Alluvially to sod soil. Aluvial soils. Ґprimary covering zaplav
The versatility of aluvial soils is rather rich in that it begins with a step and the nature of the presence of pre-wrinkled soil in the profile of soils, as it lies in the nature of meso- and microrelief. Falsely from the disturbance is meant the transformation of the organogenic horizon. At the maximum step, the flow is molded silt-humus gleyovy soil ( 4 ) і silty-humus gleyovі soil ( 5 ). Minimal health steps (in gley soils 6 ) It is practically impossible to recognize the character of the humus horizon.
Classification of aluvial soils
The pidzolist profile is characterized by a thin ball with partial expansion of abnormal material through the interconnection of bacterial activity. The whole ball lie at the upper part of the light, heavily cropped horizon, behind a dark brown ball, which is heavily cemented in rocky material, like a hard Pan. It is linked with repeated precipitation of hydroxides from the salt and aluminum. The natural fertility of pidzolic soils is low through more acidic reactions.
Gray-brown Pidzolic soils
Сіro-burі pіdzolisti ґrunty to become a great friend soil group in logical climatic areas. In general, the growth of balls in the meaning of the world is prompted by the authorities of the pidzols, if the soil is less acidic in the reactions. The upper ball, in addition to that, should be revenged on more humus and should be given to the gray-brown fortified zone.
Aluvial humus soil in the boundaries of the melt occupy a well-drained position. On the smaller drained positions, їх gleyuvatі and gleyovі analogs are formed. Behind the closed, unstable lowered, widen aluvial swampy ground grows.
Vikoristannya and obmezhennya. Aluvial humus to the ground float of small rykhok vikoristovuyutsya, as a rule, before the blue moths and pastures ( 7
). Vegetables grow on the floats of the great rivers. Due to the regime of the river, there may be a need for hydrotechnical improvement - the construction of dams to fence off the fields in the event of strong floods. Even more often, the aluvial humus soil grows apart without significant negative inheritances. On soils of a light granulometric warehouse, in conjunction with the great їх sensory, anthropogenic infusion slides as much as possible.
At the top of the podzole, the mensh is intensely vigorous, a little more concentrated coloids and podzols, as they produce their own chewy-brown color. Leafy trees, such as maple, beach, oak, grow on the whole ground. Black earth soils or "black earth" є are the most characteristic of zonal runts in napivdry climates. Climate, or rather dryness, is the primary factor for their development. The soil may be two visible to the ball.
Bezposeredno on the grass turf is a black ball, which barvlyuєtsya in light color, bagatiy vapnom. Both the soil is important for its productivity, and other grain crops, such as wheat, oats, wheat and barley, grow in abundance. Large surpluses of grain are exported from black soil in the resulting States, Canada, Ukraine and Argentina, as a result of which they call them "khlib svitu cats".
Aluvial TEMNOHUMUSOVIE
AU - C (ca) ~~
Diagnostics. The profile is stored from a relatively tight (up to 50 cm or more) lumpy-granular dark humus horizon. The structure is well-formed, water resistance, there are signs of the processing of the mass and the horizon by soil creatures ( 8, 9 ).
Physical power. Aluvial dark-humus soil can be of a sizeable granulometric storage. A large number of soils are characterized by high water penetration and aeration, as well as the growth of lower strata in theology. However, solontsyuvati and draining are characterized by a viscous upper part of the profile, disgustingly water-permeable to the vologue, when viscous to form a tricky; to be solid, hard, low in porosity.
The soil group is similar to chernozems with a similar characteristic to the profile, but it doesn’t grow out of precipitation from carbonate to carbonate chornozem in the intermediate horizon. In such a rank, the transitional type between the main types of soils is Pedok and Pedal. Intermediate ground grows in the high grassy interruptions of subhumid regions in the middle latitudes. The smell of superbly productive and borrowing great territories in the resulting States and Canada.
