Granulometric storage of water. Granulometric storage of soils and soil-supporting rocks and their meaning

Beginning for a few particles of physical clay, which may have a diameter less than 0.01 mm. If physical clay is located in the soil up to 5%, such soil is called rich sandy, 5-10% - cohesive sandy, 10-15% - cohesive sandy, 15-20% - cohesive sandy, 20-30% - light loamy, 30-40% - middle loam, 40-50% - heavy-coal, 50-65% - light, more than 65% - heavy. Grains of soil, such as diameter less than 0.001 mm, are called gley, and less than 0.0001 mm - coloid particles. The stench is included in physical clay.

Fluffy sedimentary rocks, which can handle the middle of soil-forming rocks, є a complex of versatile products in vivitryuvannya. That is a minerological warehouse of cichs and soils, which can be molded on them, and finished with a folding one.

Prior to the warehouse of soil-supporting rocks and soils, there should be primary and secondary minerals. Mineral parts of the soil are deposited from the primary minerals, which step by step turn from the injected vivitryvannya to larger particles. Water in the presence of a CO2 catalyst hydrolyzes primary minerals and converts them from secondary (clay) minerals. Primary minerals may be more concentrated in granulometric fractions with a size> 0.001 mm, secondary -
most extensions primary minerals in rocks and soils є offensive: quartz, polovis spat, amphiboli, hydroxenia and mica. Quartz and polovi spat coarse-grained, that is why the stink of stiyki to vivitryuvannya mineral. The stench is concentrated, the head rank, in the food and sawn pieces. Amphiboli, pyroxeni, mica It is easy to grow vivitryuvannyu, because in fluffy rocks and soils stench takes place in small quantities.

The value of the primary minerals is interesting. The smell of agrophysical enrichment, є a reserve of ash elements for the living of roslin, as well as of the approval of secondary minerals.

Warehouse wide in soils and rocks secondary miners small. Among the secondary mines are being played clay minerals(Montmorilonite, kaolinit, hydromica, chlorite, etc.), minerals of hydroxides and oxides of salt and aluminum(Hematite, goethite, hydrogel and in.), minerals of simple salts(Dolomite, halite, calcite, etc.).

There are a few dozen clay minerals, as for the power of power to unite in a group. Most widening in the ground of the advance of the group: montmorilonites, micaceous and kaoliniums. Budova їkh sharuvatu, intervening between the balls can change when disturbed or when woken up. In the inter-package space to enter and overwrite chemical elements, z'udnannya. I will name such a phenomenon sorption(). Naybіlsh visoka sorbtsіya, and hence і utrimannya chemical elements The montmorillonite group (100-150 mg eq / 100 g) of clay minerals is characterized, and the kaolinite group (10-20 mg eq / 100 g). The hydromica group of the loan is of the middle position (50-70 mg eq / 100 g). The more sorption of chemical elements in the soil, the more the soil, it means the soil with over-cultivation of montmorillonite. Clay minerals can also be hydrolyzed, taking into account the hydroxide of chemical elements.

In such a rank, the secondary minerals are infused into the form of water-physical powers to the ground, the structure of the building and the mode of harvesting the growths. Mineral warehouse for soil is a chemical warehouse for mineral parts.

Nutrition: 1. Classification of mechanical elements

2.Granulometric (mechanical) storage of soil

3.Classification of soils by granulometric storage

4. Viznachennya granulometric storage in the field.

The solid phase of soils and soil-supporting rocks is stored in particles of growing size, which are called mechanical elements... The power of mechanical elements varies in fallowness in different sizes. Close behind the size and power of the part, the faction is grouped together.

crank up classification of mechanical elements N.A. Kachinsky:

Fractions of mechanical elements are considered one of one mineralogical and chemical warehouse, Water supply, water penetration, vologonism, swelling, plasticity. Kam'yanist's chastin is mainly represented by ulam girskikh breeds, Gravіy - ulamami of the primordial mines. Pisok is stored in the main zone of primary minerals, volodya deyako capillarity and low moisture capacity. Іl store in the main from the secondary mines, revenge a lot organic speeches... For new characteristic swelling, stickiness, capillary power.

The power of mechanical elements to know how to reach small changes at the boundaries of 0.01 mm. This allowed the division of all mechanical factions into 2 large groups: physical sand and physical clay (>< 0.01 мм диаметром).

Practically, nikoli is not buv, the soil buv is stored in one fraction of mechanical elements. The name of the won is a sum of decilkoh fractions. The power of soils will be deposited in all sorts of conditions.

Granulometric (mechanical) warehouse- vizniy vmіst in the ground or rocks fractions of mechanical elements.

