Morphofunctional features of the spinal cord. Morphofunctional characteristics of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Morphofunctional characteristics of the central nervous system at the infusion
The dorsal brain is folded in two symmetrical halves, separated one by one in front - by a large middle cleft, and at the back - by a middle furrow. The spinal cord is characterized by segmental (metameric) buds (31-33 segments); A pair of anterior (ventral) and a pair of posterior (dorsal) cords are tied with the skin segment.
The spinal cord is developing Syra Rechovina, Roztashovane in the central part, i Bila Rechovina To lie on the periphery.
The name of the cordon of the spinal cord will be approved pricordonna glial membrane, I am inclined to be angry with the amalgamation of astrocytes. The membrane is penetrated by the nerve fibers, the anterior and posterior corners.
Stretching the spinal cord in the center of the syroe of speech, pass the central canal of the spinal cord, z'єdnana through the locks of the brain.
Sira rechovina on cross-sectional opening front, Abo ventral, rear, Abo spinnі, i bichni, Abo lateral, horns. In the middle of the speech, there are tila, dendrites and (partly) axonneurons, as well as glial cells. Main warehouse part syroi speech, which leads to the development of a white, є multipolar neuron. There are several neurons neuropil- a hemline, fixed by nerve fibers and sprouts of glial cells.
Three types of cells can be seen among all neurons in the spinal cord:
Korintsev,
Internal,
· Bundles.
axoni korintsevykh clitin Lost the spinal cord at the storehouse of the front corners, the center of the family and the front corners. adolescents internal cells end with synapses in the boundaries of the spinal cord (also the neurons of the back horns). axoni bunch cells to pass in the bile speech in the form of bundles of fibers, which carry the nerve impulses from the nuclei of the spinal cord in the first segment, or to the outward appearances of the brain, so that the connections are made.
In the process of developing the spinal cord neural tube Isogenetic neurons are grouped in 10 balls, or Rexed plates... With tsom I-V plates the rear horns are shown, the VI-VII plates are the industrial zones, the VIII-IX plates are the anterior horns, the X plate is the zone of the central canal. On the transverse views, the nuclear groups of neurons are more clearly visible, and on the sagittal ones, the lamellar parts of the Budov are more clearly visible, de neurons are grouped into Rexed columns.
Clitini, podbnі for sizes, budget and functional meanings, lie in a system of speech in groups, which are called nuclei.
V rear horns develops a spongy ball, a gelatinous speech, a whip nucleus of the posterior horn and a sternum Clark's nucleus, Roland's nucleus with galvanic neurons, Lisauer's zone.
neurons spongy zone and gelatinous speech there are clashes between the sensitive cells of the spinal ganglia and the ruff cells of the anterior horns, the muscles of the reflex arcs are quiescent.
neurons Clarke cores Recognize information from receptors in the muscles, tendons and lobes (proprioceptive sensitivity) by the core fibers themselves and transmit them to the brain, which is great for multipolar neurons.
neurons vlasny core the back horn is inserted into other multipolar cells, axons that end in the boundaries of the spinal cord of the spinal cord on either side (associative cells) or on the other side (comisural cells).
Between the rear and bichny horns of the serpentine speech, it is thrown into strands in the bile, as long as it becomes a network-like release, I call it a network-like affirmation, an abnormal reticular form of the spinal cord.
Near the industrial zone (Bichnyh horns) growth of the center of the autonomic (autonomous) nervous system - preganglionic cholinergic neurons of sympathetic and parasympathetic types.
V front horns roztasvanі the most neurons of the spinal cord. Tse of the core cells, fragments of the axons store the bulk of the fibers of the anterior cores. In the anterior horns, there are 3 types of neurons, which form 5 groups of nuclei behind the bulge (lateral - anterior and posterior group, medial - anterior and posterior group and central or intermediate nucleus).
Alpha motoneuroni- large neurons 100-140 microns. For the function of the stench of the rods and axons in the storage of the anterior corners, they go from the spinal cord and go to the transversely dark mouths.
gamut of motoneurons- others, є by clients controlling the strength and speed of speed.
klitini Renshaw - galmovnі cells zdіysnyut instead of galmіvnі motoneurons zginachіv and rozginachіv, as well as zhytnіyut zvolotny galmuvannya.
Bila Rechovina horns to the brain are broken at the top: front (bottom), middle (middle) and back (top). Bila speech to the spinal cord is a superality of late orintegration of important nerve fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, such as the connections between the small parts of the nervous system, are called tracts, or conductive paths, of the spinal cord.
4. Reflex apparatus of the spinal cord (somatic reflex arches)
The elementary reflex arc of the spinal cord is represented by two neurons. Tilo the first - afferent neuron in the spinal ganglion. Yogo dendrite is directed to the periphery and ends with a receptor. The axon of the afferent neuron in the storehouse of the posterior cortex enters the spinal cord, the posterior horns, and transits to the cells of the anterior horns of the spinal cord. At the front horns, roztasvani tila rukhovyh eferentnykh kіtin- the great alpha motoneurons, on which and end with the axosomatic synapse, the axon of sensitive cells. The axon of an eferent neuron overlaps the spinal cord, to enter the anterior cortex, far into the spinal nerve, gossip, nareshty, in the storage of the somatic nerve, reach the effector's body(M'yazi, zalozi).
When a finger is applied (a prick of a finger of a hand), a receptor device (nocereceptors of a shkiri) is depleted and a nerve impulse is generated, which is docentrically through a dendrite, and an afferent neuron and the other axon are carried out behind the other side of the neuron. The nerve impulse of the centrifugally assisted axon of the cell is overlapping the spinal cord, the anterior cortex, the nerve and the excitement in the organ of the organism (two-headed shoulder meat), well, in our own devil, to produce a prickly effect.
The principle of budovi that robots of autonomic reflex arcs to sort out independently.
The nerve system is taken to the side of the worm. For topographic signs її go to the central and peripheral views, for functional signs - to somatic and vegetative views. Central viddil, or the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. To the peripheral view, or the peripheral nervous system, carry all the nerves, so that all the peripheral conductive paths, which are composed of sensitive and nerve fibers. Somatic viddil, for the somatic nervous system, including the cranial and spinal nerves, which ring the central nervous system with the organs, so that the nervous system is squeezed out - with the shkinny curl and apparatus of the ruch. The vegetative form, or the autonomic nervous system, will prevent the ligaments of the central nervous system from the internal organs, zalozami, vodins and organs, in the warehouses of which є smooth tissue tissue. The vegetative form extends to the pretty and parasympathetic part, or the pretty and parasympathetic nervous system.
The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord. Between the mass of the brain and the spinal cord, the development of the spinal cord: in the world of development of the organization of the creature, the mass of the brain grows in the mass of the spinal cord. In birds, the brain is 1.5-2.5 times larger than the spinal cord, in pigs it is 2.5-3 times, in huts it is 3.5-5 times, and in primates it is 8-15 times larger.
