the amount of money in 5-8 times.
Carbogen vikoristovyuyut in case of overdose of zagalny anesthetics, disfigured by foul gas, with asphyxia of neonatal anesthetics.
Yak stimulant dikhannya vikoristovaetsya drug kordiamin - neogalenovy drug (vypisutsya yak official, but it is 25% of the range of nikotinovy acid dietilamide).
The drug is used to stimulate the mental and vascular centers.
Assume with heart failure, with shots, asphyxia, intoxications.
MEDICINES POSITIVE WITH THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SPINAL CORD
In this group, according to the day, two drugs are available: strychnin and securinin.
Strychnin (Strichninum; powder; in amp. 1 ml of 0.1% solution) is a head alcoholic acid of chilybukha (blueberry).
Strychnin and іnshі preparations of chilybukhi stimulate the central nervous system and, in the first place, promote reflexive sleepiness. Reflex reactions of the sick become more generalized. Strychnin will shrink the power of organs chuttya (zir, relish, hearing, tactilely), zbujuk sudoriferous and dichal centri, toning skeletal muscles, myocardium.
Strychinum preparation strictures and tonic during zagalny decreased metabolic processes, hypotensive ailments, hypotonic ailments. weakened heart activity on the ground, intoxication and infection, with functional damage to the health apparatus, with paresis and parallels (diphtheritic walking, for example), with atony.
Possible failures occur in case of overdose and appear against other groups of people (mimic, strong), difficulties in handling, by courts.
The drug securinin, which can be eliminated from the herb secuenegi, is similar in nature to strychnin, and is ale mensh active (10 times).
Vikoristovyuat with asthenic camps, paresis and parallels, with hypothetical asthenic forms of neurasthenia, with impotence on the ground of functional breakdowns.
Zalnotonizuyuchiy zasib (ADAPTOGENI)
The preparations of the whole group for hiking can be distributed on the basis of the growing and creature nature. It is most common to be vicious with roselin, and the most common herbal preparations of roslin (extracts of ginseng root, extracts of levzee, rhizoba root or golden root, eleutherococcus, infusions of bait, lemongrass, skullcap) For food use, you can name the drug pantocrine, which can be removed from the pantocks of the white deer, and a neogalenic drug can be dispensed for oral (in drops) or parenteral administration.
Pharmacological activity of cychs is summarized together with saline glycoside-gensenoids, essential oils, sterols, peptides and minerals. Zaznachenі bіologіchno aktivnі rechovini privnosyaschy stimulyuyuchy vpliv CNS pіdvischuyut pratsezdatnіst, regulyuyut robot zaloz vnutrіshnoї sekretsії, pomіrno znizhuyut arterіalny vise rіven atherogenic lіpіdіv (cholesterol) i of glucose in krovі, aktivuyut dіyalnіst nadnirkovih zaloz, Vikoristannya danih zasobіv generally produces up znizhennya zahvoryuvanostі on GRZ, increasing the resistance of the sick to virus and infection, improving self-respect and appetite.
These drugs are indicated for mental and physical overexertion during the period of recovery from trivial and important illnesses, spasms, infectious nature (dysentery, typhoid typhoid). The drugs are also recognized for oncological ailments in the rehabilitation period, during the course of chemotherapy and changeover.
As a rule, preparations are trivial, lasting 1-2 months. Acceptance of adaptogens is a preschool vrant, sent to a child.
The assignment of the number of cats in the other half of the day is not shown, for that, it is more possible to disturb sleep in the eyes of difficult sleep. In some people, they are especially energetic, showing an increased sensitivity to preparation preparations.
PSYCHOTROPICAL FUNCTIONS
A lot of things, building on the mental functions of people (memory, behavior, emotions, etc.), and for those who are vicious in case of mental breakdowns, with neurotic, neurotic, fearful frustrations, camps of inner legs,
Classification of psychotropic disorders
1) Sedative.
2) Tranquilizatori.
3) Antipsychotics.
4) anti-manic.
5) Antidepressant.
The selection of a given group using sedatives is almost always possible.
1) malі dozi barbіturatіv,
2) salts of bromine and magnesium,
3) preparations of roselinnogo podrodzhennya (valeriani, pustyrnik, herb pasiflori and іn.).
All the stench, wicked around the zaspookilivu dyu, nadayut nevibirkov the easiest, galvanized diyu on the cerebral cortex. In other words, sedation stimulates galvanic processes in measles neurons in the brain.
With salts of bromine vicoristovyut most often NATRYU BROMID and POTASSIUM BROMID. There is a wide variety of valerian preparations in viglyad tinctures, infusions, and extracts.
Sedative remedies є also preparations of the herb of willow herb. Vikoristovuyt nastіy and infusions of the motherfucker. The drug is pasiflori - novopassit. Hops infusion, Quatera mix (valerian, bromide, menthol and іn.), Ioni magnesium (magnesium sulfate).
Shown to stagnation: sedation will stagnate in case of neurasthenia, sterility, mild forms of neurosis, excessive cravings, sleep disturbance, tied up with cym.
Another group of psychotropic drugs is a group of tranquilizers. Tranquilizers - a lot of funnels for the vibe on the social sphere of people. The term tranquilization is similar to the Latin tranquillium - spokiy, spokiy. The psychotropic effect of tranquilizers is mainly linked to the brain injected onto the libic system. Zokrema, tranquilizers reduce the spontaneous activity of neurons in the hipocampus. At the same time, the stench is stench to inflate the hypothalamus and activates the reticular formation of the brain. Dіyuchi in such a rank, tranquilizers create a change in internal pressure, anxiety, fear, fear.
Vyhodyachi z tsogo, given the group is called anxiolytic. On the right in that, the Latin term anxius is or the English term "anxious" is transformed into "anxiety, over fear, fear", and the walnut lysis is a solution.
To that, in the literature, the term of anxiolytics is victorious as a synonym for a tranquilizer, tobto it, it’s building a change in the internal force.
At the sound of it, when it’s dania in the main vikoristovyatsya for the treatment of ailments with neuroses, the stench may be third its main name, but itself, anti-neuroticism.
In such a rank, there are three real terms: tranquilizers, anxiolytics, anti-neurotic kosti, which can live as synonyms. It is still possible to develop in the literature of synonyms: small tranquilizers, psychosedatics, ataractics.
To become stagnant in the medical practice of tranquilizers, the most widespread ones have gotten old benzodiazepines, as it smells like a wide range of medicinal effects and apparently safe.
Sibazon (Sibazonum; in the table. By 0005; in amp. 0.5% razches, 2 ml); synonymy - diazepam, seduxen, relanium, valium. Preparations from the group: chlozepid (elenium), phenazepam, nozepam, mezapam (rudotel).
Mechanism of benzodiazepine tranquilizers: in organisms, on the territory of the central nervous system zones, benzodiazepines in connection with the so-called benzodiazepine receptors, which are gamma-receptors (GAMA-receptors) mediator of the central nervous system; L-glutamic acid is an anxious mediator). When benzodiazepine receptors are stimulated, the activation of GABA receptors is stimulated. In addition, the interaction of benzodiazepines with the same receptors is manifested in the presence of a GABA-mimetic effect.
All benzodiazepines, which learn to feel almost emotional forces, are similar in power, but are not derived from pharmacokinetics. Diazepam or sibazone is more often used for some of these drugs.
