Cover fabrics and roslin. Functional features of curved fabrics
Smell vikonuyut the role of a cordon bar'єru, from the bottom of the lying fabrics from dovkilla... The first line of growth is stored only from live cells. Secondary and tertiary pokrivi - mostly from the dead with the same clinker walls.
The main functions of curtain fabrics:
· Zahist roslini vid visihannya;
· Zakhist from the consumption of high-quality microorganisms;
· Zakhist from sleepyachnykh opikiv;
· Zakhist from mechanic poshkodzhen;
· Regulation of the exchange of speech between the growth and the navkolishn_m middle;
· Take care of the razdratuvannia.
pervinna on the fabric- epidermis, epidermis. Store from living cells. To pretend to be apical meristems. Covering young growing stems and leaves.
The epiderma was formed at the roslin in connection with the exit from the water center of living on land with the help of the connection from the visihannya. Krym food, all the clientele of the epidermis are deliberately made up of themselves. Names of the main clientele of the company. The entire surface is covered with a ball of Kutin and tall waxes. Tsei ball is called a cuticle (shkirka). Vona vіdsutnya on growing roots and sub-water parts of roslin. When dry, the penetration of the cuticle will significantly weaken.
Most of the main cells, in epidermis and іnshі, are hairs, or trichomes. The stench is one-liner and one-liner (Fig. 2). Functionally, the stench to increase the surface of the epidermis, for example, in the zone of root growth, serve as a mechanical stool, chill for support, change the water. A number of roslin may have zalizist_ hairs, for example, sprinkling.
Tilki from vine growers in the epidermis and food, which regulate the exchange of water and gas. If there are no cuticles, then every day there is a need for food. Ustyachka is a whole group of clitins, which is used to set up an appliance, which can be stored in two quiescent clitins, and clitin epidermi lay down to them - slice clitins. The smell comes from the main epidermal cells (fig. 3
). To freeze the clientele by being quiet, to feel their clientele in the form and presence of a great number of mitochondria and nervously aggravated stinks. Those, as there are one against one, both of them (Fig. 4)
The stomatal slit is set up as the confining cells, as it is led into the stomatal space, which is called the stomatal emptying. Freeze the cells and cause photosynthetic activity. They have a large number of spare starch and abundant mitochondria.
The number of stomata i rosters, type of stomatal apparatus, is widely varied in the growing dews. Prodikhs at the current moss-like ones. Their photosynthesis is gametophytic generation, and sporophyte is not developed to independent development.
Zazvychay prodikhi roztashovuyutsya on the lower boat arkush. In the dews floating on the water surface - on the upper surface. In a leaf of cereals, the food often grows out of the way along the sides. Such sheets are displayed on a regular basis. On 1mm2 of the surface, it can grow from 100 to 700 holes.
Secondary crooked tissue (periderm). Tsya fabrics come to the change of epiderma, if the greens of the colors of the same pagones change brown. Vona Bagatosharova and stored in the central ball of cambial cells - phellogen. Clitini phellogena, for example, they are called fellemi ball, and in the middle - fellodermi (Fig. 5).
Fellam, a stopper. A collection of live delicate clays. By the end of the year, the chances to seep through with suberin and tall wax and wake up. Instead of a clerk, it will remind you of the fathers.
Functions of fellemy:
· Zapobіgaє vratі vologi;
· Zakhischak roslinu from mechanical poshkojen;
· Zakhischak from ailing microorganisms;
· I will secure thermal insulation, as well as the children are reserved for the meals.
Clitini of phellogen, rosted in the very epiderma, for the sub-epidermal sphere, and earlier - in the globules of primary measles, which is the generative basis of primary measles.
Statistics and publications:
Historical statement
The first robots, according to the vision and the introduction of white drugs in boule viconan, in the 18th century, Protest in that period until the last days were of a descriptive nature. On the cob 19 tbsp. boules of broken-down first analysis of the elementary warehouse of bilkiv (J.L. Gay-Liu ...
Microbiological control of the production of fermented milk products
The head of the microbiological control is established until the proper regulation of microbiological processes and the establishment of sanitary and hygienic minds is ensured. Vyhodyachi z tsiogo, sanitary and microbiological control, virobnits ...
Vchennya Pavlova about two signal systems and performance. In particular, the development and interaction of the first and other signal systems. The role of functional asymmetry in the brain in the development of movi
Signal systems - the whole of the systems of nervous processes, time-clock connections and reactions, which are formed in the brain as a result of the infusion of external and internal information and to prevent the subtle middle of the body up to the naval area. ...
Botany-science about roslini.
Distinguishing the lines of plant cells
Plastid
3.Fabrics
Osvitn_ fabrics.
Botany-science about roslini.
Botany is looking for a wide range of problems: internal budovi(Morphology and anatomy) roslin, їх systematics, development over a geological hour (evolution) and homeland links (phylogeny), special features of the past and earthly surface(Geography of roslin), interrelationship with the middle (ecology of roslin), folding of the dewline cover (phytocenology, aka geobotany), the possibilities of that way of the state victorian roslin (botanical resources)
According to the facts of the advancement in botany, see phycologists (algologists) - the science of water growth, mycology - about mushrooms, lichenology - about lichens, briology - about moss and іn.; The development of microscopic organisms, especially from the light of roslin (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and algae), is seen in a special science - microbiology. Growths' ailments, which are infected with viruses, bacteria and fungi, are involved in phytopathology.
Botany cries out to be cautious, so і і і і і і і і і і і і і historical and experimental methods, including the selection and folding of collections, wary in nature and on previous days, experiments in nature and in laboratory mathematical processing fromrimanoi information. The whole arsenal of modern chemical, physical and cybernetic methods of preliminaries is in the order of classical methods of restoring quiet ones.
Distinguishing the lines of plant cells
The nature and the main functions of speeches of development. Naygolovnіshі z cich speech: simple bіlki; deyaki in carbohydrates, sprinkling glucose, sucrose and starch, or even close to nyulin, as well as cellulose, reserve fats and fatty substances - spoluks of the primary metabolism; Secondary metabolism products - tannins, polyphenolic spoluces, alkaloids, isoprene production and others. Chains of proteins, carbohydrates (including cellulose) and fats. Cellulose is close to it due to the chemical nature of hemicellulosis and pectin words - the structural components of the cellulite. The second metabolism is determined by the specific functions, ale of them is tied to the "organizing" of the origin of the visit of the roslin by the creatures, the introduction of ailous microorganisms, etc. Such a rank, a stench є a group of zahisnyh speeches. Calcium oxalate is most often seen in the quality of a nut product to metabolism, forming a "preoccupation" with unnecessary and extravagant cells of speech. In technology, food industry and medicine, starch, glucose and sucrose are widely used. Tannidi, or tanning speech, polyphenolic and isoprene derivatives are the basis for the removal of a large number of medicinal preparations in roselin. Pectin is widely used in confectionery industry, as well as in medicine. Deyakі from ergastіcheskіh speeches even more otruynі. Most of the alkaloids, glucosides, polypeptides (in the toadstool). Significance of additional materials for pharmacy and medicine.
Krochmal, in medicine and pharmacy for preparing sticks, pastes (thick ointments), as well as for making tablets. Cellulose, great i promise value cellulose - from the center of speech, they make extra fabrics and paper. Cells of visible fabrics for the form take parenchyma and subtleties. Smell dovgo zalishayutsya alive, seeing a secret. In the world of accumulated great amount of secrets, the cells of the idioplast are kept in secret. Plastid- without barriers, for example, in the protoplasm of tall cells, which represent a folding system of internal membranes and display different functions. Barnless plastids are called leukoplasts, in a different way - chromoplasts, green - chloroplasts.
Tilki in the growing cells of the presence of plastids. The membrane organelles in the deposition from the storage can be divided into leukoplast, chromoplast and chloroplast. Nearly 40 chloroplasts are located in the growing plants, in which photosynthesis takes place. Yak and mitochondria, chloroplast to avenge vlast DNA and ribosome. The stench is built up to autonomous breeding, which does not lie in the bed of the cell. There are three main types of plastids that can be found in the background, which are tied in apparent form or in the absence of quiet pigments:
Chloroplasts (green color), - chromoplasts (red, orange or red color) і - leukoplast (bezbarvnі).
Most of them - chloroplasts - can reach 4-10 microns in tall roslin until they are well placed in a light microscope. Chloroplasts grow in all the green organs of roslin, leukoplast is also in the cells of organs that come from the dormouse, - roots, roots, bulbs, as well as in the old elements of some people. Chromoplastics can be found in the clays of pelyocks bagatokh roslin, grown-up fruits (tomato, shipshina, gorobina), inodi - in root crops (carrots).
Budova plastids can be viewed on the butt of chloroplasts. The stench smells like a shell, fixed with two membranes: the name and the inner. The inner membrane protrudes into the empty chloroplast by innumerable virost. The membrane envelope is separated from the hyaloplasms of the cellin matrix of the chloroplast, so called the stroma. Both the stroma and the virginity of the inner membrane can be molded in the empty chloroplast into a folding system of membrane surfaces, so that there are separate flat mice, called thylacids, or lamellas. Groups of disc-shaped thylakoids are tied one to one such rank, so that when empty they appear without interruption. Tsi tilakoidi set up stacks (for the eye of a stack of coins), or the edge. Tylakoid stromi to unite the edges of each other. In the membranes of thylacids, the most important pigment of green roslin is chlorophyll and additional pigments are carotenoids. The internal structure of chromoplasts and leukoplasts is simpler. The edges are visible in them.
In the stroma of chloroplasts, enzymes and ribosomes take place, which are transformed from ribosomes by cytoplasms in smaller sizes. Often є one or a few small grains of primordial assimilation starch. The genetic apparatus of chloroplasts is autonomous, the stench reveals its own DNA.
The main function of chloroplasts is photosynthesis. The central role in the whole process is to adhere to chlorophyll, more precisely - to some of its modification. The light reactions to photosynthesis are important in grains, dark - in the stroma of chloroplast. I chloroplasts, and mitochondria, are able to synthesize vlast protein molecules, so as volodya DNA.
In addition to photosynthesis, the synthesis of ATP and ADP (phosphorylation) in chloroplasts, synthesis and hydrolysis of lipids, asymiliac stroma and blood cells, are deposited in the stroma.
In leukoplasts, the pigments are on the go, but here you can also see the synthesis and accumulation of spare lively speeches, in the first place, little crumbs, some big ones, little fat. Grains of secondary reserve starch are often formed in leukoplasts.