Dorsal brain- the medulla spinalis lies in the spinal canal, occupying approximately 2/3 of the thigh. In the great horned thinness and horses of the yogh, the size is 1.8-2.3 m, weight is 250-300 g, in the pig - 45-70 m. There is no clear line between the brain and the spinal cord. Vvazhaєtsya, scho vona pass on the cranial edge of the Atlanta. In the spinal cord, the spinal cord, thoracic, crosswise, sacral and tail parts are developed behind the mice of the zalagannya. In the embryonic period, the development of the spinal cord will retain the entire spinal canal, and in conjunction with the great development of the skeleton, the growth of the skeleton grows ever greater. As a result, the brain in the great horned thinness ends at the level of the 4th, in the pig - in the area of the 6th transverse ridge, and in the horse - in the area of the 1st segment of the crooked cyst. The bridle of the spinal cord along the dorsal side and the middle dorsal groove (trough). From this, the uglib comes from the semi-tissue dorsal septum. In the side or middle furrows, go through more dorsal lateral furrows. Behind the ventral sides of the gliboka is the middle ventral fissure, and on the sides of it there are the ventral lateral grooves (zholobi). In the end, the spinal cord sounds loudly, edging the cerebral cone, which turns into the endov thread. Vona is approved with a good fabric and ends on the level of the first tail ridges.
In the shynoy and transverse parts of the spinal cord є sweating. A number of neurons and nerve fibers grow at the link with the development of the colors in the cich dylyankas. In pigs, 5-8 neurosegments are formed. Yogo the maximum width at the middle of the 6th ridge is 10 mm. Across the side, the growth is brought to the 5-7th across the neurosegmentation. In the skin segment from the spinal cord, a pair of spinal nerves enter with two roots - on the right and on the right. The dorsal root extends from the dorsal lateral groove, the ventral root - from the ventral lateral groove. From the spinal canal, the spinal nerves enter through the mid-spine open. The dilenca of the spinal cord between the two suspension spinal nerves is called a neurosegment. Neurosegments are growing in size and often beyond the size of the cyst segment. As a result of the spinal cord nerves enter the spinal cord. It is often from them to pass through the middle of the ridge canal to the exit from the ridge opening of its segment. At the caudal straight line, it becomes possible to grow from the nerves, to go through the middle of the spinal canal, behind the cerebral cone, to form a bi penzlik, called the "Chinese tail".
Brain- encephalon - is placed in the cranial box and stored in several parts. In pigs, the weight of the brain is 0.08-0.3% of the mass, which is 370-600 g for a horse, 220-450 g for a horse, for animals and pigs - 96-150 g. the mass of the brain is better than that of the greats.
Cephalic cephalic semi-oval form. In the ruminants - with a wide frontal area, they cannot be seen with scent cybulins and broadened extensions on the rivni frontiers. The pig has more sounds in front of it, with a little bit of smelling cybulins. Dovzhin yogo to become in the middle in the great horny thinness 15 cm, in the vivtsi - 10, in the pig - 11 cm. The globose transverse cleft of the head, the brain extends into the great brain, so it lies rostrally, and the diamond-like brain, the rosettes are caudal. Dilanki to the brain phylogenetically long ago, which represent an advanced projection of the conductive paths of the spinal cord, are called the brain stem. Wine includes in itself a little brain, a cerebral place, a middle place, a part of an intermediate brain. Phylogenetically, the youngest part of the brain will fit into the part of the brain. She has a brain and a cerebellum.
diamond-like brain- rhombencephalon - extends to the back and the back brain and to revenge the quarters of the brain.
Prodigal brain- medulla oblongata - the very back of the brain. Yogo mas stock - 10-11% masi mozku; in the great horny thinness - 4.5, in the vivtsi - 3.7, in the pig - 2 cm.May the shape of a flattened cone, which is straightened forward and adjoined to the cerebral bridge, and at the top - to the spinal cord, into which one can pass without thin cordons ...
On the dorsal side є of the lozenge of the rhomboid form - the quarters of the cerebral lid. For the ventral side there are three furrows: middle and 2 furrows. Z'єdnyuchis caudally, the stench passes into the ventral midline of the spinal cord. Between the bearded ones, there are 2 tall species of bridesmaid rollers - pіramidi, in which bundles of nerve fibers pass through. On the cordons of the old and spinal cord, the paths are crossed - the crossing of the paths is established. In the large brain, the cranial tongue is rosted in the middle, in the days of the fourth cerebral slurry near the nuclei, which gives an ear of cranial nerves (from VI to XII), as well as the nuclei, in which the intermixing of impulses in the brain occurs. Bila rechovina lay call, more ventrally, molding conductive paths. Rukhovi (eferent) conductive paths from the brain to the dorsal shape of the piracy. Sensitive conductive paths (afferent) from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex / posterior lobes of the corns, which goes from the large cerebral to the corns. In the mass of the large brain, in the viglyad, the gossip has an important coordination apparatus to the brain - the reticular formation. There is a common structure of the stovbur to the brain and the reception of the data to the foldable, easily accessible parts of the various reactions.
Prodigal brain- life is very important for the central nervous system (CNS), to bring it to death. Here the rosette center of energy, sercebitty, zhuvannya, kovtannya, smoktannya, bluing, chewing, salivation and juice secretion, tone of sudin and іn.
back brain- metencephalon - folds into the cerebral і cerebral bridge.
Mozkovy Mist- pons - massively draining on the ventral surface of the brain, but lying across the anterior part of the large brain up to 3.5 cm wide in the great horned thinner, 2.5 cm in the veins and 1.8 ohms in the pig. The main mass of the cerebral bridge is made up of conductive paths (fall and downward), so that it connects the brain with the back and sides of the brain inside oneself. There is a great number of nerve fibers going across the bridge to the cornsus and the shape of the middle nіzh of the cornsus. In the bridge, there are groups of nuclei, including the nuclei of the cranial nerves (V pair). The most common V pair of cranial nerves - three parts - go from the bichesky surface of the bridge.
lobe- cerebellum - to grow over the bridge, dovgastim brain and fourth cerebellum, behind the quadruple. In front of me, between the drinks of the great brain. Masa yogo becomes 10-11% of the mass of the brain. In a vivtsi and a pig, a yogi (4-4.5 cm) is more than a height (2.2-2.7 mu), in a great horny thinness it is 5.6X6.4 cm. the cell and the bichn_ part - the pivucleus of the moss. The lobe is 3 paris nizhok. The posterior legs (ropes) are drawn from the middle brain, the middle from the cerebral bridge, the anterior (rostral) ones from the middle brain. The surface of the corns is selected in the numerical folds of the lobes and zivines, broken out by bears and shilines. Sira speech in the cortex is rostered from above - the cortex of the cortex and in the glybin at the viglyadi of the nuclei. The upper corns of measles in the great horny thinness of the warehouse 130 cm 2 (close to 30% in terms of the prevalence to measles of the great pimples) at a thickness of 450-700 microns. Bila speech is roasted before the bark and at the glance of the tree, after which it is called the tree of life.