These soils occupy both arid and middle Latin steppe lands, in Pivnichniy Americaі Asia. The stench can also be seen on the nadra of the Seredzemnomorya, in Argentina, Pivdenny Afritsa and Pivdenno-Shidnoi and Pivdenno-Zakhidnoi Aus-trawl. Chestnut soils, in bagatio, in vіdnoshennyah, similar to black soil, ale light behind the color through low humus.
Cheerful authorities. Instead of humus in a high 4-9% (up to 12%) and changes downward behind the profile step by step: on a glybin of 100 cm there is 1-1.5% of humus. At the warehouse, humus is re-mixed with humic acids, tied with calcium. Soil can be seen at the top of the head Amnesty of clay (close to 30 mg-eq / 100 g of soil), but the clay is a complex of infestations, the reaction of the middle is neutral or weakly watered (pH> 6). At the horizon, which goes from humus to the parent rock, carbonate is often found, but there is not a large amount of morphological turn.
The soil is ferrofiled, as well as the irrigation of the installation. Chestnut soils are transformed into brown soils in more arid areas and thus unproductive. Across low rivnya populace, brown soil in the main use of vipas.
Zhovtі and chervonі soils store one more important soil group of a tropical climatic region. The soil can be seen on the cordon of coniferous leaves, as well as in Pivnichny China. Chervona soil is a tropic zonal soil, broken up by chemical vivities at high temperatures and high humidity with a characteristic fall regime. Listyana roslinn_st zvvychay associate with chervony soils.
Solontsyuvati type is caused by a puddle reaction flowing to humus and the presence of mixed sodium in the clay complex.
The area is expanded and options. Aluvial dark-humus soil is formed under meadow associations on relatively drifting, short-hourly flooded dilankas of the central floodplain of steppe, forest-steppe and taiga-forest zones.
The soil is filthy in the humus, albeit with hydroxides of the soil and aluminum. The soil is lacking in the main lively speeches of the roslin, I want to react kindly to kindness. Chervona soil is found in the great regions of Brazil, Guyani, the small parts of the New States, the Mediterranean lands, the African and Australian countries.
Characteristics of aluvial soils
Helpful lateritic soils of reddish tilka in warm, natural regions, and also tightly linked to natural equatorial and tropical subhumid climatic regions of the world. The soil is characterized by such features. Due to the abundant supply of temperature and temperature, both chemically and mechanically, the change in material can reach its maximum.
Great influx on the nature of the broadening and power of the runts to nourish the ground waters. So, when the soil is filled with soil, gleyuvates of the type of aluvial dark-humus soils are formed. On a separate forest zone, the soil is described only when the hard ground waters are injected. In steppe zones with mineralized groundwater, the formation of solonetzuvaty subtypes ( 10 ).
It is important to produce to the utmost visibility of silicon dioxide, which loses semi-oxides and aluminum in the capacity of old surplus materials. Instead of humus in the soil, it is very low through the overworld activity of bacteria. Laterite soil maє vlastivy chervoniy kolіr.
Gray and red empty soil
The soil is even more porous and sticky. Later, soils may have a low silskogospodarskiy potential. The soil is widely developed in Brazil, the West Indies, Western and Eastern Africa, and the Great Indies and Shri-Lants. You will be able to use the empty soil in two large groups of soil.
Misce in the warehouses of the soil cover. The position of aluvial dark-humus soils in the steppe zones is not only due to the nature of the humus horizon, but rather manifests itself in the ground cover of floods. So, there are uneven variations in the presence of saline, salinized, merged and inn. Pidtypes of aluvial dark-humus soils, tied in processes, which occur in soils of sumy plakorny territories.
Sivi empty soils are characterized by low volume organic speeches through the growth of growth. Differentiation of profiles is also available on a daily basis. Slightly, the vilugovuvannya to produce up to the accumulation of small minerals, zokrem vapa or calcium carbonate, on the uppermost ball.
