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Miscible to the ground. Deyakі ecological problems of the great world

Zagalna characteristic
Runts in the boundaries of the place may be specific specific power, the most typical types of є: the presence of the inclusion of alarm-by-chute smittya; increased hardness; a trend towards a more advanced trend; accumulation of technogenic words; the appearance of pathogenic microorganisms.
Typical for the center of the old place, the soil is urban soil on an ancient cultural sphere, characterized by a taut, dark-hardened organic horizon of urbik, outward of the swiveling transitional horizon In the іluvial-illuvial differentiation. The profile of small soil often grows uphill for filing or anthropogenic material.
1 Basic data about the power of the urban soil removed during the pre-existing soil in the places of the taiga natural zone (robots by M.N. Stroganova, sp., 1992, 1997, 1998).

Urbanozems are genetically independent to the soil, which are both signs of zonal pedogenic processes, as well as specific powers.
For them, the characteristic surface organo-mineral nasipny, mixing of samples with urban-anthropogenic inclusions, which seems to be especially natural-anthropo-technogenically illuminated.
In urban soil, which is unaffected by the specificity of the soil profile and the great sense of its kind with solid inclusions, the onset processes occur: humus formation and humus accumulation; wine and overgrowth of mineral speech; zalizo-humus segregation; mobilization and immobilization of carbonates; gleying; structure adjustment, including biogenic processing; as a result of the people's activity - the process of making TM and polycyclic aromatic carbohydrates(PAH); emergence of pathogenic microorganisms; seasonal salinity.
The stage of turnover of these processes of growth and accumulation of sediments, minds and a number of other circumstances. Ale pouring into the soil of the main processes, characteristic of this natural zone, is insane.
With singing conditions, urban soil, which develop on a cultural sphere or on soils, it can evolve in zonal soil with entangled powers and a system of genetic horizons.
Morphological power of soils
Due to the characteristic characteristics of local soils, especially soils in the center of the place, there is a great number of anthropogenic inclusions in the middle and lower parts of the soil profile. Most of the time in the profiles of the "Runt" Mist Loan is a nasty Runt, which has taken one lithological break.
At the end of the hour, the surface ball of nabuva rice on the A1 horizon. There is a sense of the horizon, dark through accumulation of organic speech, more fluffy consistency, with an increased number of roots and food population.

For a large urban soil, like the central image of the city's soils, it is characteristic: the visibility of natural soil horizons; in the profile of soils, you will find out about the barriers and the efforts of the ball of the piece walking, just to make the transitions and the line cordon between them; copy material of performances in the main wake-up and whitewash smitty (tseglyana krykhta, shmatki to asphalt, bit sklo, vugilya, etc.) in addition to industrial entrances, peat-compost summaries of nature and soil included fragments of soil horizons; In some cases, the balls are created, so that they will be stored from the entrance and the smitty. /> The order of urban soil in places in parks and forest parks is protected by natural soil, as well as partial aluvial flooded soil of a porous step. The stench is smelled in the uncorrected lower part of the profile and anthropogenically modified upper ball (urbo-soil).
All pererakhovani soil develops in places according to the nature of the form (nasypnі, mixing), by humus content and ogleenі, behind the step to the degradation of the profile, behind a number of and warehouse inclusions (concrete, slope, toxic, etc.)
The types of morphological profiles are shown in Fig. 10.8.
Water-physical power of runts
Urbanozems are meaningfully derived from natural soils for physical powers (Table 10.4).
The granulometric storage of soil is an important indicator, which is a sign of the productivity of the soil, the steps of the filtration and water-retaining building.
Table 10.4
snake physical authorities miskih soils (surface horizons)

For local soils, the layering of soils according to the granulometric storage is less important than the soil-geochemical value, since it serves as a screening and capillary-breaking bar.
An important factor is the change in fine earth, which is the value of moisture capacity steps. It is characteristic of the local ecosystems that sand and gravel are introduced into the soil, which is vicious in the city. Educational material, promises, mechanical work and technological substrates can be removed from gravel and stone. Through tse
It grows steadily in small soils.
Іnsha important characteristic - the form of crushed stone. A lot of small soil to revenge balls of hard ulamki of a sharpened form, so in such substrates a weak penetration of roots and ridkisna is prevented
the efficiency of the board worms.
For local soils, an important indicator is an indicator of overburdening, that is, the steps of crossing the surface of the soil by abiotic sediments, including toxic ones. Qiu part of the ground can be called ballast. An important factor is the chemical warehouse of material. With this toxicity, the chemical complication of the entire ecosystem is observed.
Urbanophytocenoses, which show sanitary-hygienic and aesthetic functions, are found in the sharp minds of being aware. One of the factors, such as the wickedness of the attitudes, is the bend of the roslin in the minds of the place,
vitrification of the soil cover and damage to the surface of the soil. In such cases, it is difficult to penetrate the roots into the profile.
The ability to fold characterizes the health of the soil to accumulate stocks of available vologues for growers, as well as food. The strength of the soil injected into the molds, gas exchange in the soil, the development of the root systems of the roslin, the intensity of microbiological processes. The optimum thickness of the green horizon for large cultivated dewlines is 1.0-1.2 g / cm3, for local soils of the sea (1.4-1.6 g / cm3). Qi value є is even an important characteristic of soil cultivation.
As a rule, soil is strongly overcompacted from the surface. The cordon is shifting to the horizon and the development of roots should be repaired at a value of 1.4 g / cm3 for loamy soils and 1.5 g / cm3 for food.
The change of physical powers is tied to the large mass of surface spheres of soils: on dalyankas with a crush, it can reach up to 1.7 g / cm3, I would like in good fertilizers with an organic speech path of 0.8-0.9 g / cm3. V.D. Zelikov (19641), having set up, as a result of the production of fluffy and solid dylyanoks, to lay down a camp of green nasadzheni: as dalyanoks with a large mass of soil in a food of 1.1 g / cm3 are more than 30%, then the tree is very dry to guard. On the way, it is necessary to produce the structure of the soil horizons to change the structure of the soil horizons, to establish the lamination and the formation of large-lamellar parts (Rokhmistrov, Ivanova, 19852).
Stronger ground is driven to the root in the root ball of minds, close to anaerobics, especially in the period of three boards hinged and dawn. In such minds, the growth of other (active) roots of villages and grassy roslin and break down the process of natural renewal of lineness. In low-lying soils, the mass of roots is 2.5-3 times less, less in non-growing ones. Good protection of the soil from the rear of the forest floor.
Previously, it was also established that the hardness of the soil on the deformed lawn, de-spared the thinning and decay of the grass grows, became 40-45 kg / cm2, so for the normal growth of grasses is required, the amount of grass grows in two times less.
Porosity (scalding) is one of the most important powers of the soil, which will add to the main water and wind conditions. From the greatness Zelikov V.D. Deyaki materials to the characteristics of soils in forest parks, squares and streets of Moscow. // Bulletin ONU, Lisovy Zh. 1964. No. 3, p. 10-15. Rokhmistrov V.L., Ivanova T.G. A change of soddy-pidzolic soils in the minds of the great industrial center // Gruntoznavstvo, no. 5, 1985, p. 71-76.
dry water in the ground, water penetration and water absorption, water mobility. In forest parks, gardens and on boulevards, de soil may not be affected, the porosity ranges from 45 to 75%. Reducing the soil is reduced to 25-45%, so that the soil water conditions are reduced to the point of depletion.
With porosity tied moisture capacity 'and air capacity' of soils. With the destruction of water-physical authorities, the accumulation in new studies, especially in lіtnі mіsyatsі Warehousing on gully dilyankas of all up to 14% of all vologonosti.
Water permeability. An important characteristic of the city's soils is the size of the soils' building capacity to absorb and pass water through them, so that they can come from the surface. The value and nature of water penetration lie strongly in the step of rockiness, porosity to the soil, in chemistry warehouse... Sutta is the meaning of a place of stones, troughs and voids in the ground. For local soils, a failure is characteristic of a mosaic water penetration, it is encumbered by the appearance of voids in the profile for a rakhunok of an alarm or a by-end smitty. Spreads the fallowness between the thick folded soil and the fast filtration of water in it. So, for example, in the upper spheres of the soil in the natural state, the water penetration is 60% in the case of the medium with the average vitopan, and in the case of the development of the food in the porous with the strong vitoptan.
The presence of a pathway boundary with a strongly infringed surface horizon will ruin the natural growth of the root mass, which may be the cause of the degradation of growth.
It is of great importance for improving the ecological situation in the place and for health of the city, the intensity of gas exchange between the medium and the atmosphere, as well as the storage of the gas phase and the soil, which is due to the processes of transporting gases all through the atmosphere. To the gas storage of soils in the place of inflow, except for the folding, in the soil and in. natural gas from the small gas pipeline.
Asphalt pavement, for example, will practically increase the screen soil. diffusion, as it is not a small number of dzherels, there is a good sourness, and there is a lot of disadvantages for the living of aerial organisms and roots of trees in a 10-centimeter ball of soil. in the center of the road to the width.
Into the gas storehouse of soils, they inject and loop gas from the local gas utilities. At Bagatiokh Krajinah Western Europe boules have been registered, if through the tse of the waking up of trees and chagarniks in the place. Ymovіrno, tse a phenomenon maє mіsce і in our places, ale, mabut, you do not come to proper respect.
With adequate natural gas (mainly methane, ethane, propane) into the soil, the growth rate of microbial oxidation of methane and other gases through the active development of a specific group of microorganisms Previously, they showed that the storage of the gas phase of the green soils near the zones of the turn of the buv will be adjusted. The bulo is set up, so that the area injected with the gas flow can be deposited at the intensity of the remaining and can be up to 20 m, while in the range of up to 11 m, it will be more different. Around the anaerobic zone, there is a narrow (at least even higher intensity) zone of oxidized, yaku, in its own right, the zone will be transferred to transit from non-buried dylanoks. Pererakhovanі zones and can be practically correct spherical shape.
For the liquidation of the gas turn, there are hundreds of changes in the number of microorganisms in the storage of microorganisms and the storage of the gas phase of soils, the process of turning the rest into the coarse mill takes a period of time from the whole As a result of the flow of gas, inorganic precursors (Fe2 +, Mn2 +, S2) of organic acids can appear in the soil. Naturally, with gas, the inheritance of this kind of phenomenon in the region negatively affects the soil fauna and the growth of the soil. V rozvinenikh lands a gas storage of soil in urban phytocenoses, and it is regulated by additional special disintegration methods, including the opening of ventilation ducts, compressor processing of soil in the zones of extended roots (Craul, 19921).
The vinyatkov is the significance of green plants in the minds of the city and the important role of the soil and ecological functions for the germination of roslin, it is necessary to state that:
The growth of rubble and the carbonate content of the urban soil, the lack of structure, the overconsolidation and the great hardness of the surface spheres are negatively implicated in the water-physical power, such as the individual folds, so the conservation of natural soils, for the most part,
1 Craul P. G. Urban soils in landscape design. New-York. 1 992.

