What to store on the fabric. crooked fabrics

on the fabric Odyaga all tilo roselini and vikonuє will take on the role. The main physiological function is the protection of the internal living tissues from the superfluous vaporization. Covering fabrics on the oberig of the growth from overheating, overcooling, penetration of microbes and from those unwelcoming infusions. In the case of children, they have a visitor to the moctuall, secretory, mechanical function, and in some cases to take revenge on the reserve of water.

Pokrivn_ fabrics are classified for walking. Pervinna on a curtain of a fabric - epidermis - to establish itself from the upper sphere of the clitin of the apical primordial meristem of the stem - protoderm. Most of the roses are stacked in one ball, each one of them is very tight. A stink of a clitini, between the middle and the middle, big tovsta, lower ones. Zakhisna function epidermisu please dodatkovym appraisals- with hairs, cuticles, wax nalot. Organi roselin, covered with cuticles, may be blinking, “varnished” the surface, for example, phycus leaves, lingonberries, cactus stalks, thorny fruits, wheat, leavened leaven, etc. The cuticle is impervious to water. The wax is applied to the vicon with the same function as the cuticle. Wine is kindly blotted on the stalks and leaves of rye, leaves of cabbage, pine, iris and other grows. Cuticles can be easily erased on the side of the cuticle. In tropical roselin, a ball of wax on the leaves can be reached in a circle of milimeters.

At the epiderma є a special affirmation - ustychnyi aparati, Yakі zdіysnyuyut the link of the sheet with the zovnіshnіm middle, the process of gas exchange. Ustitse- the price of the scale between two houses is specialized cells for epidermisu, which are called ambiguous... The smell is different from the main cells of the epidermis, it is similar to a crescent shape, to take the chloroplast and mitochondria from the great number. The inner wall of the clitoris is hammered in such a rank that between the two heads of the two summery clitins there is a vuz space - stomatal gap, From them - a great disaster. A wall of quiescent clitines, turned up to a crack, strongly roughened up. Clients of epidermi, roztashovany orders from the slow-moving and larger-mensh are based on the shape of the form of near estuarine or bitter cells(Div. Dodatok 12). Have dvodnykh roslin I see a few types of peri-estuarine cells, which can be detected in the diagnosis of lykarskoy roslinnaya syruvina:

1. Anomalous or heartless, when the peri-estuar cells do not appear from those of the epidermis.
2. Anizocytny or unequal, with which it is meant the appearance of three peri-estuar cells, one of which is slightly smaller.
3. Parasitny or parallel, for which is characterized by the appearance of two peri-estuar cells, growing parallel to the late axis (shilini) of the prodich.
4. Diet, or cross-year, for which is characterized by the presence of two peri-estuar cells, summaries of which perpendicular to the axis of the food.
5. Aktinotsitny or annular (radial-year-old), with a few peri-estuar cells, some of the axes of which grow radially along the transitional cells.

stomata surrounded by turgor clitin. With a high concentration wine juice, Obsyag zamikayuchih clitin descho zbіlshutsya, the shell is stretched out. Only thin shells are stretched out, at the same time, they are straightened in the mouth of the shell, they are straightened, and the wall is frozen. With such a stagnation of frozen cells, the stomatal gap is widespread. At the same time, the volume of the clitin changes, the clitine falls off. On the thin part of the cinnamon shell there is a whistle. The appearance of two summery, quiescent clines is stricken and the mouth gap is closed. The characteristic peculiarity of the affair є those who are part of the її klin make virginity - root hairs , Scho zbіlshuyut across the root surface. Tsі klіtini sound trichoblasts.Іnshі klіtiny virostіv do not approve ( atricho-region). stink I'll cover the function... From the epidermis of the epidermis, it also appears from the cuticles and stomata (Div. Dodatok 13).

The young part of the stalk of the bagatoria dewline is covered with epidermoy. However, as a result of the cultivation of the stems of the cells, they grow and grow. Osvita secondary curtain fabric peridermy to fix for development cortical cambium - phellogen... tse vtorinna lighting fabrics As a result of the path of tangential subclinics of the scab, as well as in the case of parenchymal cells of measles that underlie the scrub, or lie more. Clitini phellogena bagatoraz is distributed parallel to the surface of the organ. New cells, which appear to be named, quickly cork and re-create in the dead I'll cover the fabric - a cork, abo Fell at. The inner cells of the family become alive and so called cork shkіrku - fellodermi. Clitini felloderma for its budo and function may be the same as the underlying clitine of measles parenchyma. Smells are seen only in their roztashuvannyam correct radial rows, so to inform about the second time the fabric. Three fabrics - cork, corky cambium and cork skins - foldable fabrics - periderm(Div. Dodatok 14) . I will use the function of the vison only cork. The people of Roslin have a lot of bagatosharoo fabrics and reach decilkoh centimeters. The walls of the cork cork are leaked with greasy speech - suberin, so the cork does not let water through, no matter how good the growth of the growing line through the dry land, overheating and from those unwelcoming, callous infusions. The link from the callous middle - gas exchange and transpiration - go for the help of the lentils - growth in the sample, filled with live parenchymal tissue, which is called a vicon. Lentils are set up before the cortical cambium is visible to the ball as a result of the parenchymal cells, so that they lie before the device.

Tretinnen to the curvature of the fabric - pick pretend to be the way of bagatorazovy laying of cortical cambium with further molded peridermi. Throughout the years, the cells of the lasting balls of the fabrics and of the fabrics that grow between them wither and deform, forming on the surface of the stem a tense complex of dead tissues, which can be stored from the decal balls of corks and cured corners. Tse i є kirka

Osvitnі fabrics (meristemi)

Osvіtnі fabrics in tіlі roslin roztasvayut in іnіtіvіy fіts, that іkh go on the steps of the group (Figure 0; 1).

1. Verhivkove (apikalny) meristemi roztashovuyutsya on the tops, or apexes, axial organs - stems, roots. Behind the help of the cich meristems of the vegetative organisms of the growths, they grow up into a full meal.

2. Lateral meristem characteristic for axial organs. There the stink of rostashovuyutsya concentrically, at the viglyadі mufti.

3.intercalar, abo insert, meristemi resemble the upper meristems. Tse groups of clientele, who have not yet proliferated, however, have become on the path of differentiation. The Іnіtsialnykh klіtin in the middle of them are dumb, a little more special.

