Nanos to soil. Genesis, characteristics, classification of soils. Materials of the runtovykh doslidzhen and іkh vikoristannya

At the skin soil-climatic zones with free natural landscapes of the territory of river valleys. Here, the aluvial (flooded) soil is widened, as it is violated by its natural prowess and the most popular agricultural reasons.

The float is a part of the river valley, periodically filled with empty waters of the river.

Most significant areas of aluvial soils are rostered in the floats of the great rivers - Oka, Volga, Moskviki, Don, Dnipra, Kami, Irtisha, Obi, Onisei, Oleni, Amura and іn.

UMOVI grounded

Capturing and aluvial processes. There is a special soil-setting on the territory of the flood, which is responsible for the richness of rice to the genesis, stock and power of aluvial soils, є development of submerged and aluvial processes.

Flooding processes - periodically flooding of the territory of the flood by empty waters. Pour out the rychok, the seasonal character and tied with the spring snowflakes, spring-summer tanning lodoviks, the vampires of angry monstrous boards. Empty water can flood the sound from decilcoh years to decilcochic periods (1.5-2 months). Tse sєrіdne natural zroshennya zaplavnіy territory. Vono is great, efficient inflow into the soil: opening, lower on non-floodplain soils, water regime, inflow into the water and the storage of groundwater, helping the soil climate, spraying the activization of microbiology processes. Everything starts at the storage and productivity of natural lineage, salt, biochemical and OM-regimes of soils and groundwater.

The triviality of the sinking processes is doused into the special features of the Silk-State Victory soil. For the trivial standing of empty waters in the floodplain, the onset of the depletion (according to Shrag). Short load - term of empty water stay up to 7 days; There is a lot of processing of large cultures, typical for this zone. Average capacity - from 7 to 15 days; winter season; friendly for natural and blue grasses and large fruit crops. Trial capacity - 15-30 days; viklyucha processing of Polish agricultural cultures; friendly not for all herbs. Even more than three days of capacity - more than 30 days; bogging and development of bogging.

Aluvial processes - the price is brought into the float with the empty waters of the rocky material and the deposition of it on the surface of the soil near the aluvial inserts (alluvium).

Warehouse and power. Aluvial attachment is a mineral base, with which it extends to flooded soil. That is, the warehouse, the power of alluvium, its exertion, the frequency of added may be the most important for the genesis of runts. The nature of the aluvial process is infused into the front of the position of the surrounding parts of the float along the way up to the river bed.

The territory of the flood in the fallowness from the distance from the channel is divided into three parts (according to V.R. Williams): the near-river, central and intermediate (Fig. 19). Smells rise behind the warehouse of aluvial liners, relief, groundwater levels and deposits, along the line and soil cover.

The granulometric storage of aluvium should be deposited as a thin layer of empty water along the floodplain: the greater the fluidity, the more stiff in the flow of small (silt-piluvati) parts, the larger the size of the particles. Oscillations of the liquidity of empty waters fall into the world from the distance from the channel to the depths of the flooded territory, then the aluminum warehouse gradually changes: in the riverbed part, the alluvium sediments are deposited, and in the In addition, in the world the distance from the channel is changing and the granulometric warehouse of aluvial soils is changing: a piece of grain particles and growing instead of sawn and mulish are changing. Stay in touch with more organic speech and elements of the life of the roselin. From the same time, in the central and intermediate floats, the soil-forming process develops on a larger scale. chemical warehouse on the basis of minerology, not in the riverine part.

Warehouse of aluvial inserts in the meaning of the world to lay down in the warehouse of soils and parts of the water-collecting rivulet: for an hour of panuvannya of growing soils and sometimes in the flood, few sawn and mulistic parts are brought in; with an important granulometric storage of the ground and the type of water intake territory, it is much more likely to come into view.

The aluminum warehouse is also poured into the steps of rosorality of the territory, the manifestation of erosive processes on the out-of-the-spot soils of the water intake basin.

On the territory of the warehouse itself, melt the warehouse and the demand for aluminum to differentiate is deposited in the standard. The podvishcheni of the heat ("mane") is more light alluvium, and the lower ("beams") is more important.

Climat, Relief and Roslinness. Zaplavn_y territory of power zagalny rice klimatu tієї zoni, in the boundaries of which there is a melted seal.

On a small, well-known rural area, the surroundings of the її part may have their own specialties meso- and microrelief. The riverbed zazvychay is characterized by a greater movement of wiggly-maned relief with sharply curving feeding shafts near the channel. At the miru transition to the central zaplavi, the relf becomes more spokyinym. The characteristic elements of the flat relief of the central flood є raised dilyanka - "mane" and lower - "beams", knotted near the view of the quiet hollows, or represented by closed depressions. The landscapes of the central flood are ruled by the bridle of the lake bed ("oxbow").

The terraced flood is a bit of a low, often swampy territory in terms of the period up to the central flood.

The growth rate is versatile. Panuyut herbs and cereals ugrupovannya. The most abundant and valuable grasses in the central region. Near the riverbed, the bows are located behind the warehouse and are less productive.

Near the terraced part and the boggy logs of the central floodplain, there is an increase in the swamp dewline (pike, sedges, canary grass, etc.). Outside the dilyanki floats (in the middle, along the manes, the old women) are occupied by trees and bushes, the warehouse of which is due to the climatic features of the zone. Falsely from the minds of the world (the zagalny character of the relief of the out-of-the-floodplain territory, the size of the rivers, the valleys and the floodplains), near some parts of the floodplains, there may be little or no swings. So, in the valleys of the Girski rivulets, with a shimmering current of the float, the float is presented by the riverbed part; in the valleys of small rivers, a riverine or a terraced float is often developed.

The diagram of the distribution of the floodplains into three parts is discerned - the riverside, the central and the interstate - the most typical for the middle and great rivers with good floats.

Ground cover Zrozumite

There is a widespread growth in the meadows of grass, which is the origin of the development of the sod process here, which is the main natural process of soil improvement. The stage of its turn is to lay down alluvium from the warehouse: the more fertile is the namul, the more fertile is the meadow growth, the more intense the turn of the head rice from the soddy process is the formation of the humus-accumulative structure.

On the manifestation of the soddy process, they also infuse the peculiarities of the water regime in the young parts of the float, tied with a clay and a storage of groundwater. Great significance in the genesis of flooded soils may cause hydrothermal water and zonal climate, as well as manifested on the aphid process of other processes of soil dissolution (gleying, salinization, solonetz and in.).

In conjunction with the significant features of the ground clearance in the floats, the soil is combined in the offensive with three groups of aluvial types of soils: sod, archers and bogs (according to G.V. Dobrovolskiy).

Aluvial turf soils are formed on the sub-soil elements of the flood, when the ground water is too sloppy, and especially on the grassy-loamy alluvium, often sharuvate. The stench of the head rank in the riverbed part of the float; It is also arranged along the manes of the central swimming pool.

From the unproductive herbaceous dewline, growing on the small alluvium, aluvial turf soil is formed with a slight tautness of the humus profile, low humus (1-3%) and nitrogen (0.1-0.2%). The stench may be lowered< 10-15мг-экв.) (табл. 55). В зависимости от зональных условий почвообразования они могут быть кислыми, нейтральными или щелочными. Это наименее плодородные почвы пойм.

	Glybin taking zrazka, cm			S, meq. per 100 g soil	Granulometric warehouse
Aluvial turf soil
Richki Moskvi (Moscow region)
middle Don (Voronezh region)					loam Sup_sok
Volgo-Akhtubinskaya (Astrakhan region)
Aluvial meadows
Richki Moskvi (Moscow region)					important loam
					clay is light
					important loam
					Glinaelight
Richki Voronezh, Pilny (Tambov region)
					Glinasrednyaya
Volgo-Akhtubinskaya (Astrakhan region)					important loam
					middle loam
					middle clay

Aluvial meadow soils develop in the central floodplain into more friendly alluvial sediments behind the warehouse and the power of aluvial sediments and up to atmospheric waste for the preparation of capillary flow of groundwater.

This is the way to get rid of the elements of vivification and to give a good development of the herb-cereal growth and the intensive development of the sod process. The soil is formed with a good humus profile and a varied lumpy-granular structure. Before the inflow of continuous growth by ground waters of the lower part of the profile, there are signs of gleying and accumulation of the young lands, which come from the ground waters (oxidized salt, carbonate and in.). Warehouse akumulyuyutsya rivers, to deposit from zonal features to a warehouse of groundwater.

Meadows of soil will float to the bottom of the budov: A d - turf, A - good bends of the humus horizon of gray or dark gray barn; B 1 - transitional humus horizon, often with traces of gleying at viglyadi іrzhavo-gray beaches (B lg); B 2 g (BC g) - the horizon of viral gleying, stepwise transition into OGLE-vu loam or clayey rock (C g).

Aluvial meadows are highly fertile soils, characterized by a loamy or clayey granulometric storage, good humus content (3-12% or more), a high level of clay (div. Table 55). The reaction goes from sour to bad. The urge of the humus ball in the middle to become 35-70 cm with the sleeves from 20 to 100 cm and more.

Aluvial marsh soils are formed in the heads of a trivial overworld disturbance in the intermediate part of the float and along the lower central (and only part of the riverbed) part of the flood, de stagnate flood waters and trim high r_ven groundwater. For the soils of the whole group, the characteristic accumulation of organic speech in the viglyad is good for the peat of a silty-humus mass, the development of intensive gleying and hydrogenic accumulation of speech. Among the aluvial marsh soils, there are archery-marsh, silt-humus-gley-shi and silty-peat soils.

Beam-boggy soils may turn brightly over the whole profile with the onset of this: A g - Ogleuni upper part of the humus ball; В 1 g - a transitional humus OGLE-ny horizon, which can be changed by the underlying non-humus gley horizons (B 2 g, B 3 g) and Ogleuny rock. From aluvial meadows to aluvial marsh, silt-peat or silty-surface-gleyovy, the soil transitions from aluvial meadows to aluvial meadows.

Silty-humus-gley soils are characterized by a strong degree of gleying and persistent overexposure. Ogleєni sizuvato-gray іlovaty profile clearly DO NOT dismember on obrії. Tsі the ground does not establish great contours; zazvychay vyagnyu vuzky smogs vdovzh of the terraced float or on the bottoms of the old river channels.

Silt-peat soils are established in the main in the terraced flood, but in the taiga-forest and forest-steppe zones. May the ball bend over to the peat (T), but to change the gleys by the mineral horizon (G). The peat soils are of a low-lying type, the peat ball of which will grow back with a mule (zamuleny), brought by flood waters. The profile of peat soils is often flooded with oxides of zaliza (mineralization canopies), vitianite, vapnoe, in the winter zones - lightly peat salts (saline canopies) for hydrogenic accumulation. Peat in the middle bog soils is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium.

The ground cover of the float is characterized by different ages and dynamism. At the float, it is possible to develop the soil from the cob stages themselves, the development of the soil relief on fresh aluvial sediments (rough primitive) to mature aluvial soils (sod, archer, swamp) and the soil processes on the alluvial ґroutine satisfaction.

To change the minds of soil-settling and shaping the profile of the flooded soils in the pouring and vineyards of changing the river bed. At the close of the center of the river, you will see the mode of the riverbed and navpaki. That, in the floods, there are vapors related to the profile of the meadow soil by the profile of soddy sharuvate, to the profile of the marsh - the profile of the meadow to the soil, etc.

zonal

If I want aluminum and drainage processes to pour into the soil in the floods, the rychok, warehouse and power of aluminum runts, ґprimary curvature float all the imagery of the zonal mind and the ground, the power of the out-of-the-line territories, we will feel the river valley. The zonality of the flooded soils is more pronounced, and the zonality of the flooded soils is more pronounced.

Manifesting zonality is tied to the peculiarities of the climate ( temperature regime, Zvolozhennyam), a warehouse and productivity of the line, especially a warehouse of groundwater. So, in floats tundra zone low temperatures and a short vegetation period lead to a low rate of biological circulation of rivers, a wide lot of moss in the dewline curve, coverage of low-slung charred, often peat aluvial-tundra-soddy soils.

Soils flooded in the taiga-forest zone and take signs of soddy soils; often imperiously gleying; in the middle of aluvial soils of the central zone and widespread swampy soil. On the auxiliary elements of the relief, flooding is likely to occur, the soil is formed with signs of podzolnosti.

At the melts of the Lis-steppe and the steppe zone, it is possible to finish off with a friendly mind for the establishment of good humus soils, as in Budov I carry rice of black earth soils ( great toughness humus ball, viscous instead of humus, good structure).

On dilyankas, the flooding of the central zone with a thin manifestation of the capacity to develop in the soil is a sign of power, close to the soils of other non-floodplain territories (fortified black earth, sirim fossil). Here, there can be found flooded soils with signs of salinity and salinity. At the nap_vpustelny and empty zones of the devel- oped carbonate and salinized aluvial soils.

Falsely from the geological budget of the territory, the hydro-logical regime of the market on the outskirts of the development and of the largest officials, the following types of melts are formed: segmental, rock-cut, island, flooded and deltaic. Due to the peculiarities of the warehouse, the reactions of the authorities, the group of aluvial sod and archery soils can be divided into a number of types; the group of aluvial bog soils is subdivided into three types.

Classification of aluvial soils

type of soil	The extended zone is overridden
Aluvial sod acid	Taezhno-Lisova, Lisostepova
Aluvial sod trees	Stepova, Lisstepova
Alluvial-sod-deserted carbonate	Empty, empty
Aluvial meadow acid	Taezhno-Lisova, Lisostepova
Aluvial meadows	Stepova, Lisstepova
Aluvial meadows carbonate	Empty, empty
Alluviallugovo-swamp	All zones
Aluvial bogs silty-humus-gleyovy
Aluvial bogs silt-peat

According to the types of aluvial sod and archery soils on the basis of the appropriate step, the development of the soil profile and the nature of the aluvial leaves (sharuvate primitive, sour, soddy acid, meadows of dark-flowered meadows, meadows) The main genera are є: zvychaini, zalizneni, carbonate, solontsyuvati, zamuleni, angry and pebble. Apparently, it should be carried out according to the pressure of the humus ball, instead of the humus and the steps of the turn of the processes (podzolina, saline, salinity, etc.).

The types of soils in the bog group are subdivided according to the turn of the processes of peat accumulation (silt-peat-gley and silt-peat, aluvial-archer-bog, aluvial-ray-bog-peat-filled) -gley). The main canopy - zvychayny, carbonate, saline, saline, cry-Denelya. Rozpodil is apparently carried out according to the exertion of organogenic and humus samples.

AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTIC I SIL'SKOGOSPODARSKE VIKORISTANIA

aluvial soil borrow a special place in the land fund of all regions. Vіdrіznyayuchis to high potentiality, close roztashuvannyam to dzherel vodi, the stench is presented to reach a friendly object for a silskogospodarskogo victoriannya. Particularly significant soil is flooded in zones, de untovy cover of out-of-the-floodplain areas of representations with low-fire and hard-to-maintain zonal and sub-soil soils (taiga-forest zone, such as deserts and empty spaces).

However, on the other high-profile assessments of the agricultural value of the flooded grounds and agronomic qualities are not correct.

The agronomic assessment of soils of floats is guilty of but differentiated from the fallowness from and to one of three groups of types of aluvial soils: aluvial turf, meadow or marsh.

We paint aluvial meadows near all zones. Х positive qualities: good humus profile, mean or high instead of humus, meaning gross instead of the elements of the life of the roslin, good structure of the humus ball, which is the origin and the authoritative and powerful. For aluvial meadow soils, the temporal activity of microorganisms and soil fauna is characteristic. Permanently growing the root-inhabited zone and the profile of the capillary border of the groundwater is responsible for the growth of the growth of the vologo.

Periodically inflow of low and aluvial processes leads to the high quality of meadow soils in the central flood, and the intensive development of the soddy process is followed by the inflow of grassy grassy currents of closeness to the temple.

In the boundaries of types of aluvial meadow soils and agronomic qualities, they vary in fallowness from granulometric warehouse, The demand of the humus ball, instead of humus, the intensity of the processes of gleying and hydrogenic accumulation of speech, reactions and in the place of debris oxide and aluminum.

The agronomic assessment of acidic soil goes down, as it does when nitrogen and phosphorus regimes are consumed (the intensity of nitrification and phosphate degradation decreases due to the closure of the oxidation)

In semi-arid and semi-arid zones, the quality of meadow soils will slightly decrease with the manifestation of processes of milling, melting and salting. An agronomic assessment of the soil cover of the central flood, with increasing folding and contrast, sinks through the frequent change of the contours of aluvial meadow soils by the contours of marsh soils.

Yakosti of meadow soils to be buried when there is a strong vioraty in the minds of the prosapnoy system of farming. The destruction of the tied up with the destructiveness, the waste of humus and the wickedness of the uncomfortable physical authorities.

The alluvial turf soil is signi fi cantly compromised by meadow soils for equal productivity. Among them, there are food-and-soup varieties, with elements of liveliness, with a slight tug of a humus ball with a low volume of humus in it. In the vegetative period, the stench is freed from atmospheric waste, as the capillary border of the soil water lies behind the boundaries of the soil profile. There is a very low degree of durability in a group of soddy sharuvate primitive soil. I would like to describe the characteristics of aluvial turfs of light loamy soils: they have a clear humus profile, the stench is loudly ringing from flood waters, it is more and more warm, it grows out of the way near the bed of the rye. The quality of light loamy soddy soils allows vicorists to grow warm-loving and early vegetable crops.

The group of aluvial bog soils is characterized by rich organic speech, great reserves elements of living. However, the persistent overwhelming is the reason for the low productivity in the natural land - the boggy meadows with low quality herbage, or the swampy low-quality forests.

Aluvial soils are vicious in to the Silk State as a natural hay-pasture, you can get used to high-demanding and high-value culture. Most productive meadows of the central floodplain. The harvest of sina here reaches 5.0-7.0 t / ha and more. Meadows on soddy sharuvate soils are less productive.

For the improvement of the productivity of the flooded meadows, as well as the most important forage base, the production of vikorists is used for the production of the flowing and cereal crops. The current look includes: vivid bush, chagarnik and large-stemmed bur'yaniv (Chinese sorrel, hellebore and ін.), And also the delicious smitty brought to the home; pіdgodіvlyu nitrogen-phosphorus dobrivy; vapnuvannya sour kruntіv and zasosuvannya zroshennya; we have grown herbs.

Pre-cultivation of transferring to oranka swampy and "virogenic" meadows with the onset of sowing of grass mixtures of bagatorny grasses, to the well-being and vaping of sour oranges. The most economical effect is given to the basic polish of the look. The high flexibility of the soils of the floats, as well as good possibilities for organizing the growing, is very easy to use for the cultivation of highly demanding and economically viable crops here - sheep, sugar and fodder berries, hemp, hemp.

We paint for the development of pіd іllu є aluvial meadows of soil. When there is an increase in microbiological activity, the deterioration of the elements of life.

At the same time, when the soil is flooded with soil, especially when the system of agriculture is poor, there are a number of negative phenomena that lead to the destruction of the runt. With the growing of vegetable and technical crops, the balance of biological circulation of life elements is changing, the scale of the growing surplus into the soil near the connection with the large part of the organic mass (Table 56).

56. Growth of organic matter, wine and accumulation of live elements on the flooded grounds for growing growth (Dobrovolskiy, 1968)

		Organic weight, t / ha		Elementi liveness, kg / ha
		overground part
Dernovo-Lugova; swimming of the river Moskvi	Meadow timofee-oatmeal
	timofiyivka siyana
Peaty-peaty-Glav; swimming of the river Moskvi	pike meadow
	meadow of Tonkonogi			Nemaє danih
Note. In the chiselnik - to see the harvest, in the znamenny - to fall into the ground (root + aftertaste).

Yak can be seen from these tables 56, for vegetable crops (cabbage), there is a great number of organic speech and living in new elements of living. A state-of-the-art balance of elements is created, which is very sensitive to the balance of meadow grasses. Yogo zapovnennya zd_ysnyuyut for rakhunok introduced good. Replacing herbaceous dewiness with sap crops, post-intensive cultivation of the soil to produce humus, ruining the structure and destructing physical powers (growing deeper, dewy balls, diminishing The destruction of physical authorities is significant to the result of the impaired flowing in of water on the ground of technology, especially when the moisture content of the ground increases.

Low-humus food and sod-rich soil of the riverbed, as a rule, does not suffer orancy through low efficiency and is not safe for intensive swelling with empty waters. As soon as such soil all the way up through the outskirts of the dalyanoks, more of the adjoining fields of the vegetable culture, then the guilt was carried out against the ground in the empty waters (collapse, the stem of the village) Basic taps schodo zberezhennya that pіdvischennya rodyuchostі zaplavnih mіneralnih gruntіv at їh rozoryuvannya Je: Introduction to sіvozmіnu odnorіchnih i bagatorіchnih herbs Adding organіchnih i mіneralnih Welcome, vapnuvannya acidic gruntіv, mіnіmіzatsіya obrobki i dotrimannya optimally strokіv Venue of polovih robіt and takozh organіzatsіya zroshennya.

The development of swampy and boggy soils is tied to the root melioration. The draining of the stench will become valuable silky-favored pleasures for the cultivation of vegetable crops, fodder and other crops. When growing vegetable crops on drained dilankas of a terraced heat, it is necessary to be able to show late spring and early autumn frosts and picking up cold-resistant cultures (cabbage, carrots, short vegetables).

The peculiarities of the circulation of vernaculars during the growing of sheep, technical and other cultures and of the minds of the lively regime are beginning to intensively conserve goodness on orniferous soils, because of the efficiency of the economy. Rationally storing good transmission of genetic features of the soil in the winter parts of the float. So, aluvial meadows of soils, as more humus, are more beautiful to get the dewline with nitrogen for the rakhunok of the soil spoluk. On acidic soils, there is a greater degree of waste of phosphorus available to the roslin in connection with the active hardening of zaliza oxides. On soils with a neutral and low-salinity reaction, phosphorus is mainly represented by more available calcium phosphates. Meadows, soils are flooded, characterized by a friendly hot regime. That is why it is worthy of respect in case of stagnation of goodness on aluvial meadow soils, followed by animals for the need to regulate the living regime and the circulation of organic speech on the basis of the balance of elements of living and organic speech,

Sod runts are used for humus and nitrogen; food-supply granulometric warehouse, This sod soil will be given respect to the regulation of the nitrogen-potassium vivification of the roses and the balance of organic speech. Weak physical properties of light soils and low buffering capacity, so there is a need for additional nitrogen-caloric goodness.

For the activation of microbial processes and the mobilization of livelihood elements, preserved in organic peat, and, in the first place, in the first rocky development of drained marsh soils, the organisms are melted in great doses. Good results on such terrains are good enough for the good and for the middle class.

Vibir of zaplavnyh dalyanoks for farming of dressings with urahuvannya of triviality of plowing processes. For їх regulation to carry out the caving of dalyanoks, signs of the sіlskohospodarskі culture.

The formation of water resources in the region is negatively flowing into the flooded earth. On the slopes of the flood below the water reservoirs, there is a decrease in the capacity and aluvial processes, the level of groundwater sinks, the water regime becomes stressed, the flooded onions are transformed into the dry land, the decrease in productivity. The processes of salinization and salinization of soils are developing in the pivdenny zones.

On dilyankas, the rowboat is flooded with flooded lands, flooded and swamped adjacent to the water reservoir of the territory. In addition, with the design of water reserves, they are guilty of being able to secure a possible negative inheritance for an even more valuable flotation fund of lands.

Control nutrition and supervision

1. Introduce the special features of the minds of the soil-settling in the floats and discover the main geographic laws of the primordial processes in the flooded territories. 2. Give an agronomic characteristic of the main types of aluvial soils. 3. How can you handle the flooded soil in the Silskoy government, and in what special features do you protect them?

Fundamentals of the study of soil formation in floats by V.R. Williams. SS Sobol'ev, V.I. Schrag, I. І. Plyusnin, G.V. Dobrovolskiy and in.

In floods, there are rychok in fallowness due to the nature of the water regime and the processes associated with it between soils and growing lines, there are three groups of soils: aluvial sod, aluvial meadows, aluvial swamps.

Aluvial turf soil. The soil is formed in the near-river part of the float, on the pivotal slots of the central float, along with the grass-grass growing with the house of legumes, growing along the poplar trees, in the oak woods with the grass cover in the head of unstable flooding by flood waters. In the whole group of soils, there are types: aluvial sod acid and aluvial sod mat. The types in the fallowness of the growing plant are subdivided into the following types: primitive sharuvates, sharuvates and aluvial turfs, which can be sour or sour. Near the taiga zones, there are aluvial sod opidzole, and in the forest-steppe and steppe - aluvial sod matted soil.

Aluvial turf sharuvate primitive soil is established on river bank ramparts and beds. The stench may have a wobbly sharuvaty profile, the humus horizon will be taut up to 15 cm (instead of humus less than 2%), a light granulometric warehouse, it seems to be structureless.

Aluvial turf sharuvaty soil developed on lower rails of the riverbed. Їх profile is stored from the advancing horizons: А d - А 1 - В - CD. And d - poorly compacted little sod, earthy. А 1 - humus horizon of gray color, light granulometric storage, sharuvati (food, supishani and thin light loamy balls of aluminum taut 1 ... 10 cm), with a weakly lumpy structure; transition of actions. B - transitional horizon, sharuvati, without signs of illuvial process, weak humus. CD - aluvium of fine granulometric warehouse, clear layers.

Vlasne aluvial turf soils occupy the pivots of the central float. The runts are characterized by an oversight or slightly layered profile, a taut (20 ... 30 cm, up to 60 cm) humus horizon A 1 lumpy-granular structure, dark gray color, boring horizon B, often with a lumpy grain structure.

Aluvial soddy acidic soils may react acidic (pH aq.< 6), обладают в основном высокой обменной кислотностью. Аллювиальные дерновые насыщенные почвы, формирующиеся в степной зоне и на карбонатных породах лесостепи и лесной зоны, отличаются менее кислой реакцией (рН водн >6), more and more people (90% of the population). The amount of humus rises from 1 ... 2% in primitive soils to 5 ... 10% in wet aluvial sod soils. In the storage of humus of acidic soils, there is a slight change in humic acids over fulvic acids.

Acid soils are poured onto the canopy: gravel and pebble. In the midst of rich soils, there are canopies: salty, saline, saline, angry, pebble. In view of the soil, it follows the tightness of the humus horizon and behind the humus. Due to the tightness of the humus horizon, there are low-pressure shortenings (less than 20 cm), low-pressure (20 ... 40 cm), medium-weight (40 ... 80 cm), tight (80 ... 120 cm) and pressure (more than 120 cm) ... Behind the bulk of humus, there are micro-humus (less than 2%), low-humus (2 ... 4%), low-humus (4 ... 7%), medium-humus (7 ... 9%) and high-humus (more than 9%) soil. Medium-taut, taut, over-taut soils develop only in the middle of densely soddy soils.

Aluvial meadows soil. The soil is widened on the important alluvium of flat ravine dalyanoks, gentle grasses of the manes of the central float under the vologo grass-herb-cereal growth, or on the woods... The zone is surrounded by flood waters and near the ground waters (up to 2 m).

Aluvial meadows soils grow on types: acid, weed, carbonate and deserted meadows. Transitionally between meadow and boggy soils, they occupy aluvial archery-boggy soils, flooded with forest-steppe, steppe and dry-steppe zones.

Aluvial meadows and acidic soils (Fig., A) are subdivided into the following subtypes: sharuvate primitive, sharuvate and highly aluvial meadows acid. Main canopies: extraordinary and salient. The soil is growing in the floods of the taiga-forest zone. The stench may also be morphological: A d - the sod is taut up to 5 cm, brown-dark gray, thick, permeated with roslin roots; A 1 - humus horizon taut from 10 ... 20 to 40 ... 50 cm, dark storm or brown-dark gray, granular or lumpy-granular, inno sharuvati, heavy loamy or clayey, depressions, with rusty-brown streaks і beaches; transition of actions; B lg - transitional humus horizon of brown-gray color, heavy loamy or clayey, with thin sizuvaty beaches of gleying and zaliznennya, nutty-granular; transition of actions; B 2g - a storm with gray beaches, either brownish-blakite-grayish, often loamy, non-structural, or nutty-prismatic, roughly sharuvatious; CD g - sharuvatii Ogleєnі aluvіy, inodі with peat balls. In the subtype of meadow sharuvate primitive soils, the profile is sharuvati, with a low-draining humus horizon (< 10 см), небольшим содержанием гумуса (< 3 %), легким гранулометрическим составом.

Small. Aluvial soils: a - aluvial meadows acidic soils; b-aluvial marsh soil

In the aluvial aluvial meadow acidic to meadow granular aluvial soils of the central melt, the humus is up to 7 ... 12%, the humus is of the humate-fulvate type. Reaction of the middle acid pHwater< 6. В верхней части профиля много подвижного железа.

In view of the soil, it follows the pressure of the humus horizon and behind the humus. For the tightness of the humus horizon, the soil is medium- (40 ... 60 cm) and low-flow (20 ... 40 cm), low-flow shortened (< 20 см). По содержанию гумуса выделяют малогумусные (< 3 %), среднегумусные (3...5 %) и многогумусные (>5%) to the ground.

Aluvial meadows and thickened soils are widened in the melts of the forest-steppe, steppe zones, and in the taiga-forest zones on carbonate rocks. They see the following types: primitive shanks, sharuvats, aluvial meadows, dark-colored ones. On the top of the acidic meadow soils, aluvial meadows are grown, the soil may be much more weak, in the lower horizons there may be skipati. In meadow grassy dark-colored soils, the profile is up to 60 cm and is more humid, Oglein in the lower part is even weak. Humus in cich soils is replaced by up to 10 ... 14% when humic acids are mixed over fulvic acids, which are mixed with calcium. The soils are rich in food and may react close to neutral (pH< 6).

Soil slopes: zvychayny, saline, saline, angry. Pidrozdil is also seen as for aluvial sod soils.

Aluvial meadows of carbonate soils are widened in the floods like willow and kestrel. The stench is formed on alluvium from large-grain and tugayna (tree-chagarnikovoy) growing. The profile of the soil is weakly differentiated, not uniform in terms of the granulometric warehouse. At horizon A there is 1 ... 5% humus. The amount of clay is less than 20 mg eq / 100 g of soil. The soils are filled with peels, skip from the surface, slightly alkaline and puddles, with signs of gleying in the horizons B and C.

Aluvial marsh soil. The soil (Fig., B) develops in a terraced flood, oxbows, deep lows on an important alluvium along with marsh grassy (some with chacharniki), growing in the minds of continuous overwhelming by floods, subsoil waters The stench is carried to the soil of the low-lying boli. Types of aluvial marsh soils: aluvial marsh silt-humus-gleyovy and silt-peat.

Aluvial marsh silt-humus-gley soils widened in the main in the ancient taizi and in the forest steppe, rarely in the steppe in the lower areas of the terraced part, flooded under the thickets of the black wilderness and in the middle of sedge Ogleєnі humus horizon (AG) macorno-glaucous barbed, silvery, filled with water. Transitional horizon (BG) of the bluish-gray area with drilling through.

Type of soil: aluvial marsh silt-gleyovy and aluvial marsh humus-gleyovy. The main canopy: dry, carbonate, saline, pebble. You can see by the tightness of organogenic and humus horizons, behind the wispy organic speech at the upper horizons.

Humus gets 5 ... 15%, and the amount of glybin changes drastically. The reaction of the middle is from weakly acidic to weakly ill.

Aluvial swampy silty-peat soils are established in deep mossy floods, in the ancient river beds of old rivers in the main taiga-forest zone, and in the forest-steppe under sedges, outlines, birch trees, trees

Downstream from the salinity step, the intensity of peat formation is seen in two types: aluvial bogs silt-peat-gley and aluvial bogs silt-peat. In the first peat horizons, there may be a strain of less than 50 cm, and in a different way - 50 ... 100 cm. sizoї abo blakitnim zabarvlennya. Often times, the horizons are frozen and immobilized. Humus in soils takes place from 8 ... 12 to 20 ... 25%; the reaction of the middle is from weakly acidic to weakly ill. The soil is filled with nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium.

Soil slopes: high-grade non-fertile (steps of non-fermentation 20 ... 30%), high-gravity (steps of non-fermentation lower than 20 ... 30%), carbonate, saline. The soil appears to grow beyond the tightness of the silty-peat horizon. See the onset of the types: silt-peaty-gleyovі (peat toughness up to 30 cm), silt-peaty-gleyovі (30 ... 50 cm), silt-peaty peaty on other and glide peat (the effort to lay down to milk 100 cm and more).

A large group of aluvial soils is formed on the flooded terraces of river valleys... Zrozumіyu can practically all іchki. Chim is bigger than a river, tim is shirsh at her zaplav, I want a vinyatka, tied with the spil geography of the earth's surface.

Float the rychok occupy close to 3% of the land area earthly coo... The flooded terrace is the lowest and youngest in the system of terasses of the river valley, usually during the flood period it is flooded with empty water. The flood period in the small rivers, due to the nature of the harvest of the river, due to the nature of the harvest of the river, there can be dressings for the children in the pool of the river, with the tannins of the ice cakes, with the garlic greens, and all the wines in that hour At a regular time, the flood will be more regulated by a man's way of accumulating water at water holdings and step-by-step releases. Richkovy zaplavі may have two specific processes - they are absorbed and aluvial.

take the process- periodically flooding of soils of flooded terraces by flood waters.

aluminum process- the accumulation of rychkovy aluminum as a result of the deposition of solid particles on the surface of flooded soils from flood waters. As a result of the alluvial process on the surface of the melt, the well-placed alluvium is inadvertently deposited into the soil. To that the aluvial soils are constantly growing up the hill, systematically new portions of the soil-forming breed are disposed of.

It is important to admit that there is a variable factor of aluvial soil saturation є soil water.

Any rozvinennoy zaplavі can develop three hundred parts: The riverbed is a part of the near-river bank, the central part of the float and the lower part of the river. The width of the riverbed is not large, the storage area near the small rivers is 20-50 m, while the large rivers can reach the distance of decilkoh kilometers. The central zaplava is, as a rule, the greatest width, within reach of one decile of dozens of kilometers. As the river bed gradually meanders, then parts of the melt can in the hour and in the vastness pass by in flight, so that it can create great variability and sharpness of the aluvial folds, and the flashing along the vertical slips.

When bottling rychki, the hour is most likely the flow rate is in the riverine part of the flood... Most of the coarse pebble aluvium is found in the riverbed. At the central part of the melt, aluvium is more thin, sawn-loamy. In the midst of a lower level, due to the high-stemmed swamp, the flow rate is minimal, and here the most delicate clayey organo-neral aluminum aluvium appears.

In the period of low water periods, the soil water drained by the river and wicked into the flood from the root bank, in the near-river water it descends but does not flow into the soil. At the central flood, there is a slight stench, and the lower part of the profile is filled in with its inflow, accumulating the development of a typical hydromorphic-accumulative soil-conditioning, and in the middle of the landscape, the water sinks into the water flow over the top of the water.

Zaplava є geochemical bar for bagatokh rechovin, Brought by ground waters from water-water spaces: from humus waters here they vipadayut organic speechі silica, from saline - oxides of zinc and manganese, from hydrocarbonates - vapo and hips, from salty - hips, sodium sulfate and chloride.

At the top of the river, the alluvium is most coarse, food... Soil water here can be drained along the river bed. At the middle of the current, the river drains the soil water during the low water period, and before the hour the river drains. At the bottom of the soil, the water often does not flow from the current and does not drain with a stream, but is supported by it. Then step downward after the flow, drain the drainage in the flood to sink, improve the flow rate and the growth of the mineralization of the river and ground waters, the growth of the tendency to swamp and salinity.

A special role in the river valleys and the delta regions, Which may be a majestic area. In addition to the natural development of the delta-aluvial process, the accumulation of great masses of delta alluvium in the deltas gradually grows, changing in dozens or hundreds of kilometers.

For aluvial soil-conditioning in floats and deltas, the rychok is characterized by a number of ecological features, Pov'yazanih іz zagalnoyu bіogeohіmієyu Tsikh spetsifіchnih landshaftіv sushі, Sereda yakih neobhіdno vіdznachiti nastupnі - formuvannya akumulyativny, superficial, perevіdkladenimi measles vivіtryuvannya for rakhunok Rukh produktіv vivіtryuvannya i gruntoutvorennya scho nadhodyat of usієї ploschі vodozboru in zaplavu rіchki in viglyadі mehanіchnih i hіmіchnih opadіv both from empty waters during floods, and from cycling in the flood of groundwater;

Accumulative, accumulative balance of the groundwater: from the salt water from the ground water to the groundwater, it comes up and accumulates in the aluminum soils of clay minerals, humus, Cac03, the conditions, R, Kin, N, m

sinking the amphibial water regime in case of periodic flooding of the surface and the continuous participation of groundwater in the groundwater;

the thermal regime of the flooding is high: in hot arid regions it is colder in the melts, and in cold winter regions in the warmer melts, lower on the navkolishnyaya territory;

permanent rejuvenation of the soil as a result of the systematic introduction of new portions of freshly deposited alluvium into the soil, supra-juvenile growth of the soil up the hill;

development of the soil solution one hour from opadon accumulation and formations of the mother breed;

hydromorphism of soil-relief under flowing water regimes in near-river and central floodplains;

revaluation of the oxidation situation in the main part of the float due to the saturation of the acidic flood waters and the proper oxidation of the water from namul;

the temples of the biogenic middle on aphids of high insecurity with biophilic elements with a steady increase in the reserve; Zgіdno G.V.

By way of importance, we will take into account the ecological peculiarities and the persh for all the high water safety and the elements of mineral vitality. V natural minds in the flats, the richok grows highly productive grass onions, some of the green ones in the forest (tugaynimi) forests. However, in the small parts of the float, the natural growth is natural: in the riverine chain of xerophilia, often psammophytic bows and chagarniks (verbolosi); central flood - the most productive flooded onions; sedge-outlined, black alder and lowland bogs are formed in the area.

The soil curvature of the rychkovyh zaplavi are arched, folding, mosaic in conjunction with the permanent mandates of the river bed and the migratory parts of the float. There is a wider extension of polycyclic, entrenched soils. Riznomanitness is introduced due to the different quality of rychkovy aluvium in the floats of small rychok, which is growing.

In the midst of a great group of aluvial soils in the modern systematic development of the tipi: I group of types - aluvial turf soils

Type 1 - aluvial sod acid

Type 2 - aluvial sod nasicheni

Type 3 - aluvial sod carbonate (descending) subgroup of types - aluvial meadow soils.

Type 4 - aluvial meadow acid.

Type 5 - aluvial meadows.

Type 6 - aluvial meadow carbonate.

Type 7 - aluvial archery-boggy.

subgroup types - aluvial bog soil:

Type 8 aluvial silty-humus-gleyov.

Type 9 - aluvial silt-peat.

Aluvial turf soil - tse soil of the riverbed, It is important food, sharuvats, poorly adapted to soil fauna and root systems of roslin. Zvidsi їkh is an old name "zaplavnі sharuvati" to the ground. In a typical stench, the A-C profile may have a slightly reddened humus horizon, which reveals 1-3% humus. In the low-season period, the stench may be less atmospheric water consumption in the shallow groundwater. The soil can be acidic, saturated with or carbonate in the fallowness of persh for all the zonal position and the level of atmospheric litter. At the connection with the food warehouse and low humus content, the odor may not have a large amount of cation exchange (10-15 mg-eq / 100 g) and low buffering capacity. The price of the best development and the best possible soil of the melt.

Aluvial meadow soils are formed in the central flood at atmospheric-ground water harvest in low-water period. Highly productive of herb-cereal meadow, the growth of the growth on the cich soils will strain the root system, which will hunt a great ball for the soil and intensively structure the soil mass, so that at the same time the soil will develop into the sawn-loamy structure of the soil. Zvidsy їkh is an old name for "grainy" soil.

At the lower part of the profile in the zone of inflow of capillary flow of groundwater to the ground... The stench is often end-to-end: to replace the saline-manganese or carbonate ends at once; saline concretions are fermented in the type of acidic soils, and carbonate - in rich and carbonate soils.

Aluvial meadow soils are highly efficient, and their quality is constantly developed in aluvial and hydromorphic processes. The smell may be the optimal structure and optimal for grassy roslin water mode.

- types of soils, which are developed on aluvial inserts in richok floats. On the territory of Bilorus, they borrow 0.65 million hectares, or 7.2% of the silgospug. Naybіlsh widenі on Polіssі, bridging Dnіpr, Nіmanu, Berezina and іnshih rychok are being developed. Smell to finish the rіznomomanіtnі on the water regime, Budova іruntovy profile і.

float to be called a part of the river valley, periodically be filled with water before the hour of war. V transverse overriding The float has been developed to grow on the offensive parts: near-river, central, and terraced.

float to shake off without the middle behind the river bed and to form as a result of the deposition of particles great size- pischanikh, supischanikh, great saw. The riverbed is often taken up and often stored in the grove dunes. Soil water is located at the significant glybin (2.5-3.0 m), and there can be a drop here and there is no good water for the trees. Roslinn_st of the riverbed shaft is b_dna (handling cereals, deyaki beans). At the riverbed, primitive are formed alternately sod soil with low-pressure, poorly differentiated in morphological versatile soil profile, with swirling layering of illuvial genesis. Їх profile warehouse: turf (Ad); humus horizon (A1) tighter 5-10 cm instead of humus 1-2%; slightly noticeable transitional horizon (B) і parent rock (C) - aluvial sap. While the soil may be low in nature, it will grow thicker and less productive.

Central float To grow up behind the riverbed flood and to embrace as a result of insertion of large particles - small-sawed and multifloat, and in the minds of a strong flood - sawed and drifting particles. It is characterized by an admirably shallow patch of soil water, rich herbs and cereals. U tsіy zaplavі wake up molded sod swampy soils... The stench may smell taut (up to 30-50 cm) humus horizon of brown-gray barn, breast-grained structure, instead of humus 4-5%. The lower part of the profile with a slide of gleying. To reach often for cich soils is characterized by hydrogenic accumulation of spoluk zaliza, manganese, carbonates. In general, highly fertile soil.

outdoor swimming Loan more reductions in the position in terms of the lower parts of the heat. Primikak to meadow terraces. The flood may not come over the top of the flood. However, all the speeches, such as vimivayutsya from the near-Cordon Watershed dilyanok, pass through the panoramic view and in the meaning of the world, here they settle at the viglyadi new nutrients of calcium, zaliza, manganese. The zaplava grows to overwhelming disturbances, which flow through groundwater and atmospheric fallout, flowing from the terrace of the root bank. As a result, here is the process.

Vicorisation of flooded soil in the quality of herds, as well as for growing vegetable crops. To improve the efficiency, it is necessary to have a surface or additional training, for years. Onions with growing grass stands, if necessary, add a sum of forage grasses.