Physical and chemical authorities
Most of the wikids of the ages, including the toxic Bely I speech and materials in the middle of the world, are stored on the surface of the soil, deceiving the accumulated steps. Price to bring to the change of chemistry and physical cheeky authorities substrate.
For the main physical and chemical indicators, the soil of the place is meaningfully derived from its natural analogs. Dani table. 10.5 Managing the authority of the urban soil of Moscow and the soddy-pidzolic soils of Pidmoskov. Ymovirno, in the ones natural areas Deyakіy tendencies of cycles of vіdmіnіnіy can beіsіnіt.
Table 10.5
Equivalent characteristic power of the surface horizons in the urban soil of Moscow and soddy-pidzolic soils in Pidmoskov
(Stroganova, Agarkova, 1992)

The value of acidity of the root ball of the local soils rises in wide boundaries, and it does not overgrow the soil with a neutral and weak middle soil. In a large number of reactions of the middle ground, in local soils, but in zonal ones (Obukhiv et al., 1989, 1990). The high water content of the local soils, the greater the number of authors tied into them through the surface drip and drainage water, and especially calcium and sodium chloride, as well as other salts, which are used to water the sidewalks and roads charge. This is the reason for the vivification of calcium before the fall from the young ulamki, awakening smittya, cement, tsegli and іn. Practically everywhere, there is a tendency to change the pH value from glybin.
As a result, an increase in acidity to a value close to neutral, with an increase in the growth of growth and activity of microorganisms, as well as the connection of some important metals. However, further alkalization can lead to the establishment of important forms of living elements and microelements, and, by adjusting the pH value, equal to 8-9, to rob the soil unsuitable for the growth of large dewlaps.
The change of organic carbon in local soils varies and lies in the cob substrate, as well as the consumption of organic and mineral goodness, the introduction of organic smitty, etc. As a rule, a number of organic speech is in the local soil, but not in the background.
All ancient soils, especially soils of squares, parks, towns, have a reach of 8-12% instead of humus, and in the middle 4-6% (Zemlya-nitskiy et al., 1962; Lepneva, Obukhiv, 1987 "). fall, often a streak-like character rose up behind the profile.
In young soils of the place in the warehouse of organic speech, compost components and low-grade fulvic acid fraction dominate.
The step of weeds often overtakes 80-95% and reach 100%. For soils in large parks and small forests, you should be able to decrease the value. Ca (up to 70%) and Mg (up to 30%) are re-ferried at the warehouses of exchanged cations.
The elements of the life of roslin (N, P, K) in the local soils are not growing consistently. Most of the preliminaries mean the high enrichment of urban soil and poorly damaged soils in natural nitrogen, phosphorus and calories. They also mean enrichment and crumbling forms of living elements. For the nasty runts of Moskvi L.T. Zemlya-nitskiy with the co-authors (1962) indicated high safety with rukhomim phosphorus (up to 100-200 mg / 100 g soil and more); security data 1 Lepneva O.M., Obukhiv A.I. They were very important in the soils and wooded areas of the territory of the MDU. // News. MSU, ser. 7.No. 1, 1987.
For affordable calories to complete the lines, in some analysis of viyavlya only after the rickety calories, and in some of them in the amount of 40 mg / 100 g or more.
Zabrudnyuchi speeches of the local soil. Three sixty years of the XX century. and until the end of the day, ecologists and urbanists and runthoznavtsiv to cite the problem of obstructing small soils with important metals. It is necessary to take into account that the type of soil obstruction is the most vivid, as well as the skin publication, assigned to the small soil, to reveal the views about the obstruction with microelements. Most of the city's ecologists are important, but all the people of the city are obstructed with important metals. Danish hour for bagatioh great places It was established that it was important to get into the ground in the main. On the territory of the country, I have the greatest respect for being surrounded by such elements as Pb, As, Сі, Zn, Cd, Ni.
It was important to get involved in biological circuits, to transmit a number of negative inheritances through the lance of the harvest and to cycle. With the maximum manifestation of the process of chemistry hardening, the soil consumes health to productivity and biological self-cleaning, waste of ecological functions and the collapse of the urban system. Warehouse, structure and number of micro flora and mesofauna change. "Re-engaging" the runt with important metals can be raised or blockaded in small quantities by stretching out a lot of biochemical reactions. Importantly, they tried to change the speed of the distribution of organic speech in the soil.
The history of land development in the old places is foldable. The obstruction with important metals could have been as a result of industrial and technical performance in the past century, as a result of the destruction and development of the war. Zagalom, with a change to the type of land use in ізні hours the accumulation of substrates with great powers, including those with important metals.
One of the main dzherel zabrudnennya in places of knowledge is motor transport. Fakhivtsi are detected in swirl gases close to 40 cheery speeches, Most of them are toxic. Particularly rich in toxic lead, the increase in concentration is found at places more than 100 m from the motorway.
It is a great respect for the gliders to approach the obstruction of soils with anti-icy slopes. Over the ear of seventy rocks in the lands of Western Europe, regular monitoring of the inflow of NaCl, CaC12 and Ca (N03) 2 is carried out, winter hour, On the power of the runtiv uzdovzh dorig. The accumulation of salts in the ground can be promoted on the top of the road 100 m along the road, or even more on the top of the first 5-10 m. early spring, Minimum on spring-zhovten. Until autumn, Na moves from the surface horizon (0-5 cm) into a larger ball, C1 is moved. At a 10-meter distance from the road of decimal exploitation, Na accumulates in a quantity of 50-70 mg / kg. There are data on the increase in the pH of the soil range. Slowing down the road until the dispersion, moisture conductivity and air flow is reduced. Food about the last chlorides and eddy gases in the more glorious and soil conditions.
To the most difficult people, typical for the minds of the world, are recognized: the development of pesticides, the formation of agricultural landscapes and characteristic mainly for new territories; organic waterfalls (wastewaters from food complexes, industrial waterfalls, urban waterfalls); radionuclide; Mercury; speeches, scho potralyayut on the ground with obstructed atmospheric litter.
