As well as the top and bottom lines of the spinal cord. The uterus. General morphological and functional characteristics. Neuronal organization of measles corns. Afferent and efferent paths of the corn. Morphofunctional features of the spinal cord
The spinal cord is the most ancient and primitive education of the central nervous system ridge, scho zberigє among the highly organized creatures themselves have their morphological and functional segmentality. characteristic rice organization of the spinal cord є the periodicity of its structure in the form of segments, which may enter the vigilance of the posterior roots, the cell of neurons (serum of speech) and the entrance to the vigil of the anterior cortex.
The spinal cord of a human has 31-33 segments: 8 shinny, 12 thoracic, 5 transverse. 5 Kryzhovy, 1-3 Kuprikovy.
The morphological cordons between the segments of the spinal cord are not sleepy, so it was on the functional segment to start with the zone of growth in the new fibers of the dorsal cortex and the zone of cells, which establish the appearance of the anterior cortex. The skin segment through its core information three body metamers and information is also included in the three body metamers. As a result, the skin metamer is innervated by three segments and signals are transmitted to three segments of the spinal cord.
The spinal brain of a man has two sweats: the shinny one and the transverse one - there are more neurons in them, less in those of them. Fibers, which come along the back corners of the spinal cord, function as a function, which starts when these fibers end on some neurons. Back korintsi є fraudulent, sensitive, docentric. Anterior - eferent, rukhovy, vidcenter.
Afferent enter into the spinal cord organized by the axons of the spinal ganglia, lying in the posture of the spinal cord, by the axons of the extra-intramural ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic signals of the autonomic nervous system.
The first group of afferent entrances to the spinal cord is established by sensitive fibers, which enter into the myasse receptors, tendon receptors, bones, membrane of lobes. A group of receptors set up an ear of proprioceptive sensitivity.
Another group of afferent inputs to the spinal cord is repaired from the small receptors: large, temperature, tactile, vice - and is a secret receptor system.
The third group of afferent inputs to the spinal cord is represented by receptive inputs to the visceral organs; tse visceroceptive system.
Eferent (rukhovi) neurons grow in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, its fibers innervate all skeletal muscles.
The spinal cord has two functions: provincial and reflex.
The spinal cord of the viconu to provide the function for the rakhunok of the lower and lower paths, which passes into the white speech of the spinal cord. Try to tie around the spinal cord segments one by one. With the help of high hanging and falling paths, the spinal cord receives a bilateral ring from the periphery of the brain. Affective impulses along the pathways of the spinal cord are carried out into the brain, not bearing all the information about changes in the external and internal organisms. During the downward movement, impulses from the brain are transmitted to the effector neurons of the spinal cord, and they are triggered or regulate their activity.
Yak reflex center of the spinal cord is built up, folds and vegetative reflexes. Afferent - sensitive - the way of binding to receptors, and eferent - from skeletal muscles and all internal organs.
Seed speech to the spinal cord, posterior and anterior corners of the spinal nerves, vlasy bundles of white speech, set up the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord. I will take care of the reflex (segmental) function of the spinal cord.
Nerves in the center of the spinal cord are segmental, or working, centers. Їx neurons are without anteriorly linked to receptors and working organs. Functional development of neurons in the spinal cord, the presence in the new afferent neurons, interneurons, motor neurons and neurons of the autonomic nervous system, as well as the number of straight lines and vertebrates, segmental, intersegmental joints of the brain, the structure of the brain the spinal cord for the fate, both the power structures, and the brain.
The organization allows for the realization of all muscular reflexes of the body, diaphragms, sechostatic systems and rectum, thermoregulation, sudinal reflexes and іn.
The nervous system functions according to reflex principles. The reflex is a kind of reaction of the body to the call or the internal inflow and expands along the reflex arc, so that the reflex action of the spinal cord is connected to segmental reflex arcs. Reflex arcs are the purpose of lancers, which are formed from nerve cells.
The reflex dusa has five lanoks:
receptor;
sensitive fiber, scho to carry out stimulation to the centers;
the nerve center, de-vidbuvatsya mixing up the excitement of the sensitive clitin on the rukhovi;
ruff fiber, which carries nerve impulses to the periphery;
dyuchy organ - m'yaz abo zaliza.
