The interior of Budov and the warehouse of land. Minimum and maximum temperatures of the Earth's glybin. Let the energy of the Earth
In our land, rich in carbohydrates, geothermal energy is an exotic resource, which, given the current state of affairs, is unlikely to compete with oil and gas. The alternative type of energy can be efficiently used in practice and efficiently.
Geothermal energy - the whole warmth of the earth. To roll out in the depths and come up to the surface of the Earth in different forms and with increasing intensity.
In front of the model, as it was already dying, it lost its strength, those who added a new ball "Litosphere" became. Litho means stone, lithosphere means the sphere of skel. Wy pam'yataєte, what is the upper mantia going from 30 to 700 km? First ball, lithosphere from 0 to 100 km?
The new ball is called the Asthenosphere. The whole ball is in the mouth, plastic wine, tobto de magma, material, leading to the inner dynamism of the Planet, knowledge. The part that has lost its mantle is called the mesosphere. The core is called the Endosphere.
Glibini: lithosphere - from 0 to 100 km. All models are victorious. At home, talk about the asthenosphere, the lithosphere, the lower mantle and the outer and inner nuclei. The lithosphere is a whole solid sphere of the Earth, asserted by minerals, rocks and soils, all the middle of the presence of inorganic materials in alloys, which are geothermal steps, in which the temperature of growth in the world of dying.
The temperature of the upper spheres in the soil is in the main type of external (exogenous) factors - sleepy illumination and temperature of the meal. A little later and during the day, the soil will warm up to the level of ice, and at night it will cool down as the temperature changes as the temperature grows and the weather builds up with the ice. The inflow of dobovyh kolivan temperature will end on depths from one to decilkokh tens of centimeters. Seasonal traffic will swallow large layers of soil - up to tens of meters.
The structure of the Earth extends into balls, leather storage, temperature and density. Lithosphere abo earthly measles. Sial: Tse im'ya, given the surface of the earth measles, is also called the continental crust. Sima: Tse is the lower part of earth measles. In the whole region, the main presence is the power of magnesium and gold.
Mantle: The mantle is roasted lower than earth measles. Yogo to become close to 200 km, the temperature in the middle becomes 400 ° C, and the degree of 3, the material, which becomes a mantle, is pasty, especially ultrabasic breeds. Ніф: The core of the Earth, which is stored in the hall and nickel.
On a daily basis - from dozens to hundreds of meters - the temperature of the soil is trimmed at a steady, average average temperature as the surface of the Earth is affected. It is easy for a tsomu to perekonatisya, going down to finish the gliboka stove.
If the average temperature is below zero in the given period, the permafrost will not appear. In Skhidny Siberia there is a toughness, tobotovschina, and a whole range of frozen soils can be reached in 200-300 m.
Vvazhaєtsya, scho the inner part of the Earth, on the cob її is formed, I will rise to the end of the zlittya camp. Spostering the temperatures of volcanic verges and diffusing seismic deficiencies, we come to a time when the spheres of the Earth are growing and you are going to grow over glybin. This option is called a geothermal step. The balls of the Earth fix their structure, the skin is a singular physical and chemical structure.
For a shorter design, it is possible to use leather with balls. Tse a ball of twist, which will drain the Earth.: Tse be-yak home on the Earth. The lithosphere: a solid or skeletal sphere of the Earth. Biosphere: the whole sphere of the Earth, which is deposited from parts of land, sea and continental waters, inhabited by living things.
From the deyakoy glibini (its own for the skin point on the map), the Sontsya and the atmosphere are weak on the surface, but on the first place there are endogenous (internal) factories and the development of the clays of the earth's middle, so often the temperature from
The rosіgrіv of the glacial balls of the Earth is tied, the head rank, there are radioactive elements with a drop, I want to name and the dzherela of heat, for example, the physical-chemical, tectonic processes in the glittering balls. Ale chim bi tse is not pummeled, the temperature girskikh breeds and the wild and gaseous substances associated with them with the growth of glybin. Girniks are a common sight - it’s hot in the deep mines. At a glibine 1 km of thirty-degree cake is a normal phenomenon, and a higher temperature is more.
Sposterіgayuchi for Budova Earth, vrahoyuchi Physical power materials, it is possible to mean the suction lithosphere, as it curls like the asthenosphere, as it leaves the solid mesosphere, as it stretches to the core. More specifically, a solid cooler with a zaliza and a nickel. Maybe you should be wonderful, since at a peak of 5000 degrees Celsius, the center of the Earth is not. “Well, the grip is over the temperature, you can easily mix up molecules,” says geophysicist Yar Marangoni from the Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics at the University of São Paulo.
Through the heat of the heat and the grip of the grip of the human probe, the nicholas did not reach the center of the Earth. Aleksandr's forecast of geologists and geophysicists is not overwhelming. For the nobility, how to lie under our feet, the stench pokladyayutsya on the folding calculation and dosage. Before them, an analysis of the meteorite storehouse, links between the Earth's crust and surface rocks and laboratory experiments, such as the widening of seismic needs, is carried out. pulling down magnetic field Around and in the middle of the Earth, it is even more necessary to prove that there is a lot of metal in the center of the planet.
The heat flow of the earth's pressure, which reaches the surface of the Earth, is low - in the middle of the warehouse, 0.03-0.05 W / m 2, or about 350 W On a heat flow from the skin and the heated one, the value is uncomfortable: square meter earthly surface close to 4000 kWh per year is normal, that is 10,000 times more (zoos, even in the middle, with a majestic opening between polar and equatorial latitudes and in the wilderness due to the largest climate and weather factors).