The inclusion of anthropogenic materials superbly strongly infuses all soils with power, flanking the areas of the penetrating roots and broadening of microorganisms, changing the water-soluble health of the soils. Calcium buds smittya, saw, cement crumb and some materials were alkalinized, and the spreading of other substrates (plastic and other) lead to the development of toxic words and gases.
An important factor that infuses into the power of the city's soils is becoming obstructed with important metals, pesticides, chlorine, organic compounds and toxicants.
In this hour, great materials have been made about the development of soil in the small places of the SND and beyond the cordon. For 120 places in Russia, 80% of the variation is in terms of the permissible concentration (APC) versus lead and other important metals in the soil. More than 10 million residents of the city are in contact with the ground, but in the middle of the UEC change for lead. In most cases, there is a change in the range of 30-150 mg / kg with an average value of 100 mg / kg.
In the meaning of the world, the indicators appear as a kind of dzherel obrudnennya, as well as a warehouse of wikis, in the distance of obstruction in the form of dzherela obstruction and may have a specific character for the skin world, be it in any kind of life. Rozpodil zabrudnyuvachiv on the surface of the runts are caused by many factors. It can be found in the peculiarities of dzherel obrudnennya, rose vіtrіv, geochemical flows of migration, forms of relfu.
The step will show the process of obstruction and start as the introduction to the worm of speech in the ground to the value of the GDK or the normative value. Chimіchnе zabrudnenya with important metals viznacha on іх gross and ruhomim forms.


On the territory of the ground, the soil can be hardened, as it can be done mechanically, chemically and biologically.

Mechanical obstruction of the field in the smithered runts with the large-scale material at the glimpse of awakening smitty, broken rock, ceramics and other modern visions. The price is celebrating the negative influx on the mechanical power of the runts.

Chemistry of soil is tied to the penetration of speech in them, so that the natural concentration of chemistry elements is changed to the level of the level, which is changing the norm, inherited from the change of physical and economic authorities. We will expand the view of їх hardening є we will expand, do it well, and not be safe.

Biological complications related to the additions to soil middleі to reproduction in nіy not safe for people and organіzmіv. Bacteriological, helmintological and ethological indicators will become the rulers of the world's territories, but they will start from the beginning of the epidemiological problems. We see the obstacles for the control over the territory of agricultural and recreational areas.

Basic soil conditions:

1) pesticides (otrutokhіmіkati);

2) minerally kind;

3) entering and leaving the office;

4) gazodimovyh wikidi flowing into the atmosphere;

5) naphtha and naphtha products.

In a given hour, pesticides were injected onto the health of the population until radioactive rechovins were injected onto the people. For the donation of the WHO, pesticides in the light of the day, up to 2 million Choloviks, of which 40 thousand, are sold. - with a lethal result. The part of the consumed pesticides consumed in navkolishnє center(Water, good luck).

The stench wicks the glimpses of the entire ecosystem, acting on all the living organisms, at that hour as you wicked to be victorious for even a few more species. As a result, the intoxication of a great number of biological species (brown comas, birds) is promoted up to the first time.

Before pesticides, most people need to make styki chlororganic spoluks, as it can accumulate in soils for a long period of time, and if there is little concentration as a result of biological accumulation, it can become insecure for the life of organisms, as well as mutagenic and carcinogenic powers. Drinking people into the organism, the stench can be vicious about the growth of malignant new creatures, as well as destroying the organism genetically, which is not safe for the health of the future generations. The axis of the most important thing about them is DDT in our land and in most of the developed countries it is fenced off. Pesticides can penetrate into the dewline from the hardened soil through the root system, accumulate in biomas and thus infect the grub lance. When pesticides are pesticides, the toxicity of birds (ornithofauni) is indicated. The population of sleeping and migratory thrush, zhayvoronk and other mountain beetles is especially hungry.

With the use of pesticides, we can also bind the development of resistant (stable) races of schoolchildren and the emergence of new high-growth organisms, natural enemies of such bullets of knowledge.

In such a rank, it is possible to make a statement, which is a zealous ecological school from the vicarious soil of pesticides in bagatoraz, and the cinnamon from the stasis.

It also happened that, too, nitraty, perebuyuchi in excess, reduce instead of sourness in the ground, and the process of seeing two "greenhouse" gases in the atmosphere - nitrous oxide and methane. Neutrality is not safe for people: at a concentration of 50 mg / l, a general toxic infusion, sprouting, detection of methemoglobinemia, in the case of biological reactions of nitrates in toxic spores is indicated.

Before intensive obstruction of the soil, produce come in and out of the virob. In the country, it is common to establish a million tons of industrial inputs, of which 50 million tons are especially toxic. The majestic areas of land are occupied by zalisch, ash-dale, tailings and іn., As intensively obstruct the soil, the health of which to self-cleaning, as if seemingly, is surrounded.

Majestic skodi for the function of soil to present gazodimovih wikidi industrial enterprises. The soil is good enough to accumulate well-being for the health of the people, and for the sake of good talk, for example, they were very important. U 1997r. even 0.4 million hectares in our country have become obstructed with medicine, lead, cadmium and in. Even more lands are blocked by radionuclides and radioisotopes as a result of the Chornobil catastrophe.

One of the serious ecological problems of the land naphtha and naphtha products

Up to the number of the main anthropogenic infusions on girski breeds, there are: static and dynamic navalization, heat, electric and electrical inflows.

Static options. The most widespread type of anthropogenic inflow into the girski breed. From the start of the static change from the day to the future, and it takes 2 MPa or more, the zone of active change of the mountain rocks is set at approximately 70-100 m. , heaving and unpleasant processes; 2) in silnoszhimayemyh breeds, for example, peaty, mulisty and іn.

