Flora Eurasia. The position of Eurasia in the more climatic zones of the winter season has increased in the territory of all the main natural zones of the Earth

Most of the zones can be reached from the entrance to the skid. Deyaki from them (tundra, taiga) create the essence of smog. Along with the great dimensions of the continent, the versatility of the climate and relief, the structure of zoning is greatly accelerated. Riznomanitnі lіsu roztashovanі on recent andі uzbeks mainland, tobto in the areas of widening sea and monsoon types of climates. The central parts of Eurasia with a continental climate occupy a landless zone - steppes, for example, wilderness and wilderness. In the areas of the subquatorial climate on the continent, there are palms. Large areas occupy areas and wider elevation. The greatest number of upper belts is characteristic of the early graces of the Himala.

Position Єvrazії in furrows Golarktichnoї i Palaeotropical floristichnih kingdoms (dodatok 2) vіdobrazhaє vіdmіnnostі in іstorії formuvannya Flory pіvnіchnoї i pіvdennoї Chastain mainland: bezperervnіst rozvitku protyagom vsogo Cenozoic i tropіchny character Flory pіvdnya mainland i pіvdenno-skhіdnih ostrovіv, of one side, i vіdnosnu Molodist Flory pivnіchnіy part і її folding genesis, tying with the sharp wins of climatic minds, from the side.

The Holarctic flora of Eurasia can be found in its warehouses of ancient thermophilic fossil flora, which were deposited in the first half of the Cenozoic before the cold weather, which called up the Pleistocene ice-dwellers until the establishment of the Pleistocene.

Eurasia natural zone climatic

The elements of flora were protected by the head rank in two oceanic sectors - the Atlantic and the Pacific. For the formation of flora and soil-dewline cover of the inner regions of the mainland, there is little value for the cold and further away from the climate, more gir systems on the continent.

At the link with the sharp changes of the landscape and the climate of the inner districts of the oceanic centers, the formation of the flora has evolved through one of the majestic expanses of land and stretching out the other half of the Cenozoic, just one of them developed. In the western sector of the continent, there are exchanges of species with the tropical regions of Eurasia and Africa, with the hardships of the seas, and in the inner parts - with the majestic expanses of the hollows. In the skidny, the Pacific Ocean sector, the exchange of floristic elements between Holarktiki and Paleotropics was changed. Tse zumovilo typical for the descent of Asia species richness of flora, including both boreal and tropical elements.

I will look at the majestic expanses of Eurasia and great indications in the soils and the elevation of the rural areas in detail to see the special features of the soil-weed cover of the environment for the skin and the oceanic sectors and for the inner continent.

It is almost impossible to look at the western, near-Atlantic sector, which is common in the main western Europe.

On the vast expanses of the polar archipelago of Spitsbergen, the arctic tundra is widened, the height of some fields of moss, lichens and low-growing grasses, which do not make the essential, devilish crust:

Types of tundra with dwarf birches and berry dwarf shrubs on weakly peaty and peaty-gley soils є on the winter of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland, and in the winter of Siberia. V foreign Europe Rivninni types of tundra didn’t grow wide through the peculiarities of the climate, which were poured over by the inflow of warm Pivnichno-Atlantic current. In quiet latitudes, de in Skhidniy Europe Panuyut the tundri, at the entrance to the widening of the lisotundri or to navigate the lisu.

Tundri, znikayuchi on the plains, go to the Hirska districts of Scandinavia and Iceland, de voni set up the belt of the Hirska tundri.

For a narrow swamp forest-tundra is characterized by a variety of birch trees and willows, which are located on the tundra tundra, reaching along the river valleys far into the wilderness. Rivninni lisotundri in Zakhidniy Europe expansion in Iceland, Scandinavia and especially Finland.

The most important type of zonal connection pomirny belt Eurasia - coniferous foxes. The stench occupies great expanses in foreign Europe, in the European territory of Russia and in Siberia. Falling out of the way, geographical positionі of savage natural minds, the foliage tends to form on the grounds of them, so talking about one zone of coniferous leaves in Eurasia can only be done with much greater use.

In the foreign Europe, a large part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland is covered with coniferous forests. Smells take the ravens and move on to the Scandinavian girders, starting at winter to the height of 400-500 m, at winter time - close to 900 m. are broadleaf breed. The main coniferous trees are cich lisiv є European yalina (Picea excelsa), pine pine (Pinus sylvestris), moreover, moreover, moreover, the greater role in the warehouse of lisiv is to lay down їli. On entering, in Norway, the won is rewarded. In the larger districts of Sweden, the jalina and pine of the rose are roughly in size, if I do not want to fix the small tree stands, but in Finland there is a panu pine. The price is linked to the decrease in the fall and the increase in continental climate from the approach to the skid.

Under the coniferous forests the widening of the soil is of the pidzolic type. Already due to temperatures, minds, and also due to the reduction of quiet forms and the nature of the surface deposits to the soil are presented by small varieties, but for all of them they are characterized by malias instead of humus, not a small, very low structure and very low phosphorus and calcium, intensely acidic reaction of soil. A large part of Scandinavia and Finland is occupied by typical pidzolic soils, middle sphagnum and lowland swamps with peat-humus soils. Boggy foils and bogs, which were formed on water-impermeable crystalline rocks in the heads of the overworldly disturbance, occupy about 18 million hectares in Fennoscandia. At winter time, I am picking up gley-pidzolic runts. Get in touch with special features chemistry warehouseі structure all the stinks of low-energy and when mastering them, they create significant meliorative robots.

Virubuvati lisi and vivositi village in the land Pivnichnoy Europe Were in early Middle Ages. In Danish hour, there is a chance to win a fool on the western Uzbek coast of the Scandinavian Piostrov. Їх changed bows and veresovі empty. The Uzbek Botanical and Finnish inflow is also deforested and occupied by crumbling lands, on a part of which in Switzerland and Finland falls less than 10% of the territory. In the inner regions, which have been uninvolved for a long time, the foxes cover a larger part of the area (62% in Switzerland and 70% in Finland), alternating with lakes and swamps. On the mice of virboks and drained plantings, individual plantings are shattering, and in this hour the forest areas and stocks of wood in the area of ​​expansion of coniferous trees are changing and growing.

As already said, close to 60-ї parallel to the coniferous generations, they repair the houses of the leaves (the first for all the oak), so that the change of the coniferous forests changes. The line of expansion is important in the lower, larger continental regions of foreign Europe and on the European Rivne. At the time of the Scandinavian Pivostrova, oak-broad-leaved foils are harvested, and at the descent of the Middle European rivnina (in Poland), pine is replaced.

At the end of the day and every day of the fall, the leaves change from leaves, in the middle you can see a few types of fallow trees from the species warehouse: oak-birch, oak, beech and beech-birch. Wide-leaved foxes can be used in a pan-type type of natural growth of foreign Europe. In the basis of the species warehouse, a great role is played by the elements of the old Turgaysky flora, as they survived the cold weather of ice in the "groves of life". Yak і Turgaysky, the succulent broad-leaved foxes of Europe grow in the minds of the warm world oceanic climate.

Colored broadleaf foxes covered overseas Europe from the British Isles and Atlantic Uzbek France to the cordons of Russia. The stinks of broadening are not only on the lower reaches, but they are growing along the girskih grabs up to a few hundred meters above the sea level, wandering on the great heights with wandering and coniferous forests. Broad-leaved foxes from oak re-cultivated boules widened throughout Great Britain and Western France, beech and oak-beech were occupied by new France, Rhine districts, Jutland, the winter of Scandinavian Uzbekistan Baltic Sea... Їх forest species - fox, or European, beech (Fagus sylvatica) - a tree of oceanic climate, does not tolerate high temperatures, severe frosts, dryness. The distance of the lower Vesli and the Carpathians does not extend to the turn of the century. The oak grows well in back and back regions of Europe. Dark, tinty, without food and grassy cover of beech leaves, some of the foliage from the wilderness, more in theology, grabbed the girly masses, just like on the sleepyheads of the early and early houses. cover.

Climatic minds of the old part of the belt in the Atlantic regions of overseas Europe and the spreading of a fallen leaf and grass cover and microorganism efficiency. The parent rocks for soils are loams, rich carbonate spoluks. The process of formation of soils is more prone to soil, lower than coniferous forests, rich in humus and calcium. For the areas adjacent to the Pivnichniy and Baltic Seas, the widening of soddy-pidzolic soils is characteristic, and on weekday and at the end of the day - brown fossil soils, but the structure is up to 6% humus, the reaction may be good up to 6% humus.

The regions of foreign Europe, occupied by broad-leaved and withering forests with soddy-pidzolic and brown foil soils, are old densely populated, they do not have agriculture and livestock. At the same hour, the region and the developed industry - the great rescuer of the tree. The first period of significant development of lis_v is carried out to the middle capitals. Great areas of land were roaring, a part of the lys was blamed for thinness. The construction of the lisiv widened from the approach to the skid. Already in the XVI century, since it was especially rich in demand for the beginning of the development of metallurgy and shipbuilding, the instability of the tree began to appear. Promislova revolution XVIII-XIX cent. led to a spravzhnoy crisis in the state government of foreign Europe. In the solution of the problem, they were helped by the massive planting of conifers, persh for all the trees, and a good tree.

Infection in the world of foreign Europe and foxes curl close to a third of the surface, and the stench is strongly generated from the first. Significant part of the current broad-leaved forests є low-growth secondary shoots, which have grown on the middle of the lower high-burgundy forests. A large part of the forestry areas is occupied by piece plantations, moreover, coniferous species (yalina, yalitsya, zvichyna pine, Primorska pine and іn.) Are used in them. The inconsistency of these environmentalists in the minds of growing up wasted by the water, robbing those who were sick to the teeth with the sickness and ailments, natural hardships (hurricanes, snowfalls and severe antagonisms) In large areas of Middle Europe, there are close to four tree stands, and in some regions (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia), a part of the population and dead leaves become 40 to 60% of them home area(Dodatok 3).

At the same hour, the appearance of the serious environmental problems on the densely populated territory of Europe, the significance of the natural protection functions of the lisiv - water - and soil protection, sanitary - hygienic, recreational.

Naybіlsh zalіsennya in Danish hour є regions and perevazhannya girskogo relєfu between the middle course of the Rhine and the cordon of Russia. In a nutshell, the lisstity is up to 30 and 50%. Here, they were spared і іlankas of indigenous broad-leaved leaves, taken for protection in the end of the XIX century. Great array of piece plantations є at the first entry of France, in Lands, de planting of pine trees on an area of ​​1 million hectares allowed to close the trees of the coastal lower region and to secure the supply of wood to the internal market of the country. Most Bidnі Lisami British Isles, The Great Land of France, Jutland. The stage of zalisennya there is less than 10%. uzberezhzha Atlantic Ocean and of the Wine Sea, spontaneously free from strong weather, overwhelming moisture, acidity, or salinity of soils, or good deforestation, cover with heather wastes.

