Horizontally facing the earth's surface
While the nature of the alternating currents has been deposited only from the thermal heterogeneity of the surface of the earth and the growing masses, then this is due to the horizontal gradation of the vice and the rundown of the current low city of the former city. With tsom speed of the day Bula b is wrapped in proportion to the appearance of the lines of the same vice, that is, isobars. It is less that there is less isobars, it is more gradual in the vice, and obviously it is faster.
The power of the grading vice. In theoretical meteorology, the strength is put up to one. To that, when the force of gradation is observed in a vice, when it comes to one unit of mass, then the magnitude of the gradient is in the vice of a vice. Todi numerical value sily baric gradient(G) sign with a viraz:
de ρ - the power of the fortune, dρ/ dn- gradієnt vise.
Pid dynyu seili gradinta vise (baric gradinta) vinikak viter. This means that, if an excess of masi povitrya (a high vice) is established on a deyak_y dilyantsi, then it is guilty to go to the area with a little bit of povitrya (low vise). Tsey vidtіk thim is stronger, more viznitsya vice.
With such a rank, the main ruinous power, the blame for the ruch is a baric grad. While the force of the baric gradi- ness was only on the turn of the particles, then the collapse would go straight into the city, similar to the flow of water from a high level to a low one. For the sake of it is not found.
In large-scale processes, up to a thermal, the first reason for the emergence of reversal leaks will come from a number of other factors, which significantly accelerate atmospheric circulation. In addition, both monsoon, and inter-latitude circulation, is zoomed in by a number of forces and vortices by the nature of atmospheric circulation, it goes unconsciously fold.
The power of the Earth's wrapping. The change in a straight line and the quickness of the current leaks into the Persian Circuit is victorious to witness by the power of the Earth's wrapping, or, as you call it, by the power of the Coriolis. Winning of the power is tied with the wraps of the Earth around its axis. From the beginning of the force of the Coriolisa to the right, in the new generation to the right, from the higher vice to the low
On the diagram (fig. 29, a) It is shown by way of illustration, how the power of the Earth's wrapping is poured into the zmіnu right in the turn of the wickedness, so that the bridle of the gradієnta grips with a step-by-step swiftness. The influx of іnshh forces here does not vrahovuєtsya.
It is permissible that the part (denoted by the edge) is more likely to move in the right direction of the city (G). In pershu mit, yak only to appear shvidkist V 1 Winikne the accelerated strength or the wrapping of the Earth A 1 not straight perpendicular і to the right in relation to the ratio V 1 . Before the flow of a quickened part of the road, move not to the back of the city, but to go to the right; on the offensive, mite the shreds of the dust V 2 . And at once the power of the Coriolis changes to A 2. V 3 ... If not to cope with the change, the strength of the Coriolis and so on. As a result, the force of the vice and the force of the wrapping of the Earth will be changed and the bridle will be bridged. The power of the Coriolis grows from the growth of the shreds of the particles and the latitude of the world. Vona start with viraz:
de ω - kutova shvidkist, Φ - geographic latitude, V- shvidk_st ruch.
The accelerated strength or the wrapping of the Earth is changed by values from zero to equal to 2ωV at the poles.
Geostrophic wind. The simplest kind of rukh is straight and equal rukh without rubbing. Meteorology has a name geostrophic in the morning. However, such a collapse can theoretically be allowed. With geostrophic winds, it is transferred, scho, crim the force of the gradient (G), on the contrary, if the force of the Earth is wrapped (A). If the ruch is equal, then offended by force, acting in the opposite side, it will temporarily become geostrophic and direct to the edge of the isobar (Fig. 29, b). At the same time, a low grip is in the pivnichniy pivkuly of evil, and in the pivdenniy pivkuly - the right-hander.
When the strength of the gradients is equal, the vice and the strength of the wrapping of the Earth, the sum of money, will be zero. Tse to turn on offensive sports:
zvіdki otrimaєmo scho shvidkіst geostrofіchnogo vіtru
It looks like a vise, so the speed of the geostrophic wind is directly proportional to the magnitude of the horizontal gradient to the vice. Otzhe, which is thicker than the isobaric grip on the cards, we are the strongest viter. If I want purely geostrophic weather in the atmosphere of a purely geostrophic environment, I do not want to be spared, however, I want to show caution that it is close to 1 kmі vishche ruh іtrya іdbuvaєtsya approximately bridging іsobar, with small losses, vicious reasons. Tom in practical robot substitute for the actual wind up and the geostrophic wind. Along with the strength of the gradients the vice and the strength of the Coriolis, the power of the rubbing and the center of power is on the way.
The power of rubbing. The force of rubbing is straightened to the side, against the collapse, and proportional to the speed. Vaughn, changing the swiftness of the flowing streams, going out and about going to the isobars, and not going to the isobars, but going down the road to them, from a high vice to a low one. In addition to the turbulent mixing of the rubbing in the grating inflow, it is transmitted to the viscous balls, approximately up to 1 km over the surface of the earth.
The inflow of rubbing on the tension and the fluidity of the rub is shown in the diagram (Fig. 30, a). The diagram shows the field vise і rukh vіtrya vіd dієyu force gradієnta vise, forcefully wrapping the Earth and rubbing. From the start of the Coriolis ruh against the backdrop of not looking up the city in the grip of G, but straight down to the bottom, i.e. E. Vdovzh izobar. The power of rubbing T Visible to a small area to a small area The strength of the Coriolis is shown from a straight cut to a powerful vіtri arrow TO. Yak bachimo, kut mіzh deisnim vіtrom V and rubbing by force T the warehouse is more than 90 °, and the cut is between the working wind In and by the force of gradation the vice G less than 90 °. So, as the strength of the gradient is perpendicular to the isobars, then the effective window appears to be visible only from the isobars. The size of the kuta, which can be stored in the isobar and directly in the middle, lie down at the step of the shortness earthly surface... Take a ride to the left of the isobar start to move from the cut to 20-30 °. Above the land, rubbing more, below the sea, at the surface of the earth, rubbing the most, and with the height it will change. Nearly 1 km diyu sili rubbing mayzhe pin.
The power of the center. Yakshho izobari curvilinear, t. E. Mayut, for example, the shape of an ellipse or a cola, then on rukh
by the way of pouring center force. The whole force of energy, as it is straightened from the center to the periphery along the radius of curvature of the trajectory of the turn. From the center of the force (at the time of grating), it goes through the isobars. When it is evident, rubbing the wind dime down to the izobars towards a low vice. The magnitude of the centering force starts with equality
de V - the speed of the wind (speed of the wind), r - radius of curvature of the yogh traktorії.
If you accept it, if you are going to see it on a stake, then the speed of it in any point of the trajectory will be directed along the same line up to the circumference (Fig. 30, b і c). Yak viplivє with the scheme of the scheme, the power of the Coriolis (A) It is straight (in the winter season) along the straight cut along the radius to the right towards the wind( V). The centering force (C) is directed towards the center of the cyclone and anticyclone to its periphery, and the force of the gradient (G) temporarily the geometric sum of the first two forces and lie on the radius of the circle. All three forces in a wide range of tied to the family
de r - radius of curvature isobar.
The third rіvnyannya vipliv, wіter the straightening perpendicular to the gradієnt vise. Tse okremiy vipadok vіtru with circular isobars in the cyclone system. Such a wind is calledgradієntnim.
At the beginning of the cycle in the cyclone system (Fig. 31, b) the force of the baric gradient is straightened to the center of the center, and the force of the center and of the Coriolis, which is more important, is directed to the opposite side. At one anticyclone (Fig. 30, c), the force of the Coriolis is directed to the center of it, and the force of the pressure gradient is directed towards the center of the center, and the force of the baric gradient is directed to the opposite direction and temporarily knocks the surface.