Dynamically navantazhennya. Vibrations, blows, shipment and dynamic customization types for robotic transport, shock and vibration alarm machines, factory machinery, etc. Some are sensitive to the puffy stink of incomplete breeds (pies, water-puffing loess, peat, etc.) інshih damaging processes.

The first type of dynamic navantazhen is vibuhi, which are similar to seismic ones. Girski breed with a vibuchov method when building roads, hydraulic engineering dams, a type of brown copalins, etc. Even more often vibuhi supravodzhuyutsya destructions of natural іvnovagi - winykayut zsuvi, landslide, Wasp, etc. So, according to the tribute of A.A. Makhorin (1985), as a result of a vibuch of a high-tonnage charge in one of the districts of Kyrgyzstan, during the development of kam'yan-nakidny rowing, a zone of broken rocks was created on the grapples with tremors from 0.2 to 1 m in width і up to 200 m per dinner. Behind him came the mercy of girskih breeds in volume up to 30 thousand. M 3.

Thermal injection. Increasing the temperature of hot breeds is more favorable for underground gasification of vugilla, in the basis of blast furnaces and open-hearth furnaces and in. In the range of temperatures, the temperature rises to 40-50 ° C, and sometimes to 100 ° C is higher (in the basis of blast furnaces). In the zone of underground gasification of vugilla at temperatures of 1000-1600 ° C, the breed grows stony, “stony”, consuming its primordial power. Yak and іnshі vidu, the heat anthropogenic inflow is not only on the mill natural center: Soil, ground water, height.

Electric injection Stvoryuvans in girskikh rocks piece electric field (electric transport, LEP and IN.) Most of the smell of smell is manifested on the territory of the city, de the most proficiency of electricity supply. At the same time, there is a change in electrical conductivity, electrical resistance, and also in electrical power generation.

Dynamically, thermally and electrically inflow on the girski rocks physical "zabrudnennya" navkolishny natural middle ground.

Massive of girskikh breeds in the course of the engineering-state development are fed to the forced anthropogenic inflow. At the same time, such are not safe geological processes, Yak zsuvi, karst, pidtoplennya, living and in. All processes, like the stench of wickedness to the power of people and disrupting the natural environment, are called damaging and such as to create an ecological (and, as a rule, very economical) school of natural middle food.

Zsuvi. Zsuvi є kovzannya girskih rocks down the slope down to the lasnoy vagi soil and nauthany: filter, seismic or vibrational. Zsuvi is a phenomenon often on the heaps of the valleys of the rivers, yariv, the shores of the seas, and the piece vimoks. The main anthropogenic factors, often overlap with natural, є: additional anti-aging on the back of the vehicle, change in the direction of transport, collapse and seismic out of vibrations, watering of the form, the winter. Great times in the natural environment Chornomorsk uzberezhzh Caucasus, Krim, in the valleys of the Volga, Dnipro, Don and Bagatokh іnіsh іnіh іgіr regions.

They destroy the stiffness of the massifs of girly species, negatively infuse on the rich components of the natural environment (destruction of surface runoff, loss of resources in underground waters in case of rosette, trees and marshes, destruction of soil). At home, there were fewer butt of deadly manifestations of a catastrophic nature, which could lead to significant human victims.

Karst. A geological phenomenon, tied with the water of girly rocks (vapnyak, dolomite, gipse and kam'yanaya salt), illuminated with a whole underground voids (caverns, caverns, etc.) earthly surface, Otrimalo name karst. You will be able to connect with the intensification of the collection of underground waters. Activization of karst is recognized in the most important regions of Russia. Pidtoplennya - the butt of the general reaction of the geological middle ground to the anthropogenic injection. For reasons of reason, be-yak increase the level of ground waters to critical values ​​(less than 1-2 m to the GWL).

Pidtoflennya territories are negatively infused into the ecological camp of the natural environment. Masivi of girskikh breeds become overwhelmed and swampy. Zsuvi, karst and іnshі processes are active. In forest soils, subsidence occurs, in clays - swelling. Drawdown to produce up to a high and uneven subsidence, and swelling - to an uneven subsistence and efficiency. As a result, deformations can be seen and become less useful for exploitation, which means that the sanitary and ecological situation in living and robotic environments is significantly reduced. During the heating period, as a result of the secondary salinization of the soils, there is an increase in the lint, the more chemically and bacterial obstruction of the groundwater, the sanitary and epidemiological situation will deteriorate.

The reasons for the development of versatility, but it is practically impossible to tie up with the real people. Tse - a turn of water from underground aquifers, clogging of natural drains - yariv, asphalt and forgotten territory, irregular irrigation of gardens, squares, pidpir of underground waters with deep foundations, filtration, covering with water

Mules fallen from biological wastewater treatment plants and compost from small side-by-side outlets will make up a great number of organic and lively ones for the growth of mineral springs, which is kindly good. However, the stench, as a rule, reveals a lot of metals in concentrations that are toxic. When mule sediments and compost are introduced into the soil in doses that start for their fertilizing value, it is possible to predict an increase in the amount of toxic elements in the soil in a few cases. Chemistry elements, Lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, vanadium and other metals are considered important metals. organic spoluk). The value of the total indicator of the hardening of the ґruntіv vikoristovoyt for the assessment of the rіvnya not safe territory of the place. The value of the total indicator of obstructing the territory of the place. A value of up to 16 is not safe for the health of the population; from 16 to 32 - as well as not safe; from 32 to 128 - not safe, at 128 - superbly not safe

Negative inflow to the ground in the ground in the place of picking up kitchen and other salts for fighting with iron in the winter period and the turn of highly neutralized technological solutions. To produce up to the growth of a number of phytotoxic spoluks at the warehouses of the Uruns. It seems that sodium chloride and calcium are ruinously going on the ground coloids; Chlorine-ion can be found 150 times more near the sea water of the great industrial place than in natural river water



The development of the city's ecosystems, on the basis of natural ones, does not start with natural processes, but rather a lot of people. That, in the place of being considered, is the re-adaptation of all factors in the ground soil-forming species, Roslinnostі). natural ґprimary curvature in a large part of the modern world of riches.

The insights of the main components of the ecosystems of the world from their natural analogies to achieve good luck. Probably, the results are the results of the reports of the city's ecologists, so that they can reveal the specifics of the city's middle. Most of the tribute is carried to the great places, such as Moscow.

Climate specificity. Lyudin, as if he had stayed in a great place, fixing an active inflow into the landscape and by himself into the cobbed bed. Deyak_smartners napolyagayut on the need to see such a kind of climate, like a mischievous one.

The views in the climate of the place and the outskirts of the same latitudinal latitude are 200-300 km per day. In the atmosphere, there are heat islands and saw, which are poured into the temperature of the wind and fall. The center of the place is in the middle warmer, lower and lower outskirts and outskirts. A good turn of temperature in the place of bends is not so sharp, as in the outskirts. So, the temperature in Paris is less than in the outskirts, in the middle of the year by 2 ° C, in New York (hour) by 10-15 ° C. in the center and outskirts of the place from 5 to 14 ° С.

I look around at the "sealed" surface of a large part of the fall in the mine runtove tilo, and intensively heating the surface of the asphalt and microspheres when the soil is overheated.