The lobe є is the center of coordination of powerful rukhiv, to adjust the tone of mucous membranes, posi, rivnovagi.
diamond-like brain to revenge the quarters of the cerebral slunk. Yogo bottom є the loss of a large brain - a diamond-shaped fossa. Yogo stinki established by the nits of the corns, and by the anterior (rostral) and posterior cerebral vitrils, which are the vernacular gossip. The lid is rostrally connected with the cerebral aqueduct, caudally - with the central canal of the spinal cord and through the opening into the vitril - with the open space.
great brain- cerebrum - includes dintsevium, intermediate and middle brain. Kintseviy and intermediate brain connected to the forebrain.
The middle brain - mesencephalon - folds into the quadruple, the lower part of the great brain and the cerebral aqueduct laid between them. Prikritiy great pіvkuli. Yogo mass becomes 5-6% of the mass of the brain.
The four-hills set up the middle brain. It is stocked with a bet of rostral (front) humps and a bet of tail (rear) humps. The four-hill is the center of insanely reflexive rocking acts in the minds of health and hearing teasing. The anterior humps are invaded by the auditory analyzer centers, the posterior humps and the auditory analyzer centers. In ruminants, the front humps are larger than the rear ones, in pigs - navpaki.
The bottom of the great brain will set the bottom of the middle one. You may see two rollers, you can lie between the green tracts and the brain bridge. Rozdіlenі inter-pectoral furrow.
Between the quadruples and the great ones, the brain at the viglyad of the vuzkoy tube pass the brain (Silvia) water supply. Rostrally, it sits behind the third, caudally - with the fourth cerebral ditches. Mozkovy water supply of effluent formations.
In the middle brain, there was a speech, the calls were rooted and they were the leading afferent and efferent paths. Sira speech is roasted in the glybin at the viglyad nuclei. The third pair of cranial nerves enters from the cerebral nerves.
middle brain- diencephalon - to build up from healthy humps - thalamus, epithalamus - epithalamus, hypothalamus - hypothalamus. Roztashovaniye of an industrial brain mіzh kіntsevym.
In the middle brain, prikritiy k_ntsevym brain. Yogo mass becomes 8-9% of the mass of the brain. Zorovi hump is the most massive, part of the brain is centrally welded. Zrostayuchis mіzh saboy, the stench will stifle the third cerebral slunk so that it takes the shape of a ring, so that it is near the middle mass of green humps. Above, the little one is covered with a sudinnoy pokrishkoy; to see the middle opener with the little shlunochki, aboral go into the brain water. Bila speech in the thalamus lie on top, gray - in the middle at the viglyadi of the numerical nuclei. The stench is to serve as remixing lanes from the lower links to the bark and tied up with the analyzer. On the basal surface of the midbrain, the splicing of the crossed healthy nerves is called chiasma.
Epitalamus is stored from decilkoh structures, including the epiphysis and rupture of the third cerebral slurry (epiphiz - internal secretion). Rosetting in dead mids with green hillocks and quadruples.
Hypothalamus of retouching on the basal surface of the intermediate brain between the chiasma and the lower brain. Store from decilkokh parts. Bezposredno posterior chiasmata at the viglyadі of the oval hump is a gray hillock. Yogo turned down the top is knitted for the rakhunnya vypynnya stinka of the third lynx and the funnel, on which pidvizheniy gipofiz - zalosa of the internal secretion. Behind the gray hillock, it is not very large, round about the nasal-nipple-like tilo. Bila speech in the hypothalamus roztashovane calls, the form to carry out the afferent and efferent paths. Sira rechovina - at the viglyadi of numerical nuclei, as the hypothalamus is in the vyglyadi vegetative center. Win to take revenge on the center of health, blood and lymphocytes, temperature, statutory functions and in.
Kintseviy mozok - telencephalon - statements of two puffs, breaking out with a lot of late chilin and with some calluses. Yogo masa (great thinness 250-300 g, in vivtsi and pigs 60-80 g, to become 62-66% of the mass of the brain. The bins of the breeches are shattered by a hole in the partition.
The smelling brain is stored in decal parts, which are placed on the ventral surface of the bone marrow. Rostrally, the spike is placed behind the edges of the cloak, there are 2 scent cybulinis. The stench occupies the pits of a gratuitous brush. Through the openings in the perforated plate of the cyst, the scent threads enter into them, as in the sum the scent nerve is established. Cybulini are the primary scent centers. From them there are scent tracts - afferent provincial paths. The lateral scent tract extends to the pear-shaped portions, which are spread laterally to the brain. The medical scent taverns reach the medial surface of the cloak. There are scent trikutniks lying between the tracts. Pear-like parts and scent trikutniki are the second-best scent centers. In the glybin of the scent marrow, on the bottom of the little sniffers, roasting in the other parts of the scent marrow. Smell to tie the smelling brain with the іnshim іddіls of the brain. The swarthy mildew in the glybin pivculi is a basal complex of nuclei, such as pidkirkovy centers.
The raincoat is attainable to the greatest development in vishikh ssavts. I have to know vishі centri all the life of the creature. The top of the cloak is covered with zvivins and bears. The great horned thinness has a surface of 600 cm. 2. A sera of speech in a cloak roasted from above is the center of the bark of the great feasts. Bila speech is located in the middle - the whole route. Functions of small children of measles are not of a certain significance, Budova grows into a mosaic, which has given the opportunity to see in the form of decals (lobov, tim'yan, skronev, potilichnu) and half a dozen. Fields are derived from one of their own cytoarchitectonics - to rosetting, to a few and to the shape of a cell and to a microarchitectonics - to rosetting, to a few and a form of fibers.
Meninges. The dorsal and cerebral corns are firm, pavutinous and mucous membranes.
The hard shell is the surface itself, tovsta, it is approved by the shinny with the full tissue, b_dna by the vessels. With the cysts of the skull and the ridges, they grow with links, folds and іnhims. Vona descend into the lower half of the brain between the injections of the great brain about the view of the sickle-shaped ring (sickle of the great brain) and the great brain from the rhomboid re-entanglement of the cornice. Between her and the bunches, do not skim the epidural space, accumulate rich and fatty tissue. Veni pass here. In the middle of the solid brain sheath is whitewashed by an endotel. Between her and the pavutinous sheath є subdural space, filling the spinal cord. The spider web is covered with fluffy tissue, it is not, without a court, it is not possible to enter the furrows. On both sides, the endothelial and visualized subdural and subdural (subpaired) expanses of the outer shells are covered. Come to the shells for the help of the ligaments, as well as the nerves and nerves to pass through it.
M'yaka obolonka - tonka, ale shilna, z great numbers Sudin, for scho її they call it the same. To go into the grooves and lines of the brain and the spinal cord, as well as in the brain of the louse, deforming the pokryshka.
Interbolochny space, cerebrospinal corkscrews and central spinal canal is stored with the spinal cord, which is the inner middle of the brain, I'll write down the function... Establish a ridina. In the main, in the case of shlunochkіv, vіdtіkaє in the venous channel. The norm has a lot of time.
Judgment of the brain and spinal cord. The spinal cord is covered with blood along the spines, which come out of the ridges, intercostal arteries, transverse and cryogenic arteries. In the spinal canal, the stench is formed into the spinal arteries, and in the furrows and in the central cleft of the spinal cord. To the brain, roofs go along the spinal and internal sleepy (in horny thinness - along the internal slit) arteries.