4. Wounds of the meristemi You will not be able to update any part of the house. Regeneration is being repaired from dedifferentiation, so that the development of specialty cells to meristematic ones is rapidly developing. The stench is transformed into phellogen, what will I say plug, The yaka is wrapped around the surface of the wound. Dedifferentiated cells, dilyachis, can form a puff of parenchymal tissue - callus. Most of the singing minds are pretending to be organisms of roselin.

crooked fabrics

Smell vikonuyuyu role of a near-cordon bar'єru, seemingly lower lying fabrics and from the navkolishny middle. The first line of growth is stored only from live cells. Secondary and tertiary pokrivi - mostly from the dead with the same clinker walls.

The main functions of curtain fabrics:

· Zahist roslini vid visihannya;

· Zakhist from the consumption of high-quality microorganisms;

· Zakhist from sleepyachnykh opikiv;

· Zakhist from mechanic poshkodzhen;

Regulation of the exchange of speeches between the roslin and navkolishnіm middle;

· Take care of the razdratuvannia.

Primary curvature of tissue - epidermis, epidermis . Store from living cells. To pretend to be apical meristems. Covering young growing stems and leaves.

The epiderma was formed at the roslin in connection with the exit from the water center of living on land with the help of the connection from the visihannya. Krym food, all the clientele of the epidermis are deliberately made up of themselves. Names of the main clientele of the company. The entire surface is covered with a ball of Kutin and tall waxes. Tsey ball to be called cuticle(Shkirka). Vona vіdsutnya on growing roots and sub-water parts of roslin. When dry, the penetration of the cuticle will significantly weaken.

Krim main cells, In epіdermіsі і і інші, zokrema hairs, abo trichomes... The stench is one-liner and one-liner (Fig. 2). Functionally, the stench to increase the surface of the epidermis, for example, in the zone of root growth, serve as a mechanical stool, chill for support, change the water. A row of roslin mayut hairs, Naprilad, kropiva.

only at vishykh roslin in Epidermis є creeps, Yaki regulate the exchange of water and gas. If there are no cuticles, then every day there is a need for food. Ustyachka - tse group kіtin, scho approve ustanovy apparat, how to store in two quieter clitin and clitin epidermi snuggled up to them - sidekicks... The smell comes from the main epidermal cells (fig. 3 ). To freeze the clientele by being quiet, to feel their clientele in the form and presence of a great number of mitochondria and nervously aggravated stinks. Those, as there are one against one, both of them (Fig. 4) ... Mіzh pretend to be clamorous clientele stomatal gap, Yaka Vede in per unit space, called podstichnoy empty. Freeze the cells and cause photosynthetic activity. They have a large number of spare starch and abundant mitochondria.

The number of stomata i rosters, type of stomatal apparatus, is widely varied in the growing dews. Prodikhs at the current moss-like ones. Their photosynthesis is gametophytic generation, and sporophyte is not developed to independent development.

Zazvychay prodikhi roztashovuyutsya on the lower boat arkush. In the dews floating on the water surface - on the upper surface. In a leaf of cereals, the food often grows out of the way along the sides. Such sheets are displayed on a regular basis. On 1mm 2 surfaces, it is possible to rotate from 100 to 700 pieces.

Secondary crooked tissue (periderm). Tsya fabrics come to the change of epiderma, if the greens of the colors of the same pagones change brown. Vona bagatosharova and store in the central bowl of cambial cells - phellogen. Clitini phellogena, for example, call the ball fellemi, but in the middle - phellodermie(Fig. 5).

Fellema, abo Cork... A collection of live delicate clays. By the end of the year, the chances to seep through with suberin and tall wax and wake up. Instead of a clerk, it will remind you of the fathers.

Functions of fellemy:

· Zapobіgaє vratі vologi;

· Zakhischak roslinu from mechanical poshkojen;

· Zakhischak from ailing microorganisms;

· I will secure thermal insulation, as well as the children are reserved for the meals.

Clitini of phellogen, rosted in the very epiderma, for the sub-epidermal sphere, and earlier - in the globules of primary measles, which is the generative basis of primary measles.

The ball of the plug is not permanent. At the new age, they see how they are, as they see the intercellulars, roztashovany handrails. At the same time, small humps appear on the surface - lentils, Which will provide space for intercellular spaces with atmospheric twists and turns (Fig. 6,7).

Vosseni phellogenes from lenticels form a ball of corked clitin, which greatly alters the transpiration, but does not increase it. Hanging the ball from the middle to ruin. On the light bark of a birch, lentils are kindly stained near the dark lines.

Tretinna crooked fabric (shkirka), so it is itself characteristic only for the village forms of roslin.

Pellogen bagatoraz is stored in large balls of measles. Fabrics, which appear to be called from a new one, in an hour see, flesh out a pick. Clitini are dead and not ready to stretch. However, the rostashovani more lively cells should be distributed, which lead to an increase in the transverse size of the stovbur. Every year, the ball of the pick is razrivayetsya. The hour for such a shake-up є should be finished by a constant value for specific roslin. Yabluni tse vidbuvaєtsya on this life, the hornbeam - on the fiftieth. The children of the species do not have a call. The main function of the pick is to recover from mechanical and thermal battles.

Covering fabrics and rosetting calls of all organs of the roselin on the cordon with the last center. The stench is stored in a very tightly closed cell and vikonuyut bar'ernu role, protecting the organisms of the roslin from unwelcoming injections. Tsі fabricnі winnіkli with the entry of the roslin to land and і іnіsnomanіtnі for Budova and functions.

Covering fabrics of overground organs - epidermis, cork - to serve for the capture of visihannya and for gas exchange.

root primordial budovi, Odyaga epіblema, regulating and without preserving the feeling of moisture and vision. Budova is understood in the course of the anatomy of the root.

The root of the secondary budovi in ​​dvodolnykh is covered with periderma and kirkoy, and in monocotyledons - exoderma.

epiderma (Shkirka). Primarily crooked fabric, which is set up with protoderm (formed from tunniki) of the cone of the growth of the pagon on all leaves, stems, as well as on sheets, fruits and seeds. Epidermy conquest of internal fabrics from visihany and poshkojen, re-penetration of microorganisms. One hour, the epidermis will provide a connection from the middle - through it transpiration (regulation of vaporization) and gas exchange, some moisture and secretion rіznіkh speeches(Including essential oils, enzymes and hormones).