Pharmacological effects of tranquilizers (on the application of sibazon)
1) The main one is a tranquilizing abo anxiolytic effect, which appears in the state of being changed by an internal stress, anxiety, a slight fear. Smell to lower aggression and viklikayut the camp of calmness. With a lot of stench, I take in both the situation (tied to the yakim-nebud, a specific action), as well as unconventional reactions. In addition, it can sedate the bends.
2) With the onset of a muscle relaxant effect, if the muscle relaxation effect of tranquilizers is weak. Denmark effectively realizes, in the main, for the rakhunok of the central girl, a little bit of a flicker and the setting of spinal polysynaptic reflexes.
3) Increased thresholds of the vessel reaction, tranquilizers may be pro-vessel activity. Vvazayut, that the protisudome and miorelaxial activity of tranquilizers is linked to the GABA-ergic dyєu.
4) All benzodiazepine tranquilizers give an easy sleepiness, and benzodiazepine tranquilizers Nitrazepam volodyn is such a hard sleepy effect that you can rightfully enjoy a whole lot of people.
5) Potential Effects (to adapt to the problem, to adjust the central nervous system and analgesics). Benzodiazepini lower AT, lower the frequency of dichotomy, stimulate appetite.
INDICATED BEFORE CHARACTERISTICS:
1) how to treat ailments with primary neuroses (anti-neurotic problems);
2) with neuroses on the ground, somatic ailments (myocardial infarction, virazkov ailment);
3) for premedication in anesthesia, as well as in the postoperative period; in dentistry;
4) with local spasms of skeletal muscles ("tick");
5) sibazon in ін'єкції (v / v, v / m); in case of sudomas, I will protisudomnu of a growing genesis and in case of epileptic status, hypertonicity of myaziv;
6) it is easier to sleep with deyaky forms of sleeplessness;
7) with alcohol addiction syndrome in individuals who suffer from chronic alcoholism.
POBICHNI EFFECTS
1) Benzodiazepines suffer from drowsiness throughout the day, faintness, weakness, slightly malignant, decreased respect, disrespect. This cannot be attributed to the transport drivers, operators, clients, scholars. Tranquilizers are the most beautiful for the night (in every case, 2/3 of the additional dose for the night, and 1/3 of the dose for the day).
2) Tranquilizers of the benzodiazeepin series can be viclicati
I am weak, ataxia.
3) Tolerance and physical depletion can be developed.
4) If you can develop a syndrome of vision, which is characterized by sleeplessness, damage, depression.
5) Drugs can cause allergies, photosensitivity, dizziness, headache, impaired sexual function, menstrual cycle, accommodation.
6) Tranquilizers of cumulative building capacity.
Zvikannya і development of deposition є drive up to ominous tranquilizers. Tse і by the most incomplete and great fight.
Affectionate on the appearance of non-fatal effects, in the given hour of the opening it is so called "denny tranquilizatori", which is significantly less pronounced for muscle relaxant and generally depressing children. Before them mezapam (ore hotel, Nimechchina) are given. The stench is weaker for its tranquilizing effect, ale smut, in the lesser world, vicious ill effects. Nadayut sedative, protisudomnu, muscle relaxant effect. Vikoristovuyt for the treatment of ailments with neuroses, alcoholism. Tom looks like "denny" tranquilizers, less porosity during the day (Table 0.01).
The first drug - phenazepam (table. 2.5 mg, 0.0005, 0.001) is an even stronger drug, like anxiolytic, like tranquilizer, overturning other drugs. For a trivial day of varto, for 1 month, the mean value of benzodiazepines, for a day, is close to neuroleptics. For phenazepam, it is shown that a decrease in blood plasma by 50% occurs after 24-72 years (1-3 days). It is used in cases of other important neuroses, which are close to neuroleptics.
Indications for neurosis-like, psychopathic and psychopathic camps, which are superfluous with triviality, fear, emotional labileness. Indications for obsession, phobia, hypochondriacal syndromes. Vikoristovuyu to stop alcoholic abstinence.
Take the power of benzodiazepines from the power of propanediol - Meprobamate abo meprotan. Take a tranquilizer phenazepam. Nadaє sedative, muscle relaxant and prototypal effect. A suitable effect is used for anesthesia, sleep, alcohol, narcotic analgesics. Good to get wet from the shlunkovo-intestinal tract. I am driving a bistrowave sleep, a wicked person is more intense, toxic, driving a dyshal center, I’ll ruin my coordination. Injection to the roof, wiklikal allergy.
The third group of psychotropic drugs is neuroleptics or antipsychotic drugs (neuron - nerve, leptos - lower, thin - Greek). Synonyms: great tranquilizers, neuroplegics. Tse koshti for lіkuvannya ailments with psychoses.
PSYCHOSIS is a camp that is characterized by the need for reality (tobogganing, hallucinations, aggressiveness, divination, affective habits). In general, to contribute to the understanding of productive symptoms.
Psychosis can be organic or ENDOGENNI (schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis) and REACTIVE, that is, self-inflicted, and the camp, as if they were in the opinion of a shock. For example, in case of earthquake, Virmenia has masovi psychosis. In the basis of psychosis, there is a great value in the development of a sympathetic tone in the central nervous system, so that an excess of catecholamines (noradrenaline, dopamine or dopamine).
Introduced into practice in the middle of a century of active psychotropic stimuli groups of antipsychotics are one of the greatest medicinal achievements. Tse fundamentally changed the strategy and tactics of dealing with psychotic illnesses. Before the appearance of drugs in the treatment of ailments with psychosis, they have been congealed (electroshock or insulinova coma). In addition, antipsychotics in this day are not only in psychiatry, but also in the adjacent areas of medicine - neurology, therapy, anesthesiology, surgery. At the same time, the development of ciches contributed to the development of fundamental advances in the field of psychopharmacology, physiology, biochemistry, pathophysiology with the help of the understanding of mechanisms in the development of mental breakdowns.
MECHANIZM of antipsychotic drugs of neuroleptics lacking. Vvazhayut, the antipsychotic effect of neuroleptics, the implications of the dopamine receptors (D-receptors) of the lambic system (hipocampus, transverse zivin, hypothalamus).
The blocking inflow on the dopamine receptor manifests itself as an antagonism to dopamine and dopamine meticam (apomorphin, phenamine), both in behavioral reactions, and on similar neurons.
On preparations of neuronal membranes, it was established that antipsychotics induce the release of dopamine receptors.
In addition to blocking receptors that are sensitive to dopamine and norepinephrine, neuroleptics reduce the penetration of presynaptic membranes, destroying the vivification of cich biogenic amines and vertebral neuronal receptors (D-2- For neuroleptics (derived from phenothiazine), in the development of psychotropic effects, there can be a blocking injection into the serotonin receptor and M-cholinoreceptor of the brain. In such a rank, the blockade of D-receptors is involved in the mechanism of antipsychotics.
For chemistry budova neuroleptics are applied before the onset of groups:
1) consumed phenothiazine - aminazin, etaperazin, triftazin, fluorophenazin, thioproperazine or nazheptil i in.;
2) lost butyrophenone - haloperidol, droperidol;
3) lost dibenzodiazepina - clozapine (leponex);
4) lost thioxanthene - chlorprothixene (truxal);
5) lost indole - carbidine;
6) alkaloids rauwolfii - reserpin.
Similar to phenothiazine є most widely implanted with the use of great psychoses.
Most typical representative of the older phenothiazine is aminazine abo largactil (international name: chlorpromazine). Aminazinum (tablets of 0.025; 0.05; 0.1; amp. 1, 2, 5 and 10 ml - 25% retail).