The simplest reflex arc includes a sensitive and efferent neuron, according to which nerve impulses collapse from the mediator (receptor) to the working organ (effector). The dendrite is repaired by a receptor, so that it springs up or internally develops (mechanically, chemically and so on) and transforms it into a nerve impulse that can reach the nerve cell. From the neuron along the axon, a nerve impulse through the sensitive roots of the spinal nerves straight into the spinal cord, whereby synapses are established with the bodies of the effector neurons. In the cutaneous interneuron synapses, behind the addition of biologically active speech paths (mediators), an impulse is transmitted. The axon of the effector neuron travels from the spinal cord to the storehouse of the anterior cortex of the spinal nerves (ruff or secretory nerve fibers) and goes to the working organ, wicks the fast mucosa, strengthens (galmuvannya) secretions.
Reflex centers and spinal reflexes in the functional connection of the nucleus of the spinal cord. The center of the phrenic nerve, the center of the ulceration of the brain is located in the spinal cord viddili. In the shinny and thoracic viddilakh є motor center of the joints of the upper edges, breasts, abdomen and back. At the transverse viddili є the center of the junction of the lower cues. At the crooked appearance, the center of the secularization, defecation and statutory activity will grow. In the horns of the thoracic and transverse viddiliv lie the center of the vision and the vertebral center.
The spinal cord is small segmental budov. A segment is called such a bead, which is an ear of two pairs of corins. It’s like the toad's rear corners on one side, and the front legs on the sides, de-rearranging the back corners, amuse sensitiveness, and on the other side, the front corners become paralyzed. Otzhe, the back corners of the spinal cord are sensitive, and the anterior ones are rosy.
The reflex reactions of the spinal cord lie in the form of a muscle, or a subtlety, the area of the irritated reflex zone, the fluidity carried out along the afferent and efferent fibers, nareshty, in the flow of the brain. The strength and triviality of the reflexes in the spinal cord diminish with repeated irritation. The skin spinal reflex has its own receptive field and its own localization (mice znakhozhennya), its own riven. So, for example, the center of the shkіrny reflex is located in the II-IV transverse segment; akhillovogo - in the V transverse and I-II kryzhovyh segments; plantar - in the I-II kryzhovoy, the center of the cranial mucus - in the VIII-XII thoracic segments. find life important center spinal cord є cranial center of diaphragms, lacerations in III-IV shee segments. Poshkodzhennya yogo veda until death in the past zupinka dikhannya
The uterus is the central organ of the muscle and coordination of the muscles. Winning the statements of two drinks with a large number of furrows and zivins, and a high middle part - a hrobak.
The main mass of syroї speech in the corn grows on the surface and bark. The less part of the syroe of speech lies very much in the bile of speech at the viglyad of the central nuclei of the cornsus.
In the corns of the corn, there are 3 balls: 1) the most important molecular ball is to replace a lot of cells, a little bit of fibers. In the new development of baskets and parts of neurons, such as galvanized ones. Zirchaty - gallows vertically, baskets - guide axons to great cities, which end on the walls of pear-shaped clays. 2) The middle ganglion ball of assertions by one row of great pear-shaped clitines, previously described by the clerk Jan Purkin. Klitini may be very til, from the top there are 2-3 short dendrites, which are rounded in a small sphere. From asleep, enter 1 axon, which goes into the speech line to the nuclei of the cornsus. 3) The inner granular ball is characterized by great number lie clinically. Among the neurons, there are cells of grains, cells of Golgi (zirchast), and spindle-shaped horizontal neurons. Klіtini-grains - other klіtini, as they may have short dendrites, they remain with Mossy fibers to generate synapses in the glamelura of the cornsus. Clintin-grains generate mossy fibers, and axoni go into the molecular sphere and transmit information to pear-shaped cells and all fibers, which we will grow there. A single zbudzhuyuchі neuron measles corns. Clitini Goldzhi lie beneath the layers of pear-shaped neurons, axoni go into the glamer of the corn, may galmuvati impulses from Mossy fibers on the clitine-grains.
At the cortex of the cortex, there are afferent paths according to 2 types of fibers: 1) lianoid (climbing) - the stench comes from the white speech of the granular and ganglionic balls. Reach the molecular ball, fix the synapses with the dendrites of the pear-shaped cells and the buzz. 2) Moss-like - from the white speech coming into the granular ball. Here synapses are set up with dendrites of granular cells, and axons of granular cells go into the molecular sphere, setting up synapses with dendrites of pear-shaped neurons, which set up galvanic nuclei.