Epidermis is a folding fabric, the warehouse includes morphologically different cells: the main cells of the epiderma; loosen up and little clientele of food; trichomes, hairs.

Main klіtini epіdermi shchіlno zіmknі, intercellular spaces vіdsutnі. Epidermis has stalk and ligneous leaves of stench at the upper projection of dystopia, in leaves with wide plates - more-mensh isodiametric or lopatevs. Bichni stinki, ie. Perpendicular surfaces, often zvivisty, which changes the merit of their environment.

Announce the names of the names more for them. Їх internal, the most straining, the ball is stored with cellulose and pectin. Clinical stems can be soaked in silica (stems and leaves of horsetails, sedges and cereals) or slip away (epidermis are sticky, easy to expand on a lion, ivy and in.).

From the lateral side, the entire epidermis is covered with a cuticle root ball. Krim Kutina in the warehouse is impregnated with wax, which further reduces the penetration of cuticles for water and gases. On the surface of the cuticle, a suspicion can be formed, which can be folded into a lobe, stick and other structures. Tsey gray, it is easy to wash off a little bit of goodness on cabbage leaves or on the fruits of the drain, grapes. If you see it, then the fruit will be shvidshe psuvatisya. The need for cuticles and the warehouse is rich in what visually starts the chemistry and penetration of the epidermis. In the minds of a dry climate, a large cuticle grows at the roselin. Roslin, bred near the water, has no cuticles.

Klitini Epidermy Mayut a living protoplast, call for good endoplasmic and the Golgi apparatus. In children of roslin (Tradescantia), baciti leukoplast can be found in the cytoplasm. Chloroplasts develop in water dews, ferns, sackcloths, as well as honeydews (geranium, dormouse, cactus).

Z epidermy can winicati dodatkovі brunki, phellogen; in culture it is possible to recognize embryonic structures. For those who are very tropic, the roslin epidermis bagatosharov has one function - a supply of water.

stagnation- specialization of epidermy coverage, which regulates gas exchange, which is necessary for hygiene and photosynthesis, transpiration. The stomatal line is stored from two intercellular cells, between which the stomatal cavity is located - the intercellular spaces. From her, the dichlorine was removed from the mouth to the empty. Vona with a shorter gas exchange between the inner parts of the body and the lasting middle. Often, two or more small cells, from the main cells of the epidermis, are added to the lingering cells. Locks down and partly cells and devices.

The walls of the frozen clitins are inconsistently raised: black (furrowed to the split) of the back (adhered to the epiderma). Conquering the cells to avenge chloroplasts for the good of thylakoid and numerical mitochondria in the active camp. Ustyachka can be found near the closed camp as well as in the closed one. Mechanism of showing and curling of the stomatal slit on osmotic lesions. When the turmoil is pushed, thin walls stretch out, and the stomatal gap grows. When you fall, you won’t be able to curl up, so you’ll bend the clientele to take the cob position.

The main role in the change of the turbulent and the obsjag of the quiescent cells is to lay on the energy. When the stomata are open, the stench is displaced from the susceptible cells in the primaries, vitriolic energy, and as a result of mitochondria. The most significant is the presence of chloroplasts: as a result of photosynthesis, the concentration of candies and osmotic vice grows. For rakhunok soaktuvannya vodi obsyag vacuoles, the turgor grows and fizzles out. In temryava, with insufficient water supply, the stomatal fissure closes through a decrease in turbulence in quiescent walls.

Epidermis is even more efficient in regulating transpiration. As soon as the food appears, the transpiration goes away with such a speed, as the epidermis didn’t get too fast. When you zakryhih prodikh won a sharp drop.

trichomes- Riznі for the form, budget and function of vitality kіtin epіdermi. The stench may have the shape of the hairs (curl abo zalizistyh), little piece and in. Functions of large types of trichomes are unclear. Covering trichomes can be single-lined (in apple trees), large-scale non-cerebral (in cartoplids), or pink-lined (in cows), sparse (in suckers).

hairs zdatnі dovgo become alive. Ale often protoplasts grow in them, the hairs become stuck up. Such hairs capture the growth of a strong sleepy insolation, vaping and temperature. Bagato visokogirnі roslini (edelweiss) grows to strong pubescence. The deyaky dead hairs, on the other hand, curl the bavovnik, reach up to 55 mm and are widely used in textile industry. Trichomes seize the growth of the coma - more thicker than the pubescence, the more dense the pubescence, the more dense the pubescence, the more the coma vikoristovyut yogo in the quality of the yuzhi, for the purpose of declaring the eggs, on the trichomes the trichomes the coma and the larvae will nip.

Krim hairs on the epiderma get used to emergenzi, from the formulated ones, they take on the fate of more and more highly woven fabrics. Before them, there are heaving hairs of sprinkles, thorns of Trojandi, ozhini.

Epidermy is functional, as a rule, one rik, change the cork until autumn.

Cork(Fellema). Secondary crooked tissue to develop from a cortical cambium, phellogena... Fellogen is a secondary meristem, vinicus with the main parenchyma, which lies under the epidermis or more glyboko (currants, raspberries), and in some and in the very epiderma (willow). At a large number of trees and chagarniks, phellogen is laid in single-tree pagons even in the middle of the litter. Clitini phellogena spread parallel (║) to the surface organ (Tangentally), which is called clitini fellemi, In the middle - phellodermi. Klіtin fellemy is going to pretend to be bigger than fellodermi. Fellema (tissue cover, cork), phellogen (tissue cover) and phellodermy (main tissue, chlorophyll-free parenchyma) - set up one cover complex - periderm.

Klіtini plugs z'єднані strongly, without intercellular spaces, їх classrooms With a little more thin, then you can. Secondary classrooms are stored from balls of suberin and wax, so that water is not allowed to flow through. Edging of the stinks of the vede to the removal of the protoplast. In the world, like the epidermus of the periderm, the greenery of the pagony passes into a storm. "Dospil" until the fall of the first fate of life, seized by the periderma, built up to overwintering. The stopper of the host's organisms grew out of the water, the penetration of ailing organisms, high temperatures, so as there is little heat conductivity.