^ Nervous system: postal morphofunctional characteristic; dzherela development, classification.
The nervous system will ensure the regulation of all life processes in the body and its interaction with the life of the middle. Anatomically, the nervous system extends to the central and peripheral. Before the first visit the brain and spinal cord, another common peripheral nerves of the university, the storm and the end.
From the physiological point of view, the nervous system extends to the somatic, to innervate all the inner organs, sudin and zalosis, and autonomously, or vegetatively, regulating the activity of the overwhelmed organs.
The nervous system develops from the neural tube and ganglion plate. From the cranial part of the neural tube, the brain is differentiated and the organ is sensitive. The spinal cord, spinal cord and vegetative nodes and chromaffin tissue are formed from the trunk of the neural tube and ganglion plate.
Especially rapidly growing mass of cells in the inner parts of the neural tube, while the dorsal and ventral parts do not grow in general and preserve an indestructible character. The development of the neural tube stems from the lateral sulcus to the dorsal - LTShMShOPK and the ventral - the main plate. At the stage of development in the inner walls of the neural tube, three zones can be developed: the endimu, the whistling channel, the raincoat ball and the edge veil. From the raincoat ball in the footed spine the spinal cord grows, and from the edge veil - the yogo speech.
One hour, spinal cord and peripheral vegetative nodes are formed with the development of the spinal cord. The vital material for them is to serve as the cell elements of the ganglionic plate, which differentiate in the neuroblast and glioblastoma, from which neurons and the malignancies of the spinal ganglia are established. Part of the clin of the ganglionic plate migrates to the periphery in the localization of the autonomic nerve ganglia and chromaffin tissue.
^ Spinal cord: morphological and functional characteristics; Budova sіroї i bіloi speech.
Sira Rechovina on transverse overriding The brain is represented in the viglyadі literi "N" or panicles. Vystupi syroї speeches are accepted by nazivati horns. Razrіznyayut anterior, or ventral, hind, or back, і bіchnі, or lateral, horns.
The spinal cord of the spinal cord is composed of tl neurons, without micelin and thin muscle fibers and neuroglia. The main storage part of the syllabus of speech, which is from the big one, is the multipolar neuron.
Bila speech to the spinal cord is a sufficiency of late orintegration of important muscle fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, such as the connections between the small parts of the nervous system, are called the conduits of the spinal cord.
In the middle of the neurons in the spinal cord, it is possible to see: neuritis, core cells, internal, bundles.
In the posterior horns, they develop: a spinal ball, a gelatinous speech, the core of the posterior horn and the thoracic core. The hind horns are diffusely rosted with inserted cells. In the middle of the posterior horn, the core of the posterior horn grows.
The thoracic nucleus (Clarke's nucleus) is composed of great intercalated neurons with strongly reddened dendrites.
Three structures of the dorsal horn are of particular interest to represent a gelatinous speech, which can be pulled without interruption to the spinal cord in I-IV plates. Neurons produce enkephalin - an opioid-type peptide that inhibits pain. The gelatinous speech is given a galvanic effect on the function of the spinal cord.
In the anterior horns, most of the neurons in the spinal cord are rosted, where the diameter of the body is 100-150 microns, and the values are set for the size of the nucleus. This is so, like the neurons of the nuclei of the horns, the cores of the cells. The nucleus is the motor somatic center. In the anterior horns, there is the greatest turn of the media and lateral groups of motor cells. The first of the innervu m'yazi tuluba is good for all the protrusions of the spinal cord. The other is located in the area of transverse and transverse pressure and innervation of the ideas.
^ Brain: morphological and functional characteristics.
The cerebrum is laid in the upper membrane of the skull. In addition, the coat is coated with shells from a good fabric - hard, pavutin and soft.
In the brain, there is a gray and a white speech, and there are two storage parts that are more foldable here, lower in the spinal cord. A great part of the cerebral speech of the brain grows on the surface of the great brain and into the corn, fixing the cortex. Mensha part of the brain.
Before the storage of the stovbur, the brain includes the dovgastia brain, myst, the cerebellum and the structures of the middle and intermediate brain. All nuclei of the syroe speech of the stovbur to the brain are composed of multipolar neurons. Development of the nuclei of the cranial nerves and the switching nuclei.
Dovgastia moss is characterized by the presence of nuclei of the pid'yazic, podatkovy, bloody, lazykopharyngeal, frontal-ultkovy nerves. In the central region of the large brain, an important coordination apparatus of the brain is developed - reticular formation.
Mist extends to the dorsal (pokrishkovy) and ventral parts. The dorsal part is to avenge the fibers of the conductive paths to the deep brain, the nucleus of the V-VIII cranial nerves, to the reticular formation of the bridge.
The middle brain is folded behind the middle brain (quadruple), pokrishka middle brain, black speech and not the brain. Chorne rechovina named its name in conjunction with that, in other spindle-like neurons, melanin will take revenge.
In the middle brain, a green hillock is rewound behind the obsyag. The hypothalamic (hypothalamic) region grows ventrally with other nuclei. Nerve impulses to the green hillock from the brain go along the extrapiradic trickle route.
^ Colon: Budova and morphofunctional characteristic.
The main mass of syroї speech in the corn grows on the surface and bark. The mensha part of the syllable speech lies deeply in the bilious speech at the viglyadi of the central nuclei. In the cortex of the corn, there are three balls: the outer ball is the molecular ball, the middle ball is the ganglion ball, and the inner ball is granular.
The ganglion ball is to avenge the pear-shaped neurons. The smell of neurites, like, leaving the cortex of the corn, fixes the ear lanka of the new galvanized paths.
The molecular ball can accommodate two main types of neurons: the basket and the third. Basket neurons are located in the lower third of the molecular ball. It is not correct to form other cells with a size close to 10-20 microns. Thin dendrites spread across the area, spread across to the area. Dovgі neurity kіtin must go across the zivine and parallel to the surface over the pear-shaped neurons. The activity of neuritis in the basket neurons in the wicklake of the piriform neurons.
Part of the neurons lie in the basket and there are two types. Other small neurons are damaged by thin short dendrites and weakly branched neurites, making synapses on the dendrites of pear-shaped cells. Large portions of neurons on the basis of other types of dendritis and neuritis are severely reddened.
The baskets and the three parts of the neurons of the molecular ball are a single system of intercalated neurons, which transmit galvanic nerve impulses on the dendrites and the pear-shaped cells in the area, perpendicular to the cells. A granular ball is infused with a granular ball of neurons. The first type of client's ball can be used for grain-like neurons, or for cells-grains. They have a small amount of money. The cell has 3-4 short dendrites. The dendrites of the clitin-grains form the characteristic structures, named by the glomeruli of the corn.
Another type of keratin of the granular ball of the corn is the large size of the neurons. There are two types of such cells: short and large neurites.