Rivnyannya gradient wind in the face of the anticyclone of the beginning of the viglyad:
At the new age, the power of the Earth's wrapping is straightened out from the backdrop of the world, the city's weather appears to be out of the city's grip. To that, in the first stage, the wind in the cyclone of the straightening behind the year-old arrow and in the anticyclone - the anti-year arrow.
Pose with forcefully rubbing, i.e., Vische 1 km, Windows directly and quickly approach the gradient. The rise between the effective and the urban wind is not great. However, there is a small amount of performance against the gradient of the gradient and an important role in the change of the atmospheric vice.
The grip of the fortune is to start in a hundred atmosphere, peretin, equal to one area. In case of an unsettled Russia, in times of change of the term power and active forces There is a change in the increase in weight in a hundred, and, as a result, a decrease in the atmospheric pressure.
The head officer at the field vise (baric field) є vіdhilennya vіdіysnі vіtru gradient (on vіtakh). If it is straight and the fluidity of the action wind appears to be gradient, it will change or change the weight of the wind and change the grip and it can win and evolve the lower cyclones - cyclones and anti-cyclones.
Visiting the weather in the areas of strong wind streams in the troposphere and during the great curvature of the wind streams.
Box vise. The structure of the field vise, abo baric field atmosphere, dosit rіznomanіtna. At extratropical latitudes, where the surface of the earth is, and at the heights, it is always possible to see a great or rather small for the size of the cyclone, the anticyclone, the valley, the comb, the side.
Cyclones are the most atmospheric whirlwinds, with a low grip in the center. Rukh turn in їх systems in the winter season will be against the year's shooting. Anticyclones - vikhori with a vise in the center. Rukh turn in їх systems in the winter season will go for the year's shooting.
In the first phase in both circulation systems, there is a windfall, that is, in the cyclone it is dark after the year in the wind, and in the anticyclone - in the opposite direction. Ridge - the area of a high vise with an anticyclonic system of circulation is knitted from the central part of the anticyclone. Ulovina - the area of a low vice with a cyclonic circulation system is tied to the central part of the cyclone. Sidlovina is a tse form of a barichesky relay between two cyclones and two anticyclones, rostasovannyh cross-over.
On little 31 there is a vise field at the surface of the earth with a system of winds. In addition to two cyclones and two anticyclones, here are presented the ugly, the comb and the saddle. Directly the wind is shown by arrows, the speed is shown by feathers. The more it appears between the isobars, the less the speed and the less feathering. The same image isobars and vіtru taken on the maps wait (Div. Nizche).
The structure of the field is versatile and foldable. In addition, the mode of alternating currents is charged and charged, at the surface of the earth and at the elevations, over the continents and over the oceans, not even at all about the great diminutiveness in the middle and high latitudes every day. Call the middle of the month of the picture a vise and vіtrі represent only the overwhelming transfer of gadgets for a span of a month and a lot of peculiarities of the atmospheric processes, which appear on the maps of the day.
In the meantime, it turns out that the surface of the earth is visibly different from the same atmospheric pressure in different points of the atmosphere. So, as a grip wiggle vertically and horizontally, then you will be able to collapse under a deyakim kut to the earth's surface. Ale tsey kut is very small. Tom, in the morning, great , vvazhayut horizontally turn out to be, so as to look out only horizontally at the warehouse. It should be explained, however, that a vertical warehouse winds up significantly less horizontally and grows thinner in case of strong convection, or if there are orographic changes, as if the disturbances were triggered, they were grabbed.
The mountains are great for the great problems of the tropospheric wind, the area of some porous across the continent and the oceans, as there are some physical power and for some characteristic insignificant horizontal changes of meteorological values.
structure vіtru
The outward flow of the flowing stream characterizes the fluidity and directly to the wind. In every turn, like to collapse, rubbing against the earth's surface, as well as uneven heating, there is little turbulence. To that, in the skin point of space, there are shifts, like shvidkosti, and directly to the wind. Such a character is called "impulsive" fortune. Call it fast in the middle of the week, because it’s an average speed for that, or even a small hour, when it’s going to be held. There is a sense of the swiftness of the okremikh obsyagiv povitrya, as it swiftly changes in the hour, being called mittovoy.
The partisanship is going over the dilyankas with great shorts: over the overcrowded masses, over the surrounding hills, the forest, to explain the turbulence over such dylyankas. Frequently, the flow of twist, without porosity, is indicated in inversions. At the same hour, the inversion of the ball is often spared to improve the strength of the frequent wind.
Injection pereshkod on viter
1. Be-like a pereshkoda, like to stand on the road in the wind, the field in the wind. Pereskodi can be large-scale, like mountain ridges, and other-scale, like houses, trees, lisosmugs. Povitryani masi either cross the crossbar from the sides, or cross over the new one from the top. Most often it is placed horizontally. The overflowing of the air is lighter, there is less stratification of the worse, so that there is a greater vertical gradient of temperature in the atmosphere. Overflowing the wind through the crossroads to produce even more important inheritances, like the increase in coldness and fall on the winds of the mountains during the visceral Russia;
Obtіkayuchi pereshkoda, vіter in front of him is weak, ale from the bichnyh sides pіdsilyuєtsya, especially at vistupiv pereshkod (kuti budinkіv, misi coastal line). For the transition, the speed of the wind changes, there is a turn of the wind. It’s even more easy to live up to the weather between two mountain ridges. When the lateral flow changes, the lateral growth changes. So, as a result of the lesser growth, you can go through the styles, then the speed is up to the age. We explain how strong it is in some areas. For example, making it possible to wind through the high islands and navigate the city streets.
2. The inflow of useful fox smogs on the microclimatic withers of the fields are tied to the ground with the weakened vіtru in the earthly balls of fire, which are spreading like fossil smog. Witnessing it overflows over the lisosmug and, besides, the speed of its weakness when passing through this edge of enlightenment in smoothies. To that, the swiftness of the winter grows without a precession for the haze. In the distance from the smog, the speed of the weather increases. On the other hand, the earliness of the winter is only seen in the country, which is 40-50 times the height of the smog trees, since the smog is not susceptible. The inflow of the succinic smog expands to the viewpoint, which is 20-30 times the height of the trees.
gradient force
Be-yake ruh vinikє pid dієyu yakois power. The power, like to bring the twist into the fold, is the result of the manifestation of a rise in the vice in two points of space. The horizontal vise is characterized by a horizontal gradient of the vise. To that, the power is called the crumbling force of the horizontal gradient in the vice, inakshe, the gradient force.
Visible in the open space between two izobaric surfaces with a vice R and R + 1 single grip (1 cm 3). The level of mind.
G g warmer by drink
cold 1000 Mb
The isobaric surfaces are healed from a small cut to the earth's surface. Tse vіdbuvaєtsya as a result of the fact that in a cold weather the grip changes with a visota shvidshu, now in a warm one. The position of isobaric surfaces to lie not only at a vice, but at a temperature.
On visions of the obsyag, the force of the heavy and the grip was strong. Equal strength to the vice є the force of the new gradient to the vice G, yak is straightened perpendicular to the isobaric surface from the high vice to a low one and is applied to the center of the heavy vice.
The force of the secondary gradient is applied to the horizontal and vertical warehouse. A vertical warehouse, when vertical collapses are out, is time-consuming by the force of heavy, and a horizontal warehouse at the moment of the cob is not time-consuming; From the beginning of the day, or by virtue of the beginning, move into the side of a low grip.
Having increased the strength on the mass of the seen obsyagu (1 cm 3), that is, on the strength, we know the strength, as the result is on one of the masi:
de F G - force of baric gradient, cm / with 2;
ΔP - change the vice between two points (Dyn / cm 2); 1mb = 10 3 Din / cm 2;
Δz - stand between dots, see
The power of the baric gradient is to bring the rue to the ruff and the great speed. All the forces that appear before the hour of the fall can be deprived of galmuvati and vidhilatiy from right to the city.