Gas exchange and transpiration in organs, covered by the periderm, are transported through lentils... Lentils - dilyanka peridermi with fluffy roasted cork clays. Lentils from the surface of the viglyadє yak hump. For the intercellulars of the church, the fabrics circulate gases and water vapor. From the cold weather, the phellogen will be returned to the vison with a cloth lock, the ball will be shipped from the kitchen, which will change the vapors. Hanging the ball under the pressure to form the clitin again. In the world of persuasion, lenticels grow out (the stink of the birch tree smelt a little line, the wasp has rhombuses).

In the village of roslin, periderma is established on spikes, stoves, corn and nirk scales, on fruits, in organs of organisms; in dvodolny grasses - on roots, Hypocotyl, Inodi on roots, bulbs. Naybilsch massive cork grows rapidly from cork oak stoves, which are vicious in industry.

The stage of the formation of the peri-dermis and the character is necessary for the selection of methods and the mode of harvesting vegetables. At the periderm of carrot roots, the cork ball is thin, phellogen is here to produce phelloderm, it’s tough, not fellem. Koreneplodi schob uniknuti overdrying sberіgayut at pisu. Success in the formation of bulb cartoplas is abundant in the form of peridermi. It is easy to know the ball of the cork from young bulbs, so as to break alive the thinnest cells of the phellogen. In order to differentiate between fellogenes in post-fabrics, the cartoplas can be laid on the zberigannya.

Lish in the village people (osik, beech, lischini) the periderm of the seizure of the storm with a stretch of life, and in the greater part - after 10 ... 30 rockets will change kirkoyu... On the stoves, a spike of periderm grows, the skin is pushed to the front. Live fabrics, stacked corks between balls, recover, and form a complex - pick (rіtіdom). The cork is stored from decal balls of the cork and stacked between them in different fabrics. As soon as the periderm is viewed not on the whole stake of the stovbur, but on top of it, then the pick will be shaped with the wrong shmat. Such a kirka is called luskato and get used to the big roslin. k_lcepod_bna kirka forms in the same way, as the skin knows peridermis operijus stovbur, periodically cylindrical measles (for example, in grapes).

Kirka is not worthy to be stretched, so when a stove is pushed in, there are tremors in them. At the bottom of the troughs near the inner periderm there are є lenticels, which will provide gas exchange. Kirka nadіyno oberіgaє stovbury from mechanical pozhkodzhen, lisovyh pozhezh, rіzkoy temperature changes.

Main fabrics.

The main fabrics are stored in a larger part of the roselini. For walking the main fabrics, you can find the first ones, set up from the apical meristems. The stench is stored in living parenchyma cells, strongly varying in shape, but in a typical type of parenchyma of the main tissue, it is stored in cells, in some of them there are three more, lower width, more often the size of the main tissue. The clinker shell is primordial thin, with simple pores. One of the primordial sheaths is very vain, which is especially characteristic of the parenchyma storing pigeons (Asparagus, Coffea arabica, Diospyros persimmon, Phoenix dactylifera). In the carbohydrates of such shells, they look like a spare speech, vikoristovuvani in the embryo before the hour of germination. The main parenchyma is built up to meristematic activity, for example, when starting wounds, establishing a pre-existing root, and after that.

Basic fabrics and functions: synthesis, accumulation and distribution organic speeches... Falsely from the viconuvanoy function of development basic (type), assimilation, storage and air basic fabrics.

The main parenchyma not a lot of specific, strictly meaningful functions. Vona roztashovuєtsya in the middle of the roslini to fill up with great masses. Typical basic parenchyma will store the core of the stem, internal balls of measles, stem and root. Ї cells set up vertical and horizontal lines (interchanges), behind which there is a radio transport of rivers. The main parenchyma can be found in the secondary meristemi.

Asimilyatsiyna parenchyma (parenchyma). The main function is photosynthesis. The parenchyma is rosted in the above-ground organs; Especially good in leaves, less in young stems. Characteristic is the presence of intercellular spaces, which lays down gas exchange. Clitini is thin, in the permanent sphere of cytoplasm of a lot of chloroplasts. Zagalny obsyag їkh can reach 70 ... 80% of the protoplast obsyag.

Storage parenchyma. Serve as a month of oversized speech in Denmark. Stock fabrics are stored from living thin clitines. In starchy plastids, it is easier to finish it internal budovі can be classified as amiloplastics; the stench is being created at the bagatechs of the earth and the organs of the earth, so they store them. Parenchymal cells in buds and fruits often revenge chromoplasts. The children of the nasinnya in the parenchyma of the storing tissue, or the embryo, have a hard block or fat. In the growing organs of the growth, the parenchymal cells can be especially taken into account the plants accumulated in the vacuoles of anthocyanins and tannins, or the crystals of this form are deposited in them. Clients storing parenchyma can accumulate blood cells (hemicellulose accumulates in the fruit palms), or accumulate fat.

Cich tissues accumulate a lot of roslinnі products, so they become vicarious with people. In cultivated grub roslin, the development of the storing parenchyma is hypertrophied. Stock up fabrics widely, expanding in the organs themselves. It can be found in the bulbs of cartoplains, root crops of beetroots, carrots, cybulins of cibuli, grains of cereals, in nasin dormouse, ricini, as well as in stalks of candied reeds, roots, roots.

In the growls of dry mists - succulents (agave, scarlet, cactus) - accumulate in cells of storing parenchyma water, Also yak in saline roslin mіscezrostan (salineros). Great water-bearing cells є in the stalks of cereals. In vacuoles of water-bearing cells є slimes of speech with high water-retaining building.

Air parenchyma (aerenchyma). Vykonuє ventilation, partly dyshalny functions, non-woven fabrics are sour. It is formed from cells of growing forms (for example, part-time) and great intercellulars. It is kindly rosvinena in the organs of roslin, buried near the water (in latatta quilts, in the stalks of puff, bilokrylnik, pond, in the roots it will outline).

Mechanical fabrics.

Mechanical (supporting) fabrics will prevent the growth of the growth of the plant, the health of the prototype of the hardness of the organisms, porous in the wind, board, snig, and vitamins. Mechanical fabrics can greatly enhance the cell lines, as the process of protoplast recovery is used to advance the functional support function.

In sprouts, in young organisms of mechanical fabrics, there is no need for the springiness of the stench to cause the turgor. In the world of development to the organ in new there are special mechanical fabrics - kollenchyma і sklerenchyma.

Kollenkhima.