Chervona, or the orange-colored chromoplasts, is tied to the presence of carotenoids in them. It is important that chromoplasts are a kintseviy stage in the development of plastids, for some reason, for old chloroplasts and leukoplast. The appearance of chromoplasts is a frequent reason for the storage of baguettes, fruits and autumn leaves.
3.Fabrics I am called a group of klin, which is the same, I go to Budova and visit the body of the same function.
The leather type of fabric is recognized as a characteristic of a budget, strictly related to this function, as the fabric is given to the vicon.
From the point of view of the form, the budovy and character of the tissue clientele can be fuzzy and strong, alive and dead, parenchy and prosenchy. All rose linen fabrics are divided into 6 main groups: 1) illumination, or meristems, 2) main, 3) curvature, 4) mechanical, 5) conduct and 6) visual. Osvitn_ fabrics. Meristemi, or light fabrics, may build up to the date and approval of new clients. For the rakhunok meristems, all the fabrics are formed and the trivial growth of the growth is formed. The creatures have meristems outside, which explains the interconnection of the period of growth. Clitini meristems are characterized by high metabolic activity. Some cells of the meristem, which were called the `` cultural '' ones, will start to develop at the embryonic stage of development by stretching the life of the growing line, and they will gradually differentiate and re-emerge in the households of the recent past.
The first meristems are built to the end. In a number of people who have become active, they may have been victorious and have lost their power before they are active. Such "know" meristemi are called secondary.
In the case of the growth of the line, the meristemi occupy a different position, which allows them to classify. As a matter of fact, up to the position in the vertical line, the upper, abccal, bicni, or lateral, and intercalary meristems are seen.
Apikal meristems grow on the tops of the axial organs of the growing line and will not grow up until the end, and lateral - grow up in the growing area. Skin in the flow і roots, as well as the embryonic root, the bud of the embryo may grow apikal ї meristems. Apikalny meristemi are primordial and fix the cones of root growth and in the course.
Lateral meristems grow parallel to the bichy surfaces of the axial organs, fixing their own kind of cylinders, on the transverse visions there may be eyes. Some of them are referred to as the first ones. The primary meristem is the procambium and the pericycle, the secondary ones are cambium and phellogen.
Intercalary, or insertion, meristems are often the primary ones, and are found in the viglyadi of the dilyanoks in the zones of active growth (for example, near the internodes, in the petioles of the leaves).
Cover fabrics, classification, functions.
The stench protects the organisms of the growing line from the visibility, from the temperature infusions, mechanical processes and the most uncomfortable infusions from the midst of the midst. When changing organs and functions, curving fabrics, naturally change one by one. For prokryznyayut pervinnі (epіdermіs, rhizoderma, velamen), vtorinnі (periderma) and tretinnі (kіrka abo rіtіdom) crooked fabrics.
The primary fabrics of Epidermis establish themselves from the surface ball of the apikalnoy meristem - protoderm. Vaughn curls the leaves, fruits, parts of the leaf and young stems. Critical functions, epidermis regulate the processes of transpiration and gas exchange, take part in the synthesis of new words and in. Prior to the warehouse of epiderma, there are morphologically growing cells: the main cells of the epidermi, which are slowing down and the smaller cells of the food, trichomes (virostas of the epidermis). Clitini epidermi are alive, may nucleus, leukoplast, vacuoles, chloroplasts (only in frozen clitins of food). Epiderma at the great roslin odnosharova, before bagatosharova. Clients of the primordial curvature of the fabric are scrupulously lying one to one, and do not disturb the intercellular spaces. From the lateral side, the entire epidermis is covered with a cuticle ball (digest only over the mouth).
Rhizoderm (epіblema) is established by the apical meristem of the root. Here, the young root ends are curled through the rhizoderm, and the water and mineral salts are chased from the soil. In addition, there is a combination of microorganisms to the soil, from the root to the soil there are words that add to the soil harvest. Klіtini rhizoderma can be even thinner shell. In the primordial tissue of the root, there is no cuticle, in addition to which the cells may be easily penetrated for water. On a small country from the root of the root root hairs- virosty rhizoderm.
Velamen, yak і rhizoderma, is seen from the surface ball of the apikalnaya meristem of the root. A lot of natural fabrics are wrapped around the roots of epiphytes and some kind of roslin, attached to life on periodically drying up soil (aspidistra, asparagus, aloe, clivia). Velamen is a type of rhizoderm that grows rich. Protoplast Velam vіdmiraє and to that the water is soaked not by osmotic, but by capillary way.
Emergentsi(Нім., Odnina Emergenz, in Latin. Emerge - z'yayusya, vikhoju), virginity on the surface of the stems and leaves of roses hairs). Tse - bushy hairs of sprinkles, thorns on the stems of Trojandi and on the fruits of the dope, gleams on the leaves of the crabgrass and in. Secondary curvature of tissue - Periderm.periderm foldable, bagatosharova secondary crooked fabrics on the stem and roots of large (older than single-breasted) roslin 1. Peridermis changes in the primary fabrics of axial organs, as they step-by-step see and grow angry. In most dvodolnyh and holonasinnykh, peridermis is prone to being a stretching of the first vegetative period in quiet parts of the root and in the second, as the growth was pinned to dozhin. In the base of the stems, lie the secondary meristem is phellogen. Fellogen of the stem is more often found in wine with primary parenchymal cells, which lie under the epidermis and has saved a weak measure of activity. The roots of phellogen can be based on pericycle. Fellogen can be pawned with okremi dilyankas, they get angry, or all at once on the whole stake of the axial organ. Persh for everything is set up in a number of іnіtsіalnyh for the form of tabular clitins. In addition, the periclinal cells form two rows of meristematic cells. Internal row differentiates yak phellodermie(Live parenchy-ni cells) and do not last. The most important - in the course of a series of periclinal subdivisions, the number of balls of cork closures is reduced, a trivial hour, and a certain measure of activity. Fellogen is built to last also and anticlinically, so that the tissue in the tissues grows in the correct way. Cork, phellogen and phelloderm make peridermis. In the world, the periderm will form, the greenery of the pagones will turn into storms. "Dospilі" until the autumn pahony of the first rock to show the winter frost. Cork to store up with vidmerlikh cells, intercellular spaces. Їх shells leaked by suberin. Klitini corks are waterproof and waterproof. Bagatosharova stopper is an approved case, which protects the living tissue from the inside out, from the high temperature colds and the penetration of ailing microorganisms. On the stoves and gilkakh of deyak trees (bark oak, Amur velvet), a taut ball of cork is formed, which reaches the decimal centimeters of the trade. Such a cork is vicoristovuyt for industrial removal of sealing materials. Live fabrics, lie on top of a cork, require gas exchange and a visible excess of vologue. Tom in the periderm to finish early pretend lentils- open, "zapovneni" fluffy viconuє cloth, which is stored in the rounded parenchymal weakly corked cells with numerous intercellular spaces. Through the lenticels, the stem "provitriuvannya" is seen. Lentils, hto see small humps of growth form, kindly watered on the surface of young pagony trees and chagarniks. Lentils in viglyadі dіbіbny speckle і on some fruits, for example apples and pears. In the world of pagony, the form of lentils changes. On birch stoves, the surpluses are dimmed at the viglyadi of the characteristic transverse smudges and risks. Peridermis, as it is said, in dvodolny and coniferous roselin. In monocotyledons (palms, dracaena, scarlet) in the form of a bagatoraz podil and corking of peripheral cells of the primary measles, the tissue is functionally matched to the peridermis. In the bagatore axial organs of dvodolny and coniferous roslin, a spike of periderm develops. The skin is advancing to be laid down in front of the front. Throughout the years, the cells of the new periderm and the grown-up fabrics between them are able to adapt to the tight cover complex - the crust. It is formed on the stoves, bagato-holes and roots of trees. On the vidminu from the big-mensh smooth perіderm cork is not very tricky and nervna (luskata cork). It is true, however, that it is smooth, so is the name of the kіltsev pick (for example, in grapes). Investigation of the peculiarities of the laying of the internal periderm. Tovsta kirka nadіyno oberіgaє stovburi trees from mechanical plants, low-lying fossil burns, high temperature changes, direct sleepy changes, penetration of pathogenic microorganisms. Call the village breeds a kirka start to be laid in a mature vіtsі: at a pine tree in 8-10 rocks, at an oak in 25-30 rocks. Scorchingly growing up, you can reach the significant trade by the rock.
A complex of clitins, rostasovanikh calls of all organs of the rose line, is formed by a curved fabric.
When trying to date a tissue that is more accurate, due to the nature of the skin surrounding a leaf, (a number of difficult tissues of small organs are created, it is even more useful for tissues. bіlshe nіzhnih tkanin, vikonuyut funktsіyu vidіlennya for їh poserednitstvom zdіysnyuєtsya gazoobmіn of navkolishnіm seredovischem that іn. integuments same korenіv, Especially zakіnchen їh, poglinayut water of rozchinenimi in nіy mіneralnimi rechovinami, spriyayut rozchinennyu deyakih solid chastinok ground i zahischayut vnutrіshnі tkanini Koren od mehanіchnih poshkodzhen . Covers of axial organs in bagatorial growths until the end of the first vegetative period, so that it changes strongly in the majority of cases, it changes strongly: cover the first growth of vegetative growth, and from them any structures that are close to the tissues, rosy R poison in additional functions. Otzhe, it is necessary to revise original fabricsі secondary fabrics... Remain either to be aware of the knowledge, or to represent a kind of structure of the primordial fabric.
The primary tissue on all tall organs is called a shkirkoyu, or epidermisom.
Epidermis establish itself from the surface ball of the primordial meristem, called protoderm... Epidermis is stored in a cell, which, as a rule, has an asthmatic character and is always living together. When the protoplast is removed from the epidermal cells, they cease to serve as a cover, and the tissue is removed after them, and the tissue disappears.
If you look at the epidermal cells of the call, then you can turn over, look at them in the organs of the roslin even worse. Lines of epidermal cells are formed at great fallowness as a result of growth in the growth of an organ on the whole and on its surface. For example, a leaflet epidermis with a wide plate, however, grows yak in a full size, so in width, there is a zvivisty obrisi; and the cells of the epidermis of the stem of a young dewline, which are strongly prone to growth, are significantly more vivid and less vivid, less than the cells of the epidermis of the leaf of the same roseline. Linear leaves of monocotyledonous growls grow into very epidermal cells.