Strength, as they win when Russia turns out.
- The deflecting force of the Earth's wrapping.
Viter is the trick of winding over the Earth, and the Earth itself wraps itself around its axis with a wedge-shaped speed ω = 7.29. 10 -5 s- 1. As early as 1838, Coriolis did not change, but in any case of Russia, there would be a rudimentary coordinate system, but I would only deny it, so called, rotational acceleration. Otrima yogo and іtrya, which collapses over the surface of the Earth, tobto wіter.
As the masa collapses, apparently collapsing coordinate systems, as it may collapse, then the masa does not go to the point, as it is located on the extended cob, but to see it. If you sposter from the deyakoy point of ruhomiy coordinate system behind the collapse of the winding mass, then you should be built, as soon as you are trying to see it to the side. Qiu call the power the power of the Coriolis, or see the power of the wrapping of the Earth.
On the horizontal side of the line, the horizontal storage power or the wrapping of the Earth (the power of the Coriolis), pivna:
A = 2 v ω sinφ,
de v - the speed of the wind;
ω- cut-to-length width of the Earth's wrapping, which is 7,29 · 10 -5 s -1.
φ - latitude of the month.
On the vertical side of the line, there is a vertical storage force, which is suitable for transporting:
A = 2 v 1 ω cosφ,
de v 1 - vertical warehouse shvidkostі vіtru.
The horizontal storage force of the Coriolis is directed down a straight cut to the turn of the wind, to the right in the middle, and to the left in the front. To that, it’s not awkward or hopeful, but only straight forward.
- The power of rubbing
The power of rubbing the halm the ruh of the rub. It is stored with the force of the last grater, the yak is tied to the galactic surface of the earth's surface, and from the force of the inner grater, tied with the molecular and turbulent viscosity of the grape.
The power of the callous rubbing only the halmus ruh, but not directly. Vona is straightened in a bik, a protylezhny ruha, і proportional to yo іshvydkostі.
The action of the inner rubbing of the glade in the fact that the suspicious prodigies and the obscenities of the witches, as I think I grow shy, pour one one into the collar, between them the force of viscosity, as it overwhelms me. The main part of the internal grater is surrounded by turbulent changes, and this is often called turbulent graters. There are tens of thousands of times, molecularly rubbing. All the reasons, such as to summarize the strength of the turbulence, instantly wipe and increase the internal rub. Tim himself stinks to increase the energy by rubbing it in the atmosphere, and also to take the broadening of it into the mountain, on the growth of the atmosphere balls. The power of the inner grating is not a direct grating, the seedling, does not get away from the force of the lasting grating. To that, the external force of rubbing at the earth's surface, yak represents the vector sum of the forces of the external and internal rubbing, is not straightened strictly against the ruff, but is lifted straight from the edge of the ruff to the cube, approximately equal to one 35 It is a negatively rooted, like a galmu ruh, і dorіvnyuє:
de k - kofіtsієnt rub, which lie not only from the shortness of the paved surface, but from the intensity of turbulence in the flow of dry weather, s -1.
k change from 0.2. 10 -4 to 1.2. 10 -4 s -1.
- Center force
Vidcentral force of winikє at curvilinear rusi good luck.
de V - shvidk_st ruch;
r - radius of curvature of the traktorії ruhu.
The directional force is straightened along the radius of curvature of the traktorії path to the center, to the side of the convexity of the traktorії. For atmospheric holes in the center, the force is small, so as the radius of curvature of the trajectory becomes hundreds and thousands of meters. To that, the center's strength is 10-100 times less than the strength of Coriolis. But with great swings and small radii of curvature in the center, the force in a lot develops a gradient force. Such a mind is set in small whirlwinds with a vertical view, as it occurs in hot weather, in tornadoes and tornadoes, the radius of the trajectory is small, and the speed is even greater.
ESTABLISHED ROOK FOR VIDESITY GRIND. Gradієntnіy VІTER
Steel (stationary) collapse is called collapse, given that there is no space in the skin, the magnitude and straight average speed does not change in an hour.
The fatigue of the wind when it is out of sight or rubbing is called a gradual wind.
In a one-sided pressure field, the gradient force is the same across the range. Tom, if you are in such a field, you will be equal and straightforward. When the force is moving, rubbing on the ruchom, the gradient force (F G) is aligned perpendicular to the isobars and the Coriolis force (A) is perpendicular to the ruch.
On little 3.1, a diagram of forces is shown, like a single volume of eating in a straightforward rus without urahuvannya power rubbing.
V
Malyunok 3.1 - Diagram of forces, like going on a turn at
straightforward rus without urahuvannya silly rubbing
When weary Russia, we try to get overwhelmed, because the smell is the same for the size, but rather for the opposite. So, as the strength of the Coriolis is perpendicular to the ruch, then the rukh is perpendicular to the gradient of the grip, so that the vdovzh izobar will be directed. Otzhe, gradual wind, which is a dme uzdovzh of straight and parallel isobars, are called geostrophic wind.
R
B - equally strong or strong or rubbing.
Malyunok 3.2 - Diagram of forces, like a fight on a turn
with the straightforwardness of Russia with the urge to forcefully rub
The vector of speed at the point About the direction of the force of the baric gradient to the right (in the first step) at the edge less than 90 0. The gradient force is perpendicular to the isobars and is straightened into the side of a low vice. The force of Coriolis A is perpendicular to the vector of speed and direction to the right (in the first place). The rubbing force R is aligned against the velocity vector. Mental stationarity is equal to zero of the resultant forces.
The cut is rubbing directly in the wind and in the gradient of the vice in the ball, rubbing the more, the greater the latitude of the ice and the less the efficiency of rubbing.
The fluidity of the rub in the presence of rubbing:
de k - kofіtsієnt grating.
Kut vidhilennya vіtru vіd gradient when straight rusі:
de φ - kut vіdhilennya vіtru іd gradient when the force of grating is evident.
Vidhilennya right in the middle of the horizontal gradient vise in the surface sphere of the atmosphere in the middle become 60 ° to the right in the pivnichniy pivkule. The sight of the near-ground ball grows up at a height and at the level of grating it becomes urban, reaching 90 °.
Above the ocean, rubbing between the turns and the surface, less on land, less on land, less geostrophic, less over the mainland.
As soon as it is seen at the earth's surface it is possible to see from the baric city to the smallest corner of the direct one in the winter season to the right, and in the open air - to the left. There is also a rule: if you stand with your back to the wind, then the most low grip will appear on the left side and three in front, and a large grip - on the right side and three in the back. The price of the position is known empirically and I will call it the law of baric vіtru.
Gradієntni VІTER with circular isobars
At times curvilinear isobars, there is a tightness of gradients, and from the same, and gradual forces change from one point to the point. Tom, the ruch may be crooked. When the force is out, rubbing on the wind, which collapses, in all the way, the gradient, the center of the force and the force of the Coriolis.
The method of the best viter, which is the diameter of circular isobars, is called geocyclostrophic vitro.
anticyclone
Anticyclone is a cerebral system with a high grip in the center and a lower grip from the center to the periphery.
On little 3.3, a diagram of forces is shown, as it is going on a single volume of twisting, as the bridle of closed circular isobars collapses in anticyclones.
Malyunok 3.3 - Diagram of forces, like going on a turn in anticyclones
(Pivnichna pivkulya)
Gradient force (F G) is aligned perpendicularly to the isobars in the direction of the change in vice, so that towards the center of the given baric system to the її periphery. At the same time, there is a direct and central force (C). The force of the Coriolis (A) is straightened into the protagonist of the first two forces. The vector of swipes (V) turns to the right from the gradient (for the first time) and the alignments according to the exact value to the isobar. Otzhe, rukh will see the bridle of the izobar for the year of the year (in the first pivot). Such a collapse is called anti-cyclonic.