It is built in generations such as piskoviki, graniti, basalt and marmuri. The crust above the oceans is less dense, below the continents. Metal alloy zaliz and nickel plus a light element, such as sirka or kaliy, in a rare form. Hard metal coolant, which can be stored from the hall and nickel. The warmth of the flooring is great, so that the molecules will vipromineuvate the light.
The earth is made up of three main elements: kernels, mantles and measles. Physical characteristics of the Earth are evolved by geophysics, which support such phenomena as seismic hvili, wicked by earthlings. The earth has formed a geoid, and the temperature of growth in fallowness from closeness to the very inner part of the core.
The insignificance of the heat flow from overhead to the surface on a large part of the planet is associated with the low heat conductivity of the highlands and the peculiarities of geological budovia. Ale є vinyatki - miscy, de heat is great. Price, persh for everything, zones of tectonic breakdowns, increased seismic activity and volcanism, deenergia of earthly oversights to know the way. For such zones, thermal anomalies of the lithosphere are characteristic, here the heat flow, which reaches the surface of the Earth, can in the way and navit on orders of magnitude of the straining "snake". There is a majestic amount of heat on the surface in the cich zones, the vine growing of volcanoes and hot dzherela waters.
- Kirka is a remarkably thin and stone-like structure.
- Mant - with firm authorities.
- The support of the core is from the nickel and the rare gold.
- The inner core is also made of nickel, ale with a hard skin.
The mantle is roasted lower than earthly measles, adopted by different types of breeds, such as silicon and magnesium, which are lost in the birthplace in a bit of heat, so that it can be seen as a core. Crying crazy and melting metals are called magma no less than 700 kilometers from the surface.
The same areas are most friendly for the development of geothermal energy. On the territory of Russia, the first for everything, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the Caucasus.
At the same hour, the development of geothermal energy can be practically practically skid, shards of temperature rise from the clay are everywhere, and the introduction of a glade in the "view" of heat from the nadr, perhaps before that, as the sight of the mine is seen.
The mantle is divided into two balls: the upper mantle and the lower mantle. You can reach up to 3000 kilometers from the lithosphere. The core of the earth is growing to the third third of the entire mass of the Earth. Wines are stored in the main metal with an emphasis on gold and nickel. A whole ball of distributions to the inner and outer core.
Behind the words of the vchenykh, the temperature of the Earth's core is of the temporal floor, which can be brought to the brink of the earth, like the water of the oceans. The material, however, turns into a solid camp as a result of a vice that will overwhelm the mind. Burning mantle to the most established employees in the history of science about the Earth. Tse burinnya allowed us to take a look at the middle of the Earth, smelling the warehouse and the processes that work in the nadra.
In the middle, the temperature with glybin grows by 2.5-3 ° C on the skin 100 m. The change in temperature between two points, but to lie on the lower glybin, until the increase in glybin between them is called geothermal gradients.
The zvorotn_y value is a geothermal crack, or the interval of glybin, at which the temperature rises by 1 ° C.
Chim vishche gradієnt іdpovіdno lower shchabel, thіm closer heat glybin The earth goes to the surface and thіm is a large promising area for the development of geothermal energy.
The continental crust є by the most callous sphere of the planet Earth and the middle ground is 35 km. It is also varto zgadati, since in this hour there is no sense of technology, as such a feat is tolerated. However, post-investment in large previous projects get together rіznih lands, All the parts are discussed about the results. However, big problem and you may not achieve good results.
In order to understand the internal dynamics of the Earth, geophysicists have developed practical strategies for rejecting all kinds of ideas, indirect methods for additional geophysics and fewer "special" methods for inserting internal Earth surfaces, Scheme of the internal budov and the Earth. Kolska sverdlovina Bula b is an insignificant point on the line of continental measles.
In the rural areas, in the fallowness of the geological budov and the other regional and global minds, the rapidity of the growth of temperature with the glybin can vary rapidly. At the scale of the Earth, the number of geothermal gradients and steps reaches 25 times. For example, in the state of Oregon (USA), the gradient becomes 150 ° C per 1 km, and in Pivdenniy Afritsi - 6 ° C per 1 km.
Experimental petrology is the center of geosciences, as it is prudent to work in the laboratory processes, which are carried out on the Earth, such as: the discovery of magmas, all the evolution and recovery in magmatic cells and storage
A vise є the power of the zusill on one area, applied to the surface of a solid body or a line. You will be able to see the effect of detecting a lump of 80 kg in a swollen and 60 kg females on high podbora. Which of them will put the greatest grip on the pidlog? Zrozumіlo, how the contact surface of the high five of the ground is small, how the elephant will push the smaller grip on the ground! A rosy character, which sometimes turns out to be trivial, in some cases they broke up a series of possessions, as they could fix them in the millimeter objects in the middle of small experimental chambers, in such a rank I can think of thinking in such situations.
Food, yak temperature on great slopes - 5, 10 km or more? If the tendency is saved, the temperature at a depth of 10 km is responsible for an average temperature of about 250-300 ° C. The higher-level temperature is driven by direct warnings in the overhead vertices, if I want the picture to be quite foldable than the line temperature change.
