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Atlantic Ocean: biogeocenosis and ecological problems. Faunistic division of the ocean

Skidno-Atlantic tropical region grows from the other parts of the tropical shelf, where most of the established fauna viskim rіvnem endemism in all groups (from 17-18% in polychetes and sponges to 40-54% in ribs, molluscs and ascids). It will be stored in two provinces - Western African, which stretches from Green Misu to Mosamedish (Angola), and the province of St. Deer and Ascension.

Beyond the wandering Atlantic tropical region, the Bermuda Islands live on, a part of Florida Pivdena for the first time and Mies Cabo Frio in Pivdni (Mexican inflow, prote, not included in the tropical zone). The region has three provinces - Karibska, where it is stocked with roses from Florida and Pivdenny dilyanok, West Indian and Brazilian.

The tropical American fauna is notoriously versatile, but not African: at the entrance, for example, there are nearly 900 species of coastal ribs (versus 343 species at the descent), of which 120 species (9%) are deprived of the Atlantic along both shores of the path. Some indicators of faunistic roses are characterized by іnshі groups - golkoshkіrі, molluscs, crabs,

In addition to warm water areas with temperatures from 10-13 to 20 °, they expand symmetrically along the sides of the ocean in Pivdenny and Pivnichniy pivkuli.

Seredzemomorskim-Atlantic area of the shelf Pivnichnoi in Africaі Western Europe to the English Channel (English Channel) at night, the coastal waters and the adjacent islands - Canary, Madeiri, Azores (Lusitania province), as well as the pool Midland Sea.

At the beginning of the visit, the Karolinska oblast, is stacked with two dalyanoks (a private part of the Mexican inflow and Wine of America mіzh misami Kapaveral i Hatteras).

A couple of warm-water areas around the world will become Pivdenno-African (in the Atlantic Ocean there is only one of three provinces - the provinces of the Pivdenno-Western Africa) and Awakening American-American, until the end of the day. La Plata. To achieve the diverse fauna around warm-water areas, being entirely specific, including the few species that can be found in groups, are generally characteristic of the tropical zone.

Along with cold-water areas, they are characterized, according to D. Bruggs, by temperature surface water from 13 to 2 °.

The coastal waters of Europe - the English Channel (English Channel), as well as the shelf of the British Isles and the Northern Iceland are carried to the Atlantic-Atlantic boreal region.

The western-Atlantic boreal region of the coastal area of Pivnichnaya America from Misu Hatteras to prot. Bell Isle.

The fauna of the contiguous part of the Pivnichnaya Atlantic is clearly rich, not far backward, moreover, the middle boreal species are wider in both the Uzbek oceans.

The Pivdenniy Pivkul has a belt along the cold-water areas of performances only at the entrance: the entire shelf Of America for the first day from La Plati, the Falklands (Malvinsky) islands and the Vognian land, it is carried to the Pivdennaya Pivdenno-American region, which also includes the Pacific Uzbeks of the mainland to the Chiloe pro-va in the winter. For the whole region, it is characteristic to reach a high sum of species endemism (close to 45% of w - pod and golkoshkirich, more than 52% of ribs). Here you can see the Magellanic provinces and especially the provinces of the islands of Tristan da Cunha and Gough.

The Arctic region includes the entire Pivnichny Ice ocean and do not go to the provinces. Ї outposts in Atlantic є Uzbek to Labrador, Greenland and Spanish Scotland. The Arctic fauna is still young, and in tandem with the cymbal endemism, it is altogether low: less than 14% for molluscs, close to 20% for ribs, up to 30% for sponges and so far. The area, proponated by D. Briggs (Briggs. 1974) as a bi-synthesis of the earlier authors and in its basis, the biogeographic scheme of S. Ekman (Ekman, 1953) has been attributed to wide knowledge in recent hours. Another recent modification of the Boolean circuit diagram was propounded by E.F. Guryanovo (1972). її district Atlantic Ocean to see from the outstretched vishche, the first for all the wider and larger views of S. Ekman to the views of tropical regions. So, the Central American tropical region at Є. F. Guryanovo includes both Atlantic and Pacific Uzbeks of America. In the Atlantic Ocean, there is Mrs Hatteras and Hall. La Plata, which is worthwhile in three regions of D. Bruggs - Karolinsky, along with warm water, Western-Atlantic tropical and Central Pivdenno-American, along with warm water. In the Schedule of the Atlantic, E.F. warehouse of the Tropical Kingdom. In such a rank, the new scheme of the biogeographic area of the coastal zone of the Atlantic Ocean (Briggs, 1974) goes from front to back (Ekman, 1953; Gur'yanova, 1972). At the same hour mіzh different schemes There is a sense of terminology, which can be reached at least. The position of genetic biogeography, based on the analysis of walking and native elements of fauna, around the warm-water areas of D. Broggs, like in the Atlantic, as well as after the boundary between the regions, should be called subtropical. The important part of the flora and fauna of the regions is represented by widely widened tropical species or endemic, which can be found in groups, in general, characteristic of the tropical zone.