The bark of the great brain. Development, neural storage and sharing organization. Understanding about cyto- and myeloarchitectonics. Hematoencephalic bar'єr. Structural and functional unit of measles.
The bark of the great brain is the most flexible and flexible organization of the nerve center of the screen type, the capacity of which to ensure the regulation of the intelligent functions of the organism and folding forms of behavior. The bark is approved with a ball of syroi speech. Sira speech to avenge the nerves of the cells, the nerves of the fibers and the cells of the neuroglia.
Among the multipolar neurons, measles see piracy, green parts, spindle-like, pavuko-like, horizontal, "candelabra" cells, cells with a subordinate bouquet of dendrites and deyaky are the types of neurons.
Pyramid neurons have the basic and most specific form for measles. The stench may twist the cone-shaped body, the top of the yak is turned to the surface of the measles. Dendrites come from the tops and bichy surfaces of the body. From the sleep of the peasant cells, take an ear of axon.
Small families of small measles balls come in different sizes and may not be functional. Additional cells є plug-in neurons. The axons of the great feasts take their part in the set up of the feast days.
Measles neurons are not sharply intertwined with balls, which are denoted by Roman numerals and are numbered in the middle. Kozhen ball is characterized by the resale of one species of keratin. There are a number of main verifications in the corridor of pivkul:
I - Molecular ball of measles reveals a small number of other associative horizontal cells of Cajal. Axoni pass parallel to the surface of the brain in the warehouse of tangential plexus of nerve fibers of the molecular ball. However, the main mass of fibers of the whole gossip is represented by the branching of dendrites of the lower spheres.
II - Zovnіshn_y granular ball of statements by numerical other pyramid and part neurons. The dendrites of the cyx clitin are transferred into the molecular ball, and the axons either go into the speech line, or, by establishing arcs, also come into the tangential gossip of the fibers of the molecular ball.
III - The greatest ball of measles in the great brain - pіramіdny. Win revenge on the pyramid neurons, and spindle cells. Apikal dendrites go into the molecular ball, and the dendrites create synapses with the summery cells of the ball. The axon of the pyramidal cell is expected to come from asleep. In other cells, it is found in measles gaps, in great ones - a form of myelin fiber, which is found in the brain. Axons of other polygonal cells are directed to the molecular ball. The Vicon's wedding ball is important for associative functions.
IV - The internal granular ball in some measles fields of incidence is even stronger (for example, in the healthy and auditory zones of measles), and in some of them it can be more widespread (for example, in the precentral zone). Tsei ball of statements of dormant neurons. This warehouse has a large number of horizontal fibers.
V - Ganglion ball of measles claims to be great pyramids, moreover, the area of motor measles (precentral zivina) is to avenge the giant pyramids, as described by the Kiev anatomist V.A. Apikal dendrites of paramids reach the first ball. Axoni is designed for the motor nucleus of the brain and the spinal cord. The most important axoni of the Betz family in the warehouse of the first paths reach the caudal segments of the spinal cord.
VI - A sphere of polymorphic cells of the formulation of neurons (fusiform, spinal). Axoni cich klin go into the river in the warehouse of the current nobles, and the dendrites reach the molecular ball.
Cytoarchitectonics - special features of the growth of neurons in small measles cereals.
Among the nerve fibers of measles injections of the great brain, it is possible to see associative fibers, so that it sounds like some measles, comysurals, which remove the cortex of old food, and the projection of fibers, such as lower forms of the central nervous system.
The nervous system is vegetative. Significant structural characteristic and basic functions. Budov sympathetic and parasympathetic reflex arcs. Vidmіnnostі autonomic reflex arcs from somatic.
I am myself flattening heavy, Rosetting in the spinal canal, up to 45 cm in women and 42 cm in women. At times the nerves go up to the upper and lower ends, the spinal cord has two stimuli: the shinny and the transverse.
The spinal cord folds into two types of fabric: Greater white (bundles of nerve fibers) and internal speech (nerve cells, dendrites and synapses). At the center of the child's speech, the entire brain must pass through the high canal from the cerebrospinal ridino. Spinal cord maє segmentally Budov(31-33 segments), dermal band of dressings from the singular part of the body, from the segments of the spinal cord enter 31 pairs of spinal nerves: 8 pairs of pectorals (Ci-Cviii), 12 pairs of pectorals (Thi-Thxii), 5 pairs of transverse (Li-Lv), 5 pairs of kryzhovykh (Si-Sv) and a pair of kuprikovykh (Coi-Coiii).