Clitini epidermis duzhe mitsno z'ednani one to one, meaning mitsnіshe, nіzh wіth clitines іdstyle epіdermіs textiles. After all, it is often easy to get rid of the fabrics of the epidermis, but not to rip and to grow up like great shmats. Epidermis is not a child of intercellular space, but it is less and less vicious. For example, the intercellular spaces are formed in the epidermis of the peels. In addition, in the epidermis of the above-ground, overwhelmingly green, organs and intercellular spaces, otochened with special, frozen cells, - creeps.
In young epidermal cells, all empty cells are filled with protoplast with a clearly visible rounded cell nucleus, and in order to fill them with leukoplasts. In the world of growing cells and increasing the size of vacuoles, the cytoplasm occupies a permanent position, and the nucleus, which is not in the center of the cell, but in the cytoplasm, squeezed to the shell, flattens and shrinks.
In a whole virosla of epidermal cells, the vacuole loses the whole cell, it is reminiscent of celline juice, without any barnless or pared in new pigments. The protoplast in the viglyadі is an arcuate thin ball, not too thin with a little bit of pomace, squeezing to the shell. Often in such cells they are plastid, absolutely knowing. Tse sposterіgaєtsya overly important with svitlubnykh grassy roslin... However, in such roselin, in the epidermal cells of the lower side of the leaf, there is chlorophyll of grain. In roslin, which grow in tin, chloroplasts are often found in all epidermal cells. In some of the roslin's plastids in the epidermis of the leaves are taken from the eyes of other swollen leukoplasts, which are grouped around the cell nucleus.
In epidermal cells, the growth of protoplast life is established. Especially unconventional society. The stench is to fill the volume of added carbon dioxide, which is found in hypertrophic growing cells of the epidermis (idio regions, in this vypadku - lytocystah). As soon as there is an acidity at the rate of acidity, for example, hydrochloric acid, then the main mass of the cystolyte will break up and lose its cellulose base, attached to the shell of the clinker, on which calcium carbonate is deposited. Form and size of cystolites in growing rosins. The stench of the dominant species of roselin. At our butt, the price of cannabis leaves is induced. To serve as a classic butt in the list of ficus.
The shell of the clitin epidermisu, especially the wines, often seeps out either with calcium salts or with flakes (cereals, horsetails). Cuticle and cuticular ball are often seen on the surface of epidermal cells. The cuticle tightens the entire surface of the formed epidermis, which are digested with only stomatological lines. In addition to the cuticle, the callus of a large roselin can be seen in a thin, fine grain nalot. At doyakykh tropicheskih roslin wax curl on the leaves of the reach of a significant value (0.5 cm). І cuticle і wax deposits do not get wet with water і protect fabrics, rots under them, from the inside of water.
Mind the growth of the structure of the epidermal tissue of the growth line. Epidermis of a leaf and a stem of water roselin may not have a cuticle and it is more than a wax nalot, but in dry roselin, a cuticle grows, as a rule, to pretend. The shells of the epidermal cells of the above-ground organs of the trees of the trees grow tall, and the size of the empty cells has greatly accelerated. At the same time, the trees are often not only the cells of the epidermis itself, but the first ones to be built. The surface of the epidermis of the above-ground organs is even less likely to become smooth and one-sided throughout the entire hour of the flow of fabric. To wind on the cuticle, you will find humps, folds, strokes, as you put on the surface of the little ones, and sometimes to finish off the dim little ones. In addition, clitini epidermisu often endorse the most popular behavior - hairs... The hairs are single-lined and multi-lined, gilly and non-branched. The shape of the hairs is also varied: the hairs of the sparse, the head, the lobe of the eyes, the chains and the inn. The shape, size and growth of hairs on the surface of the organs are characteristic of singing groups of roselin, and the signs are often systematic.
Zvvychay the hairs emerge as a partition in the form of an epidermal clitine, on such a stench they have settled. Ale є hairs, which are not more like the virginity of a clitin epidermis, can not be seen from them by a special partition. If such viries of epidermal cells are even shorter, then they call papillae... The papillae are especially widened on the quill peels, giving їm velvety texture.
Bagatoclatinny hairs do not grow very quickly and grow strongly, warehouses and clits of wood and hairs become hard. These hairs are called thorns(Raspberries, old stalks of harmelon, stalks of some varieties of Trojandi, barberry, etc.).
All versatile hairs, based on the physiological principle, can be reduced to two main types: cryі zalizist... Even hairs of both types often appear on the same organ. For example, on a tiny image there are simple curls and hairs from the roots of rudbeckia.
Covering hairs become alive and poorly. If the protoplast of a hair is vidmiraє, the skeleton of the yogo, it folds from the shell, it becomes possible to resemble it. Make a name for yourself for the quickest hairs of hair and create such a characteristic hairline of the hairline.
The morphological versatility of the hair curves is presented on a baby, in which the image of the hairs of the parts of the roselin quilt is from the family of norichnikovykh. All hairs are two one-liners.
Loose hairs are alive instead of their own cells. The protoplast of thin hairs, especially of the upper one, which fills the head of the hair of the hair, does not often see a significant vacuolization and may even be expected to take revenge on the great cell nucleus. As the protoplast of the hairy hair crumbs, then the lower shells fall off and the hair, having dried up, falls away, not getting too much of a trace. The morphology of hairy hairs is, as it were, critically, infinitely versatile. The name of the appearance of golden hairs is stored either from resinous rivers, or from essential oils, candied rivers, slime, and sometimes just from the water and from the words of nature.
Loose hairs, which, for example, curl nirkovy little pieces and curl leaves of nirok, see resinous speech, as it can block the nirku and protect the lower leaves from hanging. You can see the hairy hairs є the dye products of the folding biochemical processes that are going through growing organisms.
Loose hairs that see water and can be specially attached to the structure, name whereodi.
Among the wispy hairs, it is especially distinctive for its organizing so-called frizzy hairs, with a butt of such frizzy sprinkling hairs. The stems of the sprinkled hairs will creep out with flint, sometimes becoming even thinner, especially at the top. Such a hair will break off from the smallest dota, and the tip of a hair will turn into a gostru head, it is easy to embed it into the hide of creatures or people. The same hairs are a great burning secret to be set up on the small parts of Alonsoa. In a large variety of shells of golden hairs, they have a stench and see a secret secret, as it’s a little bit, for example, in some species of borschivnik.
The value of the hairs is informative and in bagatoks in the fall is not yet clear. Accepted respect, for the most extended function of hairs in the type of curiosity є for the protection of the surface of the growing line from the back of the water. Blisky white hairs, from one side, represent straight sleepy exchanges, from the other - thick gossip spreads over the epidermis of the middle, as with the change of transpiration. However, special slides have shown how to cover life's hairs to increase the intensity of transport.
Zzvichay znayomennya with small hairs zasnovane on vivchennі hairs, scho wrap the organisms. Behind a vignette of golden hairs, one can describe the hairs of the dead, the amalgamation of the living. In a living body, such hairs, madly, are more connected with the processes of life of the growing organism and play the physiological role, but not the dead hairs. Supported by є development of hairs on spikelets of cereals. On young spike and spikelet scales of an ear, if it is still in the stage of the so-called tube and has not yet formed enough, along the edges of the chives, the bridle of the middle vein, and on the young spine, as the spike will be left unstable, the clumps of hair have been removed from the good kernel cytoplasm. Tsі hairs perebuyut in the most active living stanі. From each part of a spikelet of a spikelet and a piece of shreds, it grows into a perch, and the hairs on them are formed earlier than all of them, stock fabrics. The hairs on the scales of the spikelet will get stuck in the mold at the moment the embryo is formed into the embryo. As soon as the embryonic little thing is ready until late, or, in some cases, if late comes, instead of the hairs of the initiative, you quickly return. The hairs, growing out of the middle veins and spines, have grown meaningfully, transformed into spines and humps, become conceived of lignification and give an ear of goodness to the dot.
In such a rank, the hairs on the repairing spikelet of cereal in their own way are tied with the most important processes in the life of the grower - the formulation and the dosage of the state apparatus, for the hour of what is the most active exchange of words.
The shape of the hairs on young spikelet scales is versatile.
On the young ovaries of young roselin, there are often a lot of hairs, in the case of some alkaloids, if it is not physiologically active speech. All of the hairs in the period are formed in the living area, and after the next day they will be repaired and returned. On the little one, there is a picture of the hairs of the oman; piznishe, pislya late, the stench is vividly aware. It is clear that the hairs, covered with good and in abundance, are developing on the surface of the connection and appearing when it is late, in its development, being tied up intensively due to the processes of forming female states.
On the family one of the daisies, which grow in the wilderness, one can know the natural hairs, the images on the little one. The skin hair is stored in two morphologically good parts: it is presented, it is stored in the decile segments - near the cells, and the top, occupied by one slimy clump. The skin segment is provided with cellulose strands to make a shell, so that the vitality of a palіturka is made like a frame. On a little baby, all three hairs represent the different stages of the lusciousness of the Kintsevo clitini. Clinkers and hairs on the surface of the fruits of some kind of deer, as they grow in empty mussels, come out very early, the smell is good on far from ripe fruits. Often, such cells in the eyes of short hair-like hair-like cells grow on the tops of the ribs of the hemicarps, and when in the middle of the special cells, they are called hydrotsitamі, The shells of which are unbearable with special growth, the lasting hair-like cells appear with the vertebral bunches.
In such a rank, a free hydrocytic system is emerging, as it plays a great role in the water regime of a ripening fetus.
For the ripened achenes, the hair-like hygroscopic illumination withers and lingers on the surface near the small humps and warts, or fall off, or transform into a slimy clitine.
Epidermis is established not only for the organ, but in the middle, as the organ is formed specifically for the empty. For example, fabrics, which whistled the empty fruits, for their walks are identical to those of the epidermis, which cover the fruits of the call. At the connection with the transfer of crooked fabrics and in the middle of the empty ones, the reason is that sometimes we think of the minds of the last middle-class, especially the structure of the inner outer layer of the fruit.
The clitini of the inner epidermis of the fruit to the peas is fluffy, the cuticle is either even thinner or wider. A significant part of the clitin is twisted into the hairs of the pink hair with thin shells. At times and especially close to us, a thick downy fluff from papilla-like hairs, ogortav the face from our sides, will appear. Those are spontaneous in the fruits of the Chinese beans, only curling, without hairs, growing more dense and regular purchases of the remains.