Chervoni pestelny soil grows in more dry, more hot tropical kestrels. Instead of humus in the ground, it is brought up to a minimum. Horizons are poorly developed; the texture of the ground is rough, and the stones and gravel are in abundance. Both the soil is friendly to the environment and will require continuous supply of irrigation water for the agricultural purposes. Deyakі dry culture can be viroshuvati only on the whole runtі.
Vikoristannya and obmezhennya. Fragments of rosaceous soils in upland areas of the land in the country, then the earth with aluvial dark-humus soils vicoriously grows more importantly from the blue mows and pastures. At the same time on soils of a light granulometric warehouse, they are guilty of being minimally anthropogenic in order to prevent deflation.
Soil from the turns to the hand of the river
Bangladesh soil The main part of Bangladesh is located on three main rivers. Quite a few small small rivers of the country are being seen outside the borders of the national cordon of the country and they are building the Gang-Brahmaputra-Megni system. The swimming pool system is located close to 76 million square kilometers and does not only carry water from thawed water, but also from those who find areas in the world. For a thousand years, held by the magnificent skids of the richok, the boule was prompted by the wide delta, which made a large part of the great area Bangladesh and is buried in the valley delta.
Aluvial peat-gleyovі
T - G - CG ~~
Diagnostics. Soils are diagnosed for the presence of peat and gley horizons. The organic material of the peat horizon will give you good deposits, there is a dark storm or a black color, typical rusty coatings and beaches of hydroxides. ( 11 ). The horizon is often covered with a small deposit of fine earth of an important granulometric storage, or in a whole lot; in the lower part, there can be very thin (less than 10 cm) beads of humus material. For rakhunok, the peat is milled with a viscous mass (more than 30%); Below the glory horizon, the farbuses flowing with humus speech, which change with the sharwatim Oglein alluvium ( 12, 13 ) ... The profile can be present with mineralization or marly prodigy.
Tsi majesty fell off є the main dzherel of the establishment of 80% of the territory of the country. Rashta 20% of boules' runts are formed in theoretical and quarter-sized inserts for days. Forming the soil. The price is tied with the change of agroclimatic parameters in the winter seasons.
The process is meaningfully developed between the heat, the bottom and the bottom. Classification of soils In Bangladesh, there are close to 500 species. A series of soils is a group of soils that have been approved for the same kind of material in the analogous drainage drainage, the height and the hour and the same and the same consistency with the same differential authorities. Skin soil ser_ya of the house is called micevost. The main point of the classification of soils in Bangladesh for the establishment of platforms for the correlation with international systems of classification of soils.
The systematics of the flooded soils has been broken down by G.V. Volunteers.
Three groups of aluvial soils are seen in the melts:
- aluvial sod;
- aluminum meadows;
- aluvial bogs.
Aluvial turf soil... The soils of the group are formed in the heads of the short-hour flood water in the riverbed part of the floodplain. Smell light granulometric warehouse, Often sharuvatu budov. The soil is not over-wetted, due to gleying from the outside. In the middle of the soil, water is not poured into the soil.
The soils are classified on a number of different rіvnya clasifіkatsії fallen as evidenced by the fact that they call and diagnose authorities. The quality of the international soil classification is even more important for the runtoznavts at the national and international level. Vigoda from the development of soil resources in any part of the world can be easily translated, as well as the selection of the manager of the international classifications. Ale tsya classification is duzhe technical for the wicked koristuvachiv in the region. To facilitate the technical classification of soils in Bangladesh for the wicked koristuvachіv, it has been recognized in a total of 21 zagalny types of soil.
The profile of aluvial sod soils is stored from the advancing horizons:
Inferno - poorly compacted sod, pulling up to 5 cm;
A - humus horizon with a fragile lumpy structure or non-structural, tautness from 5 to 40 cm;
B - transitional horizon, without signs of an eluvial process, sharuvatiy;
З - aluvіy of food or food.