Aminazine became the first drug of the whole group, synthesized in 1950 ROC. In 1952, he was introduced to clinical practice (Delay і Deniker), and he had an ear of modern psychopharmacology. Phenothiazines have a three-ring structure, in which 2 benzene rings are separated by sulfur atoms and nitrogen.
So, as the group of antipsychotics and phenothiazine may be of the opinion of aminazine only because of the psychotropic effect of the psychotropic effect, aminazine should be discussed in detail.
BASIC Pharmacological efficacy of aminazine
1) Bends inflow to the central nervous system. Persh for all the neuroleptic effect, which can be characterized as a deep sedative effect (super-sedative) or a super-sick tranquilizing effect. At the same time, the zvyazu zzumilo, which earlier called a group of people "great tranquilizers".
In ailments with great psychoses and deterioration of aminosin viklikє, decreased psychomotor activity, decreased muscular-defensive reflexes, emotional restlessness, decreased initiation and anxiety, not sufferers of neurotic syndrome. It is a problem to sit the flywheels, win the baiduzhiy until the time of the day, to see about the new pod, react minimally to the call of the stimulus. Emotional stupidity. The testimony in the whole period is secured.
Daniye effectively develops quickly, for example, with parenteral administration (i / v, i / m) after 5-10 minutes and 6 years. About "it is clear by the blockade in the brain of blockers and dopamine receptors.
2) The antipsychotic effect realizes changes in productive symptomatology and flows into the emotional sphere of the sick: changes in madder, hallucinations, decreases in productive symptomatology. The antipsychotic effect does not manifest itself immediately, but step by step, after a lot of days, in the main after 1-2-3 period of time. Vvazhayut, giving the effect of cyclic blockade of D-2-receptors (dopamic presynaptic).
3) Aminazine, which is all the same phenathiazine, is clearly anti-biting, connected with the blockages of chemoreceptors in the launching zone (critical zone), which is spread at the bottom of the IY slung. Alevin is ineffective in case of bloating, zooms in the vestibular apparatus or in the intestinal tract. Vin assimilates the effect of apomorphin (a stimulant of dopamine receptors) on the trigger zone in the dystrophic brain.
4) Aminazin brings the center of thermoregulation. At the same time, there is a kintsevy defect to stay at a temperature dovkilla... Most often for the increase in heat output, there is insignificant hypothermia.
5) Typically є for aminazin reduction of rucous activity (muscle relaxation). When high doses are reached, the camp of catalepsy develops, if only for a three-hour hour you get lost in that position, as it was done. Such a camp is due to the fact that the lower ones are forced to lie down in the reticular formations on the spinal reflexes.
6) One of the manifestations of aminazine infusion on the central nervous system є the health of the potential for analgesics, for anesthesia, sleep. The whole of the effect of frequent aminazine changes in the processes of biotransformation of the significant drugs.
7) In high doses, aminazine has a hypnotic effect (light, superficial sleep).
Aminazine, as and all phenothiazines, infused into the peripheral energy supply.
1) First for everything, aminazine is driven by the power of an alpha-adrenergic blocker, as a result of which it is learned that it is effective for adrenaline and norepinephrine. To aminazine, the pressor reaction to adrenaline decreases sharply, or the insistence of "repairing" the effect of adrenaline and the arterial grip falls.
2) Besides, the aminazin of the authorities is of the M-holinoblokuyuchi (tobto atropinopodic) of the authorities. It should be manifested in insignificant decreases in secretion of thinning, bronchial and herbal infections.
Aminazine is injected not only on the eferent, but on the afferent energy. During the muscular activity, I can develop anesthetic activity. In addition, it is worth noting that the anti-histamine activity (blocking the H-1 receptor for histamine), which leads to a decrease in the penetration of sudin, is also an antispasmodic of the myotropic action.
It is typical for aminazine injected into the heart-vascular system. The first thing for all is to manifest itself in a decrease in the arterial grip (like a systolic and diastolic), a head rank, for a rakhunok alpha-adrenoceptor blocking. Indicated cardiodepressive effect, antiarrhythmic effect.
Aminazin, which is infused into the nervous system and the organization of the pharmacological effect on the exchange of rechovin
Persh for everything, pouring into the endocrine system. Women have amenorrhea and lactation. Decrease in libido in choloviks (blocking of D-receptors in hypothalamus and hypophysis). Aminazine blocking hormone growth.
Enter aminazine enterally and parenterally. With a one-time introduction, the triviality of the day becomes 6 years.
SHOWN BEFORE CHICKENING
1) Vikoristovuєtsya yak zіb shvidkoy help with gostrich psychosis. For cyme, it is indicated to be administered parenterally. Aminazine and its analogs are the most effective in cases of damaged sickness, sickness, and productive psychotic symptomatology (hallucinations, aggression, madder).
2) Previously, they were victorious in cases of illnesses with chronic psychoses. In the Danish hour, it’s a lot of luck, when there are a lot of vicories.
3) The yak is anti-beating in case of bloating of central genesis (in case of ophthalmology, for example, in case of bloating). It is also the case with stiykiy hyakavts, with anti-inflammatory drugs.
4) At the connection with the alpha-adrenergic blocking effect, vikoristovuyut when arresting a hypertensive crisis. In neurology: in cases of maladies in the cerebral tone (due to cerebral insult), in some cases with epileptic status.
5) In case of addiction to drug depletion in relation to narcotic analgesics and ethyl alcohol.
6) When people are ill with maniacal camps.
7) In case of operations on the heart and brain (hypothermic effect), in case of premedication the same effect is used to eliminate hyperthermia in children.
POBICHNI EFFECTS
1) First for all the meanings, when the trivial intake of aminazine, the ailments develop a great deal of grief. The whole effect will be on the surface of strong bends, but in the world of the growth of ailments vreshti-resht will be transformed into an emotionally "stupid" people. Aminazine can change behavioral reactions, which can lead to drowsiness, impairment of psychomotor functions.
2) Mayzhe in 10-14% of ailments, when they take aminazine, develop extrapiracy, extrapiracytic symptoms of parkinsonism: tremor (tremulous parallel), muscle rigidity. The development of cich symptoms was accompanied by a dopamine deficiency in the black nuclei of the brain, as a result of the injection of neuroleptics.
3) Frequent side reactions to aminazine - nasal congestion, dryness in mouth, heart disease. Heads of holinolitichesky diyu phenothiazini (aminazin and in.)
4) If hypotonic crises can develop, especially in the case of a kidnapped person. With an internal injection, a lethal result can occur.
5) In 0.5% of ailments, lesions develop from the side of the blood: agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia. In a number of ailments (up to 2%) cholestatic tuberculosis, hormonal disorders (hynecomastia, lactation, menstrual disorders), diabetes mellitus, empathy.
6) Phenotypes can be reduced either by adjustment, or by lowering the temperature of the body.
7) In psychiatric practice, it is possible to develop tolerance, especially to sedative and antihypertensive action. Antipsychotic effect is saved.
As already said, aminazine is referred to phenothiazine lost. Win was the first drug in a number of ways. Nadal buv syntheses of cilium a number of the same class and a number (meterazine, etaperazine, triftazil, thioproperazine or mazheptil, fluorophenazin and in.). In general, the stench is analogous to aminazine and appears to be less of a variety of authorities, less toxic and fewer side effects. To that aminazine is step by step to be found in clinical practice with the use of the named drugs.