For example, in the Kola overgrowth hole, drilled in the Baltic crystal shield, the temperature up to the glibine 3 km changes from 10 ° C / 1 km, and the distant geothermal gradients are 2-2.5 times higher. At a glide of 7 km, the same temperature is recorded at 120 ° C, at 10 km - 180 ° C, and at 12 km - 220 ° C.
An illustrative butt, in order to change the vice in the deposits from the mass and surface area, on which a vice is applied. In the middle of the possession, the most vicious in the experimental laboratory of petrology, it is possible to make the following: a glassware with a call from a grip, internally heat the glassware with a vice, a cylinder-type piston
In the whole type of attachment the vice is flap with a plunger for tightening the skin from the last containers for the appendages in a closed middle under the name "pump". It is necessary to reach a temperature by way of an electric strum to a thin ball of graphite, which is covered with a curtain, which is functional as a pich. The method of preparing the piston cylinder: from the preparation of the signal to the final result.
The lower butt is a drill hole, laid in the Pivnichny Prikaspiya, at a depth of 500 m, a temperature of 42 ° C is registered, for 1.5 km - 70 ° C, for 2 km - 80 ° C, for 3 km - 108 ° C.
Transmitting, so the geothermal gradi- nt changes repaired from a mountain of 20-30 km: at a depth of 100 km, the temperature is close to 1300-1500 ° C, at a depth of 400 km - 1600 ° C, in the core of the Earth (a depth of more than 6000 km) - 4000-5000 ° C.
It means that there is a small number of experimental laboratories on petrology in the world. Below you can see the steps from the main tasks, so that you can study in experimental petrology. My guilty memory, which breed of minerological heterogeneous, is to be stored from some mines, leathers from which there is a melting point. In the process of illumination of magma in the middle of the Earth, minerals, which become breeds, become angry in different proportions and temperatures, the whole process is called partial melting.
When it comes to imitating the process of small-scale zlitty in the mantle, petrology picking up the stones in the field and transferring them to the laboratory. On the whole stage, the breed is fine-tuned to a powdery powder. In the meantime, the change in temperature and pressure is controlled, so that you can imagine the crystallization of minerals, which will shape the breed.
At depths of up to 10-12 km, the temperature is measured through the drilled holes; in the same place, de їkh nemaє, її start for indirect signs as it is, as i on larger slopes. Such indirect signs can be the nature of the passage of seismic hvil or the temperature of the avalanche.
However, for the purposes of geothermal energy, the data about the temperature at depths for 10 km does not become a practical interest.
In such a rank, petrology can analyze the first generation, which was established in the process of fractional melting, which is very important for the development of magmatic centers. In addition, on the basis of the methodology, one can perceive the role of the main physical and chemical parameters, which control the processes in nature, we can guess: instead of driving in breed-producing minerals; pouring an hour of notice on the texture and brown copalini; Shvidk_st coolness for supplements to bagatokh іnshih.
When the crystallization of all minerals is completed, such as the storage of a large rock, the capsule is seen from the possession, and at the same time, it can be analyzed with a thin ball in a petrographic microscope. Kintseviy result is similar to hovering below the image, which represent a microphotograph of the stage of analysis of petrographic textures.
There is a lot of warmth on the slopes in the distance of kilometers, how much more warmth? In the first place, nature itself is for us, behind the addition of natural heat - heating of thermal waters that go to the surface or fall on the glybin available to us. At a number of vipadkiv water in the depths of the rose until the steam.
There is no exact definition of the "thermal water". As a rule, they may be in the middle of a hot underground drive in a country or near a wager, including walking on the surface of the Earth with a temperature of 20 ° C, so that, as a rule, it is more high, less the temperature of the twilight.
Heat of underground waters, steam, steam-water sums - the whole of hydrothermal energy. Apparently, energy, based on the її ї Vikoristan, is called hydrothermal.
Fold down to the right with a view of the heat without the middle dry hot rocks - petrothermal energy, it is more necessary to reach higher temperatures, as a rule, to repair from glybin in a few kilometers.
On the territory of Russia, the potential of petrothermal energy is a hundred times higher than that of hydrothermal energy, it is estimated at 3,500 and 35 trillion tons of waste fire. The whole thing is natural - the warmth of the Earth's depths is everywhere, and the thermal waters appear locally. However, through the obvious technical difficulties for the removal of heat and electric power in the given hour to get out of this thermal water.
Drive temperatures from 20-30 to 100 ° C for scorching, temperatures from 150 ° C for energy use at geothermal power plants.
In general, geothermal resources in the territory of Russia are overwhelmed by a ton of waste fire, if only one unit of energy is about 10 times as large as the reserves of organic fire.
Theoretically, only for the development of geothermal energy it is possible to increase the satisfaction of the energy consumption of the country. Practically, for a given moment, at a large part of the territory of the world, it is not possible from the technical and economic world.
In the world of geothermal energy, it is associated most often with Iceland - the land, roztashany on the winter end of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, in a viciously active tectonic and volcanic zone. Singingly, all the memory is tighter on the head of the Eyjafyallajokull volcano ( Eyjafjallajökull) in 2010 roci.
The very same geological specifics Iceland has great reserves of geothermal energy, including hot jerels, which go to the surface of the Earth and wind gushing geysers near the geysers.
In Iceland, in Denmark, more than 60% of all saved energy is taken from the Earth. In addition, for the rakhunok of geothermal dzherels, 90% of the burned out and 30% of the power supply are provided. Dodamo, which is the part of electricity in the country, go to the GES, so it is also because of the renewed dzherel of energy, which makes Iceland a singular ecological standard.