In the larger districts of Eurasia, broad-leaved foils change forest-steppes and steppes. A wide development of the steppe was taken away from the inner regions of Eurasia in the minds of the continental climate and lack of waste. In the foreign Europe, the contemporaneous steppe and the forest-steppe had only on the aluvial rims of the middle and lower Danube with the continental climes and the withers.

The soils are represented by black soil of different types. Naybіlsh rodyuchi types of black soil with humus together with 6% are typical for the Lower Danube plain in the borderlands of Rumunia. In the winter, in the winter of Bulgaria, in the winter, there is low humus in the black earth. On the Middle Danube lower reaches, the black soil is widened with 3-6% humus and significant salinity. In all regions in the past there are widened arches of the steppe with okremimy dilyanki of broad-leaved leaves. Visoka soils і friendly climatic mind They took the development of agriculture, gardening and viticulture. In a given hour, on the Danube plains, they re-ferment crushed land and piece tree plantations from oak, poplar and white acacia (Robinia pseudacacia). The managers of special meliorative and agrotechnical visits to the Sil'kogospodarsk vyrobnitstvo received up to 70% of the land fund.

For the western, Atlantic, sectors of the subtropical belt on the shores Midland Sea with a warm vologo winter and a dry flow of characteristic special types of soil and height. The floristic warehouse of the luster of the Seredzemnomorya, in addition to the adventurous minds, is also visible to the presence of ancient tropical elements, both green and deciduous. In the main mid-sea flora, it was already in the Neogene, a little later, the kіlka was transformed before the flow of change to the climate stretching the Pleistocene. The flora of the Middle Sea region is characterized by a great folding of the species composition (dodatok 4).

Suchasnі klіmatichnі Minds (nestacha vologi in perіod naybіlsh іntensivnoї sonyachnoї radіatsії) spriyali rozvitku in Roslyn tsіlogo number pristosuvalnih Find our scho zmenshuyut viparovuvannya i kompensuyuchih nedolіk zvolozhennya: obkorkuvannya measles, hairiness, utvorennya smallest in Tovsta shkіryastih leaves, shpilok i kolyuchok, vidіlennya resinous i efіrnih rechovin , sails near the dewline like a creeper, etc. At the same hour of warmth, frost-free and vologda winter allows trees and chagarniks to take leaves with a stretch of rock.

Most types of forest formations of the shores of the Middle-Earth Sea - the whole range of foils from the green oak trees: Kamyan (Quercus ilex), cork (Quercus suber), widened in the western part, Walloon (Quercus); noble laurel (Laurus nobilis), Mediterranean pine with an umbrella-shaped crown (Pinus pinea) or tree-like yalivts. For the river valleys, oleander overgrowth is characteristic, and the canopy is brightly blooming.

From the middle of the sea roslinnistyu establish themselves deeper than the natural ground, which is formed in the minds of the wicked disturbance. Particularly characteristic Dark brown soil with a good curving humus horizon, with humus up to 4-7% i great number calcium. On the cortex of vivitryuvannya vapnyakiv (terra-dew), chervonokolіrnі ґruntis are formed. First and foremost, when grown up, they are friendly for the processing of baguettes of subtropical cultures and cultures of the world belt. Green foils and subtropical soils bordering in their wider coastal regions and not more than 300-400 m at winter and 1000 m at winter. The food for the natural dewline cover is characteristic of broadleaf and leafy foxes on the mountain burozems.

The shores of the Seredzemnoye Sea, which became the spike of the ancient civilizations of high development farming, cattle-breeding and seafaring, in the significant world, have lost their natural growth to the ear of our country. Already in that hour, since the Middle Europe was growing more often in the woods, in the Middle Sea the deforestation of the mountains began to plague and the coastal regions, often crumbled, and often transformed into goals without Virubi, poisoned by their thinness and pozhezhi, have become the main reasons for the appearance of the primordial weed cover of the Holy European and Western Asia. In the midst of colish green leaves, there are second low-growing leaves, or overgrowth of chagarniks, which cover large areas until the present hour. Fallow from a number of litters, a warehouse of suspended rocks and types of soils zovnishniy viglyadі floristic warehouse of cich germs for development.

Naybilsh bagaty behind a kind of warehouse so the titles of maquis, abo makkia, extensions in Seredzemnomor'i in all areas with bright litter and kindly rooted runts. The great overgrowths of the maquis were preserved in Korsitsa, the Pireneysky pvostrov and in Greece. The stench is stored from low trees or high chagarniks, which reach 3-5 m in height. Uninvolved on regional vivities, overgrowing everywhere, such as green oaks, pine tree (Arbutus andrachne), wild fistashka (Pistacia lentiscus), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), yalivarina oleracea) (Juniperus macroore) ). Bagato roselin of maquis fragrant, deyaki may be great yaskravit quitki.

For dry stony wapstone grasses with a parted ground cover, characteristic overgrowths, which are stored in the vicinity of low-growing xerophytic chagarniks and for example, in families of legumes, lips, and palm trees. At the entrance (in Spain and France), overgrowths of this type are called Garrig, at the Balkan Peninsula and in Maliy Asia - frigans. Species warehouse їх kіlka rіzniy. In the middle part of the Middle Sea, the thickets of chagarniks are widened, as not only the greens, but the deciduous species are stored: trimai-tree (Paliurus aculeatus), sumach (Rhus coriaria), elderberry (Syringa vulgaris). The overgrowth, which grows only on the basis of the meaning, is called the shyblyak.

The most friendly for the renewal of goodness, the people of the forest grew up quickly, the jars and zsuvi develop. On vapnyaki karst processes are intense. To that, in Seredzemnomoria there are even more abundant bezel-less dilyankas, softened soils and lining. Bagato, in chomu tsomu, she was accelerated by erosion, enveloped by the significant jugs of the girskih schilia and angry litter in winter hour rock. There are a few orders of magnitude on the coastal lowlands and terraced girskih grasses on the retally crumbling lands of the expansion of olive groves, vineyards, fields of wheat and corn. In the old regions, citrus fruits are fermented - oranges, lemons, oranges, on which mayzhe the whole ric can be baked in the cards and grown fruits. Near the settlements in the broadest range there is a planting of decorative roses from mussel and tropical species - palms, bougainvilleas, trojands, etc.

The internal material sector of Eurasia, which includes the main part of Asia, with a blame outright and from the point of view of the species stock of flora and the growth of zonal types of soil-dewline cover there is a lot of visibility. Soil-wooded curvature of the central part of the continent, as I have already said, has been sufficiently formed recently, with the influx of strong changes to the climate and relief in the Neogene-quarter hour.

For the modern climatic minds, continental and aridity are characteristic, which manifest themselves from the world to the tropical zone and adapt to the connection with the peculiarities of orography. To that, on the opposite side of the Atlantic part, the inner regions of the mainland are characterized by less broadening of fossil types of soils and elevation and wider broadening of steppes, such as a wilderness and a heath.

For the winter part of Asia in the borderlands of Russia, the widening of the tundra and the lisotundri, the widening of the taiga, the visibility of the wandering and broad-leaved leaves are characteristic. It is a wide smog for a Lis-steppe to go to the step, yak in Asia doesn’t get a lot of smog, being digested by mountains covered with coniferous trees. In detail, the soil-woolen curve of Asia in the borders of Russia is shown in the general course. Here we can see the runt and the roslinness Foreign Asia.

At the winter of Mongolia, in the basin of the Selenga rivulets, the steppe dilyanki are surrounded by mountain ridges, overgrown with coniferous forests or covered with green-steppe dewline. In the steppes of the littoral belt, there are varieties of dry cereal and shrub-cereal steppes on chestnut soils. At the turn of the century, on the valleys of Pivnichno-Skhidnoe to China, in the world of growing, the stench changes with herb-cereal steppes on black soil or black earth soils. Such a regularity in the rise of types of soils and height is related to the fact that the climate in the world zone of Asia is dry and continental, when Russia goes through the oceans in the world of the continent, the transfer of vapors and vapors over the actual age To that, there are changes in the soil-weed curvature of the curvatures of the parallels of the turn in the whole area on the way to the richest, lower from the weekend to the afternoon. Dry steppes wander with empty steppes, de masivi burrows of weakly humidified soils are swarmed with salt licks and salt marshes. Particularly great expanses in Central Asia, Pivdenno Mongolia and Pivnichno-Worse China, so on the pivdenny outskirts of the world belt, occupy the wilderness. Lish on the most zvolozhuvanih shilakh gir grow razrіdzhenі coniferous and leafy foils.

The empty spaces of the world belt of foreign Asia are formed in the minds of a small continental climate with a hot summer and cold winter, with a usual number of falloffs not exceeding 200 mm (not more than 100 mm), to reach the depth of the soil during the growing season. and the soils of the Kestrel represent the whole picture, so as the best change of soils, the relief or the flowing in on the special features of the soil-dewline cover. The most widespread coryts with solyankovy-handicraft and ephemeral formations on gray-brown carbonate soils, which were established on ancient loams and forests. Є great masivi, having rewound in the morning pisks (Karakumi і Kizilkum, Takla-Makan, Alashan, near the regions of the Dzhungarskiy street), but the growths of tamarisk, dzhuzgun, and saozhnost ... Widely widening of the root of the saline stages. On the sawn-mulkuvaty proluvial'nyh trails in front of the gir'iv, takiri are formed with polynomial-saltwort growth. Naytsinnishe Roslin of the Asian Kestrel - Saksaul. Yogo vikoristovuyut tree yak palivo, young pagony to serve as food for camels. Biliy saxaul (Haloxylonn persicum) is planted for the consolidation of saplings, and black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) - on salt marshes.

Dry riverbeds, periodically filled with water from the boards and often fall under the ground water, as well as the backwaters of small streaming streams, especially when they go out from the mountains to the plain, the green oasis grow empty, In the natural growth of oases (tugai), one can grow outlines of poplars, and from cultivated grows there grow a vine, fruit trees, bavovnik, tyutyun.