The cutaneous nerve, when entering the brain, lasts for front and rear corners. back corners- fraudulent routes, front corners eferent paths. Behind the back roots of the spinal nerves, afferent impulses from the shkiri, the arm apparatus, and the internal organs come into the spinal cord. The anterior corners are fixed with nerve fibers and transmit the current impulses to the working organ. Sensitive nerves overwhelm the rods, so the first analysis of the afferent signals and the formation of reactions that are most important for the body at a given moment (transmission of numerical afferent convergence).
Zagalna number neurons in the spinal cord become close to 13 million. 2) for signs - eferent, afferent, inserted; 3) behind the inflow - buzzing and galvanizing.
Function of neurons in the spinal cord.
eferent neurons to refer to the somatic nervous system and nerve skeletal muscles - motoneurons. Razr_znyayut alpha and gamma - motoneurons. A-motoneuroni transmission of skeletal muscle signals from the spinal cord. The axons of the cutaneous motoneuron are bagatorazous, so that the dermal motoneurons are hungry for the lack of muscle fibers, making them a rok motor unit. G-motoneuroni Innervate the fibers of the meat spindle. Smell of a high frequency of impulses, receive information about the state of the meat spindle through the intermediate neurons (insert). Generate an impulse with a frequency of up to 1000 per second. The phono-active neurons, which may on their dendrites up to 500 synapses.
afferent neurons somatic NS are localized in the spinal ganglia and ganglia of the cranial nerves. The outgrowths carry out the pulsation of the muscle, tendon, and skin receptors, enter at the outward segments of the spinal cord and connect with synapses with inserted abo alpha motoneurons.
function inserted neurons to build up in the organization of the connection between the structures of the spinal cord.
Neurons of the autonomic nerve systemє insert ... cute neurons roztashovani in the biches of the thoracic horns to the spinal cord, the stench may cause the frequency of impulses. Some of them play a role in the onset of judicial tone, and in the regulation of the smooth muscles of the herbal system.
The number of neurons confirms the nerves of the center.
The spinal cord has a regulatory center large internal organs and skeletal muscles. centri skeletal muscle management to be found in all spinal cord organs and nerves according to the segmental principle of skeletal ligaments (Ci-CIV), diaphragms (Ciii-Cv), upper cranks (Cv-Thii), tuluba (Thiii-Li), ). When the spinal segments of the spinal cord are lumpy, or of the other paths, specific problems develop and sensitiveness develops.
Function of the spinal cord:
A) provide a bilateral connection between the spinal nerves and the brain - the provincial function;
B) good folding hands and vegetative reflexes - reflex functions.
^ Nervous system: zagalny morphofunctional characteristic; dzherela development, classification.
The nervous system will ensure the regulation of all life processes in the body and its interaction with the life of the middle. Anatomically, the nervous system extends to the central and peripheral. Before the first visit the brain and spinal cord, another common peripheral nerves of the university, the storm and the end.
From the physiological point of view, the nervous system extends to the somatic, to innervate all the inner organs, sudin and zalosis, and autonomously, or vegetatively, regulating the activity of the overwhelmed organs.
The nervous system develops into neural tubeі ganglion plate. From the cranial part of the neural tube, the brain is differentiated and the organ is sensitive. The spinal cord, spinal cord and autonomic nodes and chromaffin tissue are formed from the trunk of the neural tube and ganglion plate.
Especially rapidly growing mass of cells in the inner parts of the neural tube, while the dorsal and ventral parts do not grow in general and preserve an indestructible character. The development of the neural tube from the lateral groove to the dorsal - LTSHMSHOPK and the ventral - to the main plate. At the stage of development in the inner walls of the neural tube, three zones can be developed: the endimu, the whistling channel, the raincoat ball and the edge veil. From the raincoat ball in the footed spine the spinal cord grows, and from the edge veil - the yogo speech.
One hour with the development of the spinal cord spinal cord and peripheral vegetative nodes are laid. The vital material for them is to serve as the cell elements of the ganglionic plate, which differentiate in the neuroblast and glioblastoma, from which neurons and the malignancies of the spinal ganglia are established. Part of the clin of the ganglionic plate migrates to the periphery in the localization of the autonomic nerve ganglia and chromaffin tissue.