The “taming” of geothermal energy in the 20th century helped Iceland in the economies of the country. Until the middle of the last century, the country was still a bit of a homeland, at once it borrowed the first place in the world for the establishment of the strain and the provision of geothermal energy to the soul of the population and to be in the first decade of absolute value the established toughness of geothermal power plants. However, the population of the warehouse is all 300 thousand people, so I will ask you to switch to ecologically clean dzherela energy: consumption is generally small.
Creme of Iceland is a part of geothermal energy in the extraordinary balance of energy in the field of electrical energy to be taken care of in New Zealand and the northern states of the Great Northern Asia (Philippines and Central America of Africa), For the cich counties with the latest development and the need for geothermal energy to make a lot of contributions to the social and economic development.
Victory of geothermal energy can complete the old history. One of the first types of applications - Italy, a place in the province of Tuscany, Ninja Larderello, sometimes in cob XIX the capital of the midsummer hot thermal waters, wagging the natural path or vidobuvayutsya from the shallow cross valleys, vikorystovuvalis for energy purposes.
Water from underground dzherel, rich in boron, was implanted here to remove boric acid. A lot of acid was trimmed by the method of boiling in green boilers, and in the course of burning, they took extra firewood from the closest leaves, but in 1827, Francesco Larderel opened the system, as it was done in the warm waters themselves. One hour the energy of the natural water bet was expected for robotic drilling rigs, and on the ear of the 20th century - for scorched small houses and greenhouses. In the same place, in Larderello, in 1904, the thermal water vapor became an energetic dzherel for the removal of electricity.
On the application of IT in the end of the XIX-th century ear of the XX century the deyaki of the country went. For example, in 1892 there were thermal waters for the first time in the USA (Boise, Idaho), in 1919 - in Japan, in 1928 - in Iceland.
In the United States, the first electric power station, which was a pratsyuval on hydrothermal energy, appeared in California at the ear of the 1930s, in New Zealand - in 1958, in Mexico - in 1959, in Russia (the first in Germany) - in Russia 1965th.
The old principle on nove dzherelo
Vibrolennya elektroenergija vimagaє more high temperature of the hydroelectric source, lower for scorching, - more than 150 ° C. The principle of robotic geothermal power plant (GeoES) is similar to the principle of robotics of extraordinary thermal power plant (TES). By the day, the geothermal power plant is a type of TEC.
At the TES, in the role of the primary energy source, it is, as a rule, vugilla, gas or fuel oil, and steam is used as a working unit. Burning, burning, heating the water until I bet, wrapping the steam turbine, and then the electricity generator.
The reason for the GeoES field is that it was the primary source of energy here - the warmth of the earth's efforts and it was more laborious for the viewer to go to the shovels of the turbine of the electric generator in the “ready” view directly from the view of the shoe.
There are three basic schemes of the GeoES robot: straight, through dry (geothermal) steam; indirectly, on the basis of hydrothermal water, and change, or binarna.
Stagnation of this type of scheme to deposit at the aggregate mill and temperature of the energy.
Nayprostisha and to that the first from the mastery schemes - straight, in the steam, to come up from the middle of the river, to be passed without the middle through the turbine. On dry steam, pracyuval and persha in the light of GeoES in Larderello in 1904.
GeoES with an indirect robot circuit in our hour of nayposhirenіshі. The stench of vikoristovuyut hot underground water, as it is in a high grip bend into the viparnik, de chastina viparovuyutsya, and the removal of steam is wrapped in a turbine. A number of types of supplementary annexes and contours are required for the purification of geothermal water and steam from aggressive zones.
Vidpratsovanie couples come to the top of the nagging or vikoristovuyutsya for scorching primitiveness, - in general, the principle is the same as in the case of robotic heat exchangers.
At the Binarny GeoES, hot thermal water is interconnected with the іnshoy rіdinoyu, as a viconu function of the working body with a higher low temperature of the boil. The offense is passed through a heat exchanger, de thermal water is used to wrap the turbine.
The system is closed, so that the problems of wikids are circulated into the atmosphere. In addition, the working days because of the somewhat low temperature of the boiling water allow them to be victorious in the capacity of the primary energy source and not even as hot as hot thermal waters.
In all three schemes, hydrothermal dzherelo is exploited, but for the removal of electricity, it is possible to use petrothermal energy.
The schematic diagram is also simple to complete. It is necessary to drill two holes in the middle of the hole - injection and exploitation. Water is pumped into the discharge hole. It is heated on the water, then the water is heated, and it is accepted as a result of the strong heating of the steam along the exploitation top of the hole to be supplied to the surface. Let everything be stored up in order that petrothermal energy is victorious - for scorching or for electrical energy production. A canful closed cycle from pumping the generated steam and leading back into the injection hole, or the least way of disposal.
There is a lack of such a system of obvious great glybin... And the price of serious vitality and the rise of significant heat gains during the Russian fluid is up. In addition, petrothermal systems have been expanded in proportion to hydrothermal ones, because the potential of petrothermal energy is orders of magnitude higher.
In Danish hour, the leader is near the so-called petrothermal circulating systems (PCS) - Australia. In addition, geothermal energy is being actively developed in the USA, Switzerland, Great Britain, and Japan.