At the pivdenniy pіvkulі there is a vector of quickness of straightening out of the city force. Tom will fail to see the fight against the year's shots.
In case of tired Russia in anticyclones, the force of the Coriolis is inevitably applied by the gradient and centering forces.
AMalyunok 3.4 - Diagram of forces, like going on a turn in a cyclone
(Pivnichna pivkulya)
Here, the gradient force is straightened from the periphery to the center of the baric system and is temporarily applied by the center-to-center force of the Coriolis, so that it goes straight. The vector of the curvatures of the straightening is also to the right of the city, and it goes along the isobars of the opposite direction. Such a collapse is called cyclonic.
In case of tired Russia in a cyclone, the gradient force is inevitably applied to the center force and the force of the Coriolis.
The fluidity of the geocyclostrophic wind in the cyclone:
Kut vidhilennya vіtru vіd gradient in curved rusі:
de "+" is placed before the cyclone, and "-" - before the anticyclone.
POVITRYANI MASI.
Turbulent mixing in the ATMOSPHERE
The atmosphere of the twilight is a crumbling middle, in which it begins to fall apart, growing beyond the scale and directly with the growing news. The turbulent nature of atmospheric collapses is due to the apparent shortness of the earth's surface, the uneven heating of the young surfaces of the surface, as well as the hydrodynamic powers of atmospheric currents. The shorter the earth's surface is greater, the more turbulent it is. More intense heat is generated, more turbulence. As a result of turbulent collapse є vertical and horizontal exchange of wind. Tse to produce before transferring heat into the atmosphere, vologues, saw and other houses. Turbulent mixing of the environment to the environment instead of houses in the atmosphere.
Vertical turbulent exchange is described by the onset of the war:
S = - A (dс / dz),
de S - amount of substance, yaku to transfer in one hour through one area;
Dс / dz - the vertical gradient of the substance, that is, the change per unit of view along the vertical;
A - the efficiency of turbulent exchange, which is due to the atmospheric minds and the nature of the earth's surface.
In case of significant turbulent flows in the surface sphere of the atmosphere, the efficiency of turbulence k will increase, which should start with the formula:
de ρ is the strength of the turnover, kg / m 3.
 |
The stage of turbulence can be quite different. Proceed can be judged by the caution for the rozpodil dimu, which goes out of the pipes of the enterprises. The type of strumen in the dim, as they go through the pipes at a rising stage of turbulence of the atmosphere, is aimed at the little one 3.5.
,Coefficiencies And in the minds of the atmosphere change in the meanings of the world in the hour, and in the open space. The stench lies in the vertical gradient of the airiness, the thermal stiffness of the atmosphere, the powers of the earth's surface (the shorter, the thermal heterogeneity) and in.
Interaction with the ocean and atmosphere.
27. Circulation of disciples by weight.
© Volodymyr kalanami,
"Knowledge is power".
The change in the atmosphere in the atmosphere is based on the thermal regime and the change in the grip of the wind. The majority of the main currents over the planet are called the backbone circulating atmosphere... The main large-scale atmospheric ruins, which create the deep circulation of the atmosphere: wind flows, jet flows, wind flows in cyclones and anticyclones, pass and rubbish.
The roach of the earth's surface - viter- to show that the atmospheric grip in the old days of the fortunate mass is not the same. Accepted vvzhati, scho v_ter - tse horizontal ruch turn. As a matter of fact, it doesn’t collapse parallel to the surface of the Earth, but along a small kut, that is why the atmospheric clutch changes in horizontal and vertical strands. Directly vіtru (pіvnіchny, pіvedenniy, etc.) means, the sounds are wіter dme. For the strength of the win, rely on the respect of yo shvidkist. Chim vona vishcha, tim viter is stronger. Wind speed is displayed at meteorological stations at a height of 10 meters above the Earth, in meters per second. In practice, the power to evaluate in balls. The skin ball is two or three meters per second. With a force of 9 points, it is already stormy, and with 12 points - a hurricane. Extensions of the term "storm" mean whether it is even stronger than the wind, right from a number of balls. The speed of a strong wind, for example, in a tropical hurricane, reaches the great values - up to 115 m / s and more. Winter growth in mid-rise. At the surface of the Earth, graters decrease their speed. A fee for the liquidity in the whole food, not in last hour... Most of the weather is spastered in the middle and polar latitudes in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere.
There is no zeal for the regularity of the change in speed over the continents at low altitudes (100-200 m). here shvidkosti in the morning reach the greatest values during the noon, and the least - at midday. Tse sposterіgaєtsya nicestly vlіtku.
Even worse in the morning, before the stormy weather, in the daytime in the barrens of Central Asia, and at night it is still calm. Even at a height of 150-200 m, the picture is directly opposite: maximum performance at night and minimum during the day. The same picture is spared and charged, and charged in outside latitudes.
A lot of inappropriateness can bring a lot of things to the pilots of lithuanians and helicopters. Strumeny povitrya, scho collapsing in small straights, povtovhami, porovy, then weak, then accommodating, opening up a great transition for the collapse of the shipwreck - to appear bovtanka - not without a breakdown of normal goodness.
Vitri, where it is dim from the mountain ridges of the cool continent in a straight line warm sea, called borough... Tse - strong, cold, partly viter, so dme chill out in the cold season of fate.
Bagatom vіdoma pine forest in the regionі Novorosіyska, on the Black Sea. Here the doors are like that natural mind However, the speed of the bora can reach 40 and 60 m / s, and the temperature decreases at a temperature of up to minus 20 ° C. Bora winery is most often in the period from spring to birch trees, in the middle 45 days on the river. Some of the inheritance of the boule were as follows: the harbor froze, ice crooked the ships, the Budovi, the embankment, the dakhi were looking out from the budinks, the wagons were thrown over to the court, they threw themselves on the shore. Bora is hosted in the other regions of Russia - on Baikal, on Noviy Zemli. From the forest on the Seredzemny Uzberezhzhi France (there it is called the Mistral) and to the Mexican place.
Some vertical whirlwinds emerge in the atmosphere with a swift, spirited flow of wind. Tsi vikhori are called tornadoes (in America they are called tornadoes). Tornadoes strike with a diameter of tens of meters, sometimes up to 100-150 m. Behind the nature of the whirled tornado, the estimated values of the speed can be 50-100 m / s, and in especially strong whirlwinds - up to 200-250 m / s with the great vertical storage speed. The grip at the center of the tornado falls on the tornado of tens of millibars. Milibari for viznachennya vise vikoristovuyut in synoptic practice (order with millimeters of mercury stock). For transferring bars (millibars) in mm. mercury stoppa іsnuyut special tables. In the CI system, the atmospheric grip is measured in hectopascals. 1hPa = 10 2 Pa = 1mb = 10 -3 bar.
Tornadoes are not good enough - from a few hilin until a few years. Ale і for a small hour, the stench rises up to the smallest dare. When a tornado passes (over land, tornadoes sometimes call them thrombi) until the wake of the middle, they wake up in the center of a thrombus until they wake up, vibrate in the middle - to get around the life without wandering victims. There are drops, if there are people, creatures, and also small objects and tornadoes in the morning and transfer to dozens, or even hundreds of meters. In my own Russia, tornadoes seep for a dozen kilometers over the sea and even more - over land. Ruynivna force of tornadoes over the sea is less than over land. In Europe, thrombi rіdkіsnі, often stinks in the Asian part of Russia. Ale especially, parts and ruins of tornadoes in the United States. Read more about tornadoes and tornadoes on our website in the section.