Steel from the Pliocene of the ancient minds is also characteristic for the inner part of the subtropical belt of Eurasia, moreover, the transition from the Middle Sea to the continental arid subtropical climate of the inner parts of the Western Asian forward steps. The arid manifestation even on the Anatolian plateau and accepting the skid in Mesopotamia and on the Iranian plateau. Albeit in all these regions, there is a spring-winter maximum falloff, but it is often infused into the nature of the soil height. For areas with a drop of 300 mm on the river, there are characteristic gray-brown soils and the height of dry shrub steppes. With a number of litters of 300 mm and less development of pink and subtropical droppings and the growth of thorny cushion-like shrubs from the genus Astragalus, tragacanthus and low-growing xerophytes, with low temperatures, with a low temperature Tsya formats_ya vіdoma under the name of the nagіrnykh Kserofіty. Green-brown soils and syrosemi give humus less, less brown, a little more, less gray-brown soil (about 2-4%), and may have a reserve of less than all the chemical elements required by the rods. For an effective silkskogospodarskogo vikorystannya, it is necessary to piece grain, storing something in the arid regions of Turechchina and to Iran allowing grain crops, fruit trees, rice, bavovnik. On the isolated mountains dilyankas of the Iranian hill, the number of fallen falls to 100 mm or less. There is wider rocky and salt-marsh food, which is much less tall.

In the larger districts of the subtropical belt, there is a growing number of light (Tibetan and in.). They are characterized by cold, high-heaped heaths in the edge of the terrestrial growth, in warehouses, which are used for handling hard cereals, pillow and thorns. There are low-growing bushes of the region (Hippophae rhamnoides), there are bows from the rough Tibetan sedge of Kobreziya. On flat, more beautiful dilyankas, swamps appear.

The foils at the inner part of the subtropical belt occupy an insignificant part of the surface, the head rank on the grasses of the most prominent mountain ridges, the bridle of the river valleys, and also in the minds of the so-called "bar'ernogo". Remaining most characteristic for the Colchis and Lankaran lowlands, which adjoin the mountain ridges of the Great Caucasus, and the ancient Uzbek coast of the Caspian Sea. In the cich regions of the Neogene, humid forest subtropical landscapes were preserved. Velikі i gustі masivi deciduous mezofіlnih lіsіv of vіchnozelenimi kinds chagarnikіv, lіanami i epіfіtami virostayut takozh on pіvdennih skhilah Great Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus pіvnіchnih skhilah, Talishskih gіr i Elburs ridge de vipadaє great Quantity opadіv i klіmat not vіdchuvav digit for Change of dolodovikovogo hour.

Arіdnі be sure to save in tropical belt Eurasia, shho hunt Arabian p_vostriv, Mesopotamia and I mean a part of the river Іnd. In the minds of dry and hot, s warm winter the tropical climate in the lower parts of the mountain grasses is set in the soil of the type of blue-burrows, close to the grounds in the clearing of the subtropical and world zones. On the valleys, the vast expanses are occupied by food and rocky heaths. Seriously, the roslin perevazhayut ephemeri, how to sprout for short-hourly, planks, rough naphtha and dry cereals. The bridle of dry streams is growing in the midst of the growth of the phinic palm (Phoenix dactilifera), the fruits of which (phyni) may be of great importance for the local population and the subject of export.

Roslinnity of subquatorial i equatorial belt presented different types tropical forests and savannah associations (grasslands). In the case of growing and growing types of soil and common ground, it is easy to see a clear amount of fallowness due to a few and a period of loss, due to the results of certain types of soil. On the rivers of the Indian and the Ganges and the Indian subcontinent through the special features of Azerbaijan, its interconnection with the monstrous incidents and the overhaul of areas in the absence of scarcity of conditions, there are large areas of large scale Smell є like bi-prodigious arid regions in the inner parts of the mainland, at that time, when Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia, serve the prod- ucts of the greater and more important Pacific Ocean sector of the mainland.

For prirodnoї roslinnostі baseynіv Іndu i Ganga harakternі zmіnyuyut one single in zalezhnostі od kіlkostі lіtnіh opadіv musonnі lіsi of perevazhannyam deciduous porіd at verhnіh tiers i vіchnozelenih in pіdlіsku, suhі listopadnі lіsi, pustelnі Savannah kserofіlnі rіdkolіssya i chagarniki scho skladayutsya of nizkoroslih spiny deciduous porіd and very green succulents. At the storehouse of flora there are the most widespread trees, which give valuable wood, - teak (Tectona grandis), sal (Shorea robusta), terminals (Terminalia) and ін. At the pidlisku grow acacia, Albicia. During the change, the average height of the tree grows down to 12-15m, the tree swells in an umbrella-shaped form, for the grass cover there are types of high cereals. For the current growth of India and the basin of India, as well as the lower regions of the Iravadi and Mekongu, the "dry zone" of M'yanmi, the Korat plateau, the low mountains of V'utnamu and Laos are characterized by repeated seasons for the results of winter periodic oranki. A kind of warehouse with the height of the shroud of the performances of the pirofitami, which is designed for anthropogenic activity. The tendencies are manifested in the height and closeness of the herbage, the growth of the tree-chagarnik layer and lie in front of the nature and intensity of the anthropogenic inflow. In the shrouds of the Indian subcontinent, there are wider grasses, including the ecologically aggressive Alang-Alang (Imperata cylindrica); in the woody curvature, there are small acacia, myrtle, bicrillope, virostaly pricked in the lower tier, there were lis_v in the lower tier. In such a rank, the occasional savani (with a vignette of the wilderness) can be played with trivial-obedient spilot, second-hand in the past to the older types of tropical leaves.

The soils of the developed regions are formed on the ancient barks of vivitryuvannya, which cover the crystalline and ancient sieges of education. The smell of hydroxides and aluminium, which add to the variety of varieties of red color, instead of humus reaches 2-4%. Falsely from the minds of the disturbed by seasonally-vologous forests, chervoni laterite (feral) soil is established, by xerophytic forests - brown-chervoni, and by dry shrouds - red-burr soil. All the stench, especially the red soil, may cause a lot of money for a piece of grain. The soil of the central part of India is formed by special powers to form on the surface of basalt curves and products of basalt production. The soil may be intensively barbecued, a large amount of calcium may be found, the water will be smoothed out, and the water will be more efficient. The stench is especially friendly for viroshuvannya bavovnik, for which they are called bavovnyi soils. Mistseve's name, regury, went into the special literature.

On the path of a tropical forest, it grows on the clearly grown schools of the Himal, on the schools of the Western Gats, on the Malabar Uzbek coast and on the first visit of Shri-Lanka, so that in the areas that went by the first time until the beginning of the last century. Give a price to the multi-house folded warehouse in the presence of a great collection of endemics, over 100 types of palms, smart cities and epiphytes. The bridles of the sea Uzbeks, flooded by the tides, are drawn by the swamp of mangrove thickets. The trees that grow in the tidal zone may grow stilted roots, so they allow them to grow in the multifaceous ground.

The natural growth of the line in Pivdenniy Asia is greatly changed by people. Stretching a thousand years on the territory of India, Pakistan, Shri-Lanka, they were violated for the needs of shipbuilding, on fire and for sale. On the Gangskoy Rivnini, in the Dean's private part, on Shri-Lanz, majestic areas are occupied with crops of rice, millet, bavovnik, tea plantations and hevea. About the threatening pace of the development of the forest, the permanent growth of the area of ​​the bezlesennya lands: in the end of the 70s. XX Art. in Asia, 2 million hectares of fossils were shrinking, and in the 90s rr. - already more than 3 million hectares. The newest paces are typical for Bangladesh and Pakistan, as the land areas quickly speed up by 2-2.5%. In the bagatokh regions on the places of vinischennyh high-bourgeois forests there are second jungles, which do not conceal the state significance. As a result, there is a lot of fun in the soil, to see the situation in the lower densely populated parts of the riverside valleys, to see the back of the hanging territory, and there is a real threat to the universal sound. Growing through the renewal of forest growth by a path of plantings of the most valuable species (for example, teak tree), the scale of forest plantings is signified by the rate of production of trees.

In the special minds of the formation of the flora and the bitter natural dewline cover there is a common, Pacific Ocean sector of Eurasia. The schematic part of Asia is lured by the monsoon circulation of the atmosphere, climatic belts Moreover, the temperature changes from winter to day to change step by step, because of the prism of the surface of the submeridional spreading of the main orographic elements. Natural sublatitudinal cordon - Qinling ridge The Pacific... So think about lodging in the exchange of floristic species both in winter and in the summer, so that in the Holarctics and Paleotropics, and in the collection of flora areas that have grown in the middle latitudes. Climatic minds outright Asia did not see the hundredths of the Pliocene, and there they knew its inflow Dolodoviky Turgai flora, increased in the greater winter and wilderness areas near the cold weather. That is why, for a descent and an early descent of Asia, it is characteristic of the old times and the abundance of flora, the cultivation of fossil types of soils and the verticality in these latitudes.

At the foreign part of Eastern Asia from winter to winter, there will be a change of types of soil-woolen cover from coniferous foliage from the belt at winter to other ekvatorialnyh lisiv on private.

Coniferous lines, close behind the warehouse, on the woods of Pivdenny Siberia, covered the Great Khіnganu and adjoined to the new region at winter. The stench also occupies the island of Hokkaido, grows yalitsa, Siberian and micevian species, distant yew and other leaves (birch, willow, wasp, willow). for more on the islands In Japan, in Korea and in Pivnichno-Shidny China, coniferous leaves go to the upper parts of the mountains, to the same as the lower part of the mountain grasses and the boule in the last, and often at once, cover the leafy broad leafy leafy leafy leaves. The foxes in the meaning of the world represent the relaxation of the Turgaysk flora and the abundant spilnyh canopies with the Atlantic foils of Europe, which, however, are the only ones with endemic species. Runti tsikh lisiv is also an analogue of fox burozems of Western Europe.

The head leafy species in the forests of this region are oak, beech, maple, clear, linden, mountain. The characteristic conifers are pines, yalits, smereka, thuja. In addition, you can see the magnolia, paulownia, tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense) with beautiful, brightly colored cards (add-on 5). Pishny pіdlісok set up rhododendrons, privet, Amur buzok, honeysuckle. The number of lines and the epiphytes produce the lane of the tropical viglyad. Uzdovzh rychkovyh valleys on aluvial soils rosvinna lugova roslinn_st.

The valleys and lower rises in Eastern Asia are densely populated and overgrown, a piece of agricultural lands will become 60 96, and in small parts - up to 80% of the territory. Foxes took care of Mayzhe Vinyatkovo in the mountains. In the most important regions of the country, they have been replaced by a piece of more coniferous species, in the middle of the first place there are the most valuable cryptomeria. On the Great Chinese Rivne of a Thousand Years, the earthwork culture changed natural mind until such a world, it is hard to bring a picture of a natural dewline cover. At the same hour, Japan, for example, has large volumes of leaves, stocking up to 67% of the land area. Even more viscous is the lisst of the Koreyskiy pivostrov (75%), but the lis in the world is the second overgrowth, or the piece of planting.