Lord Kelvin's Gift
Winning in 1852, the development of a heat pump by physicist William Thompson (Winn is Lord Kelvin) gave people the real power of low-potential heat from the upper balls in the ground. The heat pump system, abo, having named Thompson, a heat multiplier, is based on the physical process of heat transfer to dovkilla to the refrigeration agent. By the way, in nіy vikoristovuyut the same principle as in petrothermal systems. The reason is in the heat, in connection with what can be called the thermological supply: how much heat pump can be used in the geothermal system itself? On the right, in the one near the upper balls, up to glybines in tens or hundreds of meters, the breed and the fluids to take place in them are heated not by the warm earth of the earth, but by the sun. In such a rank, the very sun in this vipadku - the first place was not warm, I want to climb out, like in geothermal systems, from the earth.
The heat pump's robot is based on a stand-alone program and cooling the soil in a different atmosphere, as a result of which a gradient of temperatures between the surface and gibbering balls is established, as they take up the heat to be collected, so that the water is collected in the water. The main feature of heat pumps is pump priming. On the day - tse "refrigerator navpaki". І heat pump, і refrigerator interconnect with three storage units: internal center (in the first place - opaluvalnaya, in the other - cooled refrigerator chamber), external center - power supply and refrigeration agent, heat transfer for the cold.
The role of the refrigerant has a low boiling temperature, which allows one to take heat from the dzherel, so that the temperature can be brought up to a relatively low temperature.
At the refrigerator, a rare refrigerant through a throttling (regulator vise) comes to the viparnik, then through a change in vise the viparovannya ridini will be added. Viparovannya is an endothermic process, which is a heat sinking process. As a result, the warmth from the inner walls of the viparnik will be taken away, which will prevent the cooling effect in the refrigerator chambers. Dal from the viparnik, the refrigeration agent gets wet into the compressor, de vin turn in the row of the aggregate mill. This is a process that leads to the wikid of the heat taken away in the center of the earth. As a rule, it is easy to get into the surroundings, and the back of the refrigerator is usually warm.
The heat pump is practically so, because of this difference, how heat is taken from the outer middle and through the viparnik to come to the inner middle - the system of scorching primitiveness.
In a real heat pump, water heats up, passing along the last circuit, laid in the ground or water, and then coming to the viparnik.
In the viparnik, heat is transferred from the inner circuit, filled with a cold agent with a low temperature of the boil, which, passing through the viparnik, go from a small camp into a gas-filled one, taking heat.
The gas-supplied refrigerant is consumed in the compressor, squeeze to a high grip and temperature, and go into the condenser, deduce the heat exchange between the hot gas and heat from the system.
For the robotic compressor, electrical energy is required, protector of transformation modern systems to finish up a high one, to preserve its efficiency.
In a given hour, heat pumps and a wide range of vikoristoyutsya for scorching primacy, the head rank, in an economical deceived lands.
Eco-correct energy
Geothermal energy is used to be environmentally clean, but in general it is fair. Persh for everything, in nіy vikorystovutsya innovations і practically unavailable resource. Geothermal power engineering is not in great areas great HES for the vitroparks, and not to disturb the atmosphere, on the view of the carbohydrate energy industry. In the middle, GeoES borrows 400 m 2 per 1 GW of electric power, so it can be used. The same indicator for a large TES, for example, to become 3600 m 2. To ecological passes GeoES also carry a low water supply - 20 liters of clean water per 1 kW, while for TES and AES it takes about 1000 liters. Obviously, these are the ecological indicators of the "average statistical" GeoES.
Ale negative side effects are all the same є. Among them, the most frequent noise is seen, the warmth of the atmosphere and the chemistry of the water and the ground, as well as the confirmation of solid inputs.
The head is dying of the cheery environment of the middle - the hot thermal water (with high temperature and mineralization), it is not easy to revenge great numbers toxic spores, in connection with which there is a problem of disposal of waste water and unsafe speeches.
Negative effects of geothermal energy can be stitched on the decal stages, repaired from the burins of the Sverdlovins. Here, there are also some problems, but in case of roughness, be the middle of the river: the rupture of the soil-dewline cover, the obstruction of the ground and groundwater.
At the stage of exploitation of GeoES, the problems of obstruction of the midst of the world are growing. Thermal fluids - water and steam - squeeze out carbon dioxide gas (CO 2), sulfur sulfide (H 2 S), ammonia (NH 3), methane (CH 4), kitchen sil(NaCl), boron (B), mish'yak (As), mercury (Hg). With wikids in the midst of the world, the stench melts into dzherel її zabrudnenya. In addition, it is aggressive and chemical in the middle of any corrosion rupture of GeoTES constructions.
At the same hour, wikidi talk to GeoES in the middle lower, lower to TES. Forward, wikidi in carbon dioxide for a leathery kilovat-year of vibrated electrical energy, they store up to 380 g on GeoES, 1042 g - on vugilny TES, 906 g - on fuel oil and 453 g - on gas TES.
Vinikak nutrition: how can I work with water? If there is a lack of mineralization of the won, the cooling can be thrown off in surface water... The first way - pumping back to the aquifer through the injection hole, but it doesn’t matter and don’t get stuck in a given hour.
A view of thermal water from aquifers (such as the recovery of water) can be experienced as a period of time and displacement of the soil, the deformation of geological spheres, micro-earths. The number of such appearances, as a rule, is not great, there is a wish for some errors to be fixed (for example, on GeoES in Staufen-im-Breisgau in Nimechchin).
As a result, the great part of GeoES has been roasted in the sparsely populated territories and in the countries of the third world, de ecologic vimogues are men who are savage, but not in rosy lands. Besides, at the present moment the number of GeoES and their exertion is sometimes small. With a large-scale development of geothermal energy, environmental protection can grow and grow.