Atmospheric vice even more minlive. It’s possible to fall asleep at the height of the turnover, its power and acceleration of strength, as it changes in the fallowness of the geographic latitude and hovering above the sea level. The schilnistyu is called the masa of the odd one. Diet and dry food When the temperature of the gustin is low, it will increase, with the increase in power it will change more, lower the vice. The strength of the wine is not easy to change, but to be calculated on the basis of variable values of temperature and vice. By the same token, it’s a good thing to see for the galvanizing of the individual companions of the Earth, as well as the warning for the spilling of the individual smokers with the steam of sodium, which is fired by meteorological rockets.
In Europe, the volume of the surface of the Earth is 1.258 kg / m 3, at a height of 5 km - 0.735, at a height of 20 km - 0.087, and at a height of 40 km - 0.004 kg / m 3.
Chim shorter than stoov povitrya, chim vishche misce, tim less vise. Alle the change in the growth rate, the growth of the fallowing ground grows. Rivnyannya, which bends the law of the wriggle against the vise in the atmosphere, is called the basic rivnyannya of statics. It’s more vigorous, because it’s more negative than the grip, and when we go one or the same grip, the grip is greater than the greater the strength of the grip and the acceleration of the force of hardness. The main role here is to lay the spirit of goodness. From the basic level of statics, it is possible to calculate the value of the vertical gradient of the vice, showing a change in the vice when shifting to one unit of the height, so that the vice is reduced to one unit of verticality (mb / 100 m). Gradient vise - tse і є strength, as we are in the fold of the fortune. Krym force gradієnta vice in the atmosphere of power or energy (the power of the Coriolis and the center), as well as the power of rubbing. All the current flows are looked out across the Earth, as if they were wrapped around their axis.
The spacious atmosphere rose is called a baric field. The system is on top of a vise, or isobaric surfaces.
Vertical rise of isobaric surfaces above the cyclone (H) and anticyclone (B).
The surface is drawn through the interval vise p.
The isobaric surfaces cannot be parallel to one to one and the earth's surface, because the temperature and the grip are constantly changing in a horizontal direction. To that, the izobaric surfaces may have a versatile viglyad - from the slender "ulogovin" downhill to the "pagorbiv" uphill.
When the horizontal area of isobaric surfaces is overturned, curves appear - isobaric, tobto lines, so that the dots with the same values are drawn.
Carti izobars, as they await the results at the earliest moment of the hour, are called synoptic charts. Carti izobars, folded for average bagatory data for the month, season, ric, are called klimatological.
Bagatorial middle pictures of the absolute topography of the isobaric surface 500 mb per breast - lutius.
Hang in the geopotential decametry.
on synoptic maps mіzh isobars of acceptance іnterval, rіvny 5 hectopascals (hPa).
On the maps of the bordering area of the isobar, it is possible to shave off, but on the map of all the Earth's skin, the skin of the isobar is naturally closed.
Alle and on the bordering cards there are often closed izobaris, which surround the small or high vise. Areas with lower grip at the center - tse cyclones, And the area with a visually movable vice - the anticyclones.
By cyclone rosum_yut a majestic whirlwind in the lower sphere of the atmosphere, which is in the center of the lowering of the atmospheric vice and the downward movement of the wicked. In the cyclone, the grip of growth goes to the center to the periphery, and the opposite direction collapses in the Old New Years and after the Years Old Street - in the Old New Years. The downward ruck must be brought up to the end of the bloom and until the fall. In space, cyclones watch out at the viglyadi to twirl the dark spirales in the lower latitudes.
anticyclone- tse area of the temple vise. Win vynikє immediately with the development of a cyclone and is a vortex from closed isobars and a vise in the center. Visiting the anticyclones in the dark behind the year-old building in the Old School and against the year-old building - in the Old Street. In the anticyclones, there is a decline in the fall, which is overwhelmed by the overwhelming and triple fall.
In such a rank, large-scale circulation of the atmosphere in the middle latitudes should be built up to approval, development, collapse, and then to extinguishing and development of cyclones and anticyclones. Cyclones, which come to the front, how to distribute warm and cold winds, collapse into bik poles, so as to transfer heat in polar latitudes. Nawpaks, anticyclones, wandering through cyclones in cold weather, collapse in subtropical latitudes, enduring colder weather.
Over the European territory of Russia, 75 cyclones rise in the middle of the year. The diameter of the cyclone reaches 1000 km and is more. In Europe, there are 36 anticyclones in the middle of the month, a part of the low pressure in the center is more than 1050 hPa. The average grip in the winter season on the sea level is 1013.7 hPa, and in the winter season - 1011.7 hPa.
In the north in the private parts of the Atlantic and The Pacific sparing the area of low vice, named Icelandicі Aleutian Depressions. depression, abo baric minimums, It is characterized by minimal values of the vice - in the middle it is close to 995 hPa.
In the same period, the rock over Canada and Asia are in a vise, called the Canadian and Siberian anticyclones. The vise (1075-1085 hPa) is rebuilt in Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and at least in typhoons over the Pacific Ocean (880-875 hPa).
Depressions are spontaneous in areas where cyclones often emerge, as, in the world of letting down, step by step fall into step and act against anticyclones. Asian and Canadian anticyclones are found in the latitudes of the great continents of Eurasia and Pivnichnoy America. In the qikh regions, the anticyclones are loaded over the cyclones.
Vlіtku over the cyclonic continents, the diagram of the baric field and the circulation is constantly changing;
At the lower latitudes of the winter season, cyclones, hovering over the one-sided surface of the oceans, collapsing onto the winter skid, start the ice of Antarctica and then stagnate, looming in their centers a low grip. The trickle і vlіtku Antarctica is sharpened with a belt of a low vise (985-990 hPa).
At subtropical latitudes, the circulation of the atmosphere grows over the oceans and in the regions of the continent and oceans. Above the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the subtropics of both agricultural and the area of the high vise: the Azores and the Pivdeno-Atlantic subtropical anticyclones (abo baric minimums) in the Atlantic and Hawaiian and Pivdeno-Pacific anticyclones
The greatest amount of sleepy heat will gradually be eliminated in the equatorial region. Tom, in equatorial latitudes (up to 10 ° pivnіchno і paternal latitude uzdovzh ekvatora) whole fate the lowering of the atmospheric vice, and in tropical latitudes, in smoothies 30-40 ° C. і PDS - amendments, in the case of which there are continuous streams of twain, direct from the paths to the adequate. The growing streams are called pasatami... Pasatnі vіtri dim with a stretch of all fate, withering deprived of its intensity in the insignificant boundaries. Tse sami stiyki vіtri na earthly cool... The force of the horizontal baric gradient directs the streams from the areas slid in a vice in the area of a lowered vice in the meridional straight, tobto for pivden and pivnich. Note: the horizontal baric gradient is the center of the vice, as it falls on the unit along the normal to the isobar.
Alle the meridian directly pass through the two forces of energy - the power of the Earth (the strength of the Coriolis) and the center of the force, and also the force of rubbing against the earth's surface. The power of the Coriolis flows into the skin so that the bridle of the meridian collapses. Take 1 kg of food in the winter season at latitude µ and startє collapses from shvidkistu V uzdovzh meridiana at pivnich. A whole kilogram of goodness, as if it were only on Earth, there is little linearity of wrapping U = ωr, de ω - kutova shvidk_st wrapping of the Earth, and r- go up to the axis of the wrapping. According to the law of inertia of the kilogram U, Yaku vin mav at latitude µ ... Prosuvayutsya on pivnich, win to shine at higher latitudes, de radius wrapping less than i line-up the wrapping of the Earth is less. In such a rank, it is worthwhile to outstrip the unruly til, roztashovani on the same meridian, albeit in greater latitudes.