The zagalny types of soil give even wider level of the soil characteristics. Leather zagalny type of runtu includes a collection of types of runt gray, broken into more than one type of extrinsic material and can include a wide range of chemical and physical authorities... The meta of the classification of polygons in the fact that the soil is classified at the same time with the same characteristics, it is safe to look around ґgrave minds efforts of the land for the region.
Zaplavnі ground Pong pіdrozdіlyayutsya on rіznі pіdtipi, takі yak carbonate alyuvіy, nekamentozny alyuvіy, vapnyanі burі zaplavnі ground, vapnyanі sіrі zaplavnі ground, vapnyanі dark sіrі zaplavnі ground, nekarbonatnі sіrі zaplavnі ground, nekarbonatnі burі zaplavnі ground, nekarbonatnі dark sіrі zaplavnі ground, black teraysk soil, siri in front of soil, earth.
In the group, three types of soils were seen, which may be of the singular zonal position: aluvial sod acid, aluvial sod sod, aluvial sod carbonate (degraded).
Aluvial sod acid even wider in the taiga-forest zone. Instead of humus in the humus horizon - 1-3%, more than 5%. Fulvic acids are handled at the humus warehouse. ECO - 7-15 mg × eq / 100 g. At the warehouse of the deposited cations: Ca2 +, Mg2 +, H +, A13 +. The reaction of the middle stage is from acidic to slightly acidic (rNC1 = 4-5).
Smell є vapnyimi at the whole th part or the її part і do not conceal the diagnostics of the horizon over. The aluvium on the active fusion of the Ganges mainly includes brown-gray to brown-brown food and mules, which are similar to those of the vapnyans.
The soil on the bottom of the Lower Megni is natural є lightly watered with gray and olive, small-layered mules. Table zagalny tipi soil in Bangladesh. These grounds occupy large areas on the active waters of the Tisti and Brahmaputra-Jamuna. The stench of food or mules, siri or olives, from neutral to low light. The stench is stored from light-brown to olive-brown, fluffy, loamy and clayey erupts, which grow on the upper parts of the ridges on the flanks of the Ganges rivulets and on the birch trees of the Ganges tidal melt.
In type, there are chotiri of the following types: primitive, sharuvate, strong aluvial, opidzole and two kinds: extravagant and pebble. It can be seen that there is more pressure in the humus horizon - shortening (<20 см), маломощные (20-40 см) и по содержанию гумуса – малогумусные (<3%), среднегумусные (3-5%) и многогумусные (>5%).
Aluvial sod trees widening in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, but also in the riverbed. Near the forest zones, they grow in regions with carbonate rocks. The stench may be more viscous instead of humus (up to 10%), in the humus storehouse they transfer humic acids, in the storehouse of clinging cations - Ca2 + and Mg2 + (> 90%).
Most of these soils are transferred to carbonate glaysols. Smells vary from mule and loamy loam on the shores of rivals and upstream ridges to mule clays in the basins. The soil of the group is mainly located on the river Ganges, which is tidal at the first entry, as well as in small areas at the bottom of the river Ganges and Nizhny Megni. At the same time, the Ganges also have uninterrupted dark gray leaves.
Non-carbonate siri soil-proof soil Slow the soil in the soil to form a gray upper ball to the soil and stone B-horizon with a blue matrix or gray sheets. The stinks widely occupy the valleys of Tisti, Karatoya-bangala, Jamuna, Serednya Megni and Skhidna Surma-Kushiyar. However, there are values of regional views in proportions borrowed by an individual. The texture of aleurite loam dominates in the melt of Tisti-meander, which is how the silty clays are re-baked in the Ganges, in the melt of Surma-Kushiyar. Alongside the Dzhamun's flood, there was a large amount of watery growth of mule loams, mule loams and mule clays.