In the last 10 years, the drug Thioridazine (Sonapax) is widely used. For antipsychotic activity, aminazine is given. In the drug, the antipsychotic effect will come from a long-lasting effect without swelling, malaise, emotional indifference. Douzhe rіdko wiklikє extrapіramіdnі roslady. Indications: in case of mental and emotional disturbances, fear of fear, fright, derailment.
Great interest in the role of antipsychotic agents is to represent the origin of butyrophenone. In the third row, for the treatment of ailments with psychotic ailments in the main stagnation of the GA
LOPERIDOL (halophene).
Haloperidolum (tab. 0.0015, 0.005; vials of 10 ml 0.2% - internal; amp. - 1 ml - 0.5% retail). Diya yogo comes admirably fast. When the drug is injected, the maximum concentration in the blood is in the middle of 2-6 years and it will be at a high level of 3 dB.
There is a lesser amount of sedative effect on the autonomic nervous system (alpha-adrenoceptor blocking, atropine-like and ganglion blocking effect less). In men, for antipsychotic activity, it is stronger, less aminazine, which is of interest in patients with even stronger anxiety and mania.
The frequency of extrapiradic reactions in case of drug abuse is narrower than the temporalis, for that there are not few changes before phenothiazines in case of schizophrenia treatment. Vikoristovuyut in the presence of ailments with hospitable mental illnesses with manifestations of hallucinations, madder, aggression; in case of persistent blotting, whether of any genesis, or in case of resistance to other antipsychotics, as well as with sodomy, analgesics such as pre-medication.
Droperidol is added to the whole group of drugs.
Droperidolum (amp. 5 і 10 ml 0.25% solution, Ugorshchina). You should be able to use haloperidol for a short time (10-20 minutes) within a feasible way. Volodya Protishokovykh and Protishokovykh Diyu.
Reducing arterial grip, nadaє antiarrhythmic effect. Vikoristovuyut droperidol as a leading rank in anesthesia for neuroleptanalgesia. In the case of synthetic antibiotic fentanyl, enter the drug thalamonal before the warehouse, which exhibits a quick antipsychotic and analgesic effect, leading to muscle relaxation, drowsiness. Stasis in psychiatry for kupiruvannya jet stations. In anesthesiology: premedication in the course of the operation and during the operation. With endotracheal anesthesia. Prototype indications: parkinsonism, hypotonia, in case of recognized hypotensive disorders.
In the current hour of new antipsychotics, it is practical not to wipe out extrapiracy therapies. One of the most common drugs clozapin (or leponex) is among the most interesting. Yomu attracts a strong antipsychotic effect with a sedative component due to the presence of symptoms in parkinsonism. With a vicorian drug, there is no such sharp rotting rot, as in aminazin. Sedative effect, scho to develop on the cob of lіkuvannya, like a little time to pass. Clozapine is used before old dibenzodiazepine. I have antipsychotic activity. Vikoristovuyut in psychiatry for the treatment of people with manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia, with psychopathies.
Vvazhayut, clozapin and classical antipsychotics (phenothiazine and butyrophenoni) are combined with different types of D-receptors. In addition, clozapine increases the activity of blocking the activity of M-cholinoreceptors in the brain.
Clozapine is well tolerated, but it is necessary to stitch for blood because of the development of agranulocytosis, possible development of tachycardia, collapse. Slid from the protection of the sign of the waters, the beneficiaries and the other categories of individuals.
Sulpirid (eglonil) is an antipsychotic. I have a protivoplivotnu, in addition to antiserotonin action, mute to an effect, mute to protisdominal activity, I have antidepressant action, which stimulates action. Vikoristovutsya in psychiatry (blasphemy, nagalmovan_st, energy), in therapy with lіkuvannі with virazkovy ailments, migraine, zamorochennya.
Anti-manic ADDICTION.
MANIYA - a lot of adjustments to the awakening of the camp, which is followed by the adjustments of the mood, the bazhans of the gvorit move, etc.
View of walnuts - mania - madness.
Mania to become more susceptible to one of the phases of maniacal depressive syndrome (MDS).
In case of ailments to the mania of vikoristovuyu:
1) antipsychotics;
2) salt lithium.
Neuroleptics are effective not only in mania, but in agitation in case of agitated (stronger hvilyuvannya, zabudzhennya) camps of aggravated genesis. It manifests itself in zagalny driven, development of apathy and drowsiness.
Salt lithium diyu is more specific. Smell nadayut pharmacotherapeutic effect only with mania, not wicked zagalmovanosti.
Salt the lithium of viciousness for the treatment and prevention of mania.
Mechanism of salts for the lithium of vivciations is not enough. Vvazayut, how the stink to change the level of norepinephrine from the nerve end for the development of internal ocular oxide disintegration and more active ringing neuronal accumulation of the mediator. Besides, it’s important that it’s lithium yak bi vitisnya sodium s clitin, and as it seems, sodium will prevent depolarization, in order to stimulate clitin (neurons).
With the enteral introduction of salts, the stench is good to get wet from the small intestine. See the lithium nirkami by the way of filtering.
The efficiency of the process can be changed in three ways in addition to sodium chloride. With a decrease in the introduction kitchen salt for the overworldly vivedinny lithiasis to be taken into account in the body and to produce intoxication (soli dyeta, vikorstannya diuretics).
Vikoristovuyut of lithium salts: carbonate, chloride, iodite, acetate, nitrate. Nybilsh often picks up carbonate lithium.
Lithii carbonatus (table. In obolontsi by 0.3). Vikoristovuyut carbonate lithium in the lіkuvannya of psychotic ailments from 1949 to rock (Cade).
Introduce lithium carbonate only enterally.
Yak meant the same vishche, one of those who showed up to show the salts until the salt lithium - the ailments were attracted to mania. The type of neuroleptics in salt lithiasis is:
1) a greater development of the effect (after 2-3 times), dictating with important maniacal camps on the cob of using antipsychotics;
2) the likelihood of a day of salts in the form of neuroleptics is stored in the fact that the stench may be more vibrant because of the mania, in the presence of a sedative effect (not a victim of ailments)
The great importance of the efficiency of salts in lithium for the prevention of mania, as well as depression in the case of TIR.
Side reactions It is necessary to provide a small therapeutic range of salts for lithium. Until then, the toxicity of these preparations is proportional to them together in syrovatz. In connection with cymosis in case of stagnation, regular monitoring is required instead of in the blood (not more than 1.6-2 meq / l).
In addition, toxicity is manifested by diarrhea, dyspeptic disorders, drowsiness, oily weakness, tremors, ataxis, polyuria, sprago. Litiya carbonate can be susceptible to allergic reactions, looseness of a green spirits. Non-toxic goiter, hypothyroidism, snakes on the EKG can develop.
Soli lithium of contraindications for impaired visual function of nirok, for cases of thyroid disease, for protection of the need for vikoristovuvati the drug for acute ailments, cholecystitis.
P'ata group of psychotropic abilities - ANTIDEPRESANTI. Їx rich. Vikoristovuyut with pathologically low mood. Antidepressant with sedative action is called thymoleptics (in walnuts - thymos - soul, spirit; leptos - lower, subtle), and for stimulating - TIMORETIKAMI (walnut ereto - gratuvati).
Successful correction of depression for additional medication with one who have found psychopharmacology of the last years.
KLASIFIKATSIYA ANTIDEPRESANTIV Briefly її can be represented by two main groups of individuals, the most often victorious in the classroom.
1) Get ready for the potential of monoamines (monoamines Tyrosine, serotonin). The group has two drugs: imizine, amitriptyline.