It’s insane, the coverage of such papillary hairs, which can be found on the edges, can develop to people, which is not physiologically significant in the process of developing people.
In deyakie roslin, the shells of the inner epidermis of the fetus can be completed significantly and in some trees, especially at the hour of the residual maturation of the fruit. With a good butt of such a bud and the inner epidermis of the fetus, the epidermis, curling the poppy box in the middle of the stink. Hair in such droplets does not grow out and doesn’t reach any significant amount; The cuticle is swirled a little bit more, the surface of the epidermis is often slick, the cells may be sweating the shells and clenched between them, some of them are filled with food.
In such a rank, the role of hairs and those who are older than them is established in the life of growing organisms to reach the versatile and change in the fallowness of the minds of growing and growing.
The triviality of epidermisu on the aboveground pagons is not great, and it is easy to be intertwined with one vegetation period. Ale vinyatki and not nasіlki rіdkіsnі, especially in the roslin bіlsh pіvdennyh districts. For example, when leafing laurel and laurel, there is more than one rock; Є tree, at some epidermis on the pagons, there are a few rocks, to navigate on those stoves of bagatore trees. Serve as butts of eucalyptus, sycamore, sterculia, and on pivnichi - sira vilkha, bird cherry and in. Many years of epidermis are also on the needles of pine, yalini, tuy and ін.
On the surface of large cuticles, a lot of cuticles develop. In conifers, the shells of epidermal cells are trees.
On the vidminu from the above-ground parts of the roslin tissue, which curls the young parts of the roots, cuticles have been removed from some of the cells of the tissue, but the shells are easily penetrated for water. In addition, there are a lot of roslin with the first minds of the clientele, who cover the small children of the roots, make the subtle virgins, but do not see them as the walls were made. Tsі klіtiny called root hairs... The hairs of the roots of the young roses grow into the growth of the growth, while in the backward hairs they grow from 0.15 to 8.0 mm. On the roots of sprouts in peas, sprouted in the vologous atmosphere, the amount of root hairs in the back is 2.5 mm, in Chinese beans - 0.8 mm. In one and the same growing line in the fallowness of the minds of the middle, in which the root grows, more of the root hairs can grow meaningfully. In the greater dry minds of the root hairs, there is more, less in the vologues; in the deer, which grow in the ground, covered with water, the root hairs often absolutely do not establish themselves.
The shell of root hairs is cellulosic, narrower, the cuticle on the living hairs does not become established. Naybilsh is an extraordinary cylindrical form of root hairs. Gilles of root hairs are molded less often from small dews, or, when glued with particles to the ground, the severity of the cylindrical shape is broken. By the way, the root hairs are the virginity of the clitin epidermisu, not very much podovzheni. However, the roots of the hairs of the deyakie roslin still emerge with a partition from which they gave rise to their epidermal cells.
To fix the development of the root hairs not on the very root of the root, but on the day of the root, approximately 0.5-3.0 mm from the top. The zone, which is covered with root hairs, is not even wider by the roots, and moreover, the zone is covered with many minds, even if it doesn’t change decile milimeters. Corey hairs are not good enough: when they reach the singular boundary, they smell, wrinkle and come out. The appearance of root hairs is seen in the area occupied by them, the most old hairs are removed, and new hairs appear on the opposite pole of the zone. The roots of the hairs gradually grow into knowledge in larger young children of the root and grow in the older ones, the structure of the older ones is more consistent. In such a rank, the roots of the roots hunt all new and new particles of the soil, with the roots of the hairs sticking. Root hairs are rostered on the roots of the roots in the zone occupied by them, even densely. For example, in corn on 1 mm 2 the surface of the root of the root falls is close to 425 root hairs, and in the pea, with the quiet minds themselves - 232. The root surface of the root is very weak for the root hair. So, the surface is covered with root hairs of the part of the corn root of corn is 5.5 times larger than the surface of such part of the root without hairs, and in peas - 12.2 times. The improvement of the surface of the root is made up of one of the main functions - the cleaning of the water and the distribution in the new rivers.
Yaksho vi knew the mercy, be weasel, see a fragment of the text and natisnit Ctrl + Enter.
KLASIFIKATSIYA FABRIC
The kingdom of the Roslin is built from one-liners complex organisms.
As long as there is a single-line organism, then all processes of life take place in this single line; in large-scale organisms, small cells are united in a group of equally functional cells - fabrics.
textiles- Styles, naturally repeated complexes of clinics, suitable for trips, buddovy and attached to one or several functions.
Falling as the main function of developing a chain of groups of tall fabrics
1. Osvitn_ fabrics, abo meristemi,- May build up to the date and shape of all fabrics.
2. Fabric cover:
pervinnі;
second;
Tretinnі.
3. Main fabrics- warehouses for a large part of the roslini. The following are the main fabrics:
Asimilyatsiynі (chlorophyllonosnimі);
store;
Povitronosnі (aerenchіma);
Water-bearing.
4. mechanical fabrics(Support, skeletal):
Kollenkhima;
Sklerenhima.
5. Providn_ fabrics:
Xylem (wood) - fabrics on the hanging struma;
Floema (bast) - fabrics on the decaying struma.
6. Vid_ln_ fabrics:
calls:
Zalizist_ hairs;
Gidatodi - watery food;
nectaries;
internal:
Vidilny cells with essential oils, resins, tannins;
Bagatoklіtinnі vіstylischa vіleni, dairy judges.
There are two types of fabrics for the building of the client to the end: education, abo meristemi,і post_yn_- crooked, visual, basic, mechanical, conductive.
fabrics to name simple, as well as all of the cells are the same in form and function (parenchyma, sclerenchyma, collenchyma). folding fabrics are stored in cells that are not the same in shape, budget and functions, and are not tied to any kind of walks (for example, xylem, phloem).
It is also the classification of fabrics, based on their proxies (ontogenetic). The first and second fabrics are developed according to the classifications. From the primordial meristem, which is located at the top of the last and the root of the root, and also from the embryo of the nasin is formed first post fabrics (epіdermіs, collenchіma, sclerenchіma, assimilation tissue, epіblema). Clients of durable fabrics are non-dated to a wide range. Z klin of special meristemi - procambia - mold first providers fabrics (pervinna xylem, pervinna phloem).
Z secondary meristem - cambia - mold second fabrics: secondary xylem, secondary phloem; s phellogena cork, phelloderm, lenticels are established, which can be found when the stems and roots are grown. Secondary fabrics, as a rule, are seen in holonasinny and dvodolnyh pokrytoninny roslin. The retarded development of secondary fabrics - wood and bast is characteristic of village dews.
OSVITNI FABRICS
Rist roslin on vidminu from the growth of tvarin maє dvi specialties. In the first place, roslina is a unique power of unbounded growth: in the growth of a stretching life, new cells are created. In another way, roslina is characterized by the localization of growth in singing places - points of growth. At the points of growth, there are light fabrics - the meristems, the main function of which is the opening of the new clines by the way. In addition, the roslin has a lot of new meristems. In such cases, deyakі postіynі fabrics undergo dedifferentiation and build up the quality of delivery. On the whole, for example, there is a basis for regeneration and vegetative propagation of roslin.
light fabrics The staff of the permanent mitotic podil of the client will ensure the coverage of all the fabrics of the growing line, so that they can actually mold that type. Be it a clerk, in his development, go through three stages: the vibrational, the growth and the differentiation stage (so that the clergy singing function). In the world of differentiation of the germ of the primordial meristem, there are only those on the top of the maybut (in the cone of growth) and on the tip of the root - apikal (top) meristemi. The germ of be-like growth is stored in the meristemi clitin. Clitinus of the primary meristem may have a dense cytoplasm and large nuclei, intensively spread by mitosis. In the hyaloplasm, there are diffusely diffuse ribosomes, proplastids, mitochondria and dictyosomes. Trocha vacuoles, and the stench of dr. Providni fabrics are established from the meristem, which is a prosenchymic form and a great vacuole, - procambia and cambia. Clitini procambia in a transverse repetition of bagatokutni, clitini cambia - rectangular.
Clients, who take care of their meristematic powers, continue to progress, approve all new and new clienteles, invited іnіtsіalami. A part of daughters' clients differentiate, being re-embodied in a family of small fabrics, they name old іnіtsіali. Clients have been introduced for a number of times, but old ones may have gone for one more or more times and will be transformed into new fabrics.
First and second meristems are developed for walking trips (Table 2.1).
pervinny meristemi
The primary meristems are seen without the middle from the meristem of the embryo and may build up to the bottom. According to the position of the primary meristems in the stems, they can be upper (apical) (Fig. 2.2), inserted (intercalary) and lateral (lateral).
Verkhivkovi (apikalny) meristemi- such meristems, which grow in the grown-up roselin on the tops of the stems and on the roots of the roots, and make sure that the tree grows up to dinner. At the stem, in the cone of growth, there are two meristematic balls: tuniku, from which the tissue is set on the curved and peripheral part of the primary measles, and the body, from which the inner part of the primary measles and the central axis of the cylinder (fig. Cylinder) is formed. 2.3.
At the root of the root, there are three balls:
1) a dermatogen, which pretends to be the primary integumentary-usmoctuval tissue - rhizoderm;
2) the problem that the tissue of primary measles develops;
3) a pler, which will fix the fabric of the central axial cylinder (Fig. 2.4).
Small. 2.2. Verkhivkova meristem in the course of: 1 - dewline cone; 2 - leaf buds; 3 - rudiment of bichniy nirka
Bichni (lateral) meristemi for walking, they can be the first and second, on the transverse view of the axial organs there may be a drop of eyes. The butt of the primordial bichniy meristem is to serve as the procambian and pericycle. s procambia cambium and primordial elements of vascular-fibrous bundles are formed (primordial phloem and primordial xylem), with a whole cell of procambia it is without a mediocre differentiation in cells of primordial provincial fabrics.
Bichni meristems grow parallel to the surface of the organ and prevent the growth of axial organs in the region.
Intercalary (intercalary) meristemis Often the first and the most are taken from viglyads around the middle of the tree in the zones of active growth in the growing parts of the growing line (for example, in the front of the leaf stalks, near the internodes). At the increase of internodes in cereals, there is a range of meristems of the vede to the growth of small ones, which will preserve the growth of the stem for a full amount.
second meristemi
Until the second time there are many and early meristems.