The basis of the classification of soils according to the granulometric warehouse should be based on the ratio of physical sand and physical clay.

The soil of food and soup is easy to grow, so it is good to call it lungs. The stench may smell like water penetration and friendly mode, quickly warm up. However, the stench may cause a number of negative authorities, the persistence of all the low vologonism. On the growing grounds, there are growing lines near the natural regions of the country. Light runts are built on humus and elements of the life of roselin, may be insignificant in clay, the most healthy until the third period.

Loamy and clayey soils grow more viscous and voluminous, more beautifully baked with lively ridges, rich in humus. The processing of cich soils is required by the great energy vitrates, which are called important. Important unstructured soils can be difficult to tolerate with physical and physical and mechanical powers. The stench may smell weak water penetration, it is easy to fill it up, fix the pick, it becomes very strong, sticky, often uncomfortable thermal and air mode. Such soil, as it is itself, food and soup, is not handy for the national victorian.

Classification of soils for granulometric storage(According to N.A. Kachinsky)

We paint a complex of powers of light loamy and medium loamy soil.

Viznennya granulometric storage in the field

The most basic method for determining the granulometric warehouse. The most simple pole in the offensive.

There is not a large amount of soil to sink into water and break up until it becomes plastic. Distant from it, it is possible to wrap a rope with a diameter of 2 mm and bend from the cord to a ring with a diameter of 2-3 cm.

Food for self-revision up to those 5

1. Do you shrink the soil according to the granulometric storage of the soil?

2. Make the right view.

To the soil important behind the granulometric storage, to the soil, which is stored in the main particles of size:

a)> 0.001 mm, b)<0.001 мм,

v)<0.01 мм, г)>0.01 mm,

e)<0.01 см.

3. Are they called light by the grain size distribution of the soil, which are important? What is this name for?

SOIL STRUCTURE

Nutrition: 1. Soil structure

2. Classification of structures.

3. Value structure

4. Osvita and ruynuvannya structure.

Particles of a solid phase in the soil, mechanical elements in the soil, as a rule, are glued together in small form and size breasts (structural aggregates).

soil structure- the supremacy of aggregates of growing size, the formation of a warehouse.

The shape and size of the aggregates is flexible and different in different soils and horizons. per Classification S.A. Zakharova razr_znyayut three main types of structures.

Type I - cuboid

NS Aractorial equal development of aggregates along three axes. At the boundaries of the type, they see the 4th genus:

Glibious Breastfeeding Nutty Granular

Fig. 4 Aggregates of a cuboid structure.

1. clayey- the aggregates may have an irregular shape and an uneven surface, between the edges and the edges are rotten. Size - over 5 cm in diameter.

Golovna Sadivnistvo Scho tse also granulometric storage for soil

Scho tse also granulometric storage for soil

Mechanical (granulometric) storage of soil Name a small space in the soil of a part of a small diameter. Before the warehouse, the soil should include the following components:

Mineral base (50-60% of zagalny obsyagu);
- organic speech (up to 10%);
- povitrya (15-25%);
- water (25-35%).

The primer is stored in small pieces of small size, repairing from great boulders and finishing with alternate soil (pieces of more than 2 mm in diameter) and colossal pieces
- clay (dr_bn_che 0.002 mm in diameter),
- mule (0.002-0.02 mm),
- sip (0.02-2.0 mm) i
- gravel (more than 2 mm).

mechanical structure the soil is even more important for the Silskoy government, because of the Zusilla, it is necessary for the soil to be cleaned, a number of watering is required, etc.

Good soils should cover approximately the same amount of sand and clay; the stench is called loam.

Reworking the soil to break the soil more often and easily for processing; from the side, in this girsh, water and lively speech are smoothed out.

clay soils nasty drains, є sirim and sticky, but then take revenge on the rich old talk and not fuss. Kam'yanist_ soil (the appearance of great parts) is poured into the drift of the s_lskogospodarsky znryad.

Yak viznachity granulometricheskogo warehouse ґruntu

For viznennya granulometric warehouse ґruntu on your date, take two teaspoons of the soil and let it go until it is solid. From otrimanoi masi download "kovbaska" on the eye of the cord. Tse is the name of the test for cheating.

Then prepare another two teaspoons of the soil and nip it into a test tube (if you don't mind, you can pick a thin glass of light) with distilled water. Call it. For a high level of illumination of water in a sample and a sample on a grain size storage for soil (table).

Table of the value of the warehouse to the soil

Soil and soil-forming rocks are stored in small particles of small growths, which were established during the development of germs. Near the soil, beyond the important mineral part, there is a small number of organic and organo-parts, which were established as a result of biological processes.