2) Іngіbіtori monoamіnooxіdadzi - nialamide (nuredal). The most widespread nabuli likarsky zosobi first groups, as you call through your structure, you will become known as tricyclic antidepressants.
Imizin (Imizinum; in the table. 0025; in amp. 1.25%, 2 ml) є a typical representative of the drug in the whole group and vikoristovuyutsya even more often.
The other drugs: desipramin (norpramin), trimipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline (sensivan), protriptyline (vivactil), nitroxazepin and in.
Imizin is characterized by anti-depressive powers, so that one can feel a weak sedative effect. Inodi, however, can appear in imizin and a psychostimulant effect (eiforia, restlessness, sleeplessness).
MECHANIZM DIЇ, for yakim tricycleantidepressant dyut in people, nevidomas. Є only hypotheses. One of them pov'yazu antidepressant effect of imizine from the state of the art to induce an acute neuronal entrapment of norepinephrine.
Tse lead up to the great accumulation of the designated mediator at the receptors, but also the increase in adrenergic fluid. On the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) imizine does not. In addition, imizine, perhaps, activates the serotoninergic receptor, which is accompanied by impaired neuronal and extraneuronal impairment. Strengthening the serotonin on the limbic system (migratory-like complex) can be one of the most important mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of imizine.
Last but not least, the important role of the main and central M-holinobloblokiruyushchy tricyclic antidepressants.
Pharmacological efficiency
1) Tricyclic antidepressant control of turns into behavior. Imizin volodin antidepressant effect.
I paint my mood, assimilate toughness, unmotivated triviality, suicidal thoughts, increase activity, pragmatism to duality. Besides, there is a kind of sedative effect.
2) The order of the central effects of imizine volodynas in the peripheral M-cholinoblokuyuchu (atropin-like), papaverine-like (spasmolytic myotropic) and versatile counterparts.
With vikorystanny imizine with depressions, the drug effect is infused after 2-3 days, and with vicorian amitroptilin trochas it is shvidshe. Vivoditsya with nirkami, dressings by 90% with plasmas.
Side reactions The most common side effects are related: 1) with atropine-like authorities (dryness in the company, deterioration of accommodation, tachycardia, constipation, catching duresis). Can be found: 2) orthostatic hypotension, collapse. In case of overdose - tachycardia, arrhythmias. On the side of the psyche, there can also be a non-essential effect: either an overwhelming sedative effect, or an awakening, hallucinations, sleeplessness.
You can get a headache, allergic reactions, tremors, zhovtyanitsya, leukopenia.
DRUG CONTRAINDICATIONS for glaucoma, with prostate adenoma.
It is not possible to set up at once with the Ingibitors of the MAO.
Amitriptylin (Amitriptylinum; in the table. 0025; in amp. 1%, 2 ml) - in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics analogous to imizine.
The order of the high antidepressive activity in amitriptyline turns the psycho-dependent power. Stimulating action at a new day. I overturn imizine in terms of M-cholinoblokuyuch and protivogistaminny diii.
Amitriptyline is the most active antidepressant drug.
Likuvalniy efekt will appear in 10-14 days. Side effects: constipation, tremors, stiffness, dryness in the mouth.
Another group of drugs is INGIBITORI - MAO (IMAO - nialamide).
In the given hour, you will be able to do it through the temple of hepatotoxicity. In this case, when you vibor, it appears to be antidepressants in the tricyclic series. Ale іnodі buvayut brown і IMAO.
MECHANIZM DIЇ IMAO of the synthesis, so that it is necessary to bring the process of oxide deamination of norepinephrine and serotonin to the accumulated residues in the brain tissue in significant numbers. Most of the preparations in the whole group of the MAO block are non-vortex. For the renewal of the MAO, it is guilty but it was synthesized anew, in the middle of the singing hour (up to 2 times).
If you want the maximum effect of driving the MAO to grow in a few years, the antidepressant injection of the MAO will develop in 7-14 days. It is not included that the main role can be made by pouring the ingibitoriv MAO into the exchange of aminobutyric acid.
Pharmacological efficacy The order of antidepressant activity of the MAO is characterized by the development of psychostimulating properties (euphoria, restlessness, sleeplessness).
Ingibitories of MAO may cause hypotensive activity, which is linked to the reduction of norepinephrine to the presynaptic end of adrenergic fibers. Change in pain in case of angina pectoris (block of the central lanks of reflex paths from the heart).
Get wet from the shlunkovo-intestinal tract good, elimіnuyutsya nirkami.
Side by side The drugs are toxic. It can be manifested by a head-on, hepatotoxic effect (important hepatitis). Besides, zbujuyut the central nervous system (sleeplessness, euphoria, sudomi).
Antidepressants were known to be widespread in the treatment of ailments with the depressive phase of manic-depressive psychosis, as well as with neurotic and reactive depressions. Vikoristovuyut in a child's psychiatry for the correction of the behavior of children in times of mental incompleteness, as well as for the treatment of enuresis.
Є Possibility to develop orthostatic collapse. It is necessary to take care of them at once with other neurotropic drugs (narcotic analgesics, adrenergic agonists, indirect antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants).
It is necessary for a sick person to take away food products in order to take revenge on Tyrosine (sir).
Yak ingibitoriv MAO synthesized a great number of old hydrazines. Ale, in the Danish hour, there is little hto, zokrem - nilamid. There is one of the least effective antidepressants (effective in 12-14 days). Ale is low-toxic, very good. From non-hydrazine IMAO - transamin (strong MAO Ingibitor - effective in 7-9 days). Tsi zasobi prototypes for liver disease, nirok, impaired cerebral blood flow, with mental anxiety.
antiepileptic
"Epilepsia" is the term of zbіrny, stasis for a definite group of chronic abdominal pathology, and for those who are quick to attack (attack) with the second, but also because of the loss of confusion, hesitate, but don’t be suspicious of character, supernatural
Attack mayzhe zavzhd and correlate with victories on EEG.
There is a clear range of judgmental and non-convulsive forms of attacks of the epilepsy, the skin of which is characterized by a vivid classic picture and the singing snakes of the EEG (it is still a great diagnostic value).
see:
1) great court attacks (great epilepsy, grand mal, attack triva 10-15 khvili);
2) psychomotor seizures;
3) small attacks of epilepsy (petit mal);
4) myoclonus-epilepsy.
From the French - grand - great, mal - ailments - generalized tonic-clonic judgments with the second evidence, as through a sprinkle of chilin to change the backward attitudes of the central nervous system. Trivial attack or attack, so one with one small intervals, means the term "epileptic status".
Psychomotor seizures (or equivalents) are manifested by attacks of disordered behavior, unaware and unmotivated complaints, about which ailments are not remembered. The attack is often supravodzhuyutsya with confusion and automatism. The court is dumb.
Petit - from French - maliy, small. It is characterized by even short-term second svidomosty. You can get smacked by the music of the discourse of the other groups of music.
Myoclonus epilepsy is manifested by short-term convulsive smacking of muzzles without loss of evidence.
Antiepileptics are used to slow down to increase or decrease the intensity and frequency by the court, either of them, as they are promoted in case of recurrent attacks of older forms of epilepsy.
MECHANIZM DI preparations are not called for intelligence, so it is not because of the ethology of the epilepsy. It is important to reduce the malignancy of neurons in epileptogenic production. The primary reactions of antiepileptic cells are found on the level of neuronal membranes. From now on, the stabilization of the membranes of neurons is increased, until the refractory period is increased, the labileness is reduced, and the intermediate transmissions are reduced.