Bichni (lateral) meristemi presented cambiumі phellogen. The stench is molded with measurements (procambia) or permanent fabrics by way of dedifferentiation. Clitini cambia are divided by partitions parallel to the surface of the organ (periclinal). From the clitin, which are called cambies, the elements of the secondary phloem develop, and from the clitin, which are folded in the middle, - the secondary xylem. Kambiy, scho vinik s post_ynykh fabrics with a path of dedifferentiation, name additional. For the future and function of the wine, it is not possible to see it as a cambia, but the wine is in measurements. Fellogen is formed from post-dermal tissues, rosttasvanih in sub-epidermal balls (under epidermoy). Diliachis periclinal, phellogenes are called maybutny corks (fellemi), and in the middle - clitini fellodermi. Thus, the phellogen form is secondarily across the tissue - the periderm. Bichni meristems grow parallel to the surface of the organ and prevent the growth of axial organs in the region.
early meristemi to get used to fabrics and organs. Around the time of life, the cells are de-differentiated, they are repaired, and the second meristem is changed by themselves. Їх zavdannya - to make a fortunate fabrication, how to store up with parenchymal cells, - callus. The quality of the fabric is of a blue or yellow color, of the size of the big kernels and of the completion of the products. Callus vinikє in case of chippings, in the presence of petioles. In a new way, you can lay down a root and nirka, so that you can be victorious for rejecting the culture of isolated fabrics.
curtain fabrics
On the surface of all organs of the roslin, they work on crooked fabrics. The main їхnya function - zakisna. The stench will seize internal fabrics from unwelcoming factors: mechanical infusions, rapid temperature changes, penetration of schoolchildren and pathogenic microorganisms, lively vaping and drying. Krym zhisnoy, pokrivnі fabrics, vikonuyut and іnshі functions - gas exchange, transpiration, vidіlennya, polishing and іn.
Razr_znyayut first, second and third on the fabric.
Pervinna on a fabric on
Vona curled leaves, quilts, fruits, and also stems with the first budov.
Epiderma vikonuє in the main function of curtain fabrics. The multifunctionality is linked to the versatility of the structures, that is, E. Shkirka is a foldable fabric. Vona stock up on the offensive components:
1. The main fabric, cells that make up a great part of the surface.
2. Ustyachka and mated with them a bitch.
3. Rizni virosti (hairs, trichomes).
Before primordial fabrics carry epiderma vasne epidermal, peri-estuar, quiescent clitins of food and trichomes.
Clients of the main fabrics of the parenchyma, which are very closed, and sometimes they can show the sensitivity of the style, which is more important to the mind. The epiderma of organs, vinyagnuyh at dozhin (stems, petioles, lancet-like leaves), is stored in the clitin, which are subdued parallel to the late axis of the organ. Household and inner walls of thin cellulose cells.
Pectinic speech and cellulose, which can be included in the cellulite, can be licked with decisions slimeі gums. The stench is a polymer in carbohydrates, native pectin, and grows up to strong swelling when immersed in water. The gums in the thickened stagnant gum and can be twisted into threads, so that they melt too much and do not twist into the threads. Pectin slimes are seen in representatives of the families of liliaceae, chrestotsvitich, mallow, linden, rosaceous, in the form of cellulose slimes, so that it grows more and more (for example).
Gas exchange between the inner fabrics of the roses and the lasting middle, as well as the vaporization of water in the epidermis, is provided through special information - food.
stagnation It is a highly specialized education of epidermas, which is composed of two quiescent bean-shaped clines and stomatal gut (a kind of intercellular space between them). Є the head rank in the leaves, or in the stems (Fig. 2.6).
Ustyachka roztashovani on the lower side of the arkusha, even near the water roslin with floating leaves, the stench is found only on the upper side of the leaf. Monocotyledonous growth of dicotyledonous can be derived from the shape of leaf epiderma and stomata growth (Fig. 2.8). Vlasne epidermal cells of the leaves of dvodolny roslin in the orises of the flap (Fig. 2.9), and in the monocotyledonous stinks of the viny, rhomboid forms.
The thickness can be expanded and sound, regulating transpiration and gas exchange. A large dikhalny empty space (intercellular spaces) is poured out with a slit of a leaf mesophyll.
Freeze the clientele in the vicinity of the mouth with the help of estuary complex(Fig. 2.7). The following are the main types of stomatological complexes:
1) abnormal(Bezladniy) - hinder the cells, do not blink the steeply bending peri-estuar cells; characteristic for all vine roslin, behind a vignette of conifers;
2) anizocytny(Unequal cell) - quench the cells of the food, otchin three peri-mouth cells, one of which is larger (or smaller);
3) parasitny(Parallel-clitinniy) - one peri-estuar clitine (or more) roztashovana parallel to the quiescent;
4) dіаtsіtny(Perekhresno-clitinniy) - two peri-estuar cells roztashovany perpendicularly quiescent;
5) tetracytric(View of Greek. tetra- chotiri) - the head rank among monocots;
Small. 2.7. The main types of stomatal apparatus: 1 - anomotsitny (in all growing roslin, krym horsetails); 2 - diacytny (in ferns and quintans); 3 - parasitny (in ferns, horsetails, quilt and oppressive); 4 - anizocytny (only in the case of the quiches); 5 - tetracythene (head rank in monocotyledons); 6)
Mechanism of robotic prodigies of the osmotic powers of the clitin. When the surface of the leaf is hanging by the sun in the chloroplasts of the frozen cells, an active process of photosynthesis occurs. Enrichment of cells with products of photosynthesis, tsukrami are more attracted to themselves, more active in the cells of ionic calia, during which concentration wine juice in the quiet cells of growth. The difference in the concentration of cinnamon juice in peri-estuarine and frozen clytins. Due to the osmotic power of the cells, the water from the estuarine cells flows into the primordial cells, which leads to the growth of the last and rapid growth of the turbulence. Sweating of "black" stinks of stinking cells, turning up to the stomatal cleavage, without preserving the nervous stinks of cell stinks; zamikayut cells swell a bean-shaped shape, and the stomatal fissure grows. With a decrease in the intensity of photosynthesis (for example, in the evenings), the adoption of candies in quiescent cells decreases. The flush of the calories crumples up. The concentration of the clitine juice in the flaccid clitines decreases in proportion to the peri-estuaries. The water goes by way of osmosis from the quiescent cells, reducing the turgor, as a result, at night the stomatal cleft becomes curved.
The clientele of the epidermis is very close to each other, and they have a number of functions:
Pereshkojaє penetration of ailing organisms in the middle of the growing line;
Zakhischaє internal fabrics from mechanical items;
Regulating gas exchange and transport;
Through it, you see water, salt;
It can function as a comfortable fabric;
take a part in the synthesis of rіznіh speeches, sprynіtі tease і in rusі leaves.
trichomes - Riznі for the form, budova and functions of virginity of clitin epidermi: hairs, pieces, bristles, etc. Їх subscribe to criticism and valorization. Zalizis trichomes, On a vidminu view there is a criticism, a clerk may see a secret. Covering hairs Applying to the woolen dews, raising the hair, imaging a part of sleepy exchanges and changing the transpiration by themselves. Some of the hairs are found only there, de-rooting the food, for example, on the bottom of the leaves of the mother. The hairs of the children grow alive, the hairs grow to the back of the vipar surface, so that the transpiration is accelerated.
The size of the trichomes is significant. Naybilsh dovgy trichomes (up to 5-6 cm) cover the bavovnik. Covering trichomes may form simple, one-or-so-large-scale, reddish-colored or white hairs. Covering trichomes can become alive for a trivial hour;
From the trichomes, which are only recognized for the participation of epidermal cells, are seen emergenzi, in the established ones, they take on the fate of a larger, more deeply woven fabric and sub-epidermal balls (Fig. 2.11).
Secondary curvature of fabric
The world of growth and development of roslin epidermis changes secondary crooked tissue - periderm... Call in the kitty lita the scraps of the stem, for the clit are alive, so that they lie before the scruffy, the building is going on and the second time Illuminate the fabric- cortical cambium, or phellogen. The phellogen cells spread parallel to the surface and put the number of balls of cork (fellemi), and in the middle - one or two balls of living tissue of felloderm. In such a rank, vinicaє is a complex of tissue - cork, phellogen, phelloderm, which is called periderm.
vlasne I'll cover the function In the whole complex there is a cork, and the cortical cambium, which can be stored in one ball of clitin, is continuously produced. The cork is stored from dead cells, in some cells the stink is penetrated by fat-like speech suberin. Clitini roztashovany in regular rows, can be rectangular (on the transverse view), nestle one to one, molding a bagato ball case. The cork protects the inner living tissue from the inside out, the low temperature colds and the penetration of microorganisms.
Small. 2.12. Budova perіdermi: 1 - surplus epіdermi; 2 - cork (fellam); 3 - phellogen; 4 - phellodermi
Live fabrics, lie on top of a cork, require gas exchange and a visible excess of vologue. The very same, from the Ustitse, there was a sub-dermal ball (before the appearance of the periderm), and in the fellogen, the parenchymal cells, called visonuє tka New, which opens up the epidermis and opens up the possibility of gas exchange and transpiration from the new middle. The structure is not structurally lentils(Fig. 2.12).
Lentils, seemingly small humps, can be clearly seen on the surface of tree pagones and chagarniks (Fig. 2.13).
Small. 2.13. Peridermis and lentils (elderberry stem): 1 - surplus of epiderma; 2 - lenticular visonuє tissue; 3 - periderm; 3а - cork; 3b - phellogen; 3c - fellodermi
On birch stoves, surpluses are spared in the viglyadi of characteristic transverse black smudges, in the wasp stench they take the form of rhombuses.
Tretinn to the curvature of the fabric
At a large number of trees in an hour, the periderm will change - with a kirkoy.
Kirka (ritidom)є I will tremble to the fabric, yak to pretend to be in the roots, stems, roots of the bagatore roslin. A new ball of phellogen is to be laid in larger balls, and a periderm is established. The famous ball of peridermi - cork - is the insolation of all fabrics, as a result of which the stench comes off. In such a rank, the number of peridems is superscripted with the size of the tissue between them and the kirka (Fig. 2.14).