For sposterіgach tse bude viglyadati yak vіdhilennya tіlа tіla to the right fіd dієyu yakois power. Qia power і є power of Coriolis. For the price of a log of a kilogram of eating in the Holy Week, one should go straight to the door. Horizontal storage capacity of the Coriolis, which is for 1 kg of food, road SK = 2wVsinY. Vona and vidhilya turn, go straight kut to the vector of speed V. In Pivnichniy pivkuly, the vector goes to the right, and in Pivdenniy pivkuli it is left. From the formulas of vipliv, that the power of Coriolis is not victorious, that it is only to rest, that it’s just that, if it collapses after all. In the atmosphere of the Earth, the magnitude of the horizontal baric gradient and strength of the Coriolis may be one order of magnitude; In such vipadkahs, it seems straightforward, and it doesn’t collapse because of the pressure, but it’s very close to it.
Whirlwind flows in the atmosphere evoke a vortex character, so in this kind of Russia, the skin is one of the most powerful P = V / R, de V- the speed of the weather, and R- radius of curvature of the traktorії ruhu. In the atmosphere, the force is less than the strength of the baric gradation, and so it will be lost, so bimiti, by the force of the “world meaning”.
As soon as you grate for power, as we wipe out the winds and the surface of the Earth, then in the singing world we hope for the speed of the wind. It can be seen as follows: the lower obsjagi, which lowered their horizontal speed through the irregularities of the earth's surface, are transferred from the lower ridges up the hill. In such a rite, rubbing against the earth's surface is transmitted to the mountain, step by step weakly. The name of the company is so called planetary ball, Scho to become 1.0 - 1.5 km. vishche 1.5 km in the inflow rubbing insignificantly, that is why I call a lot of balls with a fresh atmosphere.
V equatorial zone The line-up swiftness of the wrapping of the Earth is the best, apparently here is the strength of the Coriolis of the best. Tom in the tropical belt Pivnіchno Pіvkulі pass dmut mayzhe start from the pivnichnogo descent, and in the pivdenniy pivkuli - from the pivdenniy descent.
A low grip in the equatorial zone is promoted gradually, charging and wiping. Smuha of a low vise, I will hunt all the Earth kul, according to the adequacy, to call myself eqvatorialnyyu.
Having gained dignity over the oceans of both pivkul, two pasatny streams, collapsing one to one, to hide to the center of the equatorial street. On the line of a low grip the stench stinks, claiming to be so called internal zone of convergence(Convergence means "business"). As a result of the cycle of "change", there is a decline in the turn of the century and the decline of the past to subtropics. The whole process and the opening of the zone for the iznuvannya zone and convergence gradually, stretching out to fate. As soon as the flow of passages converge, they have become well-known.
From the bottom of the tropic food to the end, to the end of the day, a ball of bustling-boardworms stretching for 100-200 km, from which tropical evil will collapse. In such a rank, the inner-tropic convergence zone becomes a man, before the boards wriggle out of the steam, picked up by the pasats over the oceans.
So forgiven, schematically, the picture of the circulation of the atmosphere in the equatorial zone of the Earth is shown.
On the other hand, I call it mousons... Arabian word "mausin", which means "time for rock", gave the name to the tsim of the persistent leaks.
Musoni, on the occasion of streamen leaks, are found in the northern regions of the Earth, and sometimes they collapse in opposite directions, creating summer and winter garbage. Lіtnіy muson - the price of going from the ocean to the mainland, wintering - from the mainland to the ocean. There are tropical and extratropical monsoons. At the Pivnichno-Shidniy Indies and Afritsa, the winter tropic monasteries are stored with the pasats, and the lithuanian old-fashioned pasats increase. New tropical monasteries are promoted in the private part of the Indian Ocean and in the Northern Asia. Pozatropychny monsoons emerge in the taut, stiff regions of the continent, growing in the grip during the winter hour and low - in the summer hour.
Typical in the whole of the region and the Russian Distant Descent, China, Japan. For example, Vladivostok, how to lie in the latitude of Sochi through the days of the postatropic monsoon as it gets colder than Arkhangelsk, and there are often fogs, fall from the sea, and it is colder and colder.
Bagato tropic land of Pivdennoi Asia will be recognized as a vologue, brought in the view of the torrential boards by the richest tropic rubbish.
Be-like it is the result of the interplay of the physical factors that emerge in the atmosphere over the geographic regions. To the monasteries to visit breezy... The stench is close to the coastline of the seas and oceans, and I may do it right: during the day, the stench bleeds from the sea to the land, and at night from the land to the sea. Explain the temperature difference over the sea and land in early hour dib. Warmth of land and sea is growing. During the day, in warm weather, sleepy exchanges heat the land more quickly, lower the sea, and the grip over land changes. Once again, start to collapse in a little vice - dme sea breeze... Everybody gets mutilated in packs. The land and the wind above it will be warm, the sea is lower, the grip of the old is, lower over the sea, and the winds are right to the side of the sea - dme coastal breeze... Breezy is especially variable during quiet, sleepy weather, if you don't get any of it, so as not to overlap with other streams of fortune, as it is easy to drown out the breezes. The speed of the breeze is roughly 5 m / s, a little in the paths, the temperature difference between the surface of the sea and the land is significant, the breeze blows only once at a speed of 10 m / s. At the lower latitudes, breezes penetrate 25-30 km into the terrain.
Brizi, no matter how much it seems, it’s just a little bit, only on a smaller scale - it smells like a good cycle and it’s a change to lay down right through the winter of the night and of the day, it’s a little bit of a different cycle, and it’s going to change right in the fall as soon as you rock.
Ocean currents, which are on their way to the coast of the mainland, go along two branches, which are straightened by the paths of the Uzbek continent for a private day. In the Atlantic Ocean, there is a spate of the Brazilian current that is on the shores Of America, And the pivnichna gilka is the warm Gulfstrom, which goes to Pivnichno-Atlanticny with a stretch, and under the name of the North Cape current reach the Kolsky pvostrov.
The Pacific Ocean is going to move to Kuro-Sivo.
Earlier, we already guessed about the seasonally warm crossing of the shores in Ecuador, Peru and Pivnichniy Chili. Vono winnicks grow in the chest (not choroku) and in the decrease in the catch of ribs from the shores of the regions through those in warm water there is even little plankton - the main food resource for ribi. Rise of the temperature adjustment of the coastal waters of the wiklikє of the development of the bourgeois-wood grain, from which strong planks are spilled.
The rivals ironically named the heat of the leak El-Niño, which means "a gift of a gift" (from іsp. El ninjo - nemovlya, lad). But I would like to admit it is not an emotional experience with Chilean and Peruvian ribalkas, but for a physical reason. On the right, in the fact that the temperature adjustment of the water on the coast of Holy America is not the only one warm flow... Zmini to the back room in the "ocean-atmosphere" system in the great expanses of the Pacific Ocean to bring in the atmospheric processes, names " pivdennym kolyvannyam". The whole process, interrelated with the leaks, is the origin of all physical manifestations, which are seen in the paths. All the processes, which circulate in the atmosphere, especially over the surface of the Svitovoy Ocean, is a folding, complex process. But with all the folding, decay and diminutiveness of alternating currents, there are still regularities, due to the fact that in the quiet regions of the Earth, the main large-scale, as well as the cycle processes of the atmosphere are repeated.
At the end of the chapter, it is possible to put the victorious energy vіtru on. Energy vіtru people vikoristovuyut from time immemorial, quiet feast, as the stench came to walk in the sea under the wind. Then the windbreakers appeared, and then the windscreen engines - dzherela electric power. Viter - vichne dzherelo energy, stocks of which are indiscriminate. It is a pity that the victoriousness of the electric power is becoming very flexible through the ministry of its performance and straightforwardly. However, thanks to the help of the wind electric motors, it became possible to complete the efficient power supply of the wind. Shovel the windmill zushuyut yogo mayzhe start "trimati nis" behind the windshield. If the power is enough, the current will go ahead without the need to survive: for illumination, for refrigeration units, for charging the batteries. If there is a verse, the accumulators will add the accumulated electric power to the net.