Convection has been increased in the atmosphere of the place, as well as the technogenic filthiness of producing up to an increase in the number of thunderstorms over the place, the growth of the intensity of angry and outlandish numbers of fallen. Winter fall can reach 150%, summer - 115% according to the norms. Rіchnі sumi has fallen off in Moscow by 25%, which occasionally due to the effect of the inflow to the coldness. The upper stick of the urbanized territory of the city. All the time to furnish the oppression of the industrial place in the areas of land and spring erosions there, the devil has not been manifested before.

Small. 10.3.

In places for an hour, it is possible to speed up the weather in the middle of the weather, or the change of terms of the year. Near the places of the Snigovy curvature, it often changes in proportion to the natural conditions. In the midst of the winter of the place of the CIS, they tidy up, trample, ramp up against the norm by the very people, or even in vіtra. It is common for a dilyanka (micro-landscape) with a specific microclimate, often there are no analogies in the general soil-geographic zones. On the dalyankas, they are naked from the snow, they appear in the arid cold wasteland, which in the natural setting are skeletal, primitive, deflated to the ground and the growth of the line in the "Scale" and "pillow" form. On dilyankas with too much snow, especially in darkened places, a microclimate and seasonal regime (phenophase) emerges, close to fossil and meadow-meadow landscapes, soil-forming processes that are characteristic of them.

Falsely from the lithological and topographic minds, the processes of permafrost heaving of the soil and soil and solids flooding can be observed.

More progression and growth of soil and soil in the world during the period of rice.

All the peculiarities of the climate are in any great place, in protest from growth to the growth of agglomeration.

Relief. Gospodarska and awakening power of people view:

  • surface cleaning;
  • knowledge of valley-girder fences;
  • the establishment of a new relєfu (for example, terasuvannya abo development of surface products);
  • clogging of other erosive festoons.

Seemingly, on the territory of ancient township settlements, there is no more growth than the earth's surface, called "tel". The tel rises above the outskirts at 8-10 m, having accepted the result of the systematic introduction of a variety of substrates to the small surface of the earth. Yak vvazhayut N.S. Kasimov і A.I. Perelman (1995), the relief of the place is infused not only on water, but on the migration of pollutants.

In places, karst-suffosion subsidence is often observed, settling down to the soil as a result of growing vitraphy of underground artesian waters, a decrease in the amount of ground-soil mass, wicked by the vilugovuvannya of spring salts. The fall is manifested in vibrational gravel soils and with planar soil robots, as well as on the surface near closed lower levels: a saucer, depressions, funnels and troughs. As a result of the negative inflow of karst-suffosion processes, degradation of the soil-dewline complex is often observed.

Soil-forming rocks. Soil-forming rocks in places can be:

  • natural substrates that can be covered in situ;
  • cultural sphere;
  • nasipni ґrunty;
  • on the soil.

Small. 10.4.

culture ball is a historically formed Nasharuvan system, which was established as a result of the people's power. Tovshchina, either, the strain of the cultural ball can be varied from decilk centimeters up to tens of meters (in Saratov up to 12 m, in Moscow up to 22 m) and is characterized by a string of navigation between small delianoks.

The formation of the cultural sphere is transformed into the path of the surface accumulation of material to the kind as a result of the state-of-the-art activity of the people, or through the path of the transformation of the upper natural sphere during the awakening and well-being, with the addition of outsiders to the natural soil.

Before the warehouse of the cultural ball in the day-to-day places, enter the most popular houses - bits of stone, stones, awakening smittya, small objects and household items, vanishing foundations, crumbling wells, crumbling from wells In the middle of the chicks, let it grow overnight. Nasharuvannya cultural ball in the early and historical hour could play the role of the ground, poured rice її budovi. In such a rank, the cultural sphere is a developmental system of confessions of the world's soils (Fig. 10.4).


Small. 10.5.

The development of the territory of the city has been changed. Forte walls served as a collection of boundary places, sometimes the fragmentary forgotten change was transformed into a subtle one, the middle of the space expanded, and in some places grew into new front lines (Fig. 10.5).

Malunok 10.6% of the growth stage of the territory of Moscow. It can be seen on the little one that the central regions and the capitals are busy with the presses of urban genesis. At XX century. the rate of expansion of the small territory has grown in abundant development. Otzhe, the territory of the ancient great places, such as Moscow, Novgorod, Kiev and іn. on which natural soils of a risky step are damaged, and low-flowing, slightly degraded soil is formed.

Grunt. The whole range of fluffy sedimentary deposits and heavy breeds, expanded in the new territory, are developed in the world. There is a lot of soil change near the places. So, the depth of laying the foundations of ground sporuds extends up to 35 m, the metropolitan area up to 60-100 m.

In such a rank, the formation of local soil can be seen:

  • on the cultural sphere;
  • on natural soils of growing genesis, which are stored from organo-mineral ground material surplus of natural soils ("soil on soil");
  • on natural and technogenic abnormal soils ("soil on soil").

Small. 10.6.

1 - Kremlin, 1156 p.; 2 - border of Bіlogo mіsta, 1593 p.; 3 - Kamer kolezky shaft in 1742; 4 - boundary 1917 p.; 5 - boundary according to the General Plan of 1935; 6 - Moscow Ring Road, 1960 p.; 7 - happy cordoni of the place. (Book of books "Moscow - Paris. Nature and city building", 1997)

Roslinny pokryv. Miska flora will not consume its zonal rice, and the process of anthropogenization of the landscape in places is controlled by zonal-climatic minds. However, in the places of the forest zone, it is assumed that there is a great deal of growth in connection with more warm, dry minds.

Miska flora is formed from aboriginal mussel species and introduced, introduced, introduced species. The peculiarities of the mixed flora (Kavtaradze, Ignatieva, 1986) є:

  • a wealth of floristic warehouse, a collection of ecotone effect;
  • floristic heterogeneity of the place, amalgamated by its ecologic, geographic and global heterogeneity. From the outskirts of the city to its center, the number of species in the floristic warehouse naturally changes.

D.N. Kavtaradze і M.I. Ignatiev (1986), M.I. Ignat'va (1993) broke up the classification of the local growing groups, vicoristy and the term "urban phytocenosis" (UFC). The basis of the її is laid down the walking of the UFTS and the dominant life form of the roslin. Dani table. 10.2 give a statement about the versatility of the UFC.

Table 10.2

Urbanophytocenosis and Complexes (Ignatieva, 1993)

Dormitories with tree houses and chagarniks

alcoholic goods

herbaceous

roslin

Garden and park complexes, to collect fragments of the village, chagarnik and grassland

A. Nature walking
  • 1. Parks (sadi)
  • 2. square
  • 3. Inter-quarterly services
  • 4. Boulevards
  • 5. Special recognition (nesting of drugs, child care centers, institutes, industrial zones)
  • 6. Outdoor landings

1. Village massivi lisoparks and parks
  • 1. Meadows of Lisoparks
  • 2. Marshes of Lisoparks

B. Piece by piece sf

rmіrovanie
  • 1. Village massiv and group parks
  • 2. Live fences
  • 1. Lawns
  • 2. Buyers

V. Stikhino vinikli

1. Pustyrs

Ecological views of the city's natural complexes of even greater importance. Greater power of natural complexes is promoted in small forests, forest parks and old parks, in which natural biological circulation is preserved, in order to be regulated by people. Rashta types of the UFC are characterized, as a rule, by piece-formed, long-life alcoholic products, and ecologically-based functions in the larger world of people: seeing a disgraced leaf, introducing organic and good minerals, etc. The highest minds are characterized by trees in the holes, from the sides, otochened with asphalt. The local opic of a leaf, a decrease in decorativeness, a change in morphological budov, and is associated with unwelcoming supporters and especially with ground minds.