5.2. Bathyal.

The geographic expansion of creatures on the mainland is still lacking in vivification. D. Briggs (Briggs, 1974) accepted the same zoogeographic area for the upper school, but for the shelf, and on the lower school did not see any areas, deprived of meaning, next to S. Ekman., Ekman, 1953 the expansion of non-military creatures in the proportion of milky water. Surely, the main tendency in the change in the nature of the broadening of the bottom and bottom creatures against the increase in the size of the glibin is to change the fractionality of the zoogeographic date (Neiman et al., 1977).

O. N. Zezin (1973) allowed him to see three zoogeographic regions in the Battle of the Great Atlantic: the Boreal-Atlantic subregion of the Boreal region (from 40 ° N lat. Reykjanes), Central Atlantean Province of the Amphi-Atlantean region (seized the Pacific Islands of Florida, Bahamas and islands of the Antillean arc) and Lusitanian-Mauritanian provinces of the Philippines

G.A. Golovan (1978), before the broadening of the bottom and bottom ribs, was seen in the upper and lower parts of the battalion one and the same faunistic region - boreal, winter subtropic, tropical, noteworthy. Allegedly, it means that between the regions in the winter “on top” of the battalions, they become part of the general community (lower-level borsal views penetrate into the greater low latitudes).

Atlantic Ocean: biogeocenosis i ecological problems

In the minds of the cyclonic stratification of waters, the vertical growth of the zooplankton is greater than that, gradually stretching out to the rock. Bagato vid_v and group vid_v timed in their residence to reach the vuzie verses, for example, to the surface plovtsi; On the other hand, for example, the spines of Neistop and Pleiston, especially biocenoses, are characteristic for the middle and lower horizons of the epiplasty. In warm waters, the role of seasonal vertical migration to plankton is insignificant, but it is even more important to add additional migration from the mesopelagic to the surface and near-upper horizons. At the high and middle latitudes, the growth of algae, the abundance and biomass of zooplankton in the near-surface balls, rapidly grows overhangs. They spent the winter on the breeze of seasonally swift species and improved breeding and the growth of all growing plankton. Change of phytoplankton number in winter hour to reduce the number of planktonic creatures to a sharp decrease.

The biomas of mosoplankton everywhere from the glibinus is rapidly decreasing, moreover, the rate of maturity in the surface and glide balls is practically continuous in all regions of the Holy Ocean: plankton in a ball of 0-500 m in the sphere of 0-500 m become close to 65% of the backbone. Yak is shown by M. Є. Vinogradov (1968, 19776), the intensity of the change in biomass from glybin is of a constant character. It is seen as the distribution of urban areas of the dilyanka with the surface, middle and abysal types of the mesoplankton growth. The middle latitudes in tropical waters occupy a greater position (on slopes 100-200 m and 1500-2500 m), lower in the middle latitudes (from 500-750 to 1000 m and 2500-3500 m).

Most of the concentration of macroplankton falls in the middle of the mountain (from 500 to 1500-2000 m). At the same time, in oligotrophic tropical regions (central circuit), the maximum biomass falls on the ball of 500-1000 m. In larger productive areas of the tropical zone, spawning near Ekvor, macroplankton is abundant on depths from 200 to 2000 m, and the most biomass (up to 74% of the area) is in the sphere of 1000-2000 meters. In subpolar regions, the greatest number of macroplankton is located in a sphere of 500-1000 m, the aley part is maximum at depths of 2000-3000 m (up to 11% biomass). Bring the digits of the bully to the The Pacific(Vinogradov, 1968), the ale stench, insanely, characterizes the zagalny regularities of the vertical growth of macroplankton.