Not included, but a number of antiepileptic compounds are linked to changes in the brain of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
To carry out the treatment of ailments from the skin and from the significant forms of epilepsy with singing antiepileptic methods, such as a trivial hour, ring with rocks. Carry out the preparation of drugs step by step, carefully.
The main methods, licarsky preparations of a choice for overcoming the great attacks of the epilepsy є:
Phenobarbital and diphenin.
Try to stop for a chronic abuse, not to stop an attack. Tsi 2 koshty є the main drugs for the great attacks of the judgment. For them, you can be victorian:
a) hexamidine;
b) chloracon;
c) sodium valproate;
d) clonazepam;
e) carbamazepin.
Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy vixor in a subhypnotic dose (from 60 to 180 mg). Wine is the best way to catch the ear of the epilepsy, with the wine Petit mal. Yogo has a therapeutic effect my role The adjustment of the sensitivity of GABA receptors to the mediator, as well as the adjustment of the central nervous system, typical for the whole group of barbiturates.
Appointing phenobarbital to supravodzhutsya viniknennye neobzhanikh efects. The first days of therapy are drowsiness, dullness, slowness and dullness and hyperactivity.
As a result of the induction of activity of the liver enzymes (cytochrome P-450, glucuronidase system), the establishment of inactive metabolites in a number of endogenous words is accelerated, the first for everything, vitamins D, K, Vs. Stop producing osteopathy, megaloblastic anemia, hypoproteinemia, hemorrhage.
For the prophylaxis of circulatory diseases, it takes a trivial hour to get rid of phenobarbital, which is guilty of taking prescription drugs Vitamin D, K, Nd, as well as calcium salts.
More vibrational and most effective in case of great suicide attacks, volodya is older than gidanthoin diphenin.
Dipheninum - you can vipisuvati yak official drug in tablets of 0.117. Difenin is also effective for psychomotor equivalents. The activity of diphenin is approximately the same as that of phenobarbital.
Diphenin assimilates the penetration of sodium (Na) ions through the cell membrane of neurons of the epileptogenic brain. Tsim diphenin pereshkojaє is diagnosed with pathological changes in them, and a seizure occurs.
Diphenin is good to get wet from the intestinal tract, but the maximum concentration is reached in the blood plasma every day - from 4-6 to 24 years after receiving. Dressings in blood with albumin by 90%. In the minds of biotransform, vivoditsya nirkami. Є Inductor of liver enzymes. I will accelerate the approval of inactive metabolites D, K, Vs. The connection with the cymus can also be attributed to the ailing vitamini. Difenin can be cumulated, ala in the menshy world, nizh f
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1. Psychostimulants, as they give a stimulating infusion on the function of the brain, and activate the mental and physical activity of the body, and develop on two groups.
Before the first coffee, fenamin, sydnocarb and sydnofen are introduced, as they produce a fast-paced stimulating effect. Preparations in other groups develop in steps. Price nootropic drugs: piracetam, aminalon, sodium oxybutyrate, fenibut, pantogam, encephabol, acefen.
2. Analeptic zabudzhuyut in the first line of the center of a large brain - Sudden і dichny; in high doses, the stench also stimulates the motor zones and the brain and wicks the sudom. Tse corazole, cordiamin, camphor. Three groups of analeptic analeptics see a group of dichal analeptics (cititon, lobelin), they are characterized by stimulation of the dichal center.
3. Put it on the spinal cord. The main representative of the group is strychnin. Є Another group of young, tall wounds, which put an awful lot on the central nervous system. Tse fruit lemongrass, ginseng root, pantocrin and іn.
Psychomotor stimulants.
coffee(Coffeinum).
The stimulation and regulation of the processes of stimulation in the cerebral cortex, which lead to the development of a rosy and physiological process until it is advanced.
sucking: withdrawal by narcotic drugs, lack of the heart-vascular system, spasms of the brain, mental and physical development. Take in all the middle, an average dose of coffee for older adults - 0.05-0.1 g 2-3 times a day. B.R.D. - 0.3; V.S.D. - 1 m
Pobichna diya: in case of trivial stasis, there is a change in life, and in case of a raptor's reception, there is a hardening of galmuvannya with appearances, sleepiness, depression; reduction of arterial grip.
Prototype indications: malaise, sleeplessness, hypertension, atherosclerosis, organ failure of the heart-vascular system, old age, glaucoma.
Vipusk form: tablets number 10.
Caffeine sodium benzoate(Coffeinum-natrii benzoas).
Similar to coffee, but more beautifully in water.
Vipusk form: tablets of 0.1 і 0.2 No. 5; in viglyadі 10 і 20% in ampoules of 1-2 ml.
Stimulants are intelligently divided into 4 large groups:
1. PSYCHOSTIMULATORS
a) psychomotor:
fenamin;
Sydnocarb.
b) psychometabolic (nootropic):
Nootropil (piracetam);
cerebrolizin;
Gamalon і ін.
2. ANALEPTIC
a) straight forward:
bemegrid;
Etimizol i in.
b) reflex action:
Cititon і ін.
c) change of action:
Kordiamіn і ін.
3. Stimulants of the spinal cord
strychnine;
Sekurenin i ін.
4.Galnotonizing disease (ADAPTOGENI)
a) roslinnogo hike:
Preparations for ginseng, eleutherococcus
ka, aralia, golden root, ma
rallego root, Bittner's balm i
b) tasting walks:
Pantokrin і ін.
PSYCHOSTIMULATORS and nootropics
PSYCHOSTIMULATORS
psychostimulants (Abo psychoanaleptics, psychoanaleptics, psychomotor stimulants) to improve the mood, health until the end of the call, psychomotor activity. Smell to change a little bit more, to promote physicality and growth of praise (especially when you are too old), to reduce the need for an hour (when you’re going to take pressure from organism, I’ll call you “add-on” drugs)
On the basis of how to adjust the central nervous system, stimulants may be less important, so as the stench of the vibrating effect is relieved. In addition, the stimulation of the central nervous system is superseded by the onset of the drive.
Classification of psychostimulants
1) Suck it up without a mediocrity on the central nervous system:
a) stimulating the cerebral cortex (xanthine alkaloid, phenamine, sydnocarb, methylphenamine, meridol and in.);
b) stimulating and vital cerebral (cortex
ash, kordiamin, bemegrid, camphor, carbon dioxide);
c) stimulating the spinal cord (strychnin).
2) Get ready to go to the central nervous system reflexively(Lobelin, verat
room, nikotin).
A trace of memory, so this kind of cleverly rose, and with high doses of stench, it can stimulate the central nervous system as a whole.
Typical representative of psychostimulants є fenamin(Amphetamin sulfate; table. On 0, 005; drops in nis, in the eye 1% solution). Chemically it is a phenylalkylamine, similar in structure to adrenaline and norepinephrine.
MECHANIZM DI dressings for good health from presynaptic end of norepinephrine and dopamine. In addition, phenamine reduces the rapid accumulation of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Phenamin stimulates the viscid active reticular formation of the brain stembur.
Pharmacological efficiency
FLUSH ON THE CNS
Pressurized stimulant of the central nervous system. Winning psychic and physical propriety, polish mood, wickedness, sleeplessness, tremor, restlessness. At therapeutic doses, it is necessary to awaken the effect, assimilated in the same way, increasing physical energy. Stimulates the mental center and in the whole plan as an analeptic.