Small. 2.14. Oak pick: 1 - cork balls; 2 - fibers; 3 - surplus of primary measles; 4 - calcium oxalate friends
Peridermi can be laid with concentric colas. With a lot of callings, the balls of the picks are driven by the pressure from the middle. tremble and are heard in the eyes of late smogs. Such a pick is called ringed (grapes, cypress, eucalipt). However, more often than not, new ones are laid not by a succinct ring, but by excluded arcs. At the same time, the balls of the picks peel off at the viglyadi lusok. Tse luskata kirka (oak, elm, birch, plane tree).
Kirka will serve as a great supervisor for roslin, lower periderm, protecting them from overheating and opiqiv in case of woody burns.
BASIC FABRICS
Basic fabrics (parenchyma) store a large part of all organs of the roslin. The stench of smelling the prominence between the provincial and mechanical fabrics and the presence of all vegetative and generative organs. The fabrics are set up for the differentiation of apical meristems and are stored from living parenchymatous cells, who are smart for their functions. Developing asimilar, storing, airy and water-bearing parenchyma.
V assimilation, abo chlorophyll-bearing, photosynthesis parenchyma.
The parenchyma is represented by living parenchymal thin cells, in the protoplasts in the presence of chloroplasts. There are three types of asymmetric fabrics: columnar, spongy and folding. All the stinks take revenge, as a rule, in the plates of leaves.
Stovpchasta, abo palisadna, - is the main photosynthetic tissue in roselin. Clitini are cylindrical in shape, they are closed and expanded in the leaves perpendicular to the upper epiderma. Call the stench to make one ball, before two or three. hundred parts of the clitini revenge a great number of chloroplasts, and twisted form the flow of products into photosynthesis.
Lipchasta, or fluff, fabric It is also located in the leaves, zazvychay pid columnar. There is a lot of revenge on the intercellulars, just to tell the name. Klitini have a rounded or spatula shape. Chloroplasts in them are less, less in cells of columnar tissue. Important functions of the spinal chlorenchy, the order of photosynthesis, є gas exchange and transpiration.
fold parenchyma to develop in the main in needles and leaves of cereals. The shell of the cytoplasm fixes in the middle of the fold, which enlarges the surface of the shell, and hence the cytoplasm adjacent to the wall, to avenge the chloroplasts. In some folds are set only on the stage, beaten up to the surface of the organ (bamboo, anemone).
Usmoktuvalny, scho glaze. Water and lively speech, necessary for one's own living, is glazed from the middle of the village. The water growth and water growths soak up all over the surface of their body. In the willows, you can live on land, є for a special specialization, you can glaze, or even wet, fabrics, call absorption... Before them, they see the Rizoids and curl the water of the hairs of moss, the hair-bearing ball of the root, specially curl the water of the hairs in the dermis of the dews, which grow in the hot and dry climates, I curl the tissues of the tree roots, and also the type of shield.
In moss from the root, the stench is poured into the water in the main behind the additional rhizoids, which represent the virginity of the shkirka, which is seen from the wall of the wall. Often, Rizoids are stored with one thin-walled podvzhenoy clitini from a rounded top. If the top sticks to the substrate, then I get the idea of virility - razguluzhennya. Sphagnous moss revenge special glaze water hіalіnovі kіtini... On the stalks, the stench is made to curl up with decorative balls, and in the leaves it grows out with vigorous chlorophyll-bearing cells. Hialynovy clitines are great, dead, their stinks may be spiritual inspiration and other openings, as soon as they are called. Through the opening with a capillary path, the water flows into the galinovy clitini, zapovnyuchi їkh. The tsim itself explains the great vologonism of moss: the stench dulls a bit of water, in many cases it has changed its masu.
The hairy ball є with the curved tissue of the root in the zone of wetness of the point of growth. Vin carry the name rhizoderma, or epіblemi. Klіtini tsiogo ball set up virost - root hairs. The stench is alive, with thin cellulose membranes, an adjacent ball of cytoplasm and a great central vacuole. The nucleus will begin to grow in the cytoplasm, which is located in the hair, and then it penetrates and the vacuole.
In some of the roslin, the skin clitine of the rhizoderm has hairs, in those of them there are two types of hair in them. three regions, Scho fix the hairs, i atricho-region, Їх do not blush. Moreover, in the roots of the growing roses, the hairs are formed differently.
Before clay velamen- the curvature of the fabric on the wrinkled roots of the roslin-epiphytins, which are vicious in the strength of the support of the storm and of the wood. Root cich roslin perebuyut not in the ground, but in the twilight. Velamen is stored from decilcoh spheres of dead parenchymal cells, shells of which may be spinal, or even more so. In obolontsi there are some open openings, water (boards, dew) penetrates through the holes in the Velam with a capillary path
storing parenchyma perevazhaє in stems, roots, roots. In the kitchens of textiles, there is a store of speech: drinks, fats, carbohydrates.
Roslini add to the stock a great number of organic words. The accumulation and collection of living words is found in the storage fabrics. Clinics of tissue are thin and thin, but they are shorter than those of the tissue, and they are closed as well as the intercellular spaces. Їх shells may be simple rounded pores. In some cases, they are very large, especially in juicy fruits. You can bachiti with an irrepressible eye, for example, on an apple or a kavuna.
The stock of lively speeches can be found in cells in protoplasts, in vacuoles, and more in cells in obolonts. In protoplasts - cytoplasm, plastids, spherosomes - speeches can be deposited in solid (starch, granules), raw (oil) and broken down. So, in the cytoplasm, there is accumulation of beads in the eyes of crystals and of aleuron grains (seeds of leaven, soya, peas, ricini), drops of oil (seeds of olive dews, fruit of olives), in plastids - crumbs of broths in kartoplі), before bіlki і oils, in spherosomes - oils. In vacuoles, tsukri (root crop of succulent beets, pulp of juicy fruits), pink polysaccharides, for example, ynulin (root and bulbi of topinambur, zhorzhini, tsikorii, kulbaby) are found in vacuoles. In the clitinny obolonts, the reserve speech is represented by hemi-celluloses, which can be found in the grass during germination (lupine, palms).
In single-grown roselin, they store fabrics in the main in fruit. The stench is stained with germination and growth of the seedling to the green and the transition to photosynthesis. In bagatorial roselin, spare speech is not only deposited in the fruit, but in the vegetative organs - bark, tree and heart of the stem, in the bark and root of the tree. It is necessary to talk about the growth of the growth with the release of the brunok sheds, the growing young pagones and roots. In addition, the bagatokh roslin є specialize in the storage of organisms - root, bulbi, tsibulin.
airborne parenchyma, abo aerenhima, to be stored from living cells and great empty spaces (intercellular spaces), which are reservoirs for a stock of gas-like rivers. The emptying of the cells with the main parenchyma (chlorophyll-bearing or storing). Airenchima is kindly rosvinena in water roses in the growing organs and can be seen in terrestrial species. The most important sign of aerenhim is the participation in gas exchange, as well as the safety of the floating roslin (Fig. 2.15).
Lecture 5.
crooked fabrics
epiderma
periderm
Cork (fella)
Rіtіdom
mechanical fabrics
Kollenkhima
sclerenchyma
sklereidi
To the whole category, fabrics are used to cover the organisms of the roselin. The stench will seize the inner fabrics from the high-flown winter inflows and weaken the factors of the new middle, which, with high intensity, may not be safe for the roslin.
Especially great is the significance of the fabrics for the above-ground organs, which linger in the tiny (dynamical) middling environment.
Woven fabrics protect organisms of growth from high temperature chills (strong heat or cold), from overworldly water, vaporization, from pocketed wood planks, degrees, solid parts of the atmospheric sawn, It is a lot of times when the meaning and the subterranean and sub-water organs are.
At the roots, the role of the primordial curving fabric of the edge exoderma , And at the stem and the leaf ≈ epidermis (Shkirka).
For the change of the primary fabric of the bagatyokh roslin, the secondary fabric of the fabric is pretended to be ≈ cork (Fellema) , Won є part of the textile complex called periderm .
Still more, in bagatio vipadkah pretend to finish the folding fabric complex ≈ pick (Tretinnen to the curvature of the fabric).
Everything is clear in order.
epiderma
The fabrics cannot be tightly insulated from the middle ground, the roslin is located in the center of continuous exchange with the middle ground. In addition, it is not the least important, it is not zhisna, the function of the epidermis is the regulation of gas exchange and transpiration (natural vaporization of water and living tissues).
In the process of the evolution of the epidermis, the wine has been on the very cob for a long time already, on the very cob of growing roses to the minds of life on land. Without it, there is no misnomer about the snapping of all kinds of land dews. Already at the rіnіі Bula, the epіdermіs is completely developed.
Apart from the typical functions characteristic of curved fabric, epidermis can function as an intelligent fabric, take part in the synthesis of young words, in spry, teasing, in Russian leaves. In such a rank, epidermis is a functional tissue.
In the structural type of epidermis - folding fabric, fragments to the її warehouse include a number of morphologically growing elements:
The main fabrics on the epiderma are stored from living, withering cells, which may not be very vivid. For the increase in the vitality of the stinks, the strength of the wine grows and the fabric flourishes.
Name the main cells of the epidermis of soreness and not revenge chloroplasts, but also chloroplasts, then in an even insignificant amount. Through the glimpses of the main fabric of the bed, it is easy to pass the sleepy promenades.
Slices of a clit of a shkirka are instigated unevenly: in the skin of a clit of the most significant amount of a wall, some walls of a trocha are thinner, the inner ones are even more thin.
Klitini Epidermy zazvychay pokriti thin plavka ≈ cuticle ... Vona is a product of life-like cytoplasm, cellini, yak see through the shell on the surface of the ridky cutin, solid in the water.
The name of the cuticle is not uniform in its own buds and bagatosharov. The cuticular ball is not thinly squeezed out with wax, but the eyes are covered with plugs and projectiles.
Putting wax on the surface of the cuticle is flexible and may look like: a) other grains, roasted with a small ball; b) a piece; c) thin sticks, often curled and twisted on the tip, for example, on the stems of a red stick, sticks of wax reach up to 0.1 mm.
The wax layer reduces the intensity of transpiration in the leaf: in the pre-eucalyptus leaves, whiskers were carefully seen, and the water was boiled 30% more in the control group.
A waxy coat can be of great importance, especially for growing trees in green woodlands. It is easy to break the surface of non-wetted organs and it is easy to clean water.