On the Qinling Ridge, in the Yangtze River Basin, deciduous trees of the same type gradually change with green subtropical forests on red earth and yellow earth soils. In warehouses of cichs, there are orders of such kinds of broadleafs, such as beech and oak, step by step more and more ancient thermophilic forms are taken up - camphor laurel, cycads, representatives of the family of magnolias, deyaki palms. Pivnichna boundary widened in Western Asia to reach 45 ° N on the Japanese Islands. NS. Ale in subtropical forests It is possible to create and develop some representatives of the wine flora, which give the foliage freedom and create super-specific floristic contrasts.

In the early days of the evergreen subtropical foils, especially on the mainland of China, only in the mountains were spared. The lower parts of the graves and the village are occupied by crumbling lands with an even more versatile set of cultural dews. Low land security per capita of the population and the shortage of land on the plains led to a wide expansion in China of mountainous-terraced farming, on a part of a fall, close to a quarter of the backyard area.

Significant part of the island of Indochina and the islands of the Malaysian and Philippines archipelagoes cover the paths of the tropical foils. In these regions, stinks occupy altogether large areas, but not in the upper latitudes in Pivdenniy Asia, they are scattered, as there, with deciduous forests and secondary shrouds.

Vologіtіtіchnіy lіsis Pіvdenno-Shіdnoi Azііyi wіklyіnі poznі and splendid types. They have up to 300 species of palm trees, fixing them from the high-end burrows with the string of Palmri (Borassus flabelliformis) and ending with palms-lianas (dozhina rattan palms, for example, reach 300 m). Numerical types of families of dipterocarp, bignonivi, anacardivi and in. While there are nowhere in the world, there are species of bamboo roses, which are better known here than in the past. Їх vikoristovuyut for the life of the inhabitants, vyrobnitstva of furniture, the papier of the vishny Katunka; young pagony go to the yuzhu, and thin pagony - for wicker wicker virobes. Bamboo in Pivdenno-Shidniy and Eastern Asia is not only expanded in the wild, but in culture.

On the cleared dilyankas, they cultivate the growth of the growing line of the mountain hiking or the import of the tropical regions. Near the coastal areas of the Philippines and the Sunda Islands, the plantation of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) is widened. In Indonesia, there are large areas of introduction of Hevea brasiliensis rubber plantation, on the islands of Bagatio, there are growing lines, various parts of which are vicious and spicy. On the flooded aluvial lower valleys, there is rice, terasi on the grasses of gir, planting a tea bush. In tropical forests, the growth is also rich in valuable fruit trees, which have been widely cultivated, - dinne (Carica papaya), hlibne (vidi Artocarpus), mango (Mangifera indica), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).

Eurasia with a rich and versatile flora, a tree bark, large ancestors of cultivated dews and wild species with crimson signs: whole wheat, wheat, millet, buckwheat, rice, green beans and soybeans (including citrus fruits), roselin, how to spice it up, the number of decorative roselin is majestic. Seven centers of walking of cultural growers, visions of N.I. Vavilov, being in Eurasia (Pivdenno-Asiatic Tropic, Skhidno-Asiatskiy, Pivdenno-Western Asiatskiy and Seredzemomorskiy, which also includes the Pivdenno-Asiatic Tropical, Skhidnoaziyatskiy, Pivdenno-Western Asiatskiy and Seredzemomorskiy, which also includes the Pivdenno-Asiatic Tropic of Africa (supplementary 6).

The history of the development of the widespread cultural growths of the region is numbered in the countries of the world as capitals and thousands of years. Seemingly, in India and China they grow rice for seven thousand years, in Indonesia - not less than a thousand, rocky, wheat in some regions of Western Asia as much as 5-7 thousand years. Rock_v. Tea Kushch, widely cultivated in China, approximately in the IV century. n.e., obviously, the buv vidomy is much earlier.

The position of Eurasia in the boundaries of the Holarctic and paleotropic floristic kingdoms (Fig. 14) is shown visibility in the history of the formation of the flora of the winter and old parts of the mainland: without interruption in the development of the whole of the Cenozoic and the tropical nature of the flora of the life of the mainland and of the new-born islands, from one side of the island, and of the fold , from the side.

Small. 14. Floristic region of Eurasia (according to A.L. Takhtadzhyan)

Holarctic The flora of Eurasia can be found in its warehouses of the elements of ancient thermophilic fox floras, which were deposited in the first half of the Cenozoic before the cold weather, which called up to the establishment of the Pleistocene ice curls.

Elementi tsikh flor were protected by the head rank in two oceanic sectors - Atlantic and Pacific. For the formation of flora and soil-dewline cover of the inner regions of the mainland, there is little value for cooling and further hanging up to the climate, increasing the number of girly systems on the mainland.

At the connection with the sharp changes of the relay and the climate of the inner districts of the ocean centri form The floris emerged from one vast expanse of land and the other half of the Cenozoic, one from one to the other. In the western sector of the continent, there are exchanges of species with the tropical regions of Eurasia and Africa, with the hardships of the seas, and in the inner parts - with the majestic expanses of the hollows. In the skidny, the Pacific Ocean sector, the exchange of floristic elements between Holarktiki and Paleotropics was changed. Tse zumovilo typical for the descent of Asia species richness of flora, including both boreal and tropical elements.

With the characteristics of the current ground-growing minds, it is also impossible not to wake up quietly, as it is seen in the flow of richness the strength of the human suspension... Viruba of leaves and degradation of lands, stemming of individual villages, dewatering and salinization of soils in conjunction with irrigation, in the introduction and widening of dews from other regions of the Earth - all of them have evolved to some extent in the wilderness with a long-standing population and a high area of ​​the population. For example, in some regions of Europe, natural soil-growing lines have changed by 90% in their primary view and warehouse (Fig. 15). Otzhe, with the characteristics of the soil-weed cover, it is necessary to provide the special features of the walk, due to the natural conditions, and the steps of the anthropogenic official.

Small. 15. List of countries of Europe

I will look at the majestic landscapes of Eurasia and the great features in the soils and the elevation of the rural areas of the regions, to see the peculiarities of the soil-dewline cover okremo for the skin of the oceanic sectors and for the inner parts of the mainland.

Forgiven for looking western, Atlantic sectors, Vidpovidnogo in the main West of Europe.

On the vast expanses of the polar archipelago Spitsbergen expanded arctic tundra, Roslinnity of some fields of moss, lichens and low-growing grasses, which do not form a succinct cover: lomikamens, polar poppy seeds, deyaky cereals.

type tundri with dwarf birches and berry dwarf shrubs on weakly pidzolic or peat-gley soils є on the winter of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland, and later - on the winter of the Russian European Territory. In the foreign Europe, the rural types of the tundri did not have a wide expansion through the peculiarities of the climate, amalgamated by the influx of warm Pivnichno-Atlantic current. At quiet latitudes, de in Skhidniy Europe panuyut the tundri, at the beginning of the widening of the lisotundri or to navigate the lisu.

Tundry, znikayuchi on the plains, go to the girski districts and Scandinavia and Iceland, de voni set up the belt girskiy tundri.

For a narrow smog forest tundra characteristic birches and willows, which are located on the tundra tundra, running along the river valleys far into the wilderness. Rivninni Lisotundri in Western Europe expanded in Iceland, Scandinavia and especially Finland.

The most important type of zonal lineness of the Eurasian world belt - coniferous foxes... The stench occupies great expanses in foreign Europe, in the European territory of Russia and in Siberia. Falsely from the promenade, geographical position and extreme natural minds, the folds of leaves and types are formed by them in the soil, so you can talk about one zone of coniferous leaves of Eurasia only when you are still great.

In the foreign Europe, a large part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland is covered with coniferous forests. Smells take the ravens and move on to the Scandinavian girders, starting at winter to the height of 400-500 m, at winter time - close to 900 m. are broadleaf breed. The main coniferous trees are cich lisiv є European yalina (Picea excelsa), pine pine (Pinus sylvestris), moreover, moreover, moreover, the greater role in the warehouse of lisiv is to lay down їli. On entering, in Norway, the won is rewarded. In the larger districts of Sweden, the jalina and pine of the rose are roughly in size, if I do not want to fix the small tree stands, but in Finland there is a panu pine. The price is linked to the decrease in the fall and the increase in continental climate from the approach to the skid.

From coniferous forests widened pidzol type soils... Already due to temperatures, minds, and also due to the reduction of quiet forms and the nature of the surface deposits to the soil are presented by small varieties, but for all of them they are characterized by malias instead of humus, not a small, very low structure and very low phosphorus and calcium, intensely acidic reaction of soil. A large part of Scandinavia and Finland is occupied by typical pidzolic soils, middle sphagnum and lowland swamps with peat-humus soils. Boggy foils and bogs, which were formed on water-impermeable crystalline rocks in the heads of the overworldly disturbance, occupy about 18 million hectares in Fennoscandia. At winter time, I am picking up gley-pidzolic runts. At the connection with the peculiarities of the chemical warehouse and structure, all the stinks of low fire and during the development of significant meliorative robots.

virubuwati Foxes and vivositi a tree in the lands of Pivnichnoy Europe have come back in the early Middle Ages. In Danish hour, there is a chance to win a fool on the western Uzbek coast of the Scandinavian Piostrov. Їх changed bows і veresovі empty... The Uzbek Botanical and Finnish inflow is also deforested and occupied by crumbling lands, on a part of which in Switzerland and Finland falls less than 10% of the territory. In the inner regions, which have been uninvolved for a long time, the foxes cover a larger part of the area (62% in Switzerland and 70% in Finland), alternating with lakes and swamps. On the mice of virboks and drained plantings, individual plantings are shattering, and in this hour the forest areas and stocks of wood in the area of ​​expansion of coniferous trees are changing and growing.

As I said, close to 60-ї parallel to the coniferous generations, they repair the house of the leaves (the first for all the oak), i.e. E. zm_shanimi... The line of expansion is important in the lower, larger continental regions of foreign Europe and on the European Rivne. At the time of the Scandinavian Pivostrova, oak-broad-leaved foils are harvested, and at the descent of the Middle European rivnina (in Poland), pine is replaced.

At the end of the day and on the day of change leafy Among which it is possible to see some types of fallow trees from the species warehouse: oak-birch, oak, beech and beech-birch. broadleaf foxes can be used in a panіvny type of natural growth of foreign Europe. In the basis of the species warehouse, a great role is played by the elements of the old Turgaysky flora, as they survived the cold weather of ice in the "groves of life". Yak і Turgaysky, the succulent broad-leaved foxes of Europe grow in the minds of the warm world oceanic climate.