^ Spinal cord: morphofunctional characteristic; Budova sіroї i bіloi speech.
Sira Rechovina on transverse overriding The brain is represented in the viglyadі literi "N" or panicles. Vystupi syroї speeches are accepted by nazivati horns. Razrіznyayut anterior, or ventral, hind, or back, і bіchnі, or lateral, horns.
The spinal cord of the spinal cord is composed of tl neurons, without micelin and thin muscle fibers and neuroglia. Main warehouse part syroi speech, which leads to the development of a white, є multipolar neuron.
Bila speech to the spinal cord is a sufficiency of late orintegration of important muscle fibers. Bundles of nerve fibers, such as the connections between the small parts of the nervous system, are called the conduits of the spinal cord.
In the middle of the neurons in the spinal cord, it is possible to see: neuritis, core cells, internal, bundles.
In the posterior horns, they develop: a spinal ball, a gelatinous speech, the core of the posterior horn and the thoracic core. The hind horns are diffusely rosted with inserted cells. In the middle of the posterior horn, the core of the posterior horn grows.
The thoracic nucleus (Clarke's nucleus) is composed of great intercalated neurons with strongly reddened dendrites.
Three structures of the dorsal horn are of particular interest to represent a gelatinous speech, which can be pulled without interruption to the spinal cord in I-IV plates. Neurons produce enkephalin - an opioid-type peptide that inhibits pain. The gelatinous speech is given a galvanic effect on the function of the spinal cord.
In the anterior horns, the most neurons of the spinal cord are rosted, as the diameter of the body is 100-150 microns, and the values are set for the size of the nucleus. This is so, like the neurons of the nuclei of the horns, the cores of the cells. The nucleus is the motor somatic center. In the anterior horns, there is the greatest turn of the media and lateral groups of motor cells. The first of the innervu m'yazi tuluba is good for all the protrusions of the spinal cord. The other is located in the area of transverse and transverse pressure and innervation of the ideas.
^ Brain: morphological and functional characteristics.
The cerebrum is laid in the upper membrane of the skull. In addition, the coat is coated with shells from a good fabric - hard, pavutin and myako.
In the brain, there is a gray and a white speech, the alopex of two storage parts is significantly more foldable here, lower in the spinal cord. A great part of the cerebral speech of the brain grows on the surface of the great brain and into the corn, fixing the cortex. Mensha part of the brain.
Before the storage of the stovbur, the brain includes the dovgastia brain, myst, the cerebellum and the structures of the middle and intermediate brain. All nuclei of the syroe speech of the stovbur to the brain are composed of multipolar neurons. Development of the nuclei of the cranial nerves and the switching nuclei.
Dovgastia moss is characterized by the presence of nuclei of the pid'yazic, podatkovy, bloody, ovarian pharyngeal, frontal-ultkovy nerves. In the central region of the large brain, an important coordination apparatus of the brain is developed - reticular formation.
Mist extends to the dorsal (pokryshkovy) and ventral parts. The dorsal part is to avenge the fibers of the conductive paths to the deep brain, the nucleus of the V-VIII cranial nerves, to the reticular formation of the bridge.
The middle brain is folded behind the middle brain (quadruple), pokrishka middle brain, black speech and not the brain. Chorne rechovina named its name in conjunction with that, in other spindle-like neurons, melanin will take revenge.
In the middle brain, a green hillock is rewound behind the obsyag. The hypothalamic (hypothalamic) region grows ventrally with other nuclei. Nerve impulses to the green hillock from the brain go along the extrapiradic trickle route.
^ Colon: Budova and morphofunctional characteristic.
The main mass of syroї speech in the corn grows on the surface and bark. The mensha part of the syllable speech lies deeply in the bilious speech at the viglyadi of the central nuclei. In the cortex of the corn, there are three balls: the outer ball is the molecular ball, the middle ball is the ganglion ball, and the inner ball is granular.
The ganglion ball is to avenge the pear-shaped neurons. The smell of neurites, like, leaving the cortex of the corn, fixes the ear lanka of the new galvanized paths.
The molecular ball can accommodate two main types of neurons: the basket and the third. Basket neurons are located in the lower third of the molecular ball. It is not correct to form other cells with a size close to 10-20 microns. Їх thin dendrites spread over the area, spread across to the area. Dovgі neurity kіtin must go across the zivini and parallel to the surface over the pear-shaped neurons. The activity of neuritis in the basket neurons in the wicklication of the piriform neurons.