How much energy for the Earth?
Investments for the development of geothermal systems vary in an even wider range - from 200 to 5000 dollars per 1 kW of installed demand, so that the cheapest options can be taken from the TES operation. To lay a stench, a persh for everything, from the minds of the lagoon of thermal waters, from the warehouse, the design of the system. Burning for a larger depth, the stem of a closed system with two apertures, the need for purification of water and can be used for bagatorazov.
For example, investment in the stem of the petrothermal circulation system (PCS) is estimated at 1.6-4 yew. Dollars per 1 kW of installed power, which is changing vitrati for the operation of the atomic power station and the replacement of vitrates for the operation of windy and sleepy power plants.
Obviously economical transfer of GeoTES is a power-free energy source. For porousness - in the structure of vitrate of practical TES, or AEC, it is 50-80% as high as it is, or more, in terms of fallowness, according to the current prices for energy consumption. There is still one pass of the geothermal system: vitrati during exploitation are more stable and transferring, there is a reason not to lie in the current energy situation. In general, the GeoTES vitrati are estimated at 2-10 cents (60 kopecks-3 rubles) per 1 kWt year of violated strain.
A friend for the value of energy (and і і іstotna) stattya vitrat - tse, as a rule, salary to the staff of the station, as they can radically change over the countries and regions.
In the middle, the contribution of 1 kW per year of geothermal energy is similar to that for the TES (in the Russian minds - close to 1 ruble / 1 kW KWh year).
Part of the reason for the high efficiency of the field is that, on the basis of thermal and hydraulic power plants, GeoTES is usually not very demanding. In addition, it is necessary to separate the system in order to be located in the same region and in other minds. So, for example, in Kamchatka, according to the assessments of experts, 1 kW · year of geothermal electricity costs 2-3 times cheaper than electricity, wiring at the MES.
Indicators of the economic efficiency of the robotic geothermal system and lie, for example, because it is necessary to utilize the water used and in various ways to price it, and it is possible to combine it with the resource. So, chemistry elementsі іднання, knocked out of thermal water, can date an additional income. Zgadaimo the butt of Larderello: the first place there was the most chemically viable, and the victorian geothermal energy was of an additional nature.
Forward geothermal energy
Geothermal energy develops cheaply for children, not for children and for sleepyheads. In the given hour, it is significant to lay down in a larger world due to the nature of the resource itself, which rapidly grows across regions, and the maximum concentration is tied to high zones of geothermal anomalies, related, as a rule, to areas of development of volatility.
In addition, geothermal energy is less technologically advanced; it is more of a sleepy energy: systems of geothermal stations make it simpler.
In the out-of-town structures of the electric power supply for the geothermal warehouse, the fall is less than 1%, but in some regions and regions of the country it is 25-30%. Through the links to the geological minds, a part of the geothermal energy resources are squeezed out in the lands of the third world, it is possible to see three clusters of the greatest development of the Galusia - the islands of Pivdenno-Shidnoy Asia, Central Americaі Africa. Two of the first regions to enter the Pacific "in the Earth's belt of fire", the third anchors to the African Rift. With the greatest amount of energy geothermal energy and distance will be developed in the cich zones. The prospect is wider - the development of petrothermal energy, where the vicious warmth of the spheres of the earth, how to lie on the slopes of decilkoh kilometers. It is practically everywhere that the resource is expanding, and it’s a little bit more rich in vitrates, that is why petrothermal energy develops for everything in the most economical and technologically demanding countries.
In general, the widening of geothermal resources and an acceptable level of ecological safety are widespread throughout the country; Especially with the build-up of contamination of the deficiency of traditional energy sources and the growth of prices on them.
From Kamchatka to the Caucasus
In Russia, the development of geothermal energy can achieve a long history, and by a number of positions we are known in the number of light leaders, I want a part of geothermal energy for a small part in the energy balance of the majestic country.
Two regions became pioneers and centers of development of geothermal energy in Russia - Kamchatka and the Pivnichny Caucasus.
In the Pivnichny Caucasus - in Krasnodar Territory, Chechnya, Dagestan - the warmth of thermal waters for the energy purposes of Vikoristov, which was growing up to the Great Vіtchiznyanoї vіyni... In the 1980-1990s, the development of geothermal energy in the region, due to intelligent reasons, stalled and did not come to a standstill. Protect the geothermal water supply in the Pivnichny Caucasus will provide warmth for about 500 yew. Cholovik, and, for example, the Labunska place in the Krasnodar Territory with populations of 60 yew. A cholovik will turn up to be scorched by the geothermal waters.
In Kamchatka, the history of geothermal energy is tied, the first for everything, with the development of GeoES. The first from them, until the time of the Pauzhetskaya and Pyryatinsky stations, was prompted in 1965-1967 rock, when the Pyriatinsky GeoES pulled 600 kW became the first station in the light of the binary cycle. Tse bula rozrobka Radyansky students S.S. Kutateladze and A.M. Rosenfeld from the Institute of Thermal Physics of the SB RAS, which in 1965 rendered a copyright certificate on the power of electric power at a temperature of 70 ° C.
The demand of the Pauzhetskaya GeoES, put into operation in 1966, became 5 MW, and this year it was increased to 12 MW. In a given hour, at the station, there will be a binar block, which will increase the energy output by 2.5 MW.