The third type of cells is used to store spindle-shaped horizontal cells. The stench is created by all the more granular and ganglionic balls. Afferent fibers, which come to the cortex of the cortex, are represented by two types - Mossy and so called to climb fibers. Mossy fibers go to the storehouse of the olycerebellar and cerebellopontine paths. The stench ends in the glomeruli of the granular ball of the corn, de coming into contact with the dendrites of the clitin-grains.
Lazyach_ fibers come to the cortex of the cortex, mabut, along the spinal-cerebellar and vestibulocerebellar paths. Lazyach_ fibers transmit excitation without the middle pear-shaped neurons.
The cortex of the moss is to take revenge on the glial elements. The granular ball has fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes. In the little balls in the corn є oligodendrocyti. Particularly rich in cymbal cells is a granular ball and a speech cord of the corn. In the ganglionic balls between the pear-shaped neurons lie the glial cells with the dark nuclei. Microglya in the great number takes place in the molecular and ganglion balls.
^ Subject and study of the humanities' embryology.
In embryogenesis, there are 3 sections: prenatal, embryonic and early developmental.
By the current state of the art of embryology є vivchennya infusion of inflow endogenous and exogenous factors of micro-focusing on development, Budova status cells, tissues, organs and systems.
^ Medical education.
Medical embryology of vivchaє regularity of development of the embryo of people. Especially respect in the course of histology and education in the field of education on dzherela and the mechanism of development of tissue, metabolism functional features the mother system - the placenta - the fruit, which allows you to establish the cause of changes in the norms, which is of great importance for medical practice.
Knowledge of the humanities' embryology is necessary for all doctors, especially those who are skilled in the field of obstetrics. Tse additional help in the statement of diagnosis in case of breakdowns in the system of mothers - children, discovering the causes of calories and sickness of children from the people.
In the early days of the day of knowledge of the diabetic of the people, they have to study for the development and identification of the reasons for the failure, the population of "testicular" children, the transplantation of fetal organs, the rosette and the stagnation of anti-aging children. Dawn, the urgency of the problems of the cultivation of eggs, extracorporeal deposition and implantation of embryos into the uterus.
The process of the embryonic development of the people is the result of a trivial evolution and in the singing world, the development of rice and the development of the representatives of the creative world. To this, the early stages of development of people are even more similar to the analogous stages of the embryogenesis of more low-organized chordate creatures.
Human embryogenesis is a part of their ontogenesis, which includes the onset of the main stages: I - late, and the development of the zygote; II - crushing and setting blastuli (blastocyst); III - Gastrulia - approval of embryonic leaves and a complex of axial organs; IV - histogenesis and organogenesis of embryonic and extra-embryonic organs; V - systemogenesis.
Embryogenesis of tight dressings from progenesis (development and maturation of statin cells) and early postembryonic period. So, the formulation of the fabric is repaired in the English period and in the triviality of the folk child.
^ Articles of cells: Budova and functions of children and women of children, the main stages of development.
Spermatozoa are covered with cytolemma, and in the anterior viddil there is a receptor - glycosyltransferase, which will prevent the recognition of receptors in ovum.
The head of the spermatozoon includes a small cleft nucleus with a haploid set of chromosomes to avenge nucleoprostamines and nucleogastones. The anterior half of the nucleus is covered with a flat bear to form a cap of the spermatozoon. The new one grows into an acrosome (from the Greek. Asgop - top, soma - tilo). The acrosome is to replace a variety of enzymes, in the middle it is more important to place Hyaluronidase and proteases. In the nucleus of the spermatozoa of a man, 23 chromosomes are avenged, one of them is є statues (X or Y), and the spermatozoa are autosomes. The tail of the sperm is stored in the industrial, head and thermal parts.
The industrial part is to place 2 central and 9 pairs of peripheral microtubules, separated by spiral growth of mitochondria. From the microtubules come the guys in the form, or the "handles", which are stored from the dynein. Dynein will break down ATP.
The head part (pars principalis) of the tail behind the bud's nagaduє is with a characteristic set of microtubules in the axoneme (9 * 2) +2, marked with circularly arranged fibrils, which add springiness, and a plasma membrane.
Thermal, or kintseva, part of the spermatozoon to revenge one by one fast-feeling flame. The tail flaps are whip-shaped, which are poured over the last speed of microtubules from the first to the ninth bet.
In case of pre-sperm in clinical practice, carry out old forms of spermatozoa in barbed smears, as well as percentage of sperm (spermogram).
According to the data of the All-Union Organization for the Protection of Health (OOH), the normal characteristics of human sperm are the following indicators: concentration 20-200 mln / ml, instead of 60% of normal forms. The order of normal forms in the sperm of humans is, depending on the presence of abnormalities - two-lumpy, with defective head sizes (macro and microfilm), with an amorphous head, with adult heads, immature forms (with surplus cytoplasm in the jail and tails).
Eggs, or ovocytes (from the Latin Ovum - egg), ripen in an imperceptibly small amount, less spermatozoa. In women, stretching the stat cycle B4-28 days) ripening, as a rule, one ovule. In such a rank, for the next period, about 400 eggs are established.
The release of the oocyte from the ovary is called ovulation. Scho viyshov from the ovocyte ovocyte discharge with vintsem folicular clitin, the number of which reaches 3-4 yew. It is possible to use the fringes of the uterine tube (oviduct) and seep through it. Here the maturation of the article of the church will end. Eggclinine can be more in shape, larger, lower in sperm, cytoplasmic, not too fat on its own.
The classification of ovules is primed on the signs of manifestation, as well as the growth of a female (lecithos), which is a white-lipid included in the cytoplasm, which is vicorized for the vivification of the embryo.
Razr_znyayut non-yolk (alet), low yolk (oligoletal), medium yolk (mesoletal), poly-yolk (polyletal) ovules.
In humans, the appearance of a small number of women in the eggs is encumbered by the development of the embryo in the body of the mother.
Budova. The egglite of humans is close to 130 microns in diameter. Before the cytolemma, there is a blink, or a gap, a zone (zona pellucida - Zp) and a ball of follicular cells. The nucleus of the female state of the cellin has a haploid set of chromosomes with the X-state chromosome, a good turn of the nucleus, in the cariolemma there are a lot of porous complexes. During the period of oocyte growth in the nucleus, intensive processes of the synthesis of iRNA, rRNA are observed.
In cytoplasm, the apparatus is synthesized for the synthesis of protein ( endoplasmic mesh, Ribosomi) and Golgi apparatus. There are a lot of mitochondria around the world, the stench of the rosette close to the zhovtkogo nucleus, the intensive synthesis of the zhovtka, the clerical center of the day is gone. At the early stages of development, the Goldzhi apparatus grows close to the nucleus, and in the process of maturation of the ovum, it changes to the periphery of the cytoplasm. Here, a lost complex is grown - cortical granules, the number of which is close to 4000, and the size is 1 micron. Smell to take revenge on glycosaminoglycans and enzymes (including proteolytic ones), to take part in the cortical reaction, seizing oocyte from polysperm.