Have coma roslin from birthNepenthesQuite Mayut viglyad urnochek abo kovpachk_v. Їх the surface of the middle is covered with other wax pieces, it is easy to see coma when the paws are pressed. Hover the axes without creases, build them along the vertical surface of the slope, sit on the outskirts of the urn, and cannot inevitably fall to the bottom.
Epidermis of a leaf and a stalk of roselin, which grows burrowed near the water, does not grow cuticle and, more than that, wax nalot. Chim sushi mixed roslinya, tim kutikulyarnaya plavka is more clearly rotated.
Inodі epіdermіs is stored from decіlkoh spheres of kіtini. Admittance, in the whole range of epidermis vikonuє water-storing functions. Oskilki such epidermis is especially important in tropical dews, which grow in the minds of minimal water safety, such as ficus, begonia.
In epidermal cells, the growth of protoplast life can be established. Especially tsіkavі so called prices ... The stench is formed in hypertrophic cells of epidermis and are bunches of crystals in carbonic acid. Klіtini s cіstolіtami є idіoblast.
One of the special features of this type of glass is keratin epidermi and roslin, which is soaked in mineral salts of calcium and silicon. In sedges, silica is deposited in the cuticle. In some cases of small shells, they inflate a lot of food, horsetails, for example, in those that contain silica, vicorist for polishing.
The appearance of a cuticle-free ball amazed the growth of energy, be it a gas exchange from the middle, but inevitably called him to bend. To that, in the process of evolution, specific structures are determined. Through them, you will be able to become familiar with the calling of the middle. There, there are no cuticles, for example, near the underwater roslin, there are no stomata. Chim your cuticle, we will make more food. Through the prodichi pass a highly intense diffusion of water vapor, acid and carbon dioxide.
The skin of the puff is built up from the bet of the quiescent cells and the stomatal cleft, the yak being the intercellular spaces. To freeze the cells of their minds to come out quietly, so that they can feel the newest epidermal cells in their form and the appearance of chloroplasts. Most of the time, the clitine is milled in a bean-like shape. In addition, you can make the clients quiet and call them a lot more different.
As a rule, the cells are smoothed with the so-called secondary cells of food, which are morphologically developed from the main cells of the epidermis. Little cells are functionally neatly tied with soft and stored at the same time ustychnymi apparatus (Abo ustic complex). The little clientele is even more versatile in shape, for them a special classification has been created, and the primitive growth of the growing line does not mean the little clitine.
The opening and the twisting of the food is a supremely important phenomenon in the life of the Roslin. I will increase the mechanism of the robotics of the osmotic apparatus of emergence recently, even more recently, Schwendener seems to be the main factor here, the change of the turgor (osmotic grip) in the middle of the quiescent cells.
Opening of the stomata, in addition, when the shell of the frozen clitins is irregularly drained. Internal walls, to improve the environment, more goods, less time. That is, when a clutch is pushed in the quiescent cliffs of the lasting wall, the stomatal wall begins to bend more strongly.
The change of the turgor grip in the quiescent cells is surrounded by the change in the concentration of ionic calories in them. They can be pumped into the prikintsev clitini against the gradient of concentration. A great amount of energy is required at the price, which is why they will not be able to take revenge on the number of mitochondria. In carbohydrates, which are necessary for the active activity of mitochondria, are synthesized by chloroplasts.
With a high concentration of calories, the water will soak in the early cells, they will grow and drink.
Take a look at each other and seemingly drive and see it passively.
To serve as a reservoir for small cells.
In the Russian stomata, there is also a special significance of the radial organization of cellulose microfibrils in the shells of quiescent clitins. Tsі radіalіnі mіtіlіyuyuyuyut clіtina podovzhuvatysya and not give them a water hour to expand.
Most of the vipadk's have a badly great numbers roztasovani on the bottom of the leaf plates, below on the top. In general, the food is not strong until the direct inflow of sleepy exchanges and less heat.
The ustyachka on the upper side of the leaf is perevazhayut at grassy dewlines, so it sluggish on the heavily heated stone grasses.
I, nareshty, in water dews, such as latatta, water lily, in some leaves rosted on the surface of the water, there are only on the upper sides of the leaf.
In such a rank, a number of food and localization in the meaning of the world lie in the minds of ecology. In the middle by 1 mm 2 the leaf surface contains 100-300 stomata.
At the majestic greatness of the growing roslin, Klitini Epidermy set up virginity ≈ trichomes for hairs (Greek trichos - hair). Prior to trichomes, the nayr_snoman_tn_sh_ viries of the epiderma are recognized. The deyak from them can make a sense of the shape of the hairs, they can see the papillae, hump, hunch, lobe.
trichomi rattle zalizist і cry ... The zalizistic trichomes accumulate excrements, which are brought to the visible system.
In addition, the hairs are one-liner and one-liner, dead and alive.
Dead hairs are released from the protoplast, when they are empty, they are stored, because of the smell of it being created. Roslin densely wedge with dead hairs, maєivy viglyad. Such hairs more beautifully render sleepy exchanges and reduce the heat and vaporization of the growing line.
The shape of the hairs is even more versatile and is characteristic of that particular type of growth. The hairs are big, small, hooked, lusci, gilly.
It is not easy for trichomes to capture growths in comas. When the dewlap is thicker, it’s more than a coma, and we see it and vicorist in the quality of it and for displaying it.
From the trichomes to the next emergences (Lat. emergere - vidavatisya) ≈ structures, in the established shores, the fate is not only of epidermis, but rather of growing fabrics. The deyakikh roslin, raspberry, trojand, pretend emergences, called thorns. In the eyes of the spikes in the ship, for example, the caps take the fate of 2 lower lying balls. From reference thorns (metamorphoses of organs), emmergencies are born to heartless rots.
periderm
In a large number of large-sized roses, the axes of organisms (root and stem) grow unhealthily in the area, behind the rakhunok of the size of the secondary meristems. The only primary tissue is epidermic, which is not in meristematic activity and cannot follow the growth of organs. Before the pressure of the secondary fabrics are set, they are ripped and peeled off. On the change to come, the foldable secondary tissue is the periderm.
An ear of peridermis is placed in the shape of the secondary lateral meristem ≈ cortical cambium abo phellogena .
Fellogen pratsyuє on two sides. Name of the wines from the cork balls (abo Fell ), And in the middle of the organ ≈ I live Parenchyma tissue ≈ phellodermie at.
On the transverse organ, phellogen is seen in the eyes of the wiggle, very thin thin clines, which may, as a rule, have rectangular outlines.
Cork (fella)
The cork clamps set up the correct radial rows above the phellogen clines.
characteristic particularity clitin fellemi - suberinization of the shells. fatty language suberin to be deposited in the eyes of the suction plates, and the cellulose shells themselves, in addition, are not very woody. The shells of cork clitins may be brown or brown.
Pori weakly in the corks. In general, there is no need, some are alive together in the cork clamps, call early to the world and empty clientele to catch up later.
Have some roslin in cork cells є grainy instead of, for example, a resinous river betulin in birch and styrene in oak cells. Let me admit that there are antiseptic authorities.
In bagatokh roslin, for example, in birch trees, new thin and high-quality balls of cork are quickly adopted, which is suitable for eye-catching dumplings. The birch bark itself is easy to shame.
The demand for fellamy is very variable. I will tug the cork over the top and the famous cork oaks (dark green cork).
The cork is functional in the yoke of the crooked fabric. The role of the cork in the aboveground organs is especially great. The cork is impenetrable for water, so it protects the storm and water from the traffic.
Rіtіdom
In the majority of villages, for the change of the secondary tissue and periderm, the tretin of the tissue comes - kirka abo rіtіdom .
The complexity of the cortical cambium cannot be trivially unbounded. Call through the singing period the hour of the year the activity of the gas is stopped and a new ball of phellogen is inserted into the larger balls of measles, so that the cork is violated. So, as a result of the bagatoraz laying of new prod- ucts of the peridermis, and the tretin of the fabric becomes a ritid. Live the little ones, they have fed them with balls, go. In such a rank, the pick is a folding fabric complex, which can be stored from the balls of the cork and the inner fabrics.
Dead tissue, which becomes a pick, rots out under the pressure of the build-up in the middle of the tissue, that on the face of a smooth cork, the pick is characterized by fracturing.
Especially bright between smooth peridermis (birch bark) and tricky birch is twisted when birch stands.
Rough, uneasy, the shkirka is hopefully protected by the storms of trees from mechanical plants, high temperature changes and wood burns.
mechanical fabrics
vischi roslini lead the way of life, so the building of prototypes is especially important for them. Dozens of roslini dozens and hundreds of rocks fix the storms, angry, hail and snow.
Be yak roslinna klitina(For a rare vinyat) the maznіshnіy skeleton in the viglyadі cellulose shell. To that, great, it’s a hundred in the baked goods of the growth of a small amount of space between different fabrics. At that hour of the robot's photosynthesis, it is possible to visually deprive of special cells, without chloroplasts, the function of changing the growth of the growth in this world, to see all cells and tissues, alive. Once again, I repeat that in the safe meat of the rose line, it will take on the part of all cells and fabrics.
However, if for small small organisms (especially those that are buried in water), the appearance of thin shells in the skin of the cells appears to be quite sufficient for the protection of microorganisms and the appearance of the form, then for the great ground systems of them, such vіdmirannya live vіstu prodovzhuyut vіkonuvati support function.
Only the growth of the line is generally seen as a kind of concrete construction, de mechanical fabrics and reinforcing bars (darts and rods), and the other fabrics play the role of a new type (concrete). The very same F.M. Razdorskiy vvazav more correct nazivati mechanical fabrics ≈ reinforcement .
There are two main types of mechanical fabrics: Kollenkhima і sclerenchyma .
Kollenkhima
Kollenkhima (Greek. cola- glue), yak to look at the yak to support the fabric, to be stored in goods. Vona is even close to parenchyma. Clients of both tissues replace protoplasts with organelles. For that first fabric, the primary and non-recognized shells of clitin are characteristic. The opinion of the common fabrics is the leading rank in the fact that at the knees of the shell of the comrades, and the clientele of the prozenchy are in the age and may be skewed.
In addition, the peculiarity of the klinchy polyagi is characteristic in the fact that the shells unreasonably instigated , Scho nadaє tsіy fabrics on the transverse view are even more conservative.
There are three main types of knees due to the nature of the growth: 1) cuticle ; 2) lamellar i 3) puff .
In the clit of the corner knee-chin, the shell is very much puffed up in the kutas, the clink of the clit disappears.