Toxic speech, which is found in the very ground, in a larger world, pour on the line, less gas, and transport industrial enterprises in atmosphere. The habitability of trees and chagarniki can be a common reaction to the toxicity of the middle of the population. As a result, you will see:

  • speeding up the increase in the size of the main part of the crown;
  • reduction of the linear growth of the axis of the borax and gilok;
  • weakening of shoot formation for rakhunok v_dmirannya nirok;
  • change to the habitus of young trees, etc.

Thus, the damage to trees and chagarniks can be a common reaction to the toxicity of the living environment.

With a lot of filthiness in the world, the value of the power of green plants is great for drinking and aerosols. By stretching the vegetative period of the tree, 42% of the saw is caught, and in the leafless period - 37%. With the best sawn woody power, they can be used for buzok and elm, and they can glaze the saw oak (up to 56 t / ha) and yalin (32 t / ha).

To try to control the positive flow to the thermal regime, if you have snuggled up to them, so forget the inner quarter. In the middle, forget the temperature will be more, less in the greenery of the greenery, moreover, the rise is 2-3 ° C.

Landscaping of the territory of the building. Vaporize the surface of the leaves of trees and chagarniks, the stalk of gravel and kvitiv 20 times and more overgrowth the area of ​​the soil, occupied by the growth.

To glaze over with greens, they are very important, so that they often lower their concentration. So, glaze with more lead on poplar and maple of green leaves, and crimson - small-leaved linden and maple of green leaves. The crown of coniferous trees is adsorbed lead, zinc, cobalt, chromium, copper, titanium, molybdenum.

Zemlekoristuvannya yak is a factor of urbopedogenesis. The structure and the nature of the land use є the form of development of soil in the land by the clerk. One of the most important officials of the ground is the type of functional land management: zhytlova forgotten, industrial zone, lisopark, etc.

Miscellaneous Territory is the development of land types, which may be less functional. Kozhen type of order іz zagalnye indicators of his own, power only yomu characteristics.

Any great place sees the advancing categories of lands:

  • forget the land of the small and silly - zhitlov part (inner courtyard of space, squares, children's gardens and schools, lawns and transport highways);
  • the land of the zalny koristuvannya - industrial zones (backwaters and factories, automobile donations, thermal power plants, warehouses, gas stations, stations and fields of air, motorways, aeroporty, zaliznitsi and іn.);
  • lands of natural and recreational and nature protection zones (miski foils, forest parks, parks, boulevards, squares, natural monuments, etc.);
  • lands of the agricultural sector (rallies, farms, greenhouses, previous fields);
  • earth reserve (empty land, smitniks, kar'єri, fallow).

The skin from pererakhovannyh visce of the categories of the land is stored in:

  • a) sealed territories (non-penetrating ones) by living houses, roads, sidewalks, warehouse and virobnyy appendages and інshih wakeups and communes. The earth is refreshed by natural water and nutritional exchange;
  • b) unsealing (penetrating) areas, which represent the soil, soil-like soil of the growing stage of anthropogenic deterioration. The most unsealed of the land is the sanitary, hygienic, ecologic and bio-spherical functions, which are very important for the everyday life of the local population.

In its own area, unsealed territory can be distributed to:

  • a) landscaping of the territory, including the forest growth, covering it with soil, which saves ecological functions (squares, parks, leaf parks, lawns, etc.);
  • b) nsozslnsnnis abo weakly elucidated territory, the lineness in some is expanded fragmentarily and is represented by the head rank ruderal species abo bur'yans (wastelands, internal courtyards, etc.). The environmental functions of the soils that have developed there are transformed, degraded or severely damaged. Such territories are established in all categories of lands.

The soil should be carried on its own track of quality and type of land use. Tse letting you let it go, but the type of earthmoving is a form Jlj The young factor of the evolution of soils in the city and industrial regions. III Miskiy method of land management injected into all fac- Yu> tory grubby. On the other side, the function of the territory is without the middle, the intensity and character flow into the soil profile.

Specific factors of soil-conditioning of local soils є:

  • structure and character of the state land management in the city;
  • a special microclimate, equivalent to the latitudinal drought by 200-300 km;
  • natal natural substrates and cultural sphere and the appearance of wake-up-by-beat inclusion in them;
  • the change of linkage, tied with the peculiarities of the microclimate of the city;
  • aerosol and internal soil hardening.

The runts and runts of the Far East are characterized by great versatility, which is due to the bioclimatic heterogeneity of minds that form from the zones of Arctic wilderness at night to the continent of the similar steppe in the winter

History of Vivchennya Oruntiv DV Nalichu Ponad hundred rokiv, Ale very recently about soils, soil-forming processes, about the freedom of the regional ruinous destruction of the remains of 50 rocks. It is depicted in admiralty publications and monographs by a number of authors. The variety of soil, soil cover of the Russian Far East subregions is far from unambiguous. Naybilsh vivchenim є to the soil of the Russian Far East, which is tied to the most active hobby and not to the earliest development.

The peculiarity of the nature of the first half of the Far East, of the soil described in the robot by Yu.A. Liverovskikh, B.P. Kolesnikov (1949). Special monographic robots G.I. Ivanova (1964, 1966, 1976) is the most important in relation to nutrition to the genesis, classification of soil in Primor'ya. Singing additions in vyvchennya runtіv coniferous-broad-leaved and broad-leaved trees in low mountains Primor'ya zroleniy N.A. Kreyd (1970), and the soil in girsky dark-coniferous forests - N.F. Pshenichnikova (1989). In the last ten years, robots have appeared to expand the information about the specific nature of the soil (Pshenichnikov, Pshenichnikova, 2002) and lowlands (Shlyakhov, Kostenkov, 2000) , 2001).

The characteristics of soils in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region are most commonly depicted in the robots of A.T. Terent'ev (1969), and in monographs of the sportsmen of the KhabKNII Yu.S. Prozorova (1974), Yu.I. Єrshova (1984), A.F. Makhinova (1989).

The soils of the island ecosystems of Sakhalin and the Kuriles are universally presented in two monographs by A.M. Ivlєva (1965, 1977).

The soils of the pіvostrov Kamchatka vivchenі in a significantly smaller step. Robot I. A. Sokolova (1973) and by the present hour, we will be the only one to talk about the interconnection of volcanism and soil conditions in the Far East.

The territory of the Magadan region is characterized by the least development and as heritage - the soil of the most favorable conditions. EAT. Naumov, B.P. Gradus (1974) was one of the first published materials about the peculiarity of taiga soil relief at the Extreme Winter Descent of Eurasia. For a reason, the robot "Geography and Genesis of Soils in the Magadan Region" appears to be the robot "Geography and Genesis of Soils of the Magadan Region" edited by V.I. Ignatenko (1980).

Until the present hour, feeding the genesis, classification of soils around the regions of the Far East is broken up with an increasing level of detail. It is expedient to use the information and generalization of the obvious material on the soils of all the Far East. Such a sample was broken by B.F. Pshenichnikov (1986) within the framework of the book "Soils of the Far Descent".

In the present newcomer to look out and formulate, morphological Budova soils, processes of grounding, classification and area of ​​soils in a distant region, which, when prompted by the evidence,

A collection of short explanations on theoretical nutritional classification of soil and soil-geographical area.

V.V.Dokuchaev after giving science value the soil is like an independent natural and historical body of nature (such as a growth, a creature, etc.), which is established in the result of one-hour interaction of factors in soil-satisfaction: girskogo breed, Roslinnosti і tvarinny svіtu, relєfu і vіku. The singing of the bureaucrats should be brought up to the establishment of the genetic type of soil, adopted by V.V.Dokuchaevim as the main classification unit.