FLUSHED ON THE HEART-VESSEL SYSTEM
Pidvischuyak systolic, so diastolic AT. Tachyphylaxis according to the diagnosis of a hypertensive effect of phenamine appears to be tachyphylaxis.
SMOOTH MUSCULATION
Fenamin increases the tone of the sphincter of the cuticle and relaxation of the bronchial muscles, ale only at high doses. Fenamin decreases appetite (for hypothalamus), rob the deyakiy protisudomnu diyu (at Petit mal).
Stimulants (psychostimulants) - a term that includes a lot of licks, including those that increase the activity of the body, speech, and improve the mood and badder, or drugs, which give sympathies. Stimulants are widely used in all people, such as drugs, which are available for a prescription, as well as without a prescription (legally or illegally) in the form of preparations for the promotion of sports performance, for example recreational drugs. Naybils often use stimulants in 2013. According to estimates, a part of the population that is ominous with stimulants of the amphetamine series (for example, amphetamines, etc.) І, from 0.8% to 2.1%.
effectively
short hours
Stimulants in therapeutic doses, for example, can become stagnant when, increase the focus, health, friendliness, libido and can increase the mood. However, in higher doses, stimulants can actually change the focus, the principle of the Yerks-Dodson Law. At higher doses, stimulants can also be beneficial, energy and reduce the need for a person. Bagato, but not all, stimulants, may cause ergogenic effects. Drugs, such as pseudoephedrine, may well have documented ergonomic efficacy, todi yak may have a protolezhny effect. Strengthening neurocognitive functions for additional stimulants, zokrem, modafinil, amphetamines and methylphenidate, boules are registered in healthy adults, and the reason for the students to be mediocre in the middle of drug users is widespread, In some people, there may be a psychiatric phenomenon, such as stimulatory psychosis, paranoia and suicidal thoughts. Occasionally, the toxicity of the gostra is tied to the whipping, paranoia, aggressive behavior, rudimentary dysfunction and blindness to the manipulation of objects. Zhorstoke is aggressive behavior, associated with the toxicity of stimulants, it can be very often viciously paranoid. There are a lot of drugs that are classified as stimulants, sympathomimetics, that is, they stimulate the sympathetic type of autonomic nervous system, to produce such effects as mydriasis, increase the frequency of heart rate, increase the frequency of heart rate, speed If the changes become pathological, they are called arrhythmia, hypertension and hyperthermia. The stench can lead to rhabdomyolysis, insult, zupintsy heart or court. However, from a glance at the folding of the mechanisms, which lie at the basis of the potential fatalities of the toxicity of stimulants, it is unfortunate that the dose can be fatal.
chronic inflow
Assessment of stimulants injected є up-to-date, vrahoyuchi, but a large part of the population at the moment of receiving stimulants. A systematic look at the heart-damaging effects of the prescription stimulants did not reveal a connection between the number of heart-healthy stimulants in children, albeit with the correlation between the prescription stimulants and the heart-damaging heart. A look over the period of time showed that there were few negative effects in the reception of stimulants, and only nagolovyh on the need for the need for further development. A look at the trivial period of storing stimulants for a prescription from patients with SDUH showing how heart-and-heart-damaging side-effects are blended only with time-dependent arterial vices. Іnіtsіyuvannya reception of stimulants in children with SDUH in early childhood, mabut, to bring cinnamon to a grown-up life is obviously social and cognitive functional and seems to be apparently safe. Malicious stimulants, which are available for a prescription (not vyplyayuchi to the instructions of the drug), or illegal stimulants tied with no risk for health. The malignant cocaine, in the fallowness of the path, introduced, zbilshu rhizik of the heart-bladder ailments, insult and sepsis. Deyakіfekty stimulantsіv to lie down in a way introduced, with the whole internal introduction of a dressing, it is associated with the transmission of diseases, such as hepatitis C, VIL / SNID, and potential health problems, such as pseudo-infectious diseases, often (inhalation) may be tied to the growth of diseases of the lower dichally nobility, cancer of the legends and pathological intercourse of the legacy tissue. Cocain can also take advantage of risik development autoimmune disease and poshkojuvati nasal cartilage. The malignancy of methamphetamines is similar to the effect, as well as the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, which can lead to increased rhizics.
medical vikorystannya
Stimulants to get sick in medicine for getting sick, including obesity, sleep disturbance, mood disorder, impulse control problems, asthma, nasal congestion, and also vicious anesthetics. Drugs that are useful for treating obesity are called anorectics and include drugs that are included in the stimulant, but in the whole class, are drugs, such as antagonists of the CB1 receptor. Likas, such as vikoristoyutsya for lіkuvannya rozladі in sleep, such as overwhelming drowsiness, called eugeroicamі, and include such stimulants, such as. Stimulants to be victorious in the case of impulse control, such as SDUG, і, such as SDUG, і, і, krym show, in case of dislocation of the mood, such as critical depression, for the improvement of energy, respect and adjustment of the mood. Stimulants, such as theophilin and salbutamol, are administered orally for asthma treatment, and adrenergic drugs are now more potent due to fewer systemic side effects. Pseudoephedrine vikoristovutsya for lodging nasal congestion or sinuses, chills, sinusitis, sick fever and respiratory allergies; win is also victorious to relieve stagnation in wuh, wicked to inflamed or infectious wuh.
chemistry
Classification of stimulants є twisted, through a large number of classes of cich speech, and the fact that the stench can come up to the decile classes; for example, it is possible to classify extase as substitutions for methylene hydroxyphenethylamines, substitutes for amphetamines, and also for substitutions for phenethylamines. The main classes of stimulants include phenethylamines and their daughter classes, substitutes for amphetamines.
amphetamines
Substitutions of amphetamines are of the class spoluk, based on amphetamines. The stench includes all the old days, as it pretends to be a walk of replacing one or more atoms in the structure of the nucleus of amphetamines with intercessors. Supplements of substituted amphetamines include amphetamine itself, methamphetamine, ephedrine, cathinone, phentermine, mefentermine, bupropion, methoxyphenamine selegiline, amfepramone, pyrovalerone, MDMA (EXTASI) and DOM. Bagato rechovin from the tsy class dіyut, in the main, by way of activation of the amine-containing receptor 1 (TAAR1); The additional mechanism of action of acting substitute amphetamines for the development of vesicular cells of monoamino neurotransmitters via VMAT2, which increases the concentration of neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm of neurotransmitters Stimulants of the amphetamine type are often victorious in the form of a therapeutic effect. Likaris inodi prescribe amphetamines for the treatment of clinical depression, if the patients react badly to the traditional preparations of SIZZS, if you prove that you can also be susceptible to being weak / demented. Notably, two recent great pre-phase III lizdexamfetamines (prodrugs to amphetamines) in addition to SSRIs, or CIOZNs in case of main depressive disorder, did not show any positive effect on corystic disease. Numerous dosages have demonstrated the effectiveness of such drugs as Adderall (sum of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine salts) for the control of symptoms associated with SDH. Through the accessibility of the widespread defects, the substitution of amphetamines as the main candidates for evil.
analogs of cocaine
There are hundreds of analogs to cocaine, and all the stench is to take revenge on benzyloxy, from 3 tropane coals. Some modifications include substitution for a benzene ring, as well as an additional substitution of a substitute for normal carboxylate for carbonated tropane 2. Also, the breakdowns of different types of cocaine are similar to those of similar structural activity.