Grow up near dvodol roslin. Kollenkhim, yak look at yak, support fabric, be stored in goods of clerk. Clients are knee-jerked for a little while, to replace protoplasts with organelles, often to replace chloroplasts, which are built up to the renewal of meristematic activity. For the gentiles, the characteristic is the first, the instigation and the non-recognition ( not woody) shells klin.

best characteristic feature klenchіmi become the structure of the worm shells. On fresh images, the shells are seen to be bright and glaring, they often grow unevenly. Krym cellulose stench to revenge a great amount of pectin and hemi-cellulose, but not much lignin in them. Oskіlki pectinovina hydrophilic, shells of klinchіmi with water, as it is possible to demonstrate, drenched with spіzhі spіzi kolenchіmi alcohol. Worshiping alcoholic wines On the ultrastructural pry in the shells of klin klenchimi different types Sharuvatity appears: lamellas with a transverse arrangement of microfibrils are guarded with lamellas, in which fibrils are arranged later. In the shells of klinikhіmi, especially in quiet conditions, as it is possible to finish up to the level of satisfaction, the first time is often observed. The nature of the growth of the clitinous shell changes in the fallowness of type of kneeling. As the shell is indignant unevenly, then the best goods are available in the clutches of the clitini, or for two of the antiquated - foreign and internal - tangential stinks. The colony with the shells of the shell, localized in the kuta klitin, call to be called Corner Kollenkhim, And with dramas on tangential walls - lamellar, abo plates of frequent, Kollenkhima... In addition, the type of shell can be changed as a result of insertion in new spheres. So, for example, the primordial growth of the shell, which is characteristic of the corner knee, can become more and more inviolable in the world as it educates the cells on the transverse vision to change.

The appearance of the intercellular spaces is not a general viscous characteristic of the knee. At the same time, since the intercellular spaces are present in the corner type of knee-chicks, before them, the brutalization of the walls of the cells is determined. Colonchim with such a rospodil the sweat of the shell is sometimes seen in a special type, ranks fluffy (lacunar) Kollenkhim... If the collenchim does not fit the intercellular spaces, then in the kutas, one by one a clump of clitin, the middle plate is feasted.

Roztashuvannya kollenkhіmi in roslinі

Peripheral encampment is characteristic of the knee-lengths. Vona roztashovutsya either bezposeredno before the epidermis, or on the basis of one or the other decile balls from her. At the stems of the collenchim, there is often a suction ball, spreading along the cola along the axis of the stem. Vona grow, only in the form of strands, in the protruding ribs of the grassy stalks and quiet woody stems, which have not yet entered the stage of secondary growth. In the petioles of the collenchyma, it grows like this, as in the stems. The leaves of the plates are located in quiet veins, in which there are more conductive bundles, and some of them grow along the sides of the veins, and some only from one side, call the lower sides. Korinnya is a little revenge on Kollenkhim.

Structure linkage with function

The colony is attached, persh for everything, for the function of supporting the growing leaves and stems. The functions of the supporting fabric of the collegiate can only be displayed in the town of turgoru. The shells should be repaired at the early stages of development in the course of time, they will be resumed plastically and formally before stretching. That is not overshooting the stem and leaf. At a larger stage, the development of the collenchim yak support fabrics are stored in quiet parts of the grassy stems), For those who are not characterized by a strongly developed sclerenchyma. At the connection with the agreements of the supporting role of the colleges, it means that in the regions, where the parts of the growth are developed, for the mechanics to be provided (for the vantage, applied before the kiddies, early boys) I didn’t accept such options.

In old people, parts of the growing line of the collenchim can become rough or transformed into a sclerenchy path by adding secondary green shells. If you don’t know the difference, then the role of the supporting tissue will decrease as a result of the development of sclerens in larger parts of the stem or a steep. Moreover, in the stems with the secondary growth of the main supporting tissue, the xylem grows into new cells with healthy secondary shells and the abundance of them overwhelms one single cell.

Sklerenhima.

Razrіznyayut first and second sclerenhim. Primary sclerenchyma is developed in all vegetative organs of monocotyledonous, older than dvodolny roslin; secondly - among the large number of dvodolnykh. Clients sklerenhimy may be provoked, as a rule, from the trees. Oh, the technology is close to that of steel. The empty cells are small, the poros are simple thin-wedge-shaped, unnumbered. Protoplast vidmiraє early i supporting function vikonuyut dead cells. There are two main types of sclera: fibers and sclera.

fiber- Strongly knitted prozenchimny clitini, up to 1 (drip) and 4 cm (ramie) decile ten parts of a millimeter. The stench will make you feel the miraculousness of the organs of the roslin on the rosette, the grip and the vigini. The number of fibers grows due to the fact that cellulose is fibrilized to pass through them in a very similar way, changing directly at the outer and inner turns. Kіntsі clіtin often zagostrenі (lion), can be buty gіllаstimi (hemp), blunt (drip) and ін.

In bagatokh roslin, the primary fibers are significantly higher, lower secondary. So, in hemp, the primary fibers reach 12.7 mm, and the secondary ones - only 2.2 mm. for practical vicarystanny such special features may be of no importance. Sclerential fibers can be seen in the dewline at the viglyadi close to the clitin (elementary fiber), or, when combined one by one according to the full amount, set up a bundle (technical fiber). Fibers see behind the additional lobes of the stem abo mechanically. Brush results and give a lobe, if parenchyma fabrics, soak up bundles of fibers, ruin as a result of bacteriological activity.

Fibers of the stalk of dwarf wedges are vicorious for the preparation of small fabrics (especially non-lignified fibers for lion) are used for motos (hemp, which can be removed from hemp).

sklereidi- klitini, often for all the Parenchyma form. The stench can be rosted in the growths in small groups, or in the viglyads of lonely cells. The sclereids have been sufficiently formed - the whole of the dead cells with the same healthy walls, penetrated by equal canals, not very gilly. Just be simple. Sklereidi may be the first to look. Before them, there are kam'yanists (brachisclereidi) and gillyasti (asterosclereidi) cells.

kam'yanistі klitini - rounded, play in groups. From them are stored cherry, plum, peach and shkarulupa bitters. The stench grows in the juicy fruits of pear, ivy, goose and in the roots of deyak roslin. In some varieties of pears, there is a tendency to de-woody stone clitins when ripened to the fruit.

gillyasti Clitini can play a versatile form, play the role of supporting ones in tea leaves, camellia, olive, in the stems of water roses.

crooked fabrics

Cover fabrics and roslin. Cover fabrics. The main functions are the recovery of young organs from visihannya, mechanical recovery and gas exchange. Razr_znyayut: epiderma, periderma and kirku. 1. Epidermis, the primary tissue of the tissue. Set up with one ball of keratin, which will cover all young organisms of the roselin. The cover of the tissue on the zone and the wetness of the roots is called epiblema (rhizoderm).