The development of geothermal energy in the USSR and Russia is galvanized by the availability of traditional energy sources - naphtha, gas, vugilla, ale nicoli. At the present moment, the moment of geothermal energy production - Verkhnyo-Mutnovskaya GeoES with a total demand of 12 MW power units, was put into operation in 1999, and Mutnovskaya GeoES was put into operation 50 MW (2002).
Mutnovskaya and Verkhnyo-Mutnovskaya GeoES are unique objects not only for Russia, but on a light scale. Stations of the development of the building of the Mutnovsky volcano, at a height of 800 meters above the sea level, and in the extreme climatic minds, 9-10 months for the winter season. Ustatkuvannya Mutnovskogo GeoES, at the moment one of the most important in the world, has been established at the power-generating machine-building enterprises.
In a given hour, the part of the Mutnovsky station in the outlying structures of the energy service of the Central Kamchatka energy university will become 40%. The closest rock is planning to increase the strain.
Okremo slide tell about Russian petrothermal rosettes. There are still no great PCSs in our country, but there are still some advanced technologies for drilling at a great depth (close to 10 km), as there are no analogies in the world either. Їx further development will allow drastically reducing vitrati to the stem of petrothermal systems. Developers of given technologies and projects - N. A. Gnativ, M. D. Khutorskiy (Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences), A. S. Nekrasov (Institute of People's and Gospodarsky Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences) and the Faculty of the Kaluzky Turbine Plant. The project of the petrothermal circulation system in Russia is in the experimental stage.
Prospects for geothermal energy in Russia є, I would like and occasionally see: for this moment to reach the great potential and strong position of traditional energy. At the same hour, in a number of distant districts of the country, a geothermal energy survey is economically viable and not requested at the same time. A chain of high geoenergetic potential (Chukotka, Kamchatka, Kuriles - the Russian part of the Pacific "fire belt of the Earth"
Jmovirno, in the next ten years geothermal energy in our country will develop itself in such regions.
Duration of the lesson:
- cognition of scientists with cephalic shells of the Earth;
- to see the peculiarities of the inner budov and the Earth, the power of earthly measles;
- to give an announcement about the methods of injecting earth measles.
Initially - nauchny complex:
- Globe,
- scheme of budovi earth measles (multimedia presentation),
- handbook for 6th grade " cob course geography "Gerasimova T.P., Neklyukova N.P.
Forms of the lesson:
Knowledge of the main shells of the Earth, їх value; a robot with the scheme "Internal Budov Earth"; a robot with a table "Earth's crust and special features and features"; talk about the methods of injecting earth measles.
Terms and understanding:
- atmosphere,
- hydrosphere,
- lithosphere,
- crust,
- mantia,
- core of the Earth,
- continental crust,
- oceanic earth crust,
- razdil Mokhorovichich,
- superdeep drills.
Geographic objects:
Kolsky p_vostr_v.
Explanation of the new material:
1.Explanatory reading of the handler, synopsis.
Predictitiously and write in zoshiti: (victorious multimedia presentation).
Name of the shell of the earth:
- Povitrya - gas-like shell - atmosphere
- water - water shell - hydrosphere
- sea breeds, which store land and the bottom of the oceans - crust
- live organisms at the same time with the middle, devil live, become the biosphere.
2. Budova Zemli (view fig. 22, line 39). Victory of multimedia presentation. The kitchen of the country is readable, the folding of a small summary in a zoshity.
The lithosphere is the center of the solid shell of the Earth, which includes the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. The urge of the lithosphere to increase in the middle from 70 to 250 km.
Radius Earth (equatorial) = 6378 km
3. The power of earthly measles. Included in the synopsis of robots from Fig. 23 side 40 (victorian multimedia presentation).
The Earth's crust is a hard shell of the Earth, which is built from solid minerals and girskikh rocks.
Crust
4. Rishennya tasks on the temperature value, how to change from bores in the Earth's glide.
From the mantle of the inner warmth of the Earth to the earth's crust. The upper sphere of earthly measles - up to 20-30m glibini, is subdued until the inflow of new temperatures, and the lower temperature is gradually moving: on the skin 100 m of glibini by + 3C. Glibshe, the temperature is still in the significant world.
Head: Yaka the temperature of hot breeds in the mine, de vidobuvaatsya Kam'yane vugillya, Yaksho її glibina 1000m, and the temperature of the globe of earthly measles, which doesn’t lie down until the rock becomes + 10C
Virіshuєmo by diyam:
- The temperature of the earth measles in the mine increases by a few degrees:
- What will be the temperature of a ball of earthly measles in the mine?
10C + (+ 30C) = + 40C
Temperature = + 10C + (1000: 100 3C) = 10C + 30C = 40C
Virishiti the problem: The temperature of the earth measles in the mine, the temperature of the earth measles is 1600m, and the temperature of the earth measles ball, how can it be that the temperature is -5 C?
Coating temperature = (- 5C) + (1600: 100 3C) = (- 5C) + 48C = + 43C.
Write down the mind of the tasks and send the message:
The temperature of earth measles in the mine is 800 m, and the temperature of the earth measles is +8? WITH?
Virіshіt zavdannya, guided in the notes to the lesson
5. Vivchennya earth measles. Robot in fig. 24th side 40, the text of the handler.
Burinja of the Kolskoy overglibokoi Sverdlovina grew older in 1970, її depth up to 12-15 km. Fuck, yaku part terrestrial radius to become.