One of the most important ecological features of tropical macroplankton is additional vertical migration, especially characteristic of mesopelagic crayfish, cephalopods and ribs. As a result of vertical shifting of the cichs of food two to dob (in the evenings), there is a cardinal increase in plankton growth. At the end of the hour, two or three maxima of biomass for macroplankton occur - at the surface of the water, at the upper boundary of the head thermocline and in the lower part of the mesopelagic (which stops to take over) During the day, all the migrants go down, and there is only one maximum of biomass (Parii and In., 1977).

4.4. Benthos.

In all latitudinal zones of biomass, benthos on the littoral and in the sublittoral is characterized by significant numerical indicators, lower on the battalion and glide-water slopes. L.A. Zenkevich (1970) to direct the following biomass values for the lower vertical bottom zones: square meter, In the shelf seas biomas become in the middle 100 150 g / m2, and in the abyssal of the central parts of the ocean - 0.05-0.1 g / m2 and less. In such a rank, the amplitude of the change of biomass for the glybin of the perevischu milion development. The reasons are great to explain the small changes in feed resources from glybin. Infection is not already a matter of course, but the primary role in the growth of bottom populations across the ocean is to form trophic minds (Sokolova, 1977). Benthic creatures small type Harchuvannya grows at the bottom in the fallowness as a result of detritus in the bottom litter and suspensions in clearly defined trophic zones. Tsі vertical zones, naturally zapadіuchіyu, change one of one kind to the minds of the accumulated waste. The oligotrophic structure dominates all the bottom areas, which are found under biologically unproductive waters, and the eutrophic ones, as a rule, are regions of increased productivity. In the Atlantic Ocean, oligotrophic bottom dividing lines are confined to the central parts of the subtropical gyres and to the pseudoabissal of the Middle Earth Sea.

4.5 Necton.

Necton creatures live only in the upper biotopes of water (epi - and mesopelagic), as well as in the bottom horizons (Larin et al., 1977). There, de fodder resources of the grain (for example, in the bath-pelagic), the stench will rise from the day. In the middle and high latitudes of the most important biomas nekton (ribi, squid, whale-like) is located in the upper balls of the water. By the tropical waters open to the ocean A few of the surface nekton, in which flying ribs dominate, notwithstanding the decrease, and at the peak of this concentration, move to a depth of close to 100-250 m, de-buying the main industrial creatures - tuna, sword-ribi, sharks. In the near-bottom balls, the waters of the biomas are maximal on the shelf, and it decreases rapidly because of the large amounts of water, if in the battalion it is possible - in the wilderness of the grubby minds - there can be more concentration for the industry to reach the industry.

5. Biogeographic district.

Biogeographic area of the pelagic and benthal areas open to the ocean, as well as the coastal (shelf-non-historical) area, and the closest to the zonal development, zoomed in with the vertical mid-range Protest, between the main biogeographic regions, as a rule, it is uncommon to grow up, so as the most different species stock of flora and fauna are used by the head rank on the cordons, according to the established guidelines.

5.1. Coastal zone.

The peculiarities of the broadening of pelagic and benthic organisms in the coastal zones are due to the same reasons, the biogeographic development of the central zone and one for the water and the bottom.

Zgіdno D. Briggs (Briggs, 1974), the shelf of the Atlantic Ocean rises between the II biogeographic regions: two tropical, one warm-water, three cold-water and two polar. Tropical regions (Skidno-Atlantic and Western-Atlantic) are characterized by the most abundant and versatile creature roslinniy light, Great number of endemic taxons, development of coral reefs (only at sunset) and mangrove thickets; the temperature of the water in їх boundaries does not fall below 20 °.

Skidno-Atlantic tropical region grows out of the other parts of the tropical shelf, and most of the young fauna grows in a high rate of endemism in all groups (from 17-18% of the provinces of the region, up to 40-5%). It will be stored in two provinces - Western African, which stretches from Green Misu to Mosamedish (Angola), and the province of St. Deer and Ascension.

In addition to warm water areas with temperatures from 10-13 to 20 °, they expand symmetrically along the sides of the ocean in Pivdenny and Pivnichniy pivkuli.