Okremі parts (granules) are called mechanical elements. The mechanical elements of the building are located in the structural environment - the aggregates of a small form and size, which, when mechanically infused, the building is distributed to more other aggregates.

Particles of a solid phase in soil larger than 1 mm (stones and gravel) are called skeletal part, and less than 1 mm - fine earth.

Close to the size of the mechanical elements are united in a group of fractions. The classification of mechanical elements was carried out by N.A. Kachinsky. Okremi factions on the basis of growth pour on the power of the runts and generations. The price will be explained by a small minerlogical and chemical warehouse of fractions.

1. Stone (> 3 mm). Tsya faction is stored in the main from the ulamkiv of the girskih breeds. Kamenі zavazhayut carry out processing ґruntu, sowing and picking roselin.

2. Gravel (3-1 mm) - the fraction is represented by the ulama of the primary minerals. On the gravel soil cleaning, do not hamper negative influx, but rather high ground, the soil is poorly perceptible power:, water penetration, water-absorbing health.

3. Pisok (1-0.05 mm) - ulama of primary minerals, in front of quartz and polovy spar. The tsia fraction is characterized by high water penetration, albeit on the vidminu from the gravel of the volodya, even deyakoi moisture capacity. For Polish crops, adherent pisky with a moisture capacity of not less than 10%.

4. Saw (0.05-0.001 mm)

a) saw a large (0.05-0.01) maє the same mini-logistic warehouse, yak and sap і
are apparently characterized by such authority.

b) saw the middle (0.01-0.005) - crimson quartz і polovy spar rich mica, yak
nadaє faction plasticity and sensibility. Tsya faction is more beautiful than a vologue, ale, a weak water-retaining building, does not need to set up structural aggregates. This soil, which has a fraction of a great and a common saw, is easily dispensed, stopping until it becomes clogged and depleted.

c) drank drіbna (0.005-0.001) - to be stored, from the original history of the minerals.
There is a new power: building before coagulation and setting up structures: building a building, revenge humus speech. Lack of viscosity before swelling and shrinkage, stickiness, shrinkage.

5.Il (< 0,001 мм) - в составе этой фракции преобладают вторичные минералы из первичных в небольших количествах встречаются кварц, ортоклаз, мусковит.

The mulistic faction is the leading role in the formation of soil efficiency, in the physical and chemical processes, in the form of resistance in the soil, it is possible to glaze over the building, to revenge the rich humus and elements of the life of the dewline even if there is a low volume of humus in the soil, and in a singing chemical storehouse, it is possible to build up the soil with unpleasant water-perturbing powers.

At the ground, one hour there can be great kam'yanisty ulamka, a small rose, piluvati, mulista and coloidal particles. In older soils, the development of other and great fractions is strongly developed. Tse spіvvіdnoshennya pivots at vіdsotkah, be called granulometric (mechanical) storage of soil.

Injection of a granulometric warehouse on the power of ґruntiv to be manifested in the fact that food, soup, loam and clay soils may grow in water, heat, heat and lively conditions. More important than granules, a warehouse, a rich mineral, a warehouse of soils, a large amount of gross and ruptured elements of life, more active humic-accumulative processes and processes of structure improvement are carried out. The granulometric warehouse for the distribution of crops in the fields of crops, for the processing of grain, for the norms of good, etc.

Chemistry storage of soil.(

The lithosphere is stored as half as much as sour (47.2%), more than half as for silicon (27.6%), aluminum (8.8%), gold (5.1%)), calcium (3.6), sodium (2.6), calium (2.6), magnesium (2.1). There are 8 named elements that store more than 99% of the bulk oil of the lithosphere. Such navazhlivіshі for living roslin elements, yak in coal, nitrogen, sіrka, phosphorus, take dozens and hundreds of wines. Even less in the earth's crust of microelements.

Oskilki hv. A part of the soil in the significant world is surrounded by a chemical warehouse of the gypsy rocks of the lithosphere, є the similarity of the soil to the lithosphere in terms of common chemical elements. , Yak in the lithosphere, and in the ground on the first. Mісці cost kisen, on another silicon, then aluminum, etc. Protein in soil in porous in the lithosphere 20 times more in coal, and 10 times | More nitrogen, accumulation of elements in the soil is tied to the life of organisms.

Decrease in soil sour and water (like water elements), silicon, and reduction in the place of those elements є inherited processes of vivification and soil relief.

In the process of vivitryvannya bring to the approval of the fluffy breeds of the chemical warehouse to acquire these changes, as they knew the vivitryvannya products when added. With a whole percentage instead of a percentage, there are some chemical elements, but they can be victorious as an absolute change, so it is obvious for a change in other elements.