At the science stations in the Arctic Antarctic, the electric power of the wind engines gives light and warmth, which will prevent the robot from the radio stations and the most efficient electric power. Apparently, for a leather science station є a diesel generator, for those who need a mother there is a continuous supply of fire.
Naypersh seafarers vikoristovuvuyut force vіtru spontaneously, without urahuvannya system and vіtrіv and ocean currents. Smells simply did not know anything about the understanding of such a system. The knowledge about the winds and flows has accumulated in centuries and in thousands of years.
One of the fellow Chinese sailor Zheng He with a stretch of 1405-1433 rr. having cleared the spade of expeditions, they passed the so-called Great Monkey Way from the Yangtze River to the Indian and western shores of Africa. We took care of the scale of the first cikh expeditions. Vona was stocked with 62 ships with 27800 participants. To float the expeditions, the Chinese vikorists used their knowledge of the regularities of the monasteries. In China, the stench went into the sea at the end of leaf fall - on the cob of the breast, if it was a wintery winter monsoon. A passing wind to assist in reaching the Indian and African countries. The stench in China turned into an equal - worm, if the old monsoon became established in the Pivdeno-Chinese Sea, which became the first.
The butt is more than an hour close to us. Mova about the rise in the price of the famous Norwegian brewed Thor Heyrdal. For the help of the wind, and more precisely, for the help of the passat Kheyirdal zmig bring the value of two of his hypotheses to the science. The first hypothesis was that the islands of Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean could be, on the Heyrdal thought, populated in the last twenties from the Middle Ages, as they flew over a part of the Pacific Ocean on their primitive floating ships. The floats were flesh from a balsa tree, like it’s just that, when they were tricky to move around the water, they didn’t change their proficiency, but that wasn’t in tone.
The inhabitants of Peru used such rafts for thousands of years, up to the empire of the times. Tour Heyirdal in 1947 tied a plate from the great balsa decks and called it "Kon-Tik", which means Sonce-Tik - the deity of the ancestors of the Polynesians. Having taken "on board" his raft five lovers are suitable, he went on a journey along the route from Callao (Peru) to Polynesia. The Peruvian current and the early-stage passat were on the cob, the float was carried by the Peruvian current and the early pass, and at the same time the robot was taken by the late pass of the Pacific Ocean, which could be three months without interruption. Nini French Polynesia).
Another hypothesis of Heyrdal was that the culture of the Olmecs, Aztecs, Mayans and the other tribes of Central America was transferred from ancient Egypt... Tse bulo we can, on the dummy of the cottage, to that, since in a long time ago people swam through Atlantic ocean on the papier chambers. Heyerdahl was also helped to bring the complexity of the hypothesis to Heyerdahl.
At the same time with a group of fellow-fellows, one-thinkers, they shot two floats on the papier chambers "Ra-1" and "Ra-2". The first choven ("Ra-1") collapsed, not moving to the American coast for dozens of kilometers. The experience is serious, but everything went well. Choven for another float ("Ra-2") knitted a "fahivtsi class" - Indians from the Central Andes. Viyshovshi from the port of Safi (Morocco), the papilian chavens "Ra-2" crossed the Atlantic Ocean through 56 dB and up to the island of Barbados (approximately 300-350 km from the Uzbek coast of Venezuela), having covered 6100 km of the highway. A small group of chovens pidganyav pivnichno-skidny passat, and when they fix it from the middle of the ocean - a skidny passat.
The science of another hypothesis of Heyrdal Bula has been brought up. Ale bulo brought the inshe: unaffected by the prosperous result of swimming, choven, tied with bundles of papyrus, outline, outline, or even water growth, is not suitable for swimming in the ocean. A lot of "shipboard material" is not guilty of being vicious, so it’s because it’s very wet and dirty in the water. Well, if you know more lovers, obsessed with bazhannym perelist the ocean on what is exotic floating boats, then don’t smell the smell on uvaz, so plat from a balsa tree over, not papyrusn, be it unfailingly.
© Volodymyr kalanami,
"Knowledge is power"
Entry
The gas-like shell of the Earth is called the atmosphere. The atmosphere is in unbroken Russia, I’ll take my part in the overturned Russia of the Earth near the Sonja and my axis. In addition to the periodic flow, the atmosphere is in the foldable Russia to the surface of the Earth. From the flowing interaction of the atmosphere from the earth's surface to internal processes The physical camp of the atmosphere and the surroundings of the parts change without interruption.
The vertical length of the atmosphere becomes close to 20,000 km. The sharp upper boundary of the atmosphere is not sleepy. for his physical authorities, The atmosphere is not uniform, both vertically and horizontally.
In Danish hour, the atmosphere spreads on the ball in a vertical straight line, and there are such signs:
Thermal mode (rise in temperature with a freezing point);
Warehouse for atmospheric food;
The interaction of the atmosphere with the earth's surface.
The greater difference in the power of the spheres of the atmosphere is manifested in the nature of the change in temperature, depending on the height and value of the vertical gradient of temperature. For a good acquaintance, the atmosphere is divided into five main areas:
Troposphere (from 0 to 11 km);
Stratosphere (from 11 to 50 km);
Mesosphere (from 50 to 90 km);
Thermosphere (from 90 to 800 km);
Exosphere (vishche 800 km).
In given robots, we will examine the geological activity of such a meteorological element, as it flows into the tropospheric sphere, the main mass of the atmosphere is reduced, from 75% in the middle and high latitudes, up to 90% in low latitudes.
The geological robot is stored in the middle of the processes of ruining the generation, transferring the material and accumulating, in the course of the whole process, the processes are meticulously connected and occur in one hour.
Viter Kestrel Ulamkovy
> Rukh to see the earth's surface
In the morning it is called the collapse of the world, apparently on the earth's surface, like the winners are injected with strength, which is going on in the atmosphere. An unreasonable reason for the failure of the rupture was the unevenness of the grip in a horizontal straight line, i.e., the appearance of the grip in the points that were rooted out on the same surface, in the winter, on the depth of the sea. The great pouring into the ruff will give the power of the wrapping of the Earth and the power of rubbing.
Close to the earth's surface, the fluidity of the wind is greatly weakened by the influx of strength from rubbing. At the ground ball (from 0 to 1.5 km), the speed of the air grows quickly from the top of the air, and then it grows. At the girly and cross-country, near the shores of the seas and lakes, there are regularities of change in the vertical direction in the near-border sphere (up to 150m), more folding, below the one-sided surface. The sight of a near-cordon ball in the middle latitudes perevazha a lateral right through to the middle, ie. Atmosphere yak bi overwhelmed the Earth in a good wrapping.
The change in the air from the height of the near-cord ball is seen in the main flowing thermal heterogeneity of the atmosphere along the horizontal (horizontal temperature gradient).
With the presence of significant horizontal contrasts in the temperature of the shake the masses in the troposphere, structural flows occur, sometimes in the lateral direction and great extent, in the later times of the zone of strong winds. With a wide range of winds, the ferry is over 100 km / year.
Mainly jet streak sposterіgaєte in subtropical latitudes. The central part of the subtropical strum leaks grows at latitudes 25 ° -45 °. Also, strumenevia flows are extratropical, set up as high anticyclones and cyclones in the middle and high latitudes, as well as equatorial.
The gaseous middle ground near the Earth, wrap around at the same time with it, called the atmosphere.
The irregularity of the heating of the Earth's surface with the external circulation of the atmosphere, which flows into the weather and the Earth's climate. The strength of the wind in the earth's surface is evaluated by the Beaufort scale.