Seredzemomorskiy-Atlantic area of the shelf of Pivnichnaya Africa and Western Europe to the English Channel (English Channel) at winter, coastal waters and adjacent islands - Canary, Madeiri, Azores (Luzian Sea)

At the beginning of the first visit, the Karolinska region is stacked with two dalyanoks (the private part of the Mexican outflow and the Uzbek part of the American Pivnian America and the Misami Capaveral and Hatteras).

Along with the cold-water areas, according to D. Broggs, the temperature of the surface water is 13 to 2 °.

The coastal waters of Europe - the English Channel (English Channel), as well as the shelf of the British Isles and the Northern Iceland are carried to the Atlantic-Atlantic boreal region.

The western-Atlantic boreal region of the coastal area of Pivnichnaya America from Misu Hatteras to prot. Bell Isle.

The fauna of the contiguous part of the Pivnichnaya Atlantic is clearly rich, not far backward, moreover, the middle boreal species are wider in both the Uzbek oceans.

The Pivdenniy Pivkul has a belt around cold-water areas of performances only at sunset: the entire shelf of Pivdennaya America for the first day from La Plata, the Falklands (Malvinas) Islands and Vogniyana, the Earth goes up to the Pivdennaya Narrow-American Pitches. at the party. For the whole region, it is characteristic to reach a high sum of species endemism (close to 45% of w - pod and golkoshkirich, more than 52% of ribs). Here you can see the Magellanic provinces and especially the provinces of the islands of Tristan da Cunha and Gough.

The Arctic region includes the entire Pivnichny Lodovitiy Ocean and does not go to the provinces. Ї outposts in Atlantic є Uzbek to Labrador, Greenland and Spanish Scotland. The Arctic fauna is still young, and in tandem with the cymbal endemism, it is altogether low: less than 14% for molluscs, close to 20% for ribs, up to 30% for sponges and so far. Area, proponated by D. Briggs (Briggs. 1974) as a bi-synthesis of earlier authors and in its basis, the biogeographic scheme of S. Ekman (Ekman, 1953) has been widely accepted in recent hours. Another recent modification of the Boolean circuit diagram was propounded by E.F. Guryanovo (1972). Її region of the Atlantic Ocean is seen from the outstretched view, the first for all the wider and more visible views of S. Ekman to the minds of tropical regions. So, the Central American tropical region at Є. F. Guryanovo includes both Atlantic and Pacific Uzbeks of America. In the Atlantic Ocean, there is Mrs Hatteras and Hall. La Plata, which is worthwhile in three regions of D. Bruggs - Karolinsky, along with warm water, Western-Atlantic tropical and Central Pivdenno-American, along with warm water. In the Schedule of the Atlantic, E.F. warehouse of the Tropical Kingdom. In such a rank, the new scheme of the biogeographic area of the coastal zone of the Atlantic Ocean (Briggs, 1974) goes from front to back (Ekman, 1953; Gur'yanova, 1972). At the same hour, with different schemes, there is a sense of terminology, as it may reach a hundred values. The position of genetic biogeography, based on the analysis of walking and native elements of fauna, around the warm-water areas of D. Broggs, like in the Atlantic, as well as after the border between, should be called subtropical. The important part of the flora and fauna of the regions is represented by widely widened tropical species or endemic, which can be found in groups, in general, characteristic of the tropical zone.

5.2. Bathyal.

In the rough close zoogeographic cordon on the mainland, they occupy the same camp between the regions in the coastal zones, but for the sake of seeing provinces in the battalions and thalassobatpals left from the country.

5.3. Abissal.

A large part of the Atlantic Ocean bed is carried by N.G. Vinogradov (1977) to the Atlantic deepwater region, the boundary between which overflows the ocean towards La Plati at approximately 40 ° S. NS. i, viginayuchis on pivnich udovzh pіdvodnogo ridge. Whale, reaching the school of Pivdenno-Western Africa approximately from 20o S. NS. In the middle of the central region, they develop the Arctic subregion (the Great Icelandic Ocean) and, on the week of the Faroese-Icelandic threshold, the Atlantic subregion with three provinces - the Atlantic-Atlantic-Atlantic-Middle-water The fauna of the Caribbean Sea bed is genetically linked to the Pacific Ocean, but the rest of the tse does not exist.