Curled fabrics є close-knit. The stench grows on the surface of the organisms of the roses, which will enhance the specialties of their buddies and the versatility of their functions.

1. Cover the fabric with the rings of the roslin with the navkolishn_m middle. With this stench є not just a passive bar, but an active participant in interaction. For example, the clergy of the epidermis take their part in the made-up of the folly and the mother of the mother; in the development of the processes connected with the immune system of the roslin, the reaction to the change in temperature and in the environment and soil.

2. Cover fabrics and keep transpiration and gas exchange and regulation.

3. Curved fabrics take a part in the seen products in metabolism.

4. Pokrivn_ fabrics seize the growths from the defeat of ailing viruses, bacteria, fungi; seen by creatures.

5. Woven fabrics preserve growths from pre-season and seasonal temperature drops.

About urahuvannya pokazhennya, mіstsya roztashuvannya, specialties clerical budovi and the visual functions of the middle of the curtain fabrics see the epiderma, epіblem, velamen, periderma and kirku. On a thought, a number of people can tell themselves a story.

First-class fabrics. Epidermis. Epіblema. velamen

Epidermis (epidermis) is a primordial curved tissue, characteristic of all vishchiv roslin. In pokrytonnykh won, it grows on the surface of the leaf, stem and species, as well as on the reproductive organs - stamps and fruits. In addition, epidermal cells can whistle the inner surface of the endocarp - the inner ball of the fruit shell. Epiderma is typical for grassy roslin... In trees and chagarniks, they grow on young parts of pagons, and in the world of old, they are replaced by periderma.

Epidermis vinikє z protoderm, is generated by the tunikoy of the cone of the pagon build-up. The price is foldable fabric, before the warehouse, which includes the main and secondary cells, which jam the cells of food, as well as the trichomes - the viruses of the epidermis. Klіtini epіdermi roztashovuyutsya one-ball. However, among the deyakie tropical roselin (palms, orchid and in.) Epidermis buvak bagatosharovoy.

The main cells of the epiderma stem, leaf stalks, and in monocotyledonous and leafy blades, the shape is puffed up, stretched to the axis of the organ. For example, in the stalks of cereals dozhina klіtin epіdermi reach 300 microns. The leaf blades have a large dvodolnyh, on the leaves and the fruits of the epidermal cells, the parenchyma and folds form. The main cells of the epidermis are able to take advantage of the vacuoles that have grown, and the chloroplasts have been reduced and do not take part in photosynthesis. There are a number of peculiarities in the klіtinnі shells. The inner shell is thin, smooth. Anticlinal, tobto transverse, often buzzy, which increases the area of ​​closure of the summonary cells of the epidermis, and also the strength of their closure. The name of the shell is the best mint. Vaughn is approved by a large ball of cellulose. A cold storehouse of shells changes in the course of ontogenesis. In horsetails, sedges and cereals, shells are often leaked out with calcium salts, in veins - with silica, and in candied fruits - with suberin. Later, in bamboo mint, lignification of shells is prevented. In the cytoplasm of epidermal cells, crystals can be established: Rafida (grapes, undershoot), friends (beetle), cystolity (ficus), and more - crystalline pisok (cartopla).

Protoplast epidermi actively virobly and vidilya on the last surface of the high molecular weight organic spoluca, which in turn form the cuticle. At the warehouse, the first ball is used to fix the pectin molecules, then the honeydew wax breasts, cutin and epicuticular whisk are squeezed out. Falling as a fold and sculpting of the surface ball, the cuticle can be sharp and bright, like the leaf of the phycus, or fluffy and matte, like the stalk of the rye, the fruit can be drained or the apple. The cuticle reduces the intensity of transpiration, imaging the exchange of dreams and preying leaves to overheat, reducing the ability of pathogens to penetrate into the growth.

In the middle of the main cells of the epidermis, on the upper sides of the leaf of the mint, there are large motor cells with great vacuoles. At the time of speculation, it is time to stink the stench of the leaf into the tube (corn) or the folding of the leaf blade (kovil), so that the growth of the plant grows from the overwhelming vologue.

On the main cells of the epiderma, they often pretend to be viral, or trichomes, which, according to their functions, are covering and hairy, and behind the structure - hairs and emeralds. Covering hairs are stored in vitro and boldly barbed. Smell good to see straight sleepy exchanges and change the vaping of water. Loss of hairs are the living cells of the cells, which vibrate and see essential oils and are useful metabolic products. The hairs are set for the clitin epidermi. The stench is one-liner and generous, simple and glamorous. One-line simple hairs are characteristic for thermopsis and nursery, single-line hairs - for shepherd's purse and mother. Bagatoclitinni is easy to grow in pelargonium, bagatoklitinni gillyasti - in lavender, and sparse - in sucker and oblast.

Emergencies - the whole surface structures, adopted by the cells of the epidermis and the large, large-scale fabrics. Before them, thorns on the fruits of Selerovichs, thorns on the stems of raspberries and spines, frizzy hairs of a leaf and a stalk of sprinkles can be seen. The stench will capture the roslini from the present.

Locking the cells of food roztashovuyutsya between the main cells of the epidermis. Stink є active participants in transport and gas exchange. To freeze the cells, they may not grow large, to revenge the chloroplasts and to grow in pairs in the epidermis, so that they do not grow up among themselves. Between them there is an stomatal gap, and beneath them - a stomatal empty mouth.

In monocotyledons, the clitini may be dumbbell-shaped. The stench in the middle part and widened along the edges. At the expanded part of the clinker, the shells are thin and stretched, and in the middle - the stretching and non-stretching. In dvodolnykh, the clitini may appear, when viewed from above, bean-shaped. They have a strong and non-retractable membrane of the shell, turning up to the stomatal cleft. The name of the shells of cich clitin may be virile, as it floats over the stomatal gap and creates a small empty space - the front yard. As soon as the virginity is found below the stomatal slit, then the stench will create the back, or internal, courtyard, which is without middle bandages from the under-stomatal emptying. At the end of the day, the cells, the stomatal gap, the front and back courtyards, as well as the underpants of the empty room, fix food, regulating the transpiration and gas exchange. The number of food items to finish is great. In cultivated grows, by 1 mm, 2 leafy surfaces grow from 100 to 700 prodigies.