According to the classification of soils, according to the same pension system of Russia (Classification and diagnostics of the soil system, 1977), in the main taxonomic unit - the genetic type of soil is formed as a result of the formation of a professional -the thermal regime, on the parent rocks of a skidny warehouse and on the basis of one-sided growth.

On the territory of Russia there are several dozen types of soil. Deyaki from them are widely widened, for example, black earth, pidzol, brown leaves. Remaining є zonal soils pivday DV.

The skin genetic type of runts is later added to the type, canopy, vidi, prototypes and discharges.

By type of soil, a group of soils is transformed into different types, which can be differentiated by the manifestation of the main and sub-soil processes. For example, when developing in the ground, the order of brown soil formation, the process of podzolization is formed into a type of storm; The development of the soddy process should be carried out according to the order of pidzolis to the approval of the type of soddy-pidzolic runta. When a subtype appears, it can be summarized by the same sutta dynamism of the main features of the type (for example: light-gray, gray, dark-gray soil) or the faculties of natural minds in the boundaries of the soil zone (napriklad).

A variety of soils can be seen in the boundaries of subtypes and representations by a group of soil types, such as genetic peculiarities, such as the peculiarities of a warehouse of a soil yak;

The type of soil is a whole group of soil in the boundaries of the genus, which grows beyond the stage to the development of the main soil-making process. For example, behind the step of podzolnosti (weak, average, strongly opidzolic), humus (average, strongly humus).

A variety of soils is a group of soil in the boundaries of the genus, which grows along the granulometric warehouse of the upper horizons (for example, clay, loam, etc.).

Soil discharges - a whole group of soils of one type and one mechanical warehouse, alluvium on the parent rocks of a mobile and petrographic warehouse (for example - on granite, on vapnyak, on alluvium).

In order to ensure that the type of adherence to the soil is necessary for all types of soil profile on the production of morphological budovi. Yak tserobiti, - reportedly described in our methodical guide for the first ecological practice (Urusov і ін., 2002). Therefore, it is necessary to measure the morphological indicators using the scheme of morphological budov and green soils. Having established the type of soil profile, it is necessary to determine the type of geographic landscape, geographic area of ​​the given soil, the main and secondary elements of the soil-making process, the type of migration and accumulation of speech in the given soil.

When diagnosing soils in the first place, it is possible to obtain data on the morphological budov and profile, on the formation of soil, on the basis of the changing and character of the internal profile differentiation of humus, in the storage room for internal differences, and so on.

Soil-geographic area - the whole view of territories, one-sided for the structure of the soil cover, those who are behind the minds of the soil-assertion and as a young victorious one in the Silsko-Gospodarskiy virobnistvі.

In 1962, in the MDU (Soil-Geographical District of the USSR, 1962), a diagram of the soil-geographic district was broken up, the yak is presented below.

Taxonomic system of soil-geographic area

The soil bioclimatic zone is the price of the soil zones and vertical soil structures, similar to the radioactivity, thermal minds and the nature of the flow to the development of dewiness, vivification and soil relief. A visual indicator for seeing a belt is a thermal mind.

Soil-bioclimatic region The area of ​​soil zones and vertical soil structures in the boundaries of the soil-bioclimatic zone, so that you can see a variety of disturbances and continental characteristics, as well as a lot of specific features - Diagnostic indicators in the area of ​​vision є wash out and continental.

The vertical soil structure is the whole area of ​​a series of vertical soil zones, summarized by the provisions of the mountainous land in the systems of soil-bioclimatic regions and the main features of the backward orography. Due to its taxonomic position in the district system, the vertical soil structure is identical to the soil zone on the plain. Providual indicators for the appearance of vertical soil structures є thermal wash, disturbance and type of soil-conditioning of the lower zone. Root provinces - a part of the Root zone, where you can see the natural and continental conditions, temperature characteristics, which summarize the specifics of soils, the minds of the soil. The vertical ground zone is the area of ​​the singing zonal girsky type of soil.

The soil district is a part of the provinces of a vertical soil zone with a genetic type of relief, in the boundaries of which there is a single layer of soil and soil-forming rocks. Demonstration of the visibility of the districts amalgamated with the peculiarities of the green climate and the dewline cover. Soil area - the whole area of ​​soils in the boundaries of the Primordial District with an admittedly one-sided relief, a warehouse of an unpaved and dewline cover and a singing microrelief.

The specifics of the geographic position of the Far East of Russia (Fig. 2) overwhelms three soil-bioclimatic zones from winter to winter: polar (cold), boreal (cold), sub-boreal (middle) , zones and provints_y.


1http: //www.priroda.ru/regions/info/detail.php? SECTION_ID = & FO_ID = 440 & ID = 6452

2http: //xn--80aa2bkafhg.xn--p1ai/article.php? Nid = 12709

3http: //www.kmslib.ru/kraevedenie/geografiya

4http: //ecology-of.ru/priroda/klimat-goroda-khabarovsk

5 https://abc.vvsu.ru/books/u_ekologija/page0002.asp

6 http://samanka.ru/osobennosti-landshaftnogo-dizajna.html

Deyakі ecological problems of the great place

Megacities, most places, small agglomerations and urbanized areas are centers of great change in anthropogenic activity of nature. Wikidi of great places natural territories... Engineering and geological changes of overburden, obstruction of soils, weather, water bodies appear in the country 50 times more, less radius agglomeration. Thus, the atmospheric conditions of Moscow extend to the skid (setting up the backward macrotransportation) by 70-100 km, the heat disturbance to the regime of atmospheric fall-downs to the distance of 90-100 km, and the rotting of the fossil massifs - by 30-40 km.

Around Moscow and other towns and villages of the Central economic district were angry in the city of the capital beach with an area of ​​177,900 sq. Km - from Tver on a new day to Nizhniy Novgorod on the new ... Plyama zabrudnennya near Yekaterinburg perevischu 32.5 thousand square kilometers; navkolo Irkutska - 31 yew. sq. km.

Chim vishche the rivn of scientific and technical progress, we are stronger in the future for the navkolishnє middle. One resident of the United States in the middle lives of resources 20-30 times more, less a resident of the Indian community.

In the Bagatio regions of the area of ​​urbanized lands, there are 10% of the home territory. Thus, in the United States, the won to become 10.8%, in Nimechchin - 13.5%; in Holland 15.9%. Vikoristannya land pіd development sporudi іtotno infusedє into the biosphere processes. For urbanized territories, it is 1.5 times more than organic fluids, 2 times more for nitrogen, 250 times more for sulfur dioxide and 410 times more for oxide in coal, not in the Selysk districts.

Environmentally unfriendly environment is more prevalent in all places with populations of 1 million Chol., In 60% of places with populations around 500 thousand. Up to 1 million І in 25% of places with populations from 250 yew. Up to 500 yew. Chol. According to the current estimates, close to 1.2 million people in the cities of Russia live in the minds of the rapidly changing ecological discomfort and close to 50% of the small population of Russia is in the minds of the noise obstruction.

One of the most urgent problems of urboecology is the problem of obstruction of local soils - urbozems. On nіy I і virіshiv zupinitisya.

Miscible soil (urbozemi).