A wide-leaved fox covered overseas Europe from the British Isles and the Atlantic Uzbeks of France to the cordons of Russia. The stinks of broadening are not only on the lower reaches, but they are growing along the girskih grabs up to a few hundred meters above the sea level, wandering on the great heights with wandering and coniferous forests. Broad-leaved foxes from oak cultivated boules widened all over Great Britain and Western France, beech and oak-beech occupied the new France, Rhine regions, Jutland, the Scandinavian Baltic Sea. Їх forest species - fox, or European, beech (Fagus sylvatica) - a tree of oceanic climate, does not tolerate high temperatures, severe frosts, dryness. The distance of the lower Vesli and the Carpathians does not extend to the turn of the century. The oak grows well in back and back regions of Europe. Dark, tinty, without food and grassy cover of beech leaves, some of the foliage from the wilderness, more in theology, grabbed the girly masses, just like on the sleepyheads of the early and early houses. cover.

Climatic minds of the old part of the belt in the Atlantic regions of overseas Europe and the spreading of a fallen leaf and grass cover and microorganism efficiency. The parent rocks for soils are loams, rich carbonate spoluks. The process of formation of soils is more prone to soil, lower than coniferous forests, rich in humus and calcium. For areas adjacent to the Pivnichniy and Baltic Seas, the widening of soddy-pidzolic soils is characteristic, and on weekday and on the west - brown fossil soils, Scho to revenge up to 6% humus, may have a good structure, close to neutral reaction and volodyut significant reliability.

Areas of foreign Europe, occupied by broad-leaved and withering forests with soddy-pidzolic and brown foil soils, are old densely populated Farming and animal husbandry are not cultivated in them. At the same hour, the region and the developed industry - the great rescuer of the tree. The first period of significant development of lis_v is carried out to the middle capitals. Great areas of land were roaring, a part of the lys was blamed for thinness. The construction of the lisiv widened from the approach to the skid. Already in the XVI century, since it was especially rich in demand for the beginning of the development of metallurgy and shipbuilding, the instability of the tree began to appear. Promislova revolution XVIII-XIX cent. led to a spravzhnoy crisis in the state government of foreign Europe. In the solution of the problem, they were helped by the massive planting of conifers, persh for all the trees, and a good tree.

Infection in the world of foreign Europe and foxes curl close to a third of the surface, and the stench is strongly generated from the first. Significant part of the wide-leaved leaves є undersized secondary shoots, Scho have come to an end in the midst of the lower high-altitude forests. A large part of the forestry areas is occupied by piece plantations, moreover, coniferous species (yalina, yalitsya, zvichyna pine, Primorska pine and іn.) Are used in them. The inconsistency of these environmentalists in the minds of growing up wasted by the water, robbing those who were sick to the teeth with the sickness and ailments, natural hardships (hurricanes, snowfalls and severe antagonisms) In large districts of Middle Europe, there are close to four tree stands, and in some regions (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia), a part of poor and dead leaves grow from 40 to 60% of the backwoods (Fig. 16).

Small. 16. Poshkodzhennya lisiv Europe (% of the outlying area of ​​lisiv)

At the same hour, the emergence of serious environmental problems in the densely populated territory of Europe is constantly increasing. environmental functions of lisiv - water and soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, recreational.

Naybіlsh zalіsennya in Danish hour є regions and perevazhannya girskogo relєfu between the middle course of the Rhine and the cordon of Russia. by misses lisist become up to 30 and increase 50%. Here, they were spared і іlankas of indigenous broad-leaved leaves, taken for protection in the end of the XIX century. Great array of piece plantations є at the first entry of France, in Lands, de planting of pine trees on an area of ​​1 million hectares allowed to close the trees of the coastal lower region and to secure the supply of wood to the internal market of the country. Most Bidnі Lisami British Isles, The Great Land of France, Jutland. The stage of zalisennya there is less than 10%. The Uzbek coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pivnichny Sea, spontaneously without loss through strong vitamins, overworld vologosti, acidity, or salinity of soils, or good deforestation, cover with heather wastes.

In the larger districts of Eurasia, broad-leaved foils change forest steppes and steppes... A wide development of the steppe was taken away from the inner regions of Eurasia in the minds of the continental climate and lack of waste. In the foreign Europe, the contemporaneous steppe and the forest-steppe had only on the aluvial rims of the middle and lower Danube with the continental climes and the withers.

The soils are represented by black soil of different types. most rody types of black earth Instead of humus, 6% is characteristic for the Lower Danube valley in the borderlands of Rumunia. Pivdennish, in the winter of Bulgaria pіvedennі black earth... On the Middle Danube lower course widened viluzheni black earth instead of humus, 3-6% and significant salinity. In all regions in the past there are widened arches of the steppe with okremimy dilyanki of broad-leaved leaves. The visibility of the soil and the friendly climatic mind and the development of agriculture, gardening and viticulture. In a given hour, on the Danube plains, they re-ferment crushed land and piece tree plantations from oak, poplar and white acacia (Robinia pseudacacia). The managers of special meliorative and agrotechnical visits to the Sil'kogospodarsk vyrobnitstvo received up to 70% of the land fund.

For the foreign, Atlantic, Sectors of the subtropical belt on the shores of the Seredzemnoye Sea with warm vologo winters and dry periods of characteristic special types of soils and elevation. The floristic warehouse of the luster of the Seredzemnomor, except for the adventurous minds, also begins with the presence of ancient tropical elements, yak vernacular, as well as deciduous. Zdebilshy sredzemomorska flora It was already in the Neogene, ale later, the kilka was transformed in the flow of change to the climate, stretching out the Pleistocene. At the juncture of cymas, the Mediterranean flora is characterized by a great folding of species composition (Fig. 17).

Small. 17. Expansion of deyaky roslin in foreign Europe

Recently climatic minds (the failure of vologues in the period of the most intense sleepy radioactivity) took the development of a whole row of roslin prejudicial sign, To change the vaping and compensating shortcomings of the incidence: crumbled measles, pubescence, the adoption of small, small, hairy leaves, hairpins and thorns, the appearance of resinous and ephemeral speeches, like the same heat, which is similar to the same heat. vologa winter allows trees and chagarniks to take leaves, stretching out to the rock.

Most types of lisovi formations of the shores of the Middle Earth Sea - tse razrіdzhenі lіsy from the growing green oaks: Kam'yan (Quercus ilex), cork (Quercus suber), widened in the western part, walon (Quercus aeguilops); noble laurel (Laurus nobilis), Mediterranean pine with an umbrella-shaped crown (Pinus pinea) or tree-like yalivts. For the river valleys, oleander overgrowth is characteristic, and the canopy is brightly blooming.

From the middle of the sea roslinnistyu establish themselves deeper than the natural ground, which is formed in the minds of the wicked disturbance. Particularly characteristic Dark brown soil with a good humus horizon, with up to 4-7% humus and a great amount of calcium. On the cortex vivitryuvannya vapnyakiv (terra-dew) is formed chervonokolіrni ґrunty... First and foremost, when grown up, they are friendly for the processing of baguettes of subtropical cultures and cultures of the world belt. Green foils and subtropical soils bordering in their wider coastal regions and not more than 300-400 m at winter and 1000 m at winter. The food for the natural dewline cover is characteristic of broadleaf and leafy foxes on the mountain burozems.

The shores of the Middle-Earth Sea, which became the coliski of ancient civilizations with a high development of agriculture, animal husbandry and seafaring, in the significant world have lost its natural growth is up to the ear of ours. Already in that hour, since the Middle Europe was growing more often in the woods, in the Middle Sea the deforestation of the mountains began to plague and the coastal regions, often crumbled, and often transformed into goals without Virubi, poisoned by their thinness and pozhezhi, have become the main reasons for the appearance of the primordial weed cover of the Holy European and Western Asia. In the midst of colish green leaves, there are second low-growing leaves, or overgrowth of chagarniks, which cover large areas until the present hour. Falls from a few fallen trees, a warehouse of pedestrian species and types of soil, a variety of growths and a floristic warehouse of growing growths of various types.

Nybilsh bagaty behind a kind of warehouse so titles maquis, Abo makkiya, widening in Seredzemnomor'i in the regions with bright litter and kindly rooted soil. The great overgrowths of the maquis were preserved in Korsitsa, the Pireneysky pvostrov and in Greece. The stench is stored from low trees or high chagarniks, which reach 3-5 m in height. Uninvolved on regional vivities, overgrowing everywhere, such as green oaks, pine tree (Arbutus andrachne), wild fistashka (Pistacia lentiscus), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), yalivarina oleracea) (Juniperus macroore) ). Bagato roselin of maquis fragrant, deyaki may be great yaskravit quitki.

For dry stony wapstone grasses with a parted ground cover, characteristic overgrowths, which are stored in the vicinity of low-growing xerophytic chagarniks and for example, in families of legumes, lips, and palm trees. At entry (in Spain and France), this type of overgrowth is called Garrigom, On the Balkan Peninsula and in Asia Minor - fregan... Species warehouse їх kіlka rіzniy. In the middle part of the Middle Sea, the thickets of chagarniks are widened, as not only the greens, but the deciduous species are stored: trimai-tree (Paliurus aculeatus), sumach (Rhus coriaria), elderberry (Syringa vulgaris). The overgrowth, which grows only on the basis of the meaning, is called shibliaka.

The most friendly for the renewal of goodness, the people of the forest grew up quickly, the jars and zsuvi develop. On vapnyaki karst processes are intense. Tom in Seredzemnomoria is duzhe bagato unprecedented dilianoks, softened soils and height. Bagato in chomu was quickened by erozia, enveloped in significant snags of girskih grabs and angry litter in the winter time of fate. There are a few orders of magnitude on the coastal lowlands and terraced girskih grasses on the retally crumbling lands of the expansion of olive groves, vineyards, fields of wheat and corn. In the old regions, citrus fruits are fermented - oranges, lemons, oranges, on which mayzhe the whole ric can be baked in the cards and grown fruits. Near the settlements in the broadest range there is a planting of decorative roses from mussel and tropical species - palms, bougainvilleas, trojands, etc.

internal materials sector Eurasia, which includes the main part of Asia, due to the blame of extreme descent and early descent, from the point of view of the species stock of flora and the rise of zonal types of soil-dewline cover, there is a lot of visibility. Soil-wooded curvature of the central part of the continent, as I have already said, has been sufficiently formed recently, with the influx of strong changes to the climate and relief in the Neogene-quarter hour.