The robot prodihiv is built up to adjust the width of the stomatal slit in addition to folding physiological processes. Ustyachka can be seen in early hour dib. Tse to deposit from the physiological camp of Roslin, chemistry warehouseі concentration of wine juice, food safety with water і carbonized with gas, Leaf illumination, weather and weather.

The ranking of the appearance of food can be schematically represented by the offensive rank. Before the flow of light into the chloroplasts of the quiescent cells undergo photosynthesis. As a result of the concentration of wine juice, the juice grows, and it produces a turgor vice before entering the water. Under the turgor grip of the thin shells of quiescent cells, they stretch out to the sides, the opposite sides of the stomatal slit, and the shells of the shells come out one from one. The mouth is growing. When the turgor grip is lowered in the quiescent clays, the prodihs begin to close. The details of the stomatal robot and transpiration process are taught in the course of the physiology of Roslin.

Little cells are roasted to the side with the quiescent cells of food and take part in the regulation of the water regime. The stench is smaller than the basic ones and does not have chloroplasts. Raztashuvannya side cells є diagnostic knowledge, how to become vicious in the systematics of roslin. There are more than a dozen types of stomata in fallowness from the mutually growing stagnant and secondary cells. For example, in case of anomotic type, characteristic of grapes, red pepper and other stems, the number of small clays does not come from the size of the main clines of epiderma. When perіtsіtny, vіdomomu in ferruts - one byproduct of a clitine will drain the food. In dvodolniks, a parasitic type of food is often developed, if two are small, small, wartholes grow in parallel with a stagnant. For monocotyledons, the characteristic tetracytric type, where the bitty cells are roasted near the food, so that the area of ​​the stinks does not grow out of the area of ​​the stomatal cleft.

The growth of stomata on the surface of the leaf is also systematic. For example, in monocotyledons, the stench grows in regular rows, and in dvodolnykh - it spreads along the entire surface of the leaf blade. As a rule, the prodihs roztashovuyutsya on the lower bots_ arkush. The price of a change in viparovannya vodi with ground dewlines with plugiotropic, so that parallel to the surface of the Earth, leaf growth (apple, beetroot and іn.). If the leaf is heavy to vertical, orthotropic, laid in the open space, then the food on the new can grow from both sides, like in maize or tibula. In water dews, leaves that float on the surface of the water, food is found on the upper sides, like in the typical for Bilorian waters, cubes of zhovtoi.

Epіblema. A special kind of primordial fabric of the root is the problem, as the meristematic cells of the surface of the root can be established. Clitini are alive, thin, with a rooted vacuole, grow on the surface of the root in the wet zone. Some of them, three areas, set up a special one-line virginity - root hairs, which actively soak up water from the ground and break up in any river. Іnshі, atricho-areas, root hairs do not appear. The life of the root hairs is surrounded by two - three types. Let the stench of rage and be angry. Suddenly, in the world of growth of the root of the root, new hairs of the root appear on the ground.

Epіblema on the roots of monocotyledons to be preserved by a stretch of the vine life of the growing line. In dvodolnyh, in connection with the transition of the root to the secondary anatomical budova, the problem is deprived of the zone of root hairs, and in the zone of carrying out it is replaced by the periderm.

Velamen is the price of primary tissue on the wrinkled roots of tropical epics and climbing lian.

Episodes grow in gilts, filled with humus, and near the leaves of great trees, vicoristy and no support, but a substrate, for example, teniophillum and phalaenopsis from the family of orchids. The stench also settles on the skeletons. Climbing the trees, until they are culturally visible - vanilla flat-leaved (family Orhidnykh) and monstera delikatesna (family Aroidnye), like a substrate vicorist soil. They set themselves up to the stems, to attach themselves to the supporting trees for the additional help of the twisted roots, allowing the leaf and leaf to grow in the upper tier, to the light. In the bagatokh of them, as in the monster, they pretend to live on the stems of the roots, so that they grow down. Having reached the ground, the stench penetrates into it, raspers and soaks up the water and the mineral speech.

Velamen set up with protoderms and store up with decal balls of dead cells, shells of which may be a part of the world, or a spiritual inspiration, which will give you this pleasure. Favors of the presence in the shells of numerical feasts and openings, velamen is like a sponge with a capillary drip into the wet board water, and also condenses in the atmospheric vologue. In such a rank, the velamen viskonu will prescribe the role and regulation of the roslin.

Secondary pokrivny complex - periderm

Peridermis is a secondary pokrynny complex, which is characteristic for holonas and dvodolny pokryoninnyh. Vaughn establish itself on roots and roots, bulbs and stems, on leaf scars and scales of wintering brunettes, and more on fruits. Wound peridermis is formed on traumatized organs of roslin.

Peridermis originates from cortical cambium clines, named by phellogen. Fellogen has all the signs of light fabrics. The price is not very large, straight, slightly pushed to the radial direct, shrinking cells with thin shells. The stench may cause a thick knot of cytoplasm and numerical organelles, linked with the processes of synthesis, so that the nucleus and cytoplasms are not underneath.

Fellogen asserts itself, as a rule, in the first life of the body, for example, on the pagons of apples or currants. However, in the yew yew yew wine is 2 - 3 pik, and in the American maple - by 3 - 4 pik. Fellogen is embedded in the surface balls of the roselin. For example, in the Trojandi winy, in the epiderma, in the raspberry - in the primordial bark, in the spirea - in the pericelle, and in the pusicarp - in the secondary phlome. When the secondary anatomical bud is formed, the phellogen root is established in the cyclin pericycle, and when the repeated balls of phellogen are established, they are found in the secondary cortex.

Mitotic podіl kіtin phellogena to produce before the approval of fellemi and fellodermi. Fellema is referred to as a type of fellogen. Її cells roztashovuyutsya bagatosharovo, in regular rows, one above the others. Have small groups roslin klitini fellemi are formed by the type and species of shells, the appearance of crystals of calcium oxalate. When the shells are soaked, the fellemi suberin pretends to be a cork. It is also possible to approve the felloid, tobto the fabric, as it appears when the shells are sympathetic to the fellemi lignin.