The plate part of the collenchim, the mensh is widened, is characterized by the fact that parts of the shells are raised by parallel balls, and the cells themselves, on the transverse view, have the shape of rectangulars.
Collenchim's fluff grows out of the blue. Budova tsієї tsієї fabrics to speed up the time, how the clitini at the early stages of development of roses will be found in kutas with the statements of the intercellular spaces. The shells, on the other hand, lay down to the intercellular spaces in the mice.
The kollenchyma is attached to the front for the function of supporting the growing leaves and stems. Kollenchyma appears at the early stages of development in the course of time. The shells are plastic and built before stretching. That won’t be overshadowed by the organ. Yakby in the whole hour came to the attention of the rough fabrics, not dated before the stretching, then the growth of the organs would be ill-humored. Moreover, collegiate health is not just passively stretched out, but actively growing up, saving up in the clutches of living things.
One of the peculiarities of kollenchy polyaga is that the vison won her designation only in stanі torgoru ... As the young pagony draws in water, the thin shells of the sheaths are "accordion" and withers, so as to draw in the springiness, sag.
Otzhe, the collegiate tissue is alive, it is stocked with vigorous cells with unreasonably vigorous walls, building up and showing its functions to deprive the camp of turgoru clitin.
Peripheral encampment is characteristic for knee-chimps. Vona roztashovutsya either bezposeredno before the epidermis, or on the basis of one or the other decile balls from her. The stems of the collenchim often have a succinic ring ball. Vona develop in one form and in the form of strands in the ribs of herbaceous stems.
sclerenchyma
Sklerenchyma is the most widespread type of mechanical fabric in the weed kingdom.
Yak and collegiate, you will be stacked up with the vigorous prozenchimny firestorms on the teeth of the clitin, but in the first place, it seems that it doesn’t appear.
Typical sklerenchyma to be stored in rivnomіrno provoked , Shchіlno zіmknutykh kіtin. Having formed, the clergy sklerenhimy invite them to spend alive together and when they are emptied, to be remembered by turns; classrooms until one hour in most of the week trees ; Of course, the stench is purely cellulosic. In such a rank, the sclerenchy of the vicon has its own function, even when the protoplasts are introduced.
material classy walls sklerenhіmi maє visoku mіtsnіst and springiness. By virtue of the quality of the wine, the wine is close to the awesome steel, and by the springiness, it is better to change it. Sklerenhima signi fi cantly outperforms steel in building resistance to dynamic (shock) build-up without deformation.
Sklerenhima rely on vegetative organs as much as in all of the rosins. It is dumb, for the won is weakly rooted in the organs buried near the water.
Name the sclerenny cells to be divided into two groups: 1) fiber i 2) sklereidi .
Fibers represent the most vuzki prozenchimny cells, the most wide variety of which are wide. Razvyay fibers to waste products and even vuzka empty. The miraculousness of the stems is attributed to the fact that cellulose was found to pass through them in a gint-like manner, and straight rounds in the balls were drawn.
Secondary fibers are designated by special terms. The name of the cambium in the bast is molded so called the lubian fiber, and in the middle of the cambium in the village, the wood fibers are deposited. libriform .
Fibers can be expanded at the end of the loop, with strands and wrapped one at a time.
Practitioners call the bunches a technical fiber. Lub'yani fibers of deyaky roslin are widely used in industry. The quality and strength of the technical fiber lies in the grain of the bast cells between itself and the density of the fibers in bundles, as well as in the fiber. Textile fabrics made of very thin and vibrant fibers may be of great value.
In virobnitstvі it is especially valuable tі rіdkіsnі roselin, in some fibers are not wood, for example, lion.
I’ll name the few that are most fibrous and grow out of them: hemp(Cannabis sativa)≈ ropes and tacks; jute(Corchorus capsularis)≈ ropes, tacks and coarse fabrics; kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus)≈ rough fabric; lion(Linum usitatissimum)≈ fabrics; ramie (Bochmeria nivea)≈ fabrics.
sklereidi
Sklereidi do not blur the shape of the fibers and strongly vary the shape. Name the shape of the class and the class.
Naybіlsh extensions є іzodіametric rounded sklereіdі, zvany brahіsklereіdamі or rocky clitines.
Brakhisclereidi grow in the scale of the leaves of the leaves, acorns; in the bunches of plum fruits, hairs; in the pulp of pear, ivy; in the cedar pine tree.
Brachisclereids are seen in the underground organs - in the bark of the rootlets of the pivonia, in the roots of the chron, the bulbs of the zhorzhini.
Osteosclereidi may have a long-lasting shape with extensions on the ends, which can be used to figure out the articulated head of the cysts.
Astrosclereidi for the zirchasty sklereidi may form a gillyast. Most often astrosclerations are created in the sheets of the shimmery consistency. The stench of making leafy plates doodatkova m_tsn_st.
Sklereid can establish suction groups, fabric masu, yak in shkaraulupi fruits. There can be a stench of construction and one by one, at the viglyadi of the idio region, like, for example, in the sheets.
Organization of Roslin from the point of view of alarm and mechanical principles
Attach to the place of the growth, do not conceal the possibility of being able to see from the elements. When there is a lot of growth, it is not easy to blink great sizes and mayzhe depends on the majestic sumptuous surface. The stench poddayutsya energy inflow of versatile mechanic navantazhen. Until then, there are dozens and hundreds of rockets, which are bagatorazny.
To that, the growth of the growth may be a hostile one, the building of a prototype of a kind of mechanic navantage. A thin straw grows an important ear and leaves, it will grow out when it gets pitted and does not break.
Tsia zhitnє solomina borg for an hour wikipedia botany. They ripped it off either with the Eiffel vein, or with the high dimars. In straws, the height is 500 times the diameter at the base, and the engineering design is based on the indicator.
Assistance in Budov and Roslin from the point of view of mechanics will be explained by Galilei. Yogo nutritional cycle, as the proportions of body organisms change with significant changes in size. Gru and Guk gave them great respect for their food. However, it will be two centuries away from the fact that in 1874 the Nimetsian botanist Schwendener looked at the details of the mechanical fabrics in the tree from the point of view of the engineering theory, the support of materials.
Bulo visunuto positonnya, yake stverdzhu, how the organi roslin will be consistently up to the principles of reaching the efficiency with the economical vitratic material.
The position is clearly visible in more detail.
If a haircut, which seems to be on the point, lay on two supports and navantagity, then we will bend. With this, the lower side will be stretched out, so that it will be against the shaving. Navpaki, the top side will resist crushing and clenching. The material is located in the center of the core and becomes completely neutral in general.
In such a rank, from the point of view of the engineering design of the material, there is a high degree of improvement in the upper and lower parts of the strips, devin bude vikonuvati the most navantazhennya. At the center of the economy with the help of economy, you will live in this world, you will be able to keep the construction strained in a transverse straight line.
As a matter of fact, before these principles, the engineers have installed the most economical and docile design at the top of the two-tee beam, which is used for rearing.
Schwendener showed how in the sheets of roslin mechanical fabrics, by rostashuvannyu, twofold beams can be twisted.
The stalk is fed viginiv in in different directions and it can be torn from a vertical pipe. With the help of the most economical and mechanical elements, they are responsible for being carried out to the periphery of such a design. Surely, in the stems of the collenchim and the sclerenchy most often they grow without the middle before the epidermis, or close to the surface. The center of the stem will start engaging in subtle parenchyma, or to find a great empty space. Grain straw is a typical empty pipe.
The root, soaked with soil, will not obstruct the insecure vigin and evil. The root of the vikon is a mechanical task, it is to "anchor" the growth in the ground and against the tension, as to prevent it from biting, to prevent it from breaking up. In the case of cim, mechanical fabrics are displaced in the center of the root.
There are a lot of contributions to the problem, how to look out from vіtchiznyany botanіk V.F. Razdorskіy. Persh for everything Razdorskiy showing that we have discerned the principle of the development of mechanical fabrics in the growing organs of the growth is not realized unambiguously. On the right, in the fact that the growing lines flow into the flow of mechanical navantages of 2 categories, which show them absolutely opposing vimogas, navantages: 1) static i 2) dynamically .
Until the first to lay in the inflow of strength, it is heavy, vasnoy vagi. Some of the static options can be increased, for example, when the money is deposited in the crown.
To the mechanical factors of the dynamical (shock) genus, it is possible to bring the wind down, hit the drip board and the hail.
The scheme, proponated by Schveneder, in the larger world of ideas against static navantages.
However, from the point of view of the dynamism, yak showing Razdorskiy, the organization of the growth is guilty of pratsyuvati like the springs of the vigin, which will turn into the cob's camp when the nobility is ready. That is a stovbur of a tree, to be thrown out under the crown of the tree, there is no construction of an empty hard pipe, but a spring spring.
Besides, " vimogi engineering"Roslin can change in the course of ontogenesis. In a young seedling, a peripheral tendency to develop mechanical tissues is clearly manifested. At the stage of the growth of the roselin, it is drawn up to the light and yogi endeavor of the highest possible maturity.
Ale, having vibrated to the light, the roslina fixes the burns and gives more strong inflow to the wind and the other dynamic factors. As a matter of fact, there is a change in the production of mechanical fabrics: the center is changing with a larger world.
Razdorskiy, for the first time, having brushed off respect for the similarity of roslin to the so-called complex sporums, to the range of which are the main rank of concrete constructions.
In the bodies of the growth of concrete, the main mass of soft and thin fabrics is made, and the frame (reinforcement) is made up of mechanical weights.
Alle the roslinnі constructions stand on a large scale, nіzh technical equipment. Concrete is crumbled even with a slight increase in 0.01%. To that, in the zalizobeton, the high mechanical quality of the vikorist is far from being increased. In tall structures, the main mass is highly deformed; To that, in the organs of the roslin, the op_r of the fittings will become vicious.
In addition, the zalizo can have the power of plineness, so that the zaliznyy twig either grows, or heaves when squeezed, without turning into a cob. Roslynna fittings plinnistyu not volodin.
However, nature is dependent on riznomanitneshe, not our judgment about her. Deyakі roslini will be like bi contrary to engineering principles. For example, the Indian-African Klein(Kleinia- from a family of foldable) stems of thin beads of the base and rise to the top. As a result, the pressure will be affected at the least amount of wind. Pagon was made to serve for vegetative propagation.
[Early lecture] [Zm_st] [Lecture is coming]