Part of the neurons lie in the basket and there are two types. Other small neurons are infested with thin short dendrites and weakly branched neurites, making synapses on the dendrites of pear-shaped cells. Large portions of neurons on the basis of other types of dendritis and neuritis are severely reddened.
The baskets and the three parts of the neurons of the molecular ball are a single system of intercalated neurons, which transmit galvanic nerve impulses on the dendrites and the pear-shaped cells in the area, perpendicular to the cells. A granular ball is infused with a granular ball of neurons. The first type of client's ball can be used for grain-like neurons, or for cells-grains. They have a small amount of money. The cell has 3-4 short dendrites. The dendrites of the clitin-grains establish the characteristic structures, named by the glomeruli of the corn.
Another type of keratin of the granular ball of the corn is the large size of the neurons. There are two types of such cells: with short and large neurites.
The third type of cells is used to store spindle-shaped horizontal cells. The stench is created by all the more granular and ganglionic balls. Afferent fibers, which come to the cortex of the cortex, are represented by two types - Mossy and so called to climb fibers. Moss-shaped fibers go to the warehouse of the olivocerebellar and cerebellopontine paths. The stench ends in the glomeruli of the granular ball of the corn, de coming into contact with the dendrites of the clitin-grains.
Lazyach_ fibers come into the cortex of the cortex, mabut, along the spinal-cerebellar and vestibulomocerebellar paths. Lazyach_ fibers transmit excitation without the middle pear-shaped neurons.
The cortex of the moss is to take revenge on the glial elements. The granular ball has fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes. In the little balls in the corn є oligodendrocyti. Particularly rich in cells, a granular ball і was a speech cord of the corn. In the ganglionic balls between the pear-shaped neurons lie the glial cells with the dark nuclei. Microglya in the great number takes place in the molecular and ganglion balls.
^ Subject and study of the humanities' embryology.
In embryogenesis, there are 3 sections: prenatal, embryonic and early developmental.
By the current faculties of embryology є vivchennya infusion of young endogenous and exogenous factors, micro-focusing on development, Budova status cells, tissues, organs and systems.
^ Medical education.
Medical embryology of vivchaє regularity of development of the embryo of people. Especially respect in the course of histology and education in the field of education on dzherela and the mechanism of development of tissue, metabolism functional features the mother system - the placenta - the fruit, which allows you to establish the causes of changes in the norms, which is of great importance for medical practice.
Knowledge of the humanities' dialect is necessary for all doctors, especially those who are skilled in the field of obstetrics. Tse additional help in the production of diagnostics in case of breakdowns in the system of mothers - children, discovering the causes of calories and sickness of children from the people.
In the early days of the day, the knowledge of the diabetic of the people is vikorystyutsya for the development and identification of the reasons for the failure, the population of "testy" children, transplantation of fetal organs, the rosette and the stagnation of anti-aging children. Dawn, the urgency of the problems of the cultivation of eggs, extracorporeal deposition and implantation of embryos into the uterus.
The process of the embryonic development of the people is the result of a trivial evolution and in the singing world, the development of rice and the development of the representatives of the creative world. To this, the early stages of development of people are even more similar to the analogous stages of the embryogenesis of more low-organized chordate creatures.
Human embryogenesis is a part of their ontogenesis, which includes the onset of the main stages: I - late, and the development of the zygote; II - crushing and setting blastuli (blastocyst); III - Gastrulia - approval of embryonic leaves and a complex of axial organs; IV - histogenesis and organogenesis of embryonic and extra-embryonic organs; V - systemogenesis.
Embryogenesis of tight dressings from progenesis (development and maturation of statin cells) and early postembryonic period. Thus, the formulation of fabrics is repaired in the English period and in the triviality of the folk child.
^ Articles of cells: Budova and functions of children and women of children, the main stages of development.
Spermatozoa are covered with cytolemma, and in the anterior viddili to replace the receptor - glycosyltransferase, which will prevent the recognition of receptors in the oocyte.