The atmospheric grip has been growing unevenly, so that it will bring the earth to a crumbling grip from a high grip to a low one. Tsey ruh is called wind.
The area of reduced grip in the atmosphere with the minimum in the center is called a cyclone.
The cyclone is within reach of several thousand kilometers. At Pivnichniy pivkuly in the cyclone there was a murmur of the opposing street, and in Pivdenniy - for the year. The weather during cyclones is overwhelming, dull, strong weather.
An anticyclone is an area that is moved by a vice in the atmosphere with a maximum in the center. The diameter of the anticyclone is set in a few thousand kilometers. The anticyclone is characterized by a system of winds, which is dim after the year of the year in Pivnichny pivkuli and against - in Pivdenny, with little cold and dry weather and weak winds.
As a result of natural processes that occur in the atmosphere, on the Earth there are spasms, which are not safe or to speed up the functioning of the systems of people. Before such atmospheric problems fog, ice, blizzards, hurricanes, storms, tornadoes, tornadoes, angry and іn.
tornado(v Pivnichniy America to be called a tornado) is a vertical spinning stop in the twilight, which will arise from the thunderous gloom and all that starts on its way from the earth. The height of the tornado can reach 800-1500 m. Wraps up in tornadoes and immediately rushes along the spiral uphill. The fluidity of the wrapping can be reached
200-300 m / s. Great performances wrap themselves up in tornadoes in the center of the force, so they wick their way down in the center. Wrapping the wind in tornadoes, most often cyclonic, but sometimes spostering and anti-cyclonic. Near the core of the nucleus, the tornado seems to be great (up to
70-90 m / s). The tornado withers objects within itself, so it can be seen on its way, and it is very uphill and transferred to great cities. Objects in hundreds of kilograms are easily picked up by a tornado and carried over tens of kilometers. You can see your wines from the ground of a tree, concrete supports, telegraph stands, see the day from the buddies and at the same time, wet the objects of furniture, oversupply cars. I am opening my panic with my mittvuyu among people and to induce zhah by force. Zapob_zhnyh visits mayzhe not іsnu. If the tornado has just faded, it is possible to mark the dark wrapped funnel, then it’s still quiet for an hour, and then it’s unsuccessful to repair all the more and more important objects.
On the 9th worm 1984, a tornado emerged 15 km away from Ivanovo, about 60 km later, on the humped birch of the Volga, near the tourist center Lunevo. Pine and birch trees fell, shields fell; a water tank with a mass of 50 tons of buvs of water at 200 m. Bully of human victims.
When a tornado is approaching, it is necessary to close the doors and windows, which is unique in the rest of the world, to get the gas and electricity, to get in the doorway.
storm- it’s anger, that it’s supervised with strong wind (wind speed 20-32 m / s) of a squall character, so it can easily happen a flood in rіchtsі, because of a mudflow.
It’s angry, it’s trivial, 30-60 chilines on the floor is strong, but the water is coming to the ground, the need to block the food from there with the little pies cooked overnight.
Bure often overlooks storm.
A little bit of caution for quietly, having spent some time in a thunderstorm:
Viter does not give a correct statement about the straight line of a threat, threaten to often go against the wind;
You can get up to the menace in an hour after the blizzard and thunder gurkot (1 s - 300-400 m, 2 s - 600-800 m, 3 s - 1000 m);
Bezposeredno in front of the ear, threaten to invoke the offensive without wind or wind straight ahead;
Mokriy odyag і just to push forward with a lot of problems;
In the middle of the trees, in the mountains, 3-8 meters from the high "finger", 10-15 meters, at the top of the mountain - in dry holes, ditches;
Food and rocky soil without baking clay;
Signs of pidvischenoi not safe є: breaking hair, dzizhchannya metal objects, discharging on hospitality kintsyah ordering, vogni "St. Elm" on the shoals of judges.
The thunderstorm is hardened:
Hovatisya bіlya samotnіh trees;
Check out the site;
Iti and prone to water;
Hovatisya pіd skelny navіsom;
Bigati and Metushitsya;
Peresuvatisya schіlnoy group;
Perebuvati in wet clothes;
Collect metal items in the design.
From the point of view of physics, a thunderstorm, which is a sign of such blinking and gravity, can be brought up to the manifestation of “self-contained electrical conductivity in gases”. With singing meteorological minds in thunderous gloom, there can be a strong electrical polarity, as it is led to a blink of an eye. This rank is considered to be a part of the list of virivnyuvannya razryadiv. Discharge, shoo into the ground, and then look at it as vipadkovi, hocha, inducing locally, positive discharges can lead to such manifestations as in the fire of St. It is possible to develop a particularly strong one - the “main discharge” (from 100 A to 200 kA maximum), if you want to start, try to start the discharge. Itself, by virtue of the triviality of its own, it can be brought to fire. Great sciences have not yielded any results, as they did not report about those singing... Lyudin, who stands in the middle of a week, is anti-abduction due to a blisk, the moment the blow of which, due to the powerless infusion, begins only with pure vaping.
Dia bliskavki in the main field in the transfer of heat energy. In addition, there is an electrical charge of a wiklik in a controlled manner. At the same time, there is a possibility of melting metal conductors at the points of contact (transitional support), the destruction of stone masonry, for example, the trees of the trees in the way of fermentation.
A special effect of the thermal injection of electrical energy on the human body is the blow of a blisk. As soon as the enemy is worth the people, then the strum in til or on the surface of the til to pass along the channels of the great blood-bearing vessels, the middle class of which will be unaware of the provision. M_st to the input and output to the charge of the blinking is characterized by significant lumps.
Zakhistom vіd described here dіy bliskavki serve as thunderbirds.
Schob uniknuti riziku buti with her exercise, it is necessary:
Connect TV and other electrical attachments;
Do not stand in front of a visitor;
Close windows and doors;
Pam'yatati, the middle of the room - naynadiynishe misce;
Perebryuyuchi posture prim_shennyam, nіkoli not big, zupiniti the car;
Don't be hungry with trees, especially oaks and modrina;
Move from the bottom to the bottom;
Hurricane- a cyclone, in which the grip in the center is low, and in the middle it can reach great and ruinous strength.
The hurricane is characterized by great wind speed - 32 m / s and more. Hurricanes can be supravodzhuvatisya strong boards, winds. Tropical hurricanes come with a special force, the radius of which can exceed 300 km. The average hurricane is 9 days. Hurricanes are one of the most needed forces of the element. For their toothy inflow, do not compromise on such terrible spontaneous dashing, like an earthquake. Hurricane weather ruin іtsnі and wear light wakes, draining the fields, shaving off darts and cutting down a hundred lines of power transmissions and sounding, transporting magistrals and bridges, wiping out from the top of the tree. Hurricanes in winter minds produce until the winter storms come to light, since the majestic majesty of the great swiftness change from one moment to the other. Oh triviality can be up to a few dib.
In 1989, the straining typhoon "Judy" rocked past the pivnich of the Far East region. Flooded 109 settlements (evacuated 8 yew. Osib), zruynovano close 2 yew. Budinkov, 267 bridges were built and built, 1340 km of roads were built, 700 km of power lines, 120 yews were flooded. Ha silgospugid.
When a hurricane is approaching, it is necessary:
Close doors, windows (shutters), mountain (ventilation) hatches, do not let the children go out on the street;
Arrive from houses, loggias, balconies in all objects and speeches, which can be thrown down and injured at the bottom of people;
Extinguish the fire in the ovens (burn out the pipes before burning);
Hurricanes are not often supervised by a thunderstorm, it is not necessary to climb under the trees, it is not possible to go close to the towers of power lines, etc. schob unique urazhennya bliskavkoy.