Mayzhe entire Pivdenna Atlantic enter the warehouse of the Antarctic-Atlantic subregion of the Antarctic glide-water area. The Vinyatok becomes the Scotia Sea, the abysmal fauna of a large spilny rice from the fauna of the Pacific Ocean. For N.G. Vinogradovo (1977), the whole sea and part of the Pacific province of the Antarctic-Indian-Pacific subregion.

The ultraabissal ocean is seen in a special province, which is occupied by the cocks of Puerto Rico and Romansh.

Subantarctic zholobi Pivdenno-Sandvichev and Pivdenno-Orkneiski (Buliaev, 1977) enter the Pivdenny Ocean.

5.4. Upper pelagic in the open ocean.

Due to the presence of plankton, which has risen in the ocean, it is caused by passive leaks and due to water masses in the boundaries of closed or similar circulations, and necton, actively changing according to the area of the ocean in the area. To know the vision in deyakie features of the geographic extension.

For the widening of planktonic species in the epipelagic and mesopelagic, the Holy Ocean extends to the ARKT-Boreal, Tropical and Antarctic (or Aptarctic-Notal) regions. Between regions є to reach wide transitional zones, populated by the fauna of both contact regions (with even a small number of endemics) and not, according to K.V. Beklemishev (1969), of a biological rank. The skin from the ciches of the circumglobal areas is divided into parts, confined to one of the oceans; in the Atlantic Ocean, the Atlantic subregions of all three regions are apparently seen.

In the Tropical region, there are more species of plankton, there is a wider widening, a little more abundance of species and water bodies with more narrow areas of the oceanic type (equatorial, central, peripheral and regional) and long-range dosage There are three provinces - Pivnichna central (in the Sargas Sea), Equatorial and Pivdenna central, the skin of them includes the ocean (in the middle part of the ocean) and two long-distance farms. A special camp in the whole system of borrowing is a skidno-equatorial long-distance dilyanka (Guinea inflow and adjacent water), which is characterized by a significant faunistic capacity. It is necessary that the Faunistic creation of the lower parts of the Canary and Benguela trends is also strong.

The transition zones of the Atlantic Ocean are often growing among themselves. The private zone, roztasovana at the end of the university part of the ocean, is completely laid out in the long-range type of zoning, so as the pivdenna can in its middle part is a great dilyanka of strictly oceanic type.

In the Pivnichniy Atlantic, the wines of the tropical species are strongly twisted by the Gulf Stream and the Pivnichniy-Atlantic Plin beyond the Tropical Region - not only in the Northwestern region, but distant to the northern frontier. The Pivdenniy Pivkuli has no such strong gallows. Pivnichna has moved to the zone of the “population”, which is composed of tropical and boreal species, and practically eliminated endemics; in Subantarktika tropical vidi, as a rule, do not go far on a day, for

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UDC 551.513.7 (261.1)

About the skid-atlantic colony circulation of the atmosphere

E. S. Nesterov *

According to the definition of the indexes of the Atlantic-Atlantic and Indian-Atlantic colivans for the period 1950-2007, Officials have been analyzed who have zoomed in on the indexes in 1996-2007, and I may have an abnormal reason warm winter in Europe 2006/07 p

Entry

Low-frequency atmosphere circulation in the Atlantic-European-European regions is characterized by tied knots in some areas. For more information, I will describe the cych coli vykorovyvat іndeksi, as rorakhoyuvat, zokrem, according to the data on the geopotential of the isobaric surface 700 hPa. For the Atlantic-European region, the greatest interest is in the following indexes: NAO - pivnichno-Atlantic colony; EA - skid-atlantic kolyvannya; EA / WR - Skhidna Atlantic colyvannia - Zakhidna Russia; SCA - Scandinavian kolyvannya; POL - polar region - Eurasia.

Vvazhaєtsya, scho the most inflow on the weather and climate Europe is nadaє pivnіchnoatlantichne colivannya. One of the important aspects of this problem is the links between the Atlantic Ocean colony with the cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean.

For young people, it seems that one NAO index is not enough to describe the low characteristics of circulation in the Atlantic-European region. In the robot, it is recognized that the smallness of the trajectory cyclones (storm-track) in the Winter Atlantic in the significant world is surrounded by anomalies in the clutch in the winter-shifting part of the New Atlantic, in that latitude. її central part.