Miscible soil is determined by natural chemistry and water-physical powers. The stench of overconsolidation, soil horizons are mixed and mixed with awakening smitty, by-side entrance, through which there may be more puddles, less natural analogs. The runt curvature of the great places also appears in high contrast, heterogeneous through the folding history of the development of the place, the intermixture of old new historical grounds and cultural spheres. So, in the center of Kazan, the soil is formed on a strained cultural sphere - the decline has passed, and on the outskirts, in the areas of new economic development, the soil is developed on fresh, dry, or mixed soils.

Natural soil cover on a large part of the territory of the world. Winning the deprivation of islands in the city's forest parks. Miscible soil (urbozems) grows by the nature of the form (nasypni, mixing), by humus content, by the level of destruction to the profile, by a few and by the warehouse inclusions (concrete, slope, toxic entrance), etc. For a large number of small soils, the visibility of the genetic horizons and the appearance of the growing horizons for the storage and the tightness of the balls in the piece walking are characteristic. Up to 30-40% of the area of ​​forgotten living areas is occupied by sealed soil (ekranozem), in industrial zones it is overwhelmingly difficult to overcome industrial soil on dry and loose soils, near gas stations to form in soil - soil

A special contribution to the destruction of the chemical authorities of the runts is to make "snow-carriers" - the collection of salts with the help of a quick sound of road traffic from the country. For the sake of it, zvvyyuyu vicoristoyut sodium chloride (kitchen power), but not only to the corrosion of underground communes, but to the piece salinity of the root ball. As a result, in places and on highways there were also saline soils, like in some places in dry steppes, or on sea uzberezhzhi the rest of the rock bring in tight cars such as jeeps, such as driving on a great shipment, rozbrizkuyut kalyuzhi on roads far to the side). The proponents of not too much for the roslin, the substitutes for the salt (for example, to replace the phosphorus ash) did not know a wide supply in Russia. Establishments for the improved atmosphere from the atmosphere of calcium carbonates and magnesium of the soil may increase the moisture (їх pH reaches 8-9), the stench also becomes soot (up to 5% replaces the normal 2-3%).

The main part of the wandering chanters is located in the mixed soil with atmospheric litter, in the midst of the storage of industrial and bypass entrances. I am especially fond of becoming obstructed by important metals.

Mischiefs may be added instead of important metals, especially in the upper (up to 5 cm), piece-folding balls, which are 4-6 times in the background. Over the last 15 years, the area of ​​land, heavily enclosed by important metals, has grown in places by a third, and is also hunted by the new building. For example, the historical center of Moscow, especially the 1st and 2nd class speeches, is not heavily encumbered with important metals. There is a high amount of zinc, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and middy, as well as benzopyrene, which has the most powerful carcinogenic powers. Smells know in the ground, leaves of trees, grass lawns, child sowers (children who play on child maidans in the center of the city, take lead 6 times more, not older). A significant amount of important metals is found in the Central Park of Culture and Vidpochinku. It’s worth explaining that the park is going to be built on the ear of the 1920s at the places of smitniks beyond Moscow-Riko (in 1923, the All-Russian Selyskogospodarska Vistavka was held here).

A great role in the whole of the world is not only the stationary (industry) of the industry, ale and mobile dzherela, especially motor transport, some of the kind of winter energy, then the current "palm tree" passed to the "chemical factories on wheels" - vehicles, for a part of which fall up to 90% of all wikis into the atmosphere. , and close to 15% of them are old "inomarkas." , from the ground, to come up with the gases of cars, lead and benzene is introduced. x bagatokh mіst meaningfully rewrite the boundary permissible norms. At the soils of 120 places in Russia, 80% of the HDC is transplanted with lead, about 10 million of the inhabitants of the city are constantly in contact with the lead-clogged soil.

Indicators of the chemically difficult soil cover of the typical boulevards, which enter the Boulevard Kiltsa Moskva, are presented in the next tables.

Injecting lead will ruin the function of the female and reproductive system, increase the number of wikis and congenital illnesses, infuse into the nervous system, reduce intelligence, activate heart disease, coordination Mercury will ruin the functions nervous systemі nirok, and in great concentrations there can be vicious parallich, Minomata ailment. Great doses of cadmium reduce the adsorption of calcium cyst tissue, leading to mimic fractures of cysts. It is systematically necessary to produce zinc to lead to fiery lesions in the lungs and bronchi, cirrhosis of the lungs, anemia. Among the victories is the functional damage to the nervous system, liver, nirok, reduction of immunity.

Bagatorial caution for important metals in soils 200 mst in Russia showed that 0.5% of them (Norilsk), 3.5% (Kirovohrad, St. Petersburg) up to the least decent - 8.5% (Azbest, Yekaterinburg, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Moscow, Nizhniy Tagil, Cherepovets and in.).

22.2% of the territory of Moscow is admitted to the territory of average hardening, 19.6% - strong hardening and 5.8% - maximum soil hardening.

The preliminaries of the Boulevard Kilts, carried out in 1999, showed a low volume of biologically active rivers (humus, nitrogen, phosphorus, calories), which are necessary for the livelihood of roses. activity soil enzymes lower than optimal indicators. All prices for the production of greenery in the whole area.

Miscible ground will take on the whole impact of radioactive obstruction. Only in Moscow there are many thousands of enterprises, which are victorious for their needs of radioactive speech. Usually, on the territory of the place, there are dozens of new radioactive communication devices, which are taken care of by NVO "Radon".

Reducing the efficiency of small soils is also carried out through the regular cleaning of the growing surpluses, as well as making the growing mushrooms for a hungry ration. Mowing soil quality and regular mowing of lawns. Reduces the fertility of local lands and a small number of soil microflora, a small number of microbial populations. There are no such brown and non-uniform members of the subsoil population, such as worms, in the soils of places. It is not easy for the soil to be sterile up to one meter of clay. And even the very soil bacteria convert the dead organic surplus into a form, hand-held for picking up the roots of the roslin. Ecological functions of small soils are weakened not only through strong obstruction (the soil cover stops being a filter bar), but because of the deterioration, which makes it difficult for gas exchange in the soil-atmosphere system to appear At specotnі lіtnі days of asphalt paving, heat up, heat not only the surface ball of the earth, but even into the soil. At a temperature of 26-27 ° C, the temperature of the soil at a depth of 20 cm reaches 37 ° C, and at a depth of 40 cm - 32 ° C. The central hot horizons are at the same time, in which the soil is alive the end of the roots of dews. In such a rank, for high-street roses, there is a non-customary heat situation: the temperature of their underground organs is higher than that of the above-ground ones.

Through tidying up the fallen leaves of the sun and the snow, the load on the small soil gets very cold and freezes too much - not very quickly up to -10 ... -15 ° С. in natural minds (for middle latitudes), I do not change 20-25 ° C.

Vyvchennya will become healthy populations in the wilderness from the rivnya obrudneniya ґruntіv nadіyshli from the atmosphere with important metals allowed the development of an assessment scale of sanitary problems of obstruction - the sumar indicator of obstruction (SPZ).

SDR value

rivn is not safe

disease of the population

unbaked

best low rіven sickness of children. The minimum frequency of the population of functional views

poorly secure

Zbіlshennya zalalnoї obvorivanstі

Decrease in the number of chronically ill children and older children, the number of children with chronic illnesses, deterioration of the functional standard of the heart-vascular system

visually unbaked

The increase in the number of children with chronic diseases, the deterioration of the functional standard of the heart-vascular system, the second function of women

Any advances in science and technology do not lead to an ecological catastrophe, as in reality the destruction of the people put before nature will not become dominant in the formulation of a new ecological culture and ethics. Because of the ecological culture, there is a change from the glance of the skin people from the modern anthropocentric to the more progressive - biocentric.

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