Prozora, or blinking, zone (zona pellucida - Zp) is stored from glucoproteins and glucosamines. Nearby zones there are dozens of millions of Zp3 glycoprotein molecules, skin over 400 amino acid surpluses, and oligosaccharide drinks. In the study of the zone, the fate of the follicular cells takes place: the outgrowths of the follicular cells penetrate through the perforation zone, straight to the cytolemma of the ovule. The cytolemma of the ovule is formed by microvilli, which grows between the growths of follicular cells. Follicular cells display trophic and legal functions.
It is a system of tissues and organs, stimulating from the nervous tissue. They see:
Central visualization: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral appearance: autonomous and sensitive ganglia, peripheral nerves, end nerves.
If you have a child, you can also use it for:
Somatic (animalny, cerebrospinal) viddil;
Vegetative (autonomous) type: pretty and parasympathetic part.
The nervous system is shaped by the following membranous djerels: nerve tube, nerve crest (ganglion plate) and membranous placody. Tissue elements of shells є mesenchymal are absent. At the stage of neuropathy, the anterior end of the tube expands significantly, the number of stinks grows, establishing the rudiments of three cerebral microorganisms. To lie on the cranial michur, the anterior brain is established, the middle michur is the middle brain, and from the third michur, which passes into the anlage of the spinal cord, the posterior (rhomboid) brain develops. The uncomfortable transmission of the nerve tube is guided right down to the straight cut, and behind the additional groove, the first michur is distributed to the dimple and the intermediate viddili, and the third cerebral michur - to the end of the brain and the back. The appearance of the middle and rear cerebral microorganisms has become a permanent brain and the old ones; in them there is a segmental principle of budovi, which is known in the old industrial and endocrine brain. In the rest, there are integrated functions. This is how five forms are formed in the brain: the middle and middle brain, the middle, the back and the back brain (in humans, it appears approximately in the end of the 4th development of the embryonic development). Kіntseviy mozok is shaped as two peaks of the great mozok.
In the membranous histological and organogenesis of the nervous system and the development of young types in the brain, it grows with growth (heterochronously). The caudal parts of the central nervous system (spinal cord, brain stem) are formed earlier; an hour of residual formation of the structures of the brain is highly variable. In a number of brain cells, it is possible to see the message of the population (the brain, hipocampus, nyukhov cybulin); in the cutaneous brain, there is a spacious and modern urbanization of neuronal populations, which creates a unique structure of the nerve center.
The spinal cord is a part of the central nervous system, in the structures of which the most clear are the development of the cerebral brain: tubular character of budov and segm-tarity. In the biches of the neural tube, the mass of the clitin grows rapidly, while the dorsal and ventral parts do not grow in general and have an indestructible character. The development of the subset of the neural tube extends from the lateral groove to the dorsal - LTSHMSHOPK, and the ventral - to the main plate. At the first stage of development, three zones can be seen in the inner walls of the neural tube: the endimu, the central channel, the middle (raincoat ball) and the marginal (edge veil). From the raincoat ball in the footed spine the spinal cord grows, and from the edge veil - the yogo speech. The neuroblasts of the anterior horns differentiate in the motoneurons (mucous neurons) of the nuclei of the anterior horns. The axons travel from the spinal cord and establish the anterior cortex of the spinal nerves. In the rear ends and industrial zones, the growing nuclei of the insertion (associative) cells develop. Ox axoni, entering the spinal cord, enter the store of the new conductive bundles. The posterior horns include the central outgrowths of sensitive neurons in the spinal nodes.
One hour with the development of the spinal cord spinal cord and peripheral nodes of the autonomic nervous system are laid. The primary material for them is to serve as a stem-drill of cells of the neural crest, as a way of divergent differentiation to develop in neuroblastic and globlastic strains. A part of the neural crest cells migrates to the periphery in the localization of the universities of the autonomic nervous system, paraganglia, neuroendocrine cells APUD-serii and chromaffin tissue.
Peripheral nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system is united by the peripheral nerves of the university, the end of the storm.
Nerves ganglia (universities) - structures, approved by the purchased neurons in the pose of the central nervous system, - are subtle and autonomous (vegetative). Sensitive ganglia replace pseudo-unipolar or bipolar (in the spinal and vestibular ganglia) afferent neurons and dislocate importantly along the course of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord (sensitive in the nerves of the cranial and spinal cord). Sensitive ganglia of spinal nerves may have a fusiform shape and cover with a capsule with a spinal fibrous tissue. Along the periphery of the ganglion, there is a large collection of bodies of pseudo-unipolar neurons, and the central part is occupied by іх іх growths and rosettes between them with thin projectiles endoneuria, which is the essence of the judgment. Autonomic nerves of the ganglia are set up by the purchased multipolar neurons, on some of the numerical synapses they set up preganglionic fibers - the outgrowths of neurons, which lie in the central nervous system.
Nerve. Budova and regeneration. Spinal ganglia. Morphofunctional characteristic.
Nerves (nerves in the storm) tie the nerves in the center of the brain and spinal cord with receptors and working organs. The stench is confirmed by bundles of micelinic and non-micelinic fibers, which are combined with semi-tissue components (shells): endoneuria, perineurium and epineurium. There are a lot of nerves є changes, to include afferent and efferent fibers.
Endoneuria - thin prodigies of fluffy fibrous tissue with other blood-bearing vessels, so that you can feel some nerve fibers and ringing in a single bundle. Perineurium is a shell that covers the skin bundle of nerve fibers from and around the septum in the middle of the bundle. Win a plate of buds and images with concentric spheres of aggregation of fibroblast-like cells, knitted with thin and long lines. Between the balls of cells in the open spaces, filled with ribbons, the components of the basal membrane and later organized collagen fibers are expanded. Epіneurіy - zvnіshnya sheath of the nerve, which tinkling together bundles of nerve fibers. Wines are stored in high fibrous fabrics, to avenge fat cells, blood-bearing and lymphatic judgments.
Dorsal brain. Morphofunctional characteristic. Rosette. Budova sіroї i bіloi speech. Neural warehouse.
The dorsal brain is folded in two symmetrical halves, separated one by one in front of a large middle slit, and at the back - by a semi-tissue septum. The inner part of the organ is darker - the whole syra speech. On the periphery of the spinal cord, there is more light and speech. The spinal cord of the spinal cord is composed of tl neurons, without micelin and thin muscle fibers and neuroglia. The main storage part of the syllabus of speech, which is from the big one, is the multipolar neuron. Vystupi syroї speeches are accepted by nazivati horns. Razrіznyayut anterior, or ventral, hind, or back, і bіchnі, or lateral, horns. In the process of development of the spinal cord from the neural tube, neurons are established, which are grouped in 10 balls, or in plates. People are characterized by
the advance of the architecture of the indicated plates: the I-V plates show the rear horns, the VI-VII plates - the industrial zones, the VIII-IX plates - the front horns, the X plate - the zone near the center of the canal. The brain is composed of three multipolar neurons. The first type of neurons є phylogenetically more ancient and characterized by innumerable, direct and weakly dendritic dendrites (isodendritic type). Another type of neurons has a large number of strongly rounded dendrites, which intertwine, forming "tangles" (idiodendritic type). The third type of neurons behind the stage is the development of dendrites borrowed from the first and other types. Bila speech to the spinal cord is a sufficiency of late orintegration of important muscle fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, when the ligaments go through the junctions of the nervous system, are called the conduits of the spinal cord
Brain. Dzherela rozvitku. The main morphological and functional characteristics of the great pіvkul. neuronal organization great pivkul. Cyto- and myeloarchitectonics of measles of the great cerebral inoculations. Vіkovі zmіni measles.