Most of the crumbling in the middle of the products is the simplest of salts: the difference is greater than the lower valence of the ions.

Behind the swarm of muddy and alkaline soils, the soil-forming rocks spread to saline, carbonate, and willow. For Antipov "- Karataeva (1958), in felted rocks there is no more than 1-3% of the skin with calcium oxides, magnesium, sodium. Carbonate up to 15-20% calcium carbonates. , magnesium and sodium.

A chemical warehouse of a soil-forming breed is an imaging world, a mechanical and a mineralogical warehouse. Foodstuffs, rich in quartz, are stored mainly in silica. Chim is more important hutro. breed warehouse, more in high-dispersion secondary minerals, and even less in silica, more
sesquioxides of aluminum.

Reasonably, depending on the type of soil, there are changes in the ground and the rise behind the profile of the soil. elements. The skin type ґruntu nabuvaє is characterized by differentiation on the basis of the singing chemistry. warehouse. Form spoluk chemical elements v soils and accessibility to dews. Chemistry elements are found in the soil in the old days.

mussen to be included in the majority of primary and secondary minerals of soils, є one of the main elements of organic speech and water. For the middle ground in soils (55%), it grows first.

Silicon. Naybilsh wider than silicon - quartz. Silicon enter to the silikat's warehouse. When ruined, as a result of vitrification and soil-dissolving, silica transforms into the form of anionic ortho- and metasilicic acids [(SiO4) 4 "i (SiOz)"], silica sol.

aluminum to be found in soils in warehouses of primary and secondary minerals in the form of organo-mineral complexes and in a clay mill (in acidic soils). When the primary and secondary minerals are ruined, when the aluminum is replaced, the hydroxide is played, it is a part of what, when it is, is lost on the mischief (as it is a little ruffled), and it is often impossible to go into rosy. Sour middle food (pH< 5) гидроокись алюминия становится более подвижной и алюминий появляется в почвенном растворе в виде ионов А1(ОН) + 2 , А1(ОН) 2+ , что отрицательно сказывается на росте и развитии растений.

Zalizo- an element necessary for the life of roslin, without the growth of chlorophyll does not settle. At the soil of wine, it is located in the warehouses of the primary and secondary minerals - silikat, at the sight of hydroxides and oxides of simple salts, in the clay mill. As a result of the growth of minerals, the formation of hydroxides is low-deterioration, which occurs in the form of amorphous gel Fe 2 0Z * PC2, "E) and passes during crystallization into goethite in the middle of Fe20s * HGO and pH hydroxyhydrate.< 3) подвижность гидроокиси железа увеличивается, и в почвенном растворе появляются ионы железа Ре + .

in charcoal- the basis of all organic spolucs. The average volume in the soil is 2%: enter the storehouse of soil humus and excess amounts of salt and carbonic acid salts.

nitrogen to enter the warehouse of all white chapters, to take place in chlorophyll, nucleus
acids. There is a lot of nitrogen in the direct deposition from the ground together
humus. At a large amount of soil, the element becomes 1 / 12-1 / 20 humus. Accumulation in the ground
zoomed by the biological accumulation of the atmosphere. Nitrogen available to roslin
the leading rank in the form of amonia, nitrates, nitrites, which are established when ruined
nitrogenous organic speech. "

phosphorus to enter the warehouse of organic spoluks, without which the living of organisms is uncomfortable. Glaze in great quantities of dewlines, phosphorus accumulates at the upper horizons to the ground, Phosphorus takes revenge in organic and mineral springs. Phosphorus in soils should enter apatite, phosphorite, vivianite before the warehouse, and also be in the clayed mill near the phosphate anion. In the minerals of soils, phosphorus is represented in a large part by low-ear forms.

sirka- to enter the warehouse of white oils and oils. The need for roselin in n_y is less than that of phosphorus. Biological * accumulation of water in the upper horizons is to be found in the minds of the root. Valovy zmist 803 "in the upper horizons rises in wide intervals from 0.1 to 2%. The water is found in the ground near sulphates, sulphates and in warehouses of organic speech. in Homi 80 2 ~ 4 I can accumulate in the drains of a dry climate.

kaliy in great numbers, live with cartoons, root crops, herbs. The shaft is very tall near the ground, but in the grounds of an important farm. The warehouse should be 2% or more. The main part of the potassium in the soil should enter up to the storage of the crystal lattice of the primary and secondary minerals in a form that is inaccessible for roslin. Deyaki from them (biotite and muscovite) make it easy to get calories and can serve as a dash for the mobilization of available calories. Kaliy to take place in the ground is also in the clayed mill (obmenny and neobminna) in the form of simple salts.