An analogous result of the mistakes in robots, it seems, is that the NAO index does not describe the smallness and trajectory of cyclones in the midst of the storm track. For the whole robot, the role of the EA, EA / WR, SCA and POL indices in the inventory of the characteristics of cyclones in the Atlantic-European region is important.

* Hydrometeorological Science and Preceding Center Russian Federation; e-mail: [Email protected]

In robots, the physical nature of the smallness of the storm-track is inevitable, the change in speed, but also the NAO index depicts the latitudinal changes of cyclones, then the EA index - changes in the intensity of the cyclones. The robot has to deal with the flow of the ocean onto the atmosphere in the central part of the Pivnichnaya Atlantic.

In such a rank, the results and results indicate the need for a more detailed view of the atmosphere circulation in the lower part of the Pivnian Atlantic. To this, in the statute, the main respect will be given to the index of the Atlantic Oceanic collection of EA. Nadal for the development of the Pivnian Atlantic and the Skid-Atlantic colivan will be victorious for the speed SAK (index NAO) and VAK (index EA) as appropriate.

Pochatkovі danі

In robots vikoristovuvali indexes of atmospheric circulation for 1950-2007 rr. (Http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/ClimateIndices/), as well as data on the NCEP / NCAR re-analysis for 1948-2007: the fields of the near-ground vice, the temperature of the wind, the temperature of the surface of the ocean and the flow of dry heat.

Features of the circulation of the atmosphere and of the fields of temperature

For the variation of the characteristics of a skid-Atlantic colony and the first part of the characteristics of a winter-Atlantic colony, the values of EA and NAO indices in the present for 1950-2007 rr. In the third row, the boules were removed by 5 maximum values (by absolute value) Іndeksіv і їх podnan (table); at the same value of the index for the absolute value, it was not guilty that it was less than 0.3, and the rock with the maximum values for NAO and EA (4 upper rows of the table) was not guilty, but it was not guilty that it was repeated in successive indexes (4 lower rows). Apparently, what a lot of minds for getting NAO< 0; EA < 0 удалось отобрать только 3 года. На основании данных таблицы для всех случаев были построены композитные поля аномалий приземного давле-

Rocky with the highest values for the absolute value of the NAO and EA indices in the present for the period 1950-2007.

Index Rik Average value of indexes

NAO> 0 1974, 1983, 1984, 1993, 2005 1.54

NAO<0 1955, 1963, 1966, 1970, 1985 -1,76

EA> 0 1970, 1971,2001,2002, 2007 1.92

EA< 0 1950, 1953, 1963, 1968, 1976 -1,75

NAO> 0; EA> 0 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994 1.03 1.07

NAO< 0; EA < 0 1958, 1969, 1980 -0,71 -0,64

NAO> 0; EA< 0 1952, 1954, 1981, 2000, 2006 0,71 -1,18

NAO< 0; EA > 0 1960, 1964, 1982, 1987, 1997 -0,95 0,47

nya (P0) and anomalies of the surface temperature of the gourd (T0) in the Atlantic-European region.

The positive phase of the VAK (EA> 0) (Fig. La) is characterized by a large area of negative P0 anomaly, which will flood the Northern Atlantic at the beginning of 30 ° N. NS. with a maximum on the road to Newfoundland. The main reason for the positive phase of NAO (NAO> 0) is that NAO> 0 is characterized by a dipole structure of an anomaly with a negative (center) negative anomaly in the Icelandic minimum and a postponing of a positive anomaly of a maximum in Azore Both vipads are characterized by a positive mid-thousandth anomaly of T0 in Europe (not guided) with the highest values of more than 3 ° C in the European part of Russia; however, when EA> 0, the region is destroyed on the stage in the case of NAO> 0.