In the brain, there is a gray and a white speech, and there are two storage parts that are more foldable here, lower in the spinal cord. A great part of the cerebral speech of the brain grows on the surface of the great brain and into the corn, fixing the cortex. Mensha part of the brain.
budova... The bark of the great brain is represented by a ball of syroi speech. Naybilsh is strongly promoted in the anterior central part. There is a great number of furrows and zivines that mean more space for the brain's speech. The stench is a miracle of food analysis and synthesis of nerve impulses. smartly okreslenі
cordons between them are on the day. For measles, it is characteristic to rostashuvannya klin and fibers balls. The development of measles of the great pivkul (neocortex) of humans in embryogenesis grows from the ventricular germinative zone of the endocrine brain, de-rosetting the little-specialized proliferative clitini. Z cych cells differentiate neurocytes in the neocortex. With a large number of cells, they consume the building until the end and melt into the form of the cortical plate. A neurocyte may be inserted into the cortical lamina, which may be I and VI balls, so that the most superficial and large balls of measles. Then, in it, wake up in the middle and called the last neurons V, IV, III and II ball. The whole process is going to work for the establishment of cells in small dialects of the ventricular zone during the period of embryogenesis (heterochronous). In the skin of cychs of dylanoks, groups of neurons are established, after which one or more deciduous fibers are formed.
radial glia at the column view.
Cytoarchitectonics of measles great brain. Multipolar neurons measles velmi rіznomomanіtnі in form. Among them, you can see paramedic, spindle-like, pavuko-like and horizontal neurons. Measles neurons are not sparsely intertwined with balls. Kozhen ball is characterized by the resale of one species of keratin. In rukovy measles zones, there are 6 basic vertices: I - molecular, II - granular, III - nuramid neurons, IV - internal granular, V - ganglionic, VI - a ball of polymorphic clitins. Molecular ball of measles reveals a small number of other associative cells of the fusiform shape. Їх neurites pass parallel to the surface of the brain in the warehouse of tangential plexus of nerve fibers of the molecular ball. This is a granular ball of statements by other neurons, which can be rounded, not grabbed, and paramidal, and with small neurocytes. Dendrites of cychcrystalline cells are transferred into a molecular ball. Neurity, either to go into the speech line, or, to form arcs, also come to the tangential intertwining of the fibers of the molecular ball. The greatest ball of measles is great for the brain - pіramіdny. From the top of the pyramid cell, there is a head dendrite, which grows into a molecular ball. The neurite of the pyramidal cell is always seen asleep. Internal granular ball of statements by other partial neurons. This warehouse has a large number of horizontal fibers. The ganglion ball of measles assertions of the great pyramids, moreover, the area of precentral zivini takes revenge on the giant pyramids.
The sphere of polymorphic cells of statements by neurons of the growth form.
measles microarchitectonics... Among the nerve fibers of measles injections of the great brain, it is possible to see associative fibers, so that it sounds like some measles, comysurals, which remove the cortex of old food, and the projection of fibers, such as lower views of the central
nervous system.
vіkovі zmіni... At the 1st stage of life, the typification of the formation of pyramid and small neurons, dendritic development, development of dendritic and axon arborization, intra-ensemble links along the vertical line is promoted. Up to 3 rockets in the ensembles appear "gnizdov" groups of neurons, more clearly formed vertical dendritic bundles and bundles of radial fibers. Up to 5-6 rocky outgrowths of neuronal polymorphism; The system of internal ensembles in the horizontal direction is accelerated for the growth of the growth in the entirety of the growth of the household and the basal dendrites of the pyramidal neurons and the development of the biological thermal dendrites. Up to 9-10 years, the growth of the cell becomes more significant, the structure of short-axial neurons significantly accelerates, and the axon line of the collaterals of all forms of interneurons expands. Up to 12-14 rocky in ensembles, special forms of pyramid neurons are clearly recognized, all types of interneurons can be reached viskogo rivnya differentiation. Up to 18 rockets of the ensemble of measles organization for the main parameters of their architecture reach the level of wages and grown up.
The uterus. Budova and morphofunctional characteristics. Neuronal storage of measles, moss, gliocyti. Interneuronic connection.
lobe... It is the central body of the military and coordination of the military. In the dressing of the brains with a stovbur with the afferent and efferent with the bunches, there are three pairs of the brains. On the surface of the corn, there is a lot of zvivin and a furrow, which significantly increases the area. Furrows and zvivini open on the rise
the picture of the "tree of life" is characteristic of the corn. The main mass of syroї speech in the corn grows on the surface and bark. The mensha part of the syllable speech lies deeply in the bilious speech at the viglyadi of the central nuclei. At the center of skin zivini є a thin projectile
white speech, covered with a ball of white speech - bark. In the cortex of the corn, there are three balls: the outer ball is the molecular ball, the middle ball is the ganglion ball, or the ball of the pear-shaped neurons, and the inner granules. The ganglion ball is to avenge the pear-shaped neurons. Smell of neuriti, yaki, leaving the cortex of the cortex, fix the cob lanka of yogo eferent
galm_vennyh nobles. From a pear-shaped body, 2-3 dendrites enter the molecular ball, which penetrate the entire molecular ball. From the sleep of the bodies of cich cells, neurites enter, they pass through the granular ball of the measles of the corns, into the bladder, and end on the cells of the nuclei of the corns. The molecular ball is to take the place of two main types of neurons: core and part. Basket neurons are located in the lower third of the molecular ball. Thin dendrites spread across the area, spread across to the area. Dovgі neurity kіtin must go across the zivine and parallel to the surface over the pear-shaped neurons. Part of the neurons lie in the basket and there are two types. Other small neurons are damaged by thin short dendrites and weakly branched neurites, so that synapse is established. Large portions of neurons may cause severe and severe dendrites and neuritis. Granular ball. The first type of client's ball can be used for grain-like neurons, or for cells-grains. A cluster of 3-4 short dendrites,
end up in a whole ball of dazzling hairs at the bird's paws. Neurity of the keratin-grains pass into the molecular sphere and in a new way on two beads, arranged parallel to the surface of the measles and the zvivin of the moss. Another type of keratin of the granular ball of the corn is the large size of the neurons. There are two types of such cells: short and large neurites. Neurons with short neurites lie close to the ganglionic ball. The dendrites expand in the molecular sphere and create synapses with parallel fibers - the axons of the clitin-grains. Neurity is directed to the granular ball up to the glomeruli of the corns and ends with synapses on the endoscopy of the dendrites of the clitin grains.