The dead cells of the corks may grow thinner, the stench is remembered by the twigs, or it has become thick with the protoplasm of the dark color. The cork is impenetrable for water and low heat conductivity, so it is effective to capture the growth of the line from the water, temperature drops, and contaminated microorganisms. The flow of the cork can be directly injected into the saving of the bulb of cartopland and root crops during the period of growth and growth. The cork of cork oak is of great importance in the variety of yakisnyh wines. Fellodermi, approved by phellogen, є living parenchymal tissue. Її cells to avenge chloroplasts and build up starch. The cork in the vicinity of phellogen and phelloderm becomes a secondary pokrivny complex - periderm. In the vicinity of the mice, lentils are established, which serve for gas exchange and regulation of the water regime of the growing. Lentils - open in a sample, filled with a viscous cloth, so that they can be stored in fluffy folds, weakly corked parenchymal cells. Lentils in phellogeny are not large intercellular spaces, so that the gas exchange of live phelloderm cells is lodged. In the end of a lita from a tissue lentil fellogen viroblyaє a ball of small, folded clitin locks the ball, which significantly changes the gas exchange and vaporization of water through the lentils during the seasonal calm of the roselin. Hanging the ball rush to the grip of the clutch of cork and lentils to continue their functions. It is a triviality to preserve perіderma among the species of roslin. Naybilsh is short among grassy dews. In garden chagarniks (currants, aurus), the periderm contains all life, in fruiting granular breeds (apple, pear) - 5 - 10 rocks in length. Beech, hornbeam, bird cherry, foliage with a stretching of the animal life becomes smooth-bore.

pick

At the big trees, for the change of periderm, a kirka or a child is adopted. The cure is from the superficial measles balls as a result of the insertion of repeated periderm. Pellogenous peridermis are formed from parenchyma of secondary phloemas. When parenchymal cells of measles are alive, they are isolated with cork balls, and in the case of small measles tissues and balls of repeated corks, make a pick. If repeated peridermis are established at the view of irregular arcs, as their knots are sticking to the earlier periderm, then they are set as trischinuvata, or luskata, kirka (oak, maple and in.). When pledged repeatedly peridermi with a succinic ring, yak in grapes, the pick will be ringed. When a stool is instigated, the dead tissue of the pick is rooted in the surroundings, however, the trick does not reach the living tissue of measles. The rate of growth of kirka in tovshchin is not great, so as її zvnіshny shari act in an angry manner. Kirka vikonuє will provide a functional function, protecting the storms of trees from mechanical plants, temperature drops, penetrating pathogens. However, in її triches there can be wintering stages of shkidlivny comas, dispute ailment fungi and bacteria. Tse summarize the need for a constant look behind the surface of the stovbury of village garden species.

nasinnova shkirka

A special type of crooked fabric is the ovule and the common part of the ovule. You will have to store from the decal balls in the folding cells and the vicon will play the role of preserving the embryo of the day and store the fabrics from the dried up, mechanical clothes and ailing microorganisms. Slinking of nasin saplings, yak in legumes, lion and іnshih roslin, spriy smockuvannyu vologi s ґruntu. In addition, the mackerel can seize us from the early germination, but in agronomic practice it is called a hard-boiled one. At the connection with the cymbals of the seeds of the deyakykh cultures (stables, galega and in.) Scarified before sowing, in order to run the seeds of the shell, or with the help of mechanical grinding with the help of these materials, or even more acidic acids. Viruses of the husk of the hairs of the pubescence, like the willows and the bavovnik, will not be able to enlarge them in the morning. Shkirka comradeship is often tied with a branch of a fruit shell. In roslin with mitsnims, they do not open up by the pericarp, as a rule, it is more thin, for example, in mountainous ones. Important structural fixations on the surface of the skin є micro-saw and scar. Mikropile is a small opening, through which the penetrated water can be repaired when the seed grows. Hilum є mіscem attached to the seed stem.



Tissue cover - tse shkirka (epidermis) and cork. Live the cells of the shkirki with one suction ball to close the tissue or the organ. At the top of the clitini epidermisu cover the cuticle, a thin layer of fatty ridges, often pubescent.

Cork - bagatosharova is dead fabric. Columns її klіtin іtvushchenі and leaked speech, behind their warehouse close to fat. Pislya vіdmirannya instead of empty clіtin, zapovnyuyutsya by turns, resin or tanning words. The functions of the curtain fabrics are the process of organizing the organisms from the viparovannya, hanging, cooling, and growing.

Mechanical fabrics are stored from dead cells with furious shells. The greater the number of cells in the form of new fibers. However, є There are more shells than the fibers. Tse kam'yanistі clitini, which give hardness to the spines of cherries, apricots, shkarulupі peas, etc. D.

Roslin often has a complex to carry out the clitin and fibers of mechanical fabric. Such complexes are called vessel-fibrous, or conductive, bundles. The stench is drawn to the length of the root, stem, leaf stalks; The main parts of the bundle of large quilted roses є two zones are wood (xylem) and bast (phloem). The tree is a part of the bundle. іdi і to adjoin them to the village parenchyma. Lubov's part of the bundle is stored with cell tubes with cell-mates and lub'yan parenchyma. Around the cich zones of the beam, the cells of the mechanical fabric are shattered, which in the meaning of the world is changing.

The conductive bundles are repaired in the cones of the build-up in the tops of the stem and root and the primary meristematic tissue - the procambia. The wine is functional in the growing season. In a dozen hour, a yogo clint came to rest, and the stench, or everything, is transformed into the element of xylem and phloem, or between the phloem and xylem there is a number of procambial cells, which form the second meristem - the cambium. Clitini cambium spreads parallel to the surface of the growing line, and a bunch of possibilities for the development of secondary phloemia and xylem.

Bunches, such as cambia, are called vidkrytymi, not cambia-closed. The state of the art is to set up those beams - characteristic of rice roslin. So, monocotyledonous authorities close the conductive bundles, dvodolny ones - open them.

In the cutaneous organ of the quittovoy roseline, there is a single tissue in a fashionable way. Differentiation of clitin roslin on fabric and organi is a great aromorphosis, which will preserve the minds of living on land.