mechanizmi
Stimulants can be used by mothers of other people's mechanisms of development. Bagato stimulants nadayut their dіya for the help infused into the neurotransmіsіy of monoamines. Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters, which work in the mechanisms of wine, motivation, temperature regulation, and large responses, and include dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Stimulants to block the ringing of drowning or to stimulate dopamine and norepinephrine to increase the activity of these schemes. Deyaki stimulants, especially stimulants, which may cause pathogenic and hallucinogenic effects, are injected into serotoninergic neurotransmis- sion. Involvement in the vesicular absorption, activation of TAAR1 and the vortex flow of monoamine transporters can play a role in the activity of these fluvines. Adrenergic stimulants, such as ephedrine, can be activated by direct activation and activation of receptors in a series of steps, norepinephrine and adrenaline (adrenergic receptor), and sympathomimetic effects, can be triggered. Deyakі speech, such as MDMA and thіѕ era, can change the regulatory structure by way of antagonism of regulatory presynaptic autoreceptors. For those who remember the weekend, some of them will be able to defeat the antagonism of adenosine receptors and replace the direct action on monoamines.
vіdomі stimulants
amphetamine
Amphetamine is a straining stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS) of the phenethylamine class, contractions for treating the syndrome of deficiency of respect and hyperactivity (SDH). Amphetamines have been introduced in 1887, and have been shown to have two enantiomers: levoamphetamina and dextroamphetamines. Amphetamine is to take revenge on the part of enantiomers, tobto, 50% levoamphetamine and 50% dextroamphetamine. Amphetamines can also be vicious as an effective education for physical and cognitive functions and recreationally as aphrodisiac and euphoresis. Unimportant to those with prescription drug amphetamines in Bagatioi lands, unauthorized use and extended amphetamines are often controlled through significant health risks, tied to uncontrolled or trivial viceroys. Yak inherited, amphetamine is illegally synthesized by food chemists. Primed on the confiscation of drugs and their precursors in the whole world, illegally licensed and trafficking in amphetamines in fewer extensions, not illegally in those in methamphetamines. The first pharmaceutical amphetamine buv Benzedrine, an inhaler, which can be used for the treatment of children. Oskіlki dextro-isomer volodі іsіstіmulatіvnymi authorities, benzedrine acted as a vipuscati, on the strength of a selling warehouse, but to avenge dextroamphetamine in the main. By the end of the day, add Adderall, dextroamphetamine (for example, Dexedrine) or the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine (for example, Vyvanse). Amphetamine, due to the additional activation of the receptor of several aminov, increases the activity of the biogenic amine and anxiety neurotransmiter in the brain, in case of a certain number of changes in the effect of nationalization on catecholamines At therapeutic doses, there are no signs of emotional and cognitive effects, such as euphoria, change of libido, improvement of cognitive control. Let's take a rank, and bring it to physical effects, such as a decrease in the hour of reaction, strength to an increase in meat strength. Navpaki, more doses of amphetamines can be used to increase cognitive functions and to improve their ability to use them. Occurrence of psychoactive speeches is a serious rizik, bandaging with icky amphetamines, ale rіdko vinikє with the correct medical vikorystannі. Even higher doses of amphetamines can lead to psychosis (for example, madder and paranoia), but even more rarely when taking therapeutic doses, or when experiencing trivial stasis. Oskilki recreational vicariousness is more widespread, less therapeutic, recreational victorious is associated with a greater risk of serious side effects.
coffee
ephedrine
Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic amin, subordinate to the molecular structure of the various drugs phenylpropanolamine and methamphetamine, as well as the important neurotransmitter adrenaline. Ephedrine invites you to be victorious in the role of a stimulant, to stifle your appetite, to increase the concentration of respect and in the quality of anti-vasoconstriction, as well as to treat hypotonia, tied to anesthesia. In a chemically derived species, alkaloids with a phenethylamine skeleton can be found in the genus Ephedra (Ephedraceae family) in the growing dews. Win din, the head rank, for increasing the activity of norepinephrine on adrenergic receptors. The most commonly sold yak hydrochloride or sulfate sil. Grass má huáng (Ephedra sinica) Chinese medicine(TCM), revenge ephedrine and pseudoephedrine as the main active ingredients. The same can be said about some of the growing products, which revenge on the extracts of the ephedri.
MDMA
mephedrone
nikotin
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA, Accutrim; β-hydroxyamphetamine), also known as stereoisomerism, norephedrine and norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug from the classes of phenethylamina and amphetamina, stimulating vascular disease Win is widely used in prescription and over-the-counter drugs for coughing and getting cold. In veterinary medicine, vikoristovuyutsya for the control of non-trivial slaughter in dogs under the trade names Propalin and Proin. In the New States, PPA is no longer available over-the-counter through a prescription medication stroke in young women. However, in the decile regions of Europe, it is earlier available either for a prescription or (inodi) without a prescription. In Canada, the speech was shown on the 31st May 2001 rock. In India, the Victory Day of PPA and its first drug was harvested by people on 10 February 2011.
Propylhexedrin
Propylhexedrine (hexahydromethamphetamine, mono) is a stimulant that is sold over the counter in the United States, like the drug is benzedrex. The drug is also vikoristovuvavsya in the quality of driving the appetite in Europe. Propylhexedrin is not an amphetamine, I want it to be structurally similar to it; The substitute, wine is a cycloalkylamine and, even more, it is stimulated by the effects, which are less powerful, but not in similarly structured amphetamines, such as methamphetamines. Potential of the evil of propylhexedrina to endure intercourse through its interdependencies introduced: in the new States, Benzedrex is available only as an English language, with lavender oil and menthol. Cіngredієnti viklikayut inappropriate relish, and people who consistently take the drug, see about the inappropriate "menthol's dressing". Bulo is set up, lykarsky zasobu wiklikak to the timing of the diplopia and dysfunction of the brain.
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes. It can be used as a protector for the nose / sinus, as well as as a stimulant, or in the quality of speech, which is more active in the absence of sleep. Hydrochloride pseudoephedrine and pseudoephedrine sulfate appear in over-the-counter drugs, either in single ingredine, or (in part) in a combination of antihystamines, guaifenesin, dextboromethorphan and asphenyl Winning is also victorious in being a chemical precursor speech for illegal methamphetamines.
cat
A list of stimulants and speeches, which are similar to them:
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| 2014/05/22 15:24 | Natal | |
| 2013/11/26 23:06 | Pavel | |
| 2014/10/09 09:36 | Natal | |
| 2015/03/17 16:24 | Natal | |
| 2014/08/23 19:12 | Natal | |
| 2013/12/06 01:43 | Natal | |
| 2017/03/21 13:27 | ||
| 2015/05/10 21:45 | Natal | |
| 2018/01/18 16:59 | ||
| 2013/11/23 23:58 | Pavel | |
| 2015/03/17 14:48 | Natal | |
| 2014/06/04 14:15 | Natal | |
| 2014/07/15 16:38 | Natal | |
| 2016/05/13 16:18 | ||
| 2013/12/02 12:12 | Natal | |
| 2015/03/11 14:35 | Yana | |
| 2014/05/18 13:48 | Natal | |
| 2014/06/04 14:43 | Natal | |
| 2014/05/30 15:16 | Natal | |
| 2015/02/03 14:12 | Natal | |
| 2013/11/26 22:28 | Pavel | |
| 2015/03/23 11:36 | Daniil Craciun | |
| 2013/11/26 21:05 | Pavel | |
| 2014/03/13 00:19 | Natal | |