Non-numbered parts of neurons in large neurites can clearly be reddened in the granular sphere of dendrites and neurites, which can enter into the speech field. The third type of cells is used to store spindle-shaped horizontal cells. The stench may be a little bit tough, as it comes into the offensive sides of the horizontal dendrites, and ends up in ganglionic and granular balls. Neuriti and tsikh clitin give colaterals into a granular ball and go into
bila speech. gliocyti... The cortex of the moss is to take revenge on the glial elements. The granular ball has fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes. Low growths of fibrous astrocytes establish perivascular membranes. In the little balls in the corn є oligodendrocyti. Particularly rich in cymbal cells is a granular ball and a speech cord of the corn. In the ganglionic balls between the pear-shaped neurons lie the glial cells with the dark nuclei. The outgrowths of cychcintin are directed to the surface of the measles and fix the glial fibers of the molecular ball of the cornsus. interneuronal connection... Afferent fibers, which come to the cortex of the cortex, are represented by two types - Mossy and so called to climb fibers. Moss-shaped fibers are blown at the warehouse of the olycerebellar and cerebellopontine paths, and they are redirected through the cells of the grains and put on the pear-shaped cells for an extravagant diet.
Lazyach_ fibers come to the cortex of the cortex, mabut, along the spinal-cerebellar and vestibulocerebellar paths. The stench re-melt the granular ball, lay down to the pear-shaped neurons and spread along their dendrites, ending on their surfaces with synapses. Lazyach_ fibers transmit excitation without the middle pear-shaped neurons.
The nervous system is autonomous (autonomic). Signal morphological and functional characteristics. Widdili. Budov extramural and intramural ganglia.
VNS last for pretty and parasympathetic. Offended systems and at once take a part in the innervations of organs and put on them a protolezhny injection. It is formed from the central viddili, represented by the nuclei of the syllabic speech of the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral: nerve stubs, universities (ganglia) and gossip.
Intramural gangs and linking them with provincial paths are very vivid in their high autonomy, flexibility in organizing and peculiarities of mediator exchange are seen in an independent metasympathetic form of an autonomous NS. I see three types of neurons:
Long-axial efferent neurons (cells of type I Dogel) with short dendrites and axons, which go beyond the university to the cells of the working organ, on which I will approve the hands or secretory ends.
Equal response of afferent neurons (cells of type II Dogel) to replace the dendrites and axons, which are minus the boundaries of this ganglion in the middle and set of synapses on cells of I and III types. To enter the yakosti of the receptor lanka to the fold of the muscular reflex arcs, which stagnate without the entry of the nerve impulse into the central nervous system.
Associative cells (type III Dogel cells) - muscle insertion neurons, which are connected by their outgrowths to cells of type I and II types. The dendrites of the cell do not go beyond the boundaries of the university, but the axons are sent to the other universities, setting up synapses on type I cells.
The dorsal brain is located in the spinal canal and the canal is rounded on the transverse recess of the cord, widened in the lateral and transverse viddylah. The wine is stored in two symmetrical halves, divided in front of the middle cleft, behind the middle furrow, and is characterized by a segmental bud. A pair of anterior (ventral) and a pair of posterior (dorsal) cords are tied with the skin segment. The spinal cord is built up from the syroe of the speech, which is roasted centrally, and from the nastoyear of the white speech. Sira rechovina on the shape of a panicle. Vystupi syroї speech, how to reach up to the spinal cord, are called stoppages. Rear, rear and front ends. Stop on the transverse view as horns. Sera speech is stored in groups of multipolar neurons and neuroglyocytes, non-micelinic and thin microfibers.
The purchase of neurons, which can be used as a background morphology and function, are called nuclei . At the rear horns there are:
· Lisauer's regional zone - mice of reddening of the fibers of the dorsal roots at the entry into the spinal cord;
· sponge , Represented by a large-looped glial skeleton with great neurons;
· gelatinous (Dragliste) rechovin o, the neuroglia are approved with other nerve cells;
· the core of the dorsal horn It is stored in bundle cells, outgrowths of those, which are transferred through the anterior commissure to the inner cord of the spinal cord on the side of the spinal cord, reach the mucus in the storehouse of the anterior spinocerebellar path;
· Clark's core It is also stored with bundle cells, axons that pass in the storage of the posterior cerebrospinal pathway are tied with the cerebellum.
The industrial zone of gray speech will drain the spinal canal, which is caused by the disease. At the industrial zones є cores:
· medial, Scho fold into bundle cells, neurons which adhere to the anterior spinal cord;
· lateral, roztashovany in bichnyh horns, housed with a group of associative cells, which are the first neuron of an efficiently attractive way.
Most nerve cells lie in the anterior horns, in the storage of the posterior and anterior medial nuclei, which are established by the root (root) neurons, axons that go from the spinal cord to the storage of the anterior cortex and the inner muscles. The posterior and anterior lateral nuclei are also set up by the nerve neurons, the innervating of the upper and lower joints.
Bila rechovina is represented later on by myakushevy nerve fibers, picked up in bundles, stored in the conduits of the spinal cord. At the bіlіy speech, the development: back, bіchny and anterior cord.
The bunches are divided into two groups: one should remove the spinal cord from the spinal cord and lie in the anterior and lateral cords without the middle at the blue speech, creating the power of the spinal cord. The Іnsha group of bundles in the lower dorsal and cerebrum.
The development of both the downward and the downward paths. The downward path is set up the back cord and into the back of the brain.
develop Gaul's lower beam, axon statements of sensitive cells, the receptors for which lie in the lower half of the tulub and wedge-shaped bundle of Burdakh , Recipes for which they are generated at the upper half of the tulub. Tsi bundles end in the nuclei of the large brain. Tse shlyakh tactile, pain, temperature sensitivity.
The common cord is stored from the upper spinal paths of the anterior spinocerebellar and posterior spinocerebellar. Rozdratuvannya along qih paths to reach the front part of the cornmeal and switch to rukhov_ paths, then go through the cornucopia to the core of hearts.
Until the slumping paths are carried out:
1. Shlyakhi who tinkle the spinal cord with the bark of the great pіvkul: pіramіdny, corticospinal shlyakh i anterior corticospinal go, lie in the front rope. They may be of great importance for the health of their co-ordinated ruins. All the arms of the arms are transmitted through the pass. Bulbospinalny The way also does not have any impulses from the measles of the great countries.
2. Link with the dovgastim brain zd_ysnyu vestibulospinalny shlyakh (deuterospinalny), which is of great importance for the preparation and correct arrangement of the floor in the open space, as well as to the core of the Deiters The growths of neurons, as the receptor apparatus may enter the vestibular apparatus, enter.
3. The ligament with the brain and middle brain is healthy rubrosp_nalniy shlyakh scho id vid klin of the vervony nuclei of the spinal cord. Impulses to go through the cim through the path to control all automatic movement.
4. Not less than the amount of ligaments of the spinal cord with the quadruple of the midbrain tectospinal і reticulospinal way. The four mounds will remove the fibers from the healthy nerve from the pylitic area of measles, and the impulses, which go down the path to the ruffled neurons, will not be able to clarify and straighten the ruffs.