The head of the spermatozoon includes a small cleft nucleus with a haploid set of chromosomes, to avenge nucleoprostamines and nucleogastones. The anterior half of the nucleus is covered with a flat bear to form the cap of the spermatozoon. The new one grows into an acrosome (from the Greek. Asgop - top, soma - tilo). The acrosome is to replace a variety of enzymes, in the middle it is more important to place Hyaluronidase and proteases. In the nucleus of the spermatozoa of a man, 23 chromosomes are avenged, one of them is є states (X or Y), and the spermatozoa are autosomes. The tail of the sperm is stored in the industrial, head and thermal parts.
The industrial part is to place 2 central and 9 pairs of peripheral microtubules, separated by spiral growth of mitochondria. From the microtubules come the guys in the form, or the "handles", which are stored from the dynein. Dynein will break down ATP.
The head part (pars principalis) of the tail behind the bud's nagaduє is with a characteristic set of microtubules in the axoneme (9 * 2) +2, marked with circularly arranged fibrils, which add springiness, and a plasmolemma.
Thermal, or kintseva, part of the spermatozoon to revenge one by one fast-feeling flame. The tail flaps are whip-shaped, which are poured over the last speed of microtubules from the first to the ninth bet.
In case of pre-sperm in clinical practice, carry out the old forms of spermatozoa in barbed smears, as well as the percentage of sperm (spermogram).
According to the data of the All-Union Organization for the Protection of Health (WHO), the normal characteristics of human sperm are the following indicators: concentration 20-200 mln / ml, instead of 60% of normal forms. The order of normal forms in the sperm of humans is, depending on the presence of abnormalities - two-spine, with defective head sizes (macro and microfilm), with an amorphous head, with adult heads, immature forms (with surplus cytoplasm in the tails), defect.
Eggs, or ovocytes (from the Latin Ovum - egg), ripen in an imperceptibly small amount, less spermatozoa. In women, stretching the stat cycle B4-28 days) ripening, as a rule, one ovule. In such a rank, for the next period, about 400 eggs are established.
The release of the oocyte from the ovary is called ovulation. Scho viyshov from the ovocyte ovocyte discharge with vintsem folicular clitin, the number of which reaches 3-4 yew. It is possible to use the fringes of the uterine tube (oviduct) and seep through it. Here the maturation of the article of the church will end. Eggclinine can grow in shape, larger, lower in sperm, cytoplasmic swelling, not too much on its own.
The classification of ovules is primed on signs of manifestation, in addition to the growth of a female (lecithos), which is a white-lipid inclusion in the cytoplasm, which is vicorized for the vivification of the embryo.
Razr_znyayut non-yolk (aletal), low yolk (oligoletal), medium yolk (mesoletal), poly-yolk (polyletal) ovules.
In humans, the appearance of a small number of women in the eggs is encumbered by the development of the embryo in the body of the mother.
Budova. The egglite of humans is close to 130 microns in diameter. Before the cytolemma, there is a blink, or a gap, a zone (zona pellucida - Zp) and a ball of follicular cells. The nucleus of the female state of the clytin has a haploid set of chromosomes with the X-state chromosome, a good turn of the nucleus, in the cariolemma there are a lot of porous complexes. During the period of oocyte growth in the nucleus, intensive processes of the synthesis of iRNA, rRNA are observed.
In cytoplasm, the apparatus is synthesized for the synthesis of protein ( endoplasmic mesh, Ribosomi) and Golgi apparatus. There are a lot of mitochondria around the world, the stench of growth is close to the zhovtkogo nucleus, there is an intensive synthesis of the zhovtka, the central center of the winter. At the early stages of development, the Goldzhi apparatus grows close to the nucleus, and in the process of maturation of the oocytoplasm, it changes to the periphery of the cytoplasm. Here, a lost complex is grown - cortical granules, the number of which is close to 4000, and the size is 1 micron. Smell to take revenge on glycosaminoglycans and enzymes (including proteolytic ones), to take part in the cortical reaction, seizing oocyte from polysperm.
The prospect, or even blinking, zone (zona pellucida - Zp) is stored from glucoproteins and glucosamines. Nearby zones there are dozens of millions of Zp3 glycoprotein molecules, skin over 400 amino acid surpluses, and oligosaccharide drinks. In the study of the zone, the fate of the follicular cells takes place: the outgrowths of the follicular cells penetrate through the perforation zone, straight to the cytolemma of the ovule. The cytolemma of the ovule is produced by microvilli, which grows between the growths of follicular cells. Follicular cells display trophic and legal functions.