Calcium and Magnesium- the necessary elements of "the life of the growers. I have to establish the same as the calories, the physiological role is important. Magnesium is included in the storehouse of chlorophyll. Calcium is of great importance in the stems, which are pleasant for the calves of the phytic and the physes. crystalline solution of minerals, in exchange-absorbed, in the form of simple salts.

Organichne RECHOVINA SOILS. Dzherelami organic speech of soilє:

1.admerly surplus of roslin (aboveground and root mass);

2. Covers of ground fauna (ground creatures komakhi);

3. Zalishki microorganisms.

The oil must go into the soil of organic surplus of roslin, which are the main layers of organic speech of the soil, this warehouse, the supply of the above-ground and root weight is deposited into the warehouse of zonal growth and the midst of the productive minds,

In the tundri runt, it is close to 1 t / ha of organic surplus, on the first day of the mass of growths and in the new taizi under the woods to become 10 t / ha of dry speech, the agrocenosis with goodness is 3.6 t / ha. In the forest-steppe, the archery growth of steppe growth is close to 24.5 t / ha, the agrocenosis with goodness is 5.8 t / ha. During the transition to the steppe zones, the amount of fallen fall decreases through the dryness of the climate. In the clearing, litter falls to 1-2 t / ha and sometimes grows in the forests. inological subtropics up to 20 and more t / ha.

In the agrocenoses of the growing surplus, the soil is much smaller, which is associated with:

1.from the change of bagatorial lineness in the main to the same;

2. with respect to harvests of a significant part of organic speech (grain culture, one sees close to 50% org. Masi).

To this, the growth of oranka in the long steppes in agrocenoses will decrease by 3-4 times the appropriate level of the growing surplus. A number of organic surpluses were needed to grow into the soil for growing crops: 2-3 t / ha of prosapne, 7-9 t / ha for bagatora grasses.

In another place, there is a surplus of roslin - microorganisms, and the mass becomes close to 1 t / ha of dry speech.

Before the warehouse of dry speech, organic surpluses include carbohydrates, liquors, fats, tar, tanning speech, lipid, lignin and high molecular weight spoluks.

The important part of the growing surplus is stored in the leading rank of cellulose, gel cellulose, lignin with the most abundant village breed. Most of the food can be found in bacteria and legumes.

Organizational surplus can also be covered with ash elements. The main part of the warehouse is: calcium, magnesium, silicon, calium, sodium, phosphorus, sirku, zalizo, aluminum.

Very high ash may cause water growth, cereals and bean dews.

Organic surplus conversion processes. The organic surpluses have gone into the soil to be mechanically mined by the soil fauna, physical, chemical and biochemical changes in the flow of microorganisms. From there, organic speech is fed to the following processes:

1) mineralization organic speech to endsex products (C02, H20 and simple salts);

2) Гуміфікація ~ processes of transformation of organic surplus in humus speech;

3) Conservation at the sight of peat, at singing minds.

The single theory of the establishment of humus until the present hour is not sane, but then there are three groups of concepts for the process of humus.

- condensation abo polymerization (Trusov, Kononova, Fleig).

1) the establishment of specific structural units for the formation of humus ovaries - the product of a drop of tall tissues, surplus microorganisms.

2) condensation of structural units, so that the pathway of oxidation of phenols by enzymes such as phenoloxidases to quinones, and interaction with amino acids and peptides.

3) polycondensation - a chemical process of establishing folding molecules of humic acids.

- concept of biological oxidation(Tyurin, Aleksandrova) folding process
biochemical oxidation of high molecular weight intermediate products in a drop
organic surpluses, as a result of which humus speech becomes established.

For L.N. Aleksandrovoy in the humus acid and in the interchange with the minerals of the soil and ash products of the mineralization of organic surplus. The most highly molecular part is the form of humic acids and salts, and is more dispersed and less foldable - fulvic acids.

Biological concept (Williams) - humus speech є product
synthesis of small groups of microorganisms, which has been experimentally brought
microbiologists. Bully otrimanі dark-pofarbovanі humus-like z'єднання.

Admitting, the process of humification "in green soils, including the reaction of condensation and biochemical oxidation.

Warehouse of humus waters is dynamic and constantly changes for the inclusion of organic molecules in the molecules of organic spoluks near the fragments.

In order to characterize the process of humidification, the vikorist value of the efficiency of humifcation (Kg), which is shown, as a part (in%) in organic carbon was transformed into humus speech for the re-folding of the excess.