For the modern climatic minds, continental and aridity are characteristic, which manifest themselves from the world to the tropical zone and adapt to the connection with the peculiarities of orography. To that, on the opposite side of the Atlantic part, the inner regions of the mainland are characterized by less broadening of fossil types of soils and elevation and wider broadening of steppes, such as a wilderness and a heath.

For the private part of Asia in the borderlands of Russia, the widening of the tundra and the lisotundri, the widening of the taiga, the visibility of the wide-leaved and broad-leaved forests are characteristic. It is a wide smog for a Lis-steppe to go to the step, yak in Asia doesn’t get a lot of smog, being digested by mountains covered with coniferous trees. In detail, the soil-woolen curve of Asia in the borders of Russia is shown in the general course. Here we can see the runt and the greatness of foreign Asia.

At celebrations in Mongolia In the basin of the Selenga rivulets, the steppe rіvninnі dіlyankas are guided by the ridges, overgrown with coniferous forests, or covered with the vernacular-steppe dewline. In the steppes of the littoral belt, there are varieties of dry cereal and shrub-cereal steppes on chestnut soils. On the way out, on the plains of Pivnichno-Skhidny China, In the world of improvement, the stench of the stench changes with herb-cereal steppes on black soils or black earth soils. Such a regularity in the rise of types of soils and height is related to the fact that the climate in the world zone of Asia is dry and continental, when Russia goes through the oceans in the world of the continent, the transfer of vapors and vapors over the actual age To that, there are changes in the soil-weed curvature of the curvatures of the parallels of the turn in the whole area on the way to the richest, lower from the weekend to the afternoon. Dry steppes wander with empty steppes, de masivi burrows of weakly humidified soils are swarmed with salt licks and salt marshes. Particularly great expanses in Central Asia, Pivdenno Mongolia and Pivnichno-Worse China, so on the pivdenny outskirts of the world belt, occupy the wilderness. Lish on the most zvolozhuvanih shilakh gir grow razrіdzhenі coniferous and leafy foils.

Pustules of the Pomir Belt Foreign Asia is formed in the minds of a dense continental climate with a hot summer and cold winter, with a typical number of falls no more than 200 mm (not more than 100 mm), to reach the soil quickly grows through the air and forget to present a picture in a row, so as the change of soil, relief or flowing in on the special features of the soil-dewline cover. The most widespread coryts with solyankovy-handicraft and ephemeral formations on gray-brown carbonate soils, which were established on ancient loams and forests. Є great masivi, having rewound in the morning pisks (Karakumi і Kizilkum, Takla-Makan, Alashan, near the regions of the Dzhungarskiy street), but the growths of tamarisk, dzhuzgun, and saozhnost ... Widely widening of the root of the saline stages. On the sawn-mulkuvaty proluvial'nyh trails in front of the gir'iv, takiri are formed with polynomial-saltwort growth. Naytsinnishe Roslin of the Asian Kestrel - Saksaul. Yogo vikoristovuyut tree yak palivo, young pagony to serve as food for camels. Biliy saxaul (Haloxylonn persicum) is planted for the consolidation of saplings, and black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) - on salt marshes.

Dry riverbeds, periodically filled with water from the boards and often the underground watercourse, as well as small streams, especially when they go out from the mountains to the flat, oasis You can see bright greenery on a single aphid hedgehog. In the natural growth of oases (tugai), one can grow outlines of poplars, and from cultivated grows there grow a vine, fruit trees, bavovnik, tyutyun.

Steel from the Pliocene are also characteristic for inner part of the subtropical belt Eurasia, moreover, the transition from the Mid-Sea to the continental arid subtropical climate of the inner parts of the Western Asian mountains in the same way. The arid manifestation even on the Anatolian plateau and accepting the skid in Mesopotamia and on the Iranian plateau. Albeit in all these regions, there is a spring-winter maximum falloff, but it is often infused into the nature of the soil height. For districts with allowances of 300 mm on the river are characteristic gray-brown soil and the height of the handicraft dry steppes. With a number of litters of 300 mm and less development of pink and subtropical droppings and the growth of thorny cushion-like shrubs from the genus Astragalus, tragacanthus and low-growing xerophytes, with low temperatures, with a low temperature Tsya formats_ya vіdoma under the name of the nagіrnykh Kserofіty. Gray-brown soil i syrosemi To replace humus is cheaper, less brown, a little more, less sour-brown soil (about 2-4%), and there may be a supply of less than all the chemical elements necessary for growing. For an effective silkskogospodarskogo vikorystannya, it is necessary to piece grain, storing something in the arid regions of Turechchina and to Iran allowing grain crops, fruit trees, rice, bavovnik. On the isolated mountains dilyankas of the Iranian hill, the number of fallen falls to 100 mm or less. There is wider rocky and salt-marsh food, which is much less tall.

In the larger districts of the subtropical belt, there is a growing number of light (Tibetan and in.). They are characterized by cold high-pitched wilderness In the area of ​​small grain growth, in warehouses, they handle grains, pillows and thorns. There are low-growing bushes of the region (Hippophae rhamnoides), there are bows from the rough Tibetan sedge of Kobreziya. On flat, more beautifully, I pretend to be swamps.

lisi at the inner part of the subtropical belt they occupy an insignificant part of the surface, the head rank on the grasses of the most vivid ridges of the mountain ridges, bridles of the river valleys, and also in the minds of the so-called "bar'ernogo". Remaining most characteristic for the Colchis and Lankaran lowlands, which adjoin the mountain ridges of the Great Caucasus, and the ancient Uzbek coast of the Caspian Sea. In the cich regions they were protected from the Neogene wet forest subtropical landscapes. Velikі i gustі masivi deciduous mezofіlnih lіsіv of vіchnozelenimi kinds chagarnikіv, lіanami i epіfіtami virostayut takozh on pіvdennih skhilah Great Caucasus, Lesser Caucasus pіvnіchnih skhilah, Talishskih gіr i Elburs ridge de vipadaє great Quantity opadіv i klіmat not vіdchuvav digit for Change of dolodovikovogo hour.

Arіdnі think about it і in the tropical zone Eurasia, which I am hunting for the Arabian pivostriv, Mesopotamia and I mean a part of the Іnd river basin. In the minds of dry and hot, with warm winter, tropical climates in the lower parts of the girskih grasses are set to the ground of the type of blue-burrows, close to the ground in the wilderness of the subtropical and world zones. On the valleys of the majestic open spaces are occupied food and rocky kestrels... Seriously, the roslin perevazhayut ephemeri, how to sprout for short-hourly, planks, rough naphtha and dry cereals. The bridle of dry streams is growing in the midst of the growth of the phinic palm (Phoenix dactilifera), the fruits of which (phyni) may be of great importance for the local population and the subject of export.

goodness subquatorial and equatorial The belt is represented by different types of tropical forests and savannah associations (grasses). In the case of growing and growing types of soil and common ground, it is easy to see a clear amount of fallowness due to a few and a period of loss, due to the results of certain types of soil. On the rivers of the Indian and the Ganges and the Indian subcontinent through the special features of Azerbaijan, its interconnection with the monstrous incidents and the overhaul of areas in the absence of scarcity of conditions, there are large areas of large scale Smell є like bi-prodigious arid regions in the inner parts of the mainland, at that time, when Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia, serve the prod- ucts of the greater and more important Pacific Ocean sector of the mainland.

For natural goodness pools in the indu and the Ganges characteristic change one to one in the fallow of the number of late fallows musonnі lіsu from the cultivation of deciduous species in the upper tiers and in the evergreens in the foliage, dry deciduous foliage, willow herds, xerophilic birch trees and chacharniki, which are stored from the low-growing prickly deciduous foliage At the storehouse of flora there are the most widespread trees, which give valuable wood, - teak (Tectona grandis), sal (Shorea robusta), terminals (Terminalia) and ін. At the pidlisku grow acacia, Albicia. During the change, the average height of the tree grows down to 12-15m, the tree swells in an umbrella-shaped form, for the grass cover there are types of high cereals. For the current growth of India and the basin of India, as well as of the lower regions of the Iravadi and Mekongu, the "dry zone" of M'yanmi, the Korat plateau, the low mountains of V'utnam and Laos are characterized by repeated seasons for the high season periodic oranki. A kind of warehouse with the height of the shroud of the performances of the pirofitami, which is designed for anthropogenic activity. The tendencies are manifested in the height and closeness of the herbage, the growth of the tree-chagarnik layer and lie in front of the nature and intensity of the anthropogenic inflow. In the shrouds of the Indian subcontinent, there are wider grasses, including the ecologically aggressive Alang-Alang (Imperata cylindrica); in the woody curvature, there are small acacia, myrtle, bicrillope, virostaly pricked in the lower tier, there were lis_v in the lower tier. In such a rank, the occasional savani (with a vignette of the wilderness) can be played with trivial-obedient spilot, second-hand in the past to the older types of tropical leaves.

ґrunty Distinctive regions are formed on the ancient barks of vivitryuvannya, which cover the crystalline and ancient sieges of education. The smell of hydroxides and aluminium, which add to the variety of varieties of red color, instead of humus reaches 2-4%. Falsely from the minds of the minds of the seasonally-vologous forests, the chervony is set laterite (feral) soil, From xerofit forest - brown-chervonі, On dry shrouds - chervono-bury soil. All the stench, especially the red soil, may cause a lot of money for a piece of grain. The soil of the central part of India is formed by special powers to form on the surface of basalt curves and products of basalt production. The soil may be intensively barbecued, a large amount of calcium may be found, the water will be smoothed out, and the water will be more efficient. Particularly friendly stench for viroshuvannya bavovnik, for scho і I will name bavovian soils... Mistseve's name, reguri, Went to the special literature.

Vologі tropіchnі lіsy to grow on the clearly grown-up schools of the Gimals, on the schools of the Western Gats, on the Malabar Uzbek and on the first entry of Shri-Lanka, that is, in the regions that have been brought up to the last few months and may have been found. Give a price to the multi-house folded warehouse in the presence of a great collection of endemics, over 100 types of palms, smart cities and epiphytes. The bridles of the sea Uzbeks, flooded by the tides, are drawn by the swamp of mangrove thickets. The trees that grow in the tidal zone may grow stilted roots, so they allow them to grow in the multifaceous ground.

The natural growth of the line in Pivdenniy Asia is strongly people's changes... Stretching a thousand years on the territory of India, Pakistan, Shri-Lanka, they were violated for the needs of shipbuilding, on fire and for sale. On the Gangskoy Rivnini, in the Dean's private part, on Shri-Lanz, majestic areas are occupied with crops of rice, millet, bavovnik, tea plantations and hevea. About the threatening pace of the development of the forest, the permanent growth of the area of ​​the bezlesennya lands: in the end of the 70s. XX Art. in Asia, 2 million hectares of fossils were shrinking, and in the 90s rr. - already more than 3 million hectares. The newest paces are typical for Bangladesh and Pakistan, as the land areas quickly speed up by 2-2.5%. In the bagatokh regions on the places of vinischennyh high-bourgeois forests there are second jungles, which do not conceal the state significance. As a result, there is a lot of fun in the soil, to see the situation in the lower densely populated parts of the riverside valleys, to see the back of the hanging territory, and there is a real threat to the universal sound. Growing through the renewal of forest growth by a path of plantings of the most valuable species (for example, teak tree), the scale of forest plantings is signified by the rate of production of trees.

In special minds there is a form of flora and a bitter natural dewline cover. skidny, Prithooceanic sector of Eurasia... The schematic part of Asia is lured by the monsoon circulation of the atmosphere, with great clarity, it is swept along all the climatic zones, and the temperature changes from the beginning of the day to the next step, because of the The natural sub-latitudinal cordon is the Qinling Ridge, which does not reach the Pacific Ocean. So think about lodging in the exchange of floristic species in both winter and winter, i.e. E. Mizh Holarktiki and Paleotropics, and use the flora of the regions that have grown in the middle latitudes. Climatic minds outright Asia did not see the hundredths of the Pliocene, and there they knew its inflow Dolodoviky Turgai flora, increased in the greater winter and wilderness areas near the cold weather. That is why, for a descent and an early descent of Asia, it is characteristic of the old times and the abundance of flora, the cultivation of fossil types of soils and the verticality in these latitudes.

At the foreign part of Eastern Asia for a weekend to see change of types of soil-weed cover from coniferous leaves around the belt at winter to high level trees at winter.

Coniferous foxes, Close behind the warehouse on the woods of Pivdenny Sibira, they took the Great Khingan at winter and lay down to a new area in the winter. The stench also occupies the island of Hokkaido, grows yalitsa, Siberian and micevian species, distant yew and other leaves (birch, willow, wasp, willow). On the larger islands of Japan, in Korea and in the winter of China, coniferous leaves go to the upper parts of the mountains, to the same as the lower part of the mountain grasses and the small boules in the past, and sometimes the leaves are infectious. The foxes in the meaning of the world represent the relaxation of the Turgaysk flora and the abundant spilnyh canopies with the Atlantic foils of Europe, which, however, are the only ones with endemic species. Runti tsikh lisiv is also an analogue of fox burozems of Western Europe.

The head leafy species in the forests of this region are oak, beech, maple, clear, linden, mountain. The characteristic conifers are pines, yalits, smereka, thuja. In addition, there is a magnolia, paulownia, tulip tree (Liriodendron chinense) with beautiful, brightly colored notes (Fig. 18). Pishny pіdlісok set up rhododendrons, privet, Amur buzok, honeysuckle. The number of lines and the epiphytes produce the lane of the tropical viglyad. Reincarnation of rychkovy valleys on aluvial soils is characterized by a large meadow height.

Small. 18. Extension of deyak Roslin in foreign Asia

The valleys and lowlands in Eastern Asia are densely population and development, A part of silskogospodarsky lands to become 60 96, and in small parts up to 80% of the territory. Foxes took care of Mayzhe Vinyatkovo in the mountains. In the most important regions of the country, they have been replaced by a piece of more coniferous species, in the middle of the first place there are the most valuable cryptomeria. On the Great Chinese Rivne of a Thousand Years, the agricultural culture has changed nature to such a level that it is hard to bring a picture of a natural dewline cover. At the same hour, Japan, for example, has large volumes of leaves, stocking up to 67% of the land area. Even more viscous is the lisst of the Koreyskiy pivostrov (75%), but the lis in the world is the second overgrowth, or the piece of planting.

Pivdennіshe Tsinling ridge, in the basin of the Yangtze rivulet, deciduous foils of the same type step by step change green subtropical forests on red earth and yellow earth soils. In warehouses of cichs, there are orders of such kinds of broadleafs, such as beech and oak, step by step more and more ancient thermophilic forms are taken up - camphor laurel, cycads, representatives of the family of magnolias, deyaki palms. Pivnichna boundary widened in Western Asia to reach 45 ° Mon. latitude on the Japanese Islands. Even in the subtropical forests, it is possible to create and develop some representatives of the wine flora, which give the foliage the freedom and create super-specific floristic contrasts.

In the early days of the evergreen subtropical foils, especially on the mainland of China, only in the mountains were spared. The lower parts of the graves and the village are occupied by crumbling lands with an even more versatile set of cultural dews. Low land security per capita of the population and the shortage of land on the plains led to a wide expansion in China of mountainous-terraced farming, on a part of a fall, close to a quarter of the backyard area.

Significant part of the island of Indochina and the islands of the Malaysian and Philippines archipelagoes cover in the tropic lines... In these regions, stinks occupy altogether large areas, but not in the upper latitudes in Pivdenniy Asia, they are scattered, as there, with deciduous forests and secondary shrouds.

Vologіtіtіchnіy lіsis Pіvdenno-Shіdnoi Azііyi wіklyіnі poznі and splendid types. They have up to 300 species of palm trees, fixing them from the high-end burrows with the string of Palmri (Borassus flabelliformis) and ending with palms-lianas (dozhina rattan palms, for example, reach 300 m). Numerical types of families of dipterocarp, bignonivi, anacardivi and in. While there are nowhere in the world, there are species of bamboo roses, which are better known here than in the past. Їх vikoristovuyut for the life of the inhabitants, vyrobnitstva of furniture, the papier of the vishny Katunka; young pagony go to the yuzhu, and thin pagony - for wicker wicker virobes. Bamboo in Pivdenno-Shidniy and Eastern Asia is not only expanded in the wild, but in culture.

On the cleared dilyankas cultivate Growth of growth of mountain hiking and import of tropical regions. Near the coastal areas of the Philippines and the Sunda Islands, the plantation of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) is widened. In Indonesia, there are large areas of introduction of Hevea brasiliensis rubber plantation, on the islands of Bagatio, there are growing lines, various parts of which are vicious and spicy. On the flooded aluvial lower valleys, there is rice, terasi on the grasses of gir, planting a tea bush. In tropical forests, the growth is also rich in valuable fruit trees, which have been widely cultivated, - dinne (Carica papaya), hlibne (vidi Artocarpus), mango (Mangifera indica), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).

Eurasia with a rich and versatile flora є batkivshchinoyu important large ancestors of cultivated dews and wild species with cinnamon signs: tse zhito, wheat, millet, buckwheat, rice, rich beans (soybean spring), root crops, tea bushes, sugar cane, rich fruit trees (including citrus trees) yak spice, the number of decorative roses is majestic. Seven centers of walking of cultural growers, visions of N.I. Vavilov, who are located in Eurasia (Pivdenno-Asiatic Tropical, Skhidnoaziatskiy, Pivdenno-Western Asiatskiy and Seredzemomorskiy, which also includes the same as and Pivnichne Uzbeks of Africa ( Small. 19).

Small. 19. Centers for hiking cultural roslin (after N.I. Vavilov)

The history of the development of the widespread cultural growths of the region is numbered in the countries of the world as capitals and thousands of years. Seemingly, in India and China they grow rice for seven thousand years, in Indonesia - not less than a thousand, rocky, wheat in some regions of Western Asia as much as 5-7 thousand years. Rock_v. Tea Kushch, widely cultivated in China, approximately in the IV century. n. That is, obviously, the buv vidomy is much earlier.

Dictionary of Physical Geography "

NATURE of continents and oceans

§ 24. ROSLINNY I TVARINNY SIT OF EURASIA

What is the heat of smog on Earth? Are you crazy about it?

Eurasia is a great metric. Wines of rosetting in all thermal smogs of the Earth.

The cold smog of Eurasia has prostrated itself on the first night of the Uzbek coast of the Pivnichny Ice Ocean.

Through the suvor of nature, think at the celebrations of Eurasia, the dungeon of roslinny and tvarinny svit... Here moss and lichens grow. Dwarf birch, polar willow, cowberry bushes, blackberry bushes, cloudberries, cranes can be seen only if they start growing.

Look at the creatures that live in cold smoothies, read their names (Fig. 70).

Pivnichny deer Polar owl Arctic fox

Small. 70. Creatures of the cold smog of Eurasia

In cold smoothies of Eurasia, live media, seals, polar worms, lemings, polar chickens.

At the pomirnіy smoothies eurasії foils, steppes and willows.

Lisa roztashovani at the party of the smog of Eurasia. Coniferous and leafy trees grow in the forests: yalin, modrina, pine, oak, hornbeam, beech, maple, linden.

Tvarinny svit lisiv bagatii and versatile. Here creatures can know their own, a place to build a life and ukrittiv from the city.

Look at the creatures that live in the forests of Eurasia, read their names (Fig. 71).

Ermine Teterіv Red deer

Small. 71. Creations of lisiv from the smog of Eurasia

Elk, bilka, rabbit, rice, vovk, fox, marten, bison, bury vedmid, wild boar, capercaillie, chicken, owl live near the woods.

Pivdennіshe lіsіv roztasovanі steppe and deserted. In the steppes of Eurasia, there is a lot of specot, and winter is cold. There are few drops of vipada. Here grow kowila, fescue, polin, gryzuns live - mish, hovrahi, babaki, homyaki and hiji ptahs.

The hollows have very few falloffs, and the cake is worth a lot. Here grows grow, as a kindly stuck to the minds of non-staunch scientists.

Look at the dewlines that grow in the clearing, read their names (Fig. 72).

Saksaul Camel thorn Pishchana sedge

Small. 72. Roslin Kestrel

There are creatures living in the wilderness, as there can be some significant values ​​in the jokes of the water and the water. Here you can find a lot of versatile lizards and snakes, middle ones.

Look at the creatures that live in the wilderness of Eurasia, read their names (Fig. 73).

Jeyran Camel Cobra

Small. 73. Beasts were empty

At the specotn_y smoothies of the Eurasian rostastovan_ tropical foils. Here, the essential overgrowths set up the green trees, leaves and orchids. In tropical forests, lively animals, comas, birds and snakes live.

The growth of Eurasia in the ever-warming smogs of the earth The earth has brought a new and versatile rose and food light to the mainland.

1. Why is the growth of eurasia even more versatile? 2. Yakim є roslinny and warm light of cold smog? 3. Yaki lisi є on the territory of Eurasia? How many roslini and creatures are there? 4. What kind of roslini and creatures in the steppes and wilderness of Eurasia? Yak stinks stink until the minds of the unstoppable driver? 5. Describe the green and green light of tropical forests. 6. Know the information and prepare about the roslin or the creature, expanded in Eurasia.