The type has 4 subtypes, sharuvate primitive, sharuvate, completely aluvial, growing and five flat beds, saline, saline, pebble. They can be seen by the tightness of the humus ball - overpressed (> 120 cm), tight (80-120 cm), medium (40-80 cm), low (20-40 cm) and shortened (<20 см); по содержанию гумуса – слабогумусные (<4%), малогумусные (4-7%), среднегумусные (7-9%) и высокогумусные (>9%).
Aluvial sod carbonate(Dropping) to be molded in the empty and empty zones. The pressure of the humus horizon is up to 20 cm. Instead of humus, grow less than 1-2%. Any part of the profile may have salt. The reaction of the middle is luzhna. Carbonati take place from the surface and in the whole profile. Podil on type and canopy similar to aluvial turf weed; in sight - behind the step of saline and saline.
aluvialmeadows soil... The soils of the whole group are formed very well in the central floodplain, with atmospheric-subsoil water harvesting during the low-water period, with grass-grass-grass meadow growing with a forced root system. A great role in the formulated soils is to lay down organic speech and biological accumulation of speech in the upper horizons of the soils.
The profile of aluvial meadow soils is stored from the advancing horizons:
Inferno - shchіlna sod, pulling up to 5 cm;
A - humus horizon, loamy or clayey, with a granular structure, only slightly OGLE, pressure from 30 to 100 cm and more;
В - transitional horizon with gleying beaches;
G abo Bg - gleyovі horizon of the pink step of gleєni;
З g - sharuvate aluv_y, call OGLE
In a group of soils, there are chotiri types: acidic, nasicheni, carbonate and arctic-boggy - depending on the zonal provisions and authorities.
Aluvial meadow acid formed in the taiga-forest zone. The need for a humus ball is 30-50 cm. Instead of humus - from 4 to 12%. At the humus storehouse, they transfer EKO fulvic acids - 20-30 mg × eq / 100 g. At the PPK storehouse, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, H + and A13 + clays. Reaction of the middle acid and weak acid (rNC1 = 4-5).
Podil on the type, birth and type similarly to aluvial sod sour (Vinyats do not appear as a type of opaque and a type of pebble, they see it as a type of pebble).
Aluvial meadows the soil is formed more importantly in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, and in the taiga-forest zones, in areas with wide distribution of carbonate rocks. Demand for the humus horizon reaches 100 cm or more. Instead of humus at the upper part of the profile - 4-14%. ECO - 30-60 mg × eq / 100 g. PPK of infestations. The reaction of the middle is neutral and close to neutral (pH> 6).
Podil on the type, birth and type similar to aluvial turf weed. (Vinates: do not see the type of gradual and see the type - dark-colored, which is formed in lower and may be signs of gleying in the whole profile).
Aluvial meadows carbonate soils are formed in both empty and empty zones. It is characterized by the carbonate content of the entire profile and the obvious sign of gleying in the middle and lower parts of the profile. The pressure of the humus horizon is 20 cm in between, instead of humus - 1-2%.
Podil on the type, genus and species are similar to aluvial sod carbonate.
Aluvial archery-boggy soils to be formed with trivial surface and post-layer soil waterlogging. The stench is a transition between aluvial meadow and aluvial bog soils. From the surface there is a peaty humus Oglein horizon, then - a transitional humus Oglein and lie beneath it a mineral gley horizon.
Aluvial marsh soil... The soils of a group of groups are formed in a terraced flood, in case of post-overflowing, in the pidzon of the wilderness of the taiga and in the forest steppe - under the sedge-shaped dewline with the house of large grasses and thickets. They are divided into two types: silt-humus-gley and silt-peat. The runts are heavily frozen, the profile is typical for bogs: AOT - (T) - G. Aluvial peat bogs and peat-gley soils are brought to lowlands of an eutotrophic type. The smell of ash may have been brought up, close to the neutral reaction of the middle, the changes made in the place of delivery and the elements of living for the growers.