R Earth = 6378 km (equatorial)
6356 km (polar) abo meridional
530-531 part of the Equatorial.
Glibina of the best in the light of the mine is 4 times less. Unimportant in the number of years before, the world even knows little about the nadra of the power planet. In a word, as soon as I know how to turn up to the induced blast, we cannot "pierce the shkaralupa".
- Closing the new material. Victory of multimedia presentation .
Testi and director for a change.
1. Visnite the shell of the Earth: the earth's crust.
A. povitryana
B. is hard.
G. water.
Reversion key:
2. Viznachte, about yaku obolontsi Zemli yde mova: Crust
a / closest to the center of the Earth
b / tovshchina from 5 to 70 km
in / in the crossbar from the Latin "crooked"
g / stream temperature +4000 С + 5000 С
d / upper shell of the Earth
e / toschina is close to 2900 km
w / stan rechovini is special: harder and more plastic
from / to store from the mainland and oceanic parts
і / the main element of the warehouse is zalizo.
Reversion key:
3. Earth by її internal budova Take a chicken egg. Would you like to show the cim to the riches?
Home care: §16, design and nutrition of the paragraph, design for the item.
Material, which vikoristovutsya as a reader for the hour explained by the news by those.
Earth's crust.
The Earth's crust on the scale of the whole Earth is a nightmare, and in relation to the radius of the Earth is insignificant. There is a maximum reach of 75 km for the mountainous massifs of Pamir, Tibet, Gimala. unaffected by a little pushing, the earth's crust can fold budova.
The upper horizons to reach the good fortune for the rest of the life of the Sverdlovins.
Budova is a warehouse of earthly measles by the oceans, and on the continents, it grows even stronger. That і accepted to see two main types of earth measles - oceanic and continental.
The earth's crust of the oceans occupies approximately 56% of the surface of the planet, and with the head rice, the area is small - in the middle, it is close to 5-7 km. Ale navit such a thin earth's crust grows into two balls.
The first ball - siege, performances with clays, mules. Another ball is folded with basalts - products of the volcanoes. The need for a basalt ball at the bottom of the oceans does not stretch 2 km.
The continental (mainland) crust of the Earth occupies less area, less oceanic, close to 44% of the planet's surface. The continental crust is oceanic, the average strain is 35-40 km, and in the region of mountains it is 70-75 km. Vona be stored in three balls.
The upper ball is stored in a versatile fall, and the strain in some depressions, for example, in the Caspian lower reaches, become 20-22 km. Reconditioned milk water - vapnyaks, clays, sands, salts and gypsum. For about 1.7 billion years.
Another ball - granite - is a fault of the kindness of the geologists, to that є go to the surface, and also hesitated to try to drill it, want to try to drill the whole ball, the granite appeared close by.
The warehouse of the third ball is no less clear. Admittedly, the fault is guilty of being folded in rocks of the basalt type. The capacity of the warehouse is 20-25 km. At the front of the third ball, the surface of Mokhorovichich is quilted.
Moho surface.
U 1909r. on the Balkan pіvostrovі, near the city of Zagreb, a strong earthquake has become. Croatian geophysicist Andriya Mokhorovichych, I read the seismogram recorded at the moment of the moment, having respected that there was about 30 km of ice on the road, the speed was growing rapidly. This was confirmed by the іnshі seismologists. It means that it is like a crust that is surrounded by the earth's crust from below. For this purpose, a special term was introduced - the surface of Mokhorovichich (abo Razdil Moho).
From the bark on the slopes from 30-50 to 2900 km, the mantle of the Earth was removed. Why do you stock up? The chief rank of the girskih breeds, rich magnes and zalizom.
The mantle of borrowing up to 82% of the volume of the planet and growing to the upper and lower. The first zalyag below the surface of the Moho up to the glibine is 670 km. Shvidke fall vise at the upper part of the mantle and the top of the temperature to bring the temperature to melt.
At a distance of 400 km from the continents and 10-150 km from the oceans, so that near the upper mantle, a ball appears, de seismic changes gradually expand. The whole sphere was called the asthenosphere (from the Greek "Astenes" - weak). Here the part of the melt becomes 1-3%, more plastic. Chim reshta mantia, the asthenosphere serve as a "mast", as it is replaced by the hard plates of the lithosphere.
In porous breeds, which form the earth's crust, the mantle breed grows great and widespread in seismic diseases.
At the very bottom of the lower mantle - at a depth of 1000 km and to the surface of the core - the ability to step-by-step grows. Why should the lower mantle be stored, leave it as a mystery.
Let it be that the surface of the nucleus is stored from the speech, but the power of the family. The core cordon is located at a depth of 2900 km.
And the axis is the inner region, which is to be repaired from the 5100 km long road, and it is firmly moved. Tse is surrounded by a strong grip. To navigate to the upper boundary of the core, theoretically, the vise of the warehouse is close to 1.3 million atm. and in the center there is a reach of 3 million atm. The temperature here can be over 10,000C. Kozhen cube. see the words of the earth's core are important 12 -14 m
Obviously, the speech of the Earth's callous core is smoother, but the more harmonious is the core. Ale viyavilosya, scho cross the "cordon" reach 260 km.
- the earth's crust is oceanic type.
- mainland crust
- mantya
- core
a. store up from granite, basalt and siege rocks.
b. temperature +2000, mill knitted, closer to solid.
v. Sharu area is 3-7 km.
m temperature from 2000 to 5000C, solid, stored in two balls.
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- Virish zavdannya:
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