The belt of high elevation is strongly marked on the high ridges of the SRSR and is more than 6% of its territory. Roslinnity of the whole belt - low-growing meadow grasses, sod grasses, sedges, in most of its own grasses and chagarniki.

For Pivdenny Altai, Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alai, the Caucasus and the Carpathians, alpine bows, cobresian and subalpine bows are characteristic. To the development of їх fall fall, brought by vіtra, blow from the Atlantic Ocean-na. Accumulated over the winter snow from the crust-full cold lita step by step.

At the very edge of the snowy beaches, on the ground, constantly moistened with thawed water, rose-vayut beautiful alpine bows. Growing juices on them, low-pitched, many-year-old grass-alpine trees, appear as great notes of bright barnacles: fresh and orange in zhovtsyu, first-flowered, fingers, poppy seeds, blue in tyrlichs, in births , blaky at forget-me-not, purple at the violet, extreme alpine and bagatokh іnshikh. Roslin-alpine grows cold, but do not blame dryness.

Strongly grow from alpine meadows in high-mountainous monotonously green kobrezivy dense sod bows. The basis of the cich meadows is built up by the subtle coating of the soil rіznі vidi root-growing plants, especially from the genus Kobrezia (family of sedge). They can reach low cereals, deyakі vidi roslin alpіysky meadows.

Kobreziyevi meadows to live for a rakhunok vologues from a tanennya vipav during the winter in the winter and in the middle spring-summer fallen. Voslinn_st on the cich dear summer pastures to go-to-gan and zhovtіє.

Lower smugy kobreziyevi, so the very yak і al-pіyskіkh, lugiv, іddalіk from the line to the temple-kogorno belt, especially in Altai, in the Dzhungarskiy Alatau, Central Tien-Shan and the Caucasus, rosy subalpine flowers. The stench I develop for the rakhunok of summer fallen and represent my fellows even more priceless high-class pastures and multipliers.

Bolsh arid, climatic minds have a visoogir at heights of 3500-3000 m on the syrts of the Central Tien Shan, in the ridges and highlands of the Pamir-Alai, with a cool summer, the high-altitude steppes have spread widely, like wilderness and wilderness. Roslinn_st here exists as much as possible for the rakhunok of small falloffs. On the high-mountainous steppe plains of the Tien Shan, on the glorified high-altitude pastures of the Alai Valley, in the vegetation, they overgrow the sod grass fescue and polina, from the early years graze many herds of sheep, herds of sheep , the herd of wild ba-Ranov-arkharіv, wild goats-Kiіk are suitable.

High-pitched barrens, characteristic of the Tien Shan, and especially to Pamir, can be stood at 4900-3500 heights m. Wash out here in the edge of the suvorі. Few falloffs. The snow cover is insignificant. The soil is deeply frozen, and permafrost is formed. The temperature drops to -45.7 ° (on the surface of the ground), and in the crescent it drops to + 56.8 °. Vegetable cover of razrіdzheniy. Characteristics that are reachable for all 20-25 cm half-bush-nichki: polin, two-shaped teresken, leafless chagarnichok ephedra (Kuzmicheva grass) і ін.

The high altitude of the mountains of Siberia and the Distant Descent is seen from the high altitude of the mountains of the Holy Altai, Middle Asia and the Caucasus. It is extremely cold-nі winter here it is little snowy, for there is much more snow-ni-ni. The soil is characterized by permanent permafrost, and the height of this is tundra-like with a suction cover of 3-8 cm from moss and lichen. In the middle of them there are small napivchagarnichki and chagarniki: round-leaved bean-leaved willow, creeping willow. At the same time, there are non-grasses, sedges, rhinitis, buckwheat viviparous and іn. Nearby, there are many buildings that are bare, so they call them char.

Gospodarske the significance of the value of the roslinnosti is even greater. Cows, yaks, horses, sarliks, deer graze on the colossal high-pitched pastures.

At the lower part of the high-mountainous belt, there is a smog, which goes up to the forest zone, yak bi-povze along the land of dwarf growth. At Siberia and on the Distant Descent, elfin trees take the form: Siberian cedar, modrina daurska and ayan, Siberian yalitsa, chagarnikovy cedar forests. In Pivdenny Altai, Middle Asia and in the Eastern Caucasus, there are widespread juniper dwarf trees, in the Carpathians - dwarf pine. In the Caucasus, shchilny stlanikovia have grown to form the evergreen chagarnik - the Caucasian rhododendron.

At the bottom of the high-mountain belt, there is the forest belt. In the mountains of Siberia, the fossil is stored as well as coniferous fossil breeds, as well as in the Siberian taizi.

Near the fox belt of the mountains of Middle Asia there are no pine, cedar, modrini. Sibirska yalitsya grow up deprived in the Dzhungarskiy Alatau. Pd-nei, on the Western Tien Shan, the growth of Semyonov's yalitsa is close to her. Sibirska yalina for the township of the Tien-Shan yalina, ras-rennya at the heights from 2850 to 1500 m from the Dzhungarskiy Alatau to the Zaalayskiy ridge. Characteristic set on a variety of plants with thornless needles, for example, juniper. At the Kopet-Dazi, you will have a steppe with Turkmen-skoy archa.

Three broad-leaved species in the mountains of Middle Asia grow rich in species of trees: maple, ash, sycamore, carcass, coriguyuchi, hairy mountain and in.; chagarniki - honeysuckle, shipshini, irga, spirey, barberry, euonymus, cherry; in Kopet-Dazi - zhovty jasmine, and in Taji-Kіstanov - woody liana. Along the valleys of the gir-them rychok - willow, birch, poplar, wilkha, elm, oblipikha. Lisova flora of Middle Asia is rich in fruit trees. Here, from the Zakhid Tien Shan to the Kopet-Dag, there was a widening and a great growth of hair and fi-Stashka. There are plenty of fruits in abundance: apple, alich, pear, migdal, cherry, pomegranate, apricot, wild grapes, persimmon, ozhina, glid, medlar, іnzhir and many-Гії інші roses.

Gori of Middle Asia is famous for the great number of decorative dews, especially tulips, irises, Ungern, bows, Eremurus and ін.

Naybilsh developmental behind the warehouse of ancient forms of the forest belt of the Caucasus in the last, vologo part. Upper smoothies (1900-1200 m) Rosvineni coniferous foxes from slack pine, Caucasian, Caucasian yalitsa. Leafy-nі lіsu is re-fermented in the lower part of the belt. The stench is stored from beech, some species of oak, maple, hornbeam, birch. The characteristic evergreens are chagarniki - cherry laurel, holly, pontic rhododendron. Deyakі kolis shi-roko widened village breed co-zberіgalis now deprived of de-no-de in the Caucasus. Tse takі relіkti Caucasian flora, yak chestnut spravzhnіy, dzelkva, yew, eldarska pine, pitsunda

pine, boxwood (div. Art. "Oh-wound roselin in the reserves"). Lisy belt of the Ukrainian Carpathians, or Lisistikh, reaching 2663 m whichever, apologetic from the fighters themselves to the whistles close to 1800 m. Here grow smirk foxes from the house of the yalitsa, the European cedar (cedar pine) and the beech, the smallest foils from the oak, hornbeam, beech, European yalits, maple, chi-wee, good luck, good luck.

Belt of steppe roslinno-sti high gir in his own way, the distribution of dressings from the dry-wimi minds of the lower zone of the gir. Characteristic meadow grasses, steppe grasses, and especially those grasses, yak kovila, fescue, oats. Have more dry minds on the front of the ridges of Central Asia, the Caucasus, at the heights from 1000 to 500 m, widening barren steppe with napvchagarnichkas. Below the steppe belt along the forest foothills of the Zakhid Tien Shan, Pamiro-Alay Kopet-Dag, there is a belt of empty roslinny-nosty, the basis of which is to become a small sedge - a rank, tonkonig live-shi.

Roslinniy pokryv high gir of the SRCP with a lot of flora and fauna is important in the People's Gospodarstvo SRSR. It is wide and versatile to pick up girski foils. Dorogocenni girski pasovischa. The role of the growth mantle is neo-estimated, and the protective role of the growth.

The flora of the tall gir is the bagatyx cinnamon, especially medicinal, and decorative roselin. Vaughn to serve as an unacceptable dzherel for unprecedented vicariousness and introduction into the culture of the most valuable species. Beautiful girski landscapes in the knowledge of non-evocative vegetative cover, vyroblyayut divovizne enemy, and girski sanatoriums justly create a beautiful mice for a day.

From the high mountains of Eurasia, the walking posture of the SRCP, behind the peculiarities of the weed curtain, great interest is represented by the European Alps and Himalaya.

European Alpi - pro-Shirn visokogirna land z finding point Wandering Єv-rope with the peak of Mont Blanc. Al-pi is known as a flood of water in the midst of the Atlantic Ocean and the Middle-Earth Sea. Here vipadє from 600 to 3000 mm fell in rik. Cordon of vichnoy snig to pass at the height of 3200-2500 m. Alpine bows are green in the high-mountainous belt, and bows in the middle of 3200-1300 are lower. m. Still lower, the fox belt grows from the coniferous species (yalin, yalitsya, chi-izstvennitsa, cedar pine), and behind them go the fossil belt from broad-leaved species. Importantly, oak and beech.

The head ridge of the hanging-the-greatest Himalayan mountains of beasts to Central Asia with a small continental desert-steppe climate. Roslinness here is similar to the memory and growth of the mountains in Tibet, rising to a height of up to 4-5 yew. m. The Pivdennies grabbed the Gimalais to be located just under the flowing tropical monsoon climate. up to 1000 m blame them tropical forest from the giant trees wrapped in lianas. Characteristic ficusi, palms. Bananas, bamboo, tree-like ferns grow right there. At the tsіy part of the Hіmalaіv vologo. For example, in Сіккімі vipadaє up to 12 yew. mm fell in rik. A tropical forest grows subtropical with green magnolias, oaks, and coniferous pines. Vische 2 yew. m trail the forest from the deciduous species - oak, chestnut, hairy peaks and conifers - overwhelmingly medium-sized yalitsa, pine and Himalayan cedar. Still more, a high-altitude belt with alpine bows can be stretched. Synchronous line to be repaired at the height of 3500 m. In the western part of the Himalayas, in the forest belt, it is possible to breed breeds in power in the Caucasus Mountains. On more low ridges, the height of the pivdennaya girski lantsyugi of Middle Asia is high.