For negative phase VAK (EA< 0) (рис. 16) характерна дипольная структура аномалии Р0 с центром положительной аномалии между Ислан-

I_I_¿¿Л_li_I_I_ú._I_

80 ° W d. 60 40 20 0

Small. 1. Composite anomaly of the ground vise (hPa) in sichnі.

a) the VAK phase is positive; b) the VAK phase is negative.

the Great Britain and the center of negative anomalies in the lower part of the Tropical Atlantic. The main reason for the negative phase of the NAO (NAO< 0) с подобной дипольной структурой состоит в том, что северный центр сдвинут к юго-востоку, южный центр - к югу, и оба центра по величине менее интенсивны, чем при NAO < 0. В обоих случаях происходит усиление меридиональной циркуляции, что приводит к формированию отрицательной аномалии Т0 в Европе большими (по абсолютной величине) начениями (до -5°С) в центре европейской части России при ЕА < 0.

The peculiarities of the circulation of the atmosphere can be seen from the previous ones (div., For example,) due to the specificity of the methods of their significance, the victorious in the given robots only the characteristics for the current and the inclusion the rest of the rock in vikoristovuvanі danі.

Of greatest interest is the appearance of the peculiarities of the circulation and temperature regime in the Atlantic-European region in quiet regions, if the offense of the index is great and it is too big (or not to be afraid) behind the sign.

For NAO> 0, EA> 0, the growth of P0 anomalies is similar to the growth of P0 anomalies at NAO> 0, with a more pronounced change in the strength of the zonal transfer. In this case, a positive T0 anomaly in Europe is characteristic, however, at NAO> 0, EA> 0 at the entry of the European part of Russia, the T0 anomaly changes at 4 ° C, which is one degree higher, lower at NAO> 0, and in this way, VAK is positive. during the positive phase, the SAK can produce up to a lot of winter in the north at the entrance of the European part of Russia. At the same time, as it will be shown below, the trivial strong development of the positive phase of the VAK on the aphids of a weakly circulated SAH in the phases of the cycle can produce up to large changes in the circulation and temperature conditions of the Atlantic-European regional.

For vipad nao< 0, EA < 0 распределение аномалий Р0 принципиально не отличается от отрицательной фазы САК (NAO < 0). Для них характерно усиление меридиональной циркуляции в атлантико-европейском регионе с формированием отрицательной аномалии Т0 в Европе, однако при NAO < 0, EA < 0 область низких температур в европейской части России смещена к востоку и значения аномалии (до -2°С) меньше, чем при NAO < 0 (до -4°С).

For NAO> 0, EA< 0 вместо дипольного распределения аномалий Р0, характерного для NAO >0, there is one area slid in a vice with a maximum in the lower part of the Pivnichnoy Atlantic. It is worthwhile to learn about the temperature regimes of the Atlantic-European region: an area with a positive T0 anomaly in Europe, it is significant to speed up and get only on the winter of the European part of Russia, an area in which there is a negative

For vipad nao< 0, EA >0 dipole structure of the P0 anomaly in the Pivnichniy Atlantics is observed, as in the case of NAO< 0, однако северный центр аномалии сдвигается к востоку и располагается между Исландией и Великобританией. При этом изменяется ориентация границы между положительной и отрицательной аномалиями давления: если при NAO < 0 она почти зональна и располагается вдоль 55° с. ш., то при NAO < 0, EA > 0

the wagon overflows the Pivnichnu Atlantic from the winter approach (60 ° N, 60 ° W) to the pivdenny skid (45 ° N, 10 ° W). Imovirno, the price is injected into the intensity of the meridional circulation, and I would like to see a negative T0 anomaly in Europe, albeit in the case of NAO< 0 она достигает -4°С, то при NAO < 0, EA >0 won will not change -2 ° C.

In such a rank, the best changes in circulating i temperature conditions in the Atlantic-European region, there is a time when the positive phase of the SAH and the negative phase of the VAK occurs. It should lead to a weakening of the zonal circulation, characteristic of NAO> 0, and a rapid area of the positive T0 anomaly in Europe. After the positive phases of the SAK and VAK can be brought up to an increase in brown temperatures at the entry of the European part of Russia.

After the negative phase of the SAH with the negative phase of the VAK does not wake up the principles of their changes in the development of anomalies in the Pivnichniy Atlantitsa, but in the case of additional NAO< 0 с положительной фазой ВАК изменяется положение границы между аномалиями давления. В обоих случаях отрица

K. N. Nesis.

Zoogeographic region of the Svitovoy ocean (according to the donny fauna).

Great Radianska encyclopedia... - M .: Radianska encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .