Atmospheric disturbance
FLUID of drainage systems on the nature of adjacent territories
Instead of humus (in 1.1-1.4 times), calcium, acidity adjustment by 0.3-0.5 pH units. The change of oxidative-vital minds is clearly manifested. At the top balls, an aerobic middle zone forms in the soil, while at the bottom of the cordon oxide and common zones, the accumulation of debris oxide salt occurs (up to 60-100 mg / 100 g). as a result of this transformation after 7-10 years of draining soddy-peaty gleyovaty soils transform into overly watery and slightly gleyy, soddy-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peaty-peat middle and silnogleevaty.
A change to the water regime and the powers of the runt before the transformation of phytocenoses. Swampy and waterlogged onions, lay down to drainage, after 5-6 rocky pass into sedge-cereal-rice grass (part of cereals grows up to 35-75%). One hour to see the vastness of the differentiation of associations. The productivity of meadows varies ambiguously and lies in the state of the situation in the field, a step of disturbance and other factors. Most of the drained areas are associated with a decrease in the growth of grasses (by 26-33%), especially in dry rocks (Dyakonov et al., 1980).
In fossil phytocenoses, lying down to drainage, after 8-12 rockies, there will be a change to the type of forest (in smoothies up to 100 m wide), for example, there is a snake on the ground cover. Pine forests and long-moss yarns turn into black-headed forests, sedge-sphagnum forests into green moss-humid grass, sphagnum forests into dolglmoshniks. One hour sposterіgaєtsya zmіna growth of trees. It was especially clearly manifested in the pine forests, which grew earlier in the minds of overworldly growth and low trophicity (it grows by 30-130%), and hoofs in the midst of optimal growth (15-35%). A greater increase in the increase and decrease in productivity is manifested in the first 6-10 years of draining. At the beginning of the rock, in the larger pines and yalin, the amplitude of the increase in growth will change, which, mabut, is tied to the adaptation of trees to new minds, growing and stabilizing the drainage.
Yak can be seen from the hovering data, the most significant changes in natural complexes in the area of drainage systems are injected in the first 10-12 years of their functions. Let the speed of transformation develop. However, in a number of diseases, as a result of a weakening or an increase in dehydration, a vertebral process is prevented - secondarily overwrought and swampy.
The traces (result) of the change of natural complexes.
As a result of draining, there is a spacious differentiation of landscapes, which lay down to draining. At the connection of the cym in the zone in the inflow of drainage systems, the vision of two pidzones: significant successes and weak wines of natural complexes (Umelyanov, 1980).
At the first pidzon, the level of the PGV decreases by 0.3-0.8 m, and the soil volume decreases by 1.5-2.2 times. At the same time, bogging will be relaxed, wine will be added to a number of chemical rivers and intensive accumulation of oxide salt. Hydrophilic phytocenoses transform into hydromesophilic and mesophilic. The productivity of meadows falls by 10-30%. The growth of trees in the earlier lack of and moderately humid vegetation will decrease by 10-35%, overripe and swampy - growth by 30-150%.
In the other pidzon, the level of PGV decreases by 0.2-0.5 m, the content of the soil changes by 1.2-1.7 times. The gleying of the soils will be weakened at the connection with the cym, and the accumulation of oxide zaliza will be improved. Onions grow a part of cereals, in the ground curvature a part of vologo-loving species changes. The growth of trees in the earlier period is about 20-80%.
The width of the drainage zone and drainage in the sinks of loamy soils is 300-400 m.
Drainage has changed the density of sounds and components of natural complexes. It has been established that there is less improvement in the growth of trees in the flooded zone, especially in quiet types of forest, which clearly and unambiguously reacted on draining (spruce forests, pine forests, etc.). In 78% of cases, there was a direct decrease in atmospheric falloff (posture in zones flowed in 57%). Immediately, a stronger connection was made to the growth of litter and the efficiency of the waste produced by draining. Thus, the role of meteorological factors has grown in the areas of drainage systems inlet from the flooded shores.
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Guess:
Pitannya: Is it a natural complex?
Vidpovid: Natural complex - admittedly one-sided dilyanka earthly surface, The one who is pummeled yogo geographic provisions, spіlnaya іstorієju development and other similar natural processes. At the boundaries of the natural complex, all components of nature are interconnected: crust we rule in given m_sci budovoy, the atmosphere with its power (characteristic of the whole crowd of climates), drive, organic light... As a result, the natural skin complex is a new concept, with great peculiarities, that are all of them. Natural complexes in land boundaries are accepted as natural territorial complexes (NTC). Great Africa natural complexes- Sahara, African Africa, Congo Basin (Equatorial Africa) і ін. Established in the oceans and іnshіy waters (in lakes, rivers) - natural aquatic (PAK); natural-anthropogenic landscapes (PAL) stems from the state-owned people on a natural basis.
Pitannya: What does the term “latitudinal zonality” and “altitude explanation” mean?
Suggestion: The clarity is the law of the change of natural complexes in the mountains, tied with the change climatic minds by height. The number of hanging belts to lie down from the height of the weight and the position according to the ratio to the adequate. Changes in the elevation belts and the order in which they are divided into different natural zones on the plains, in order to and may have some special features related to the nature of the mountains, as well as the alternatives in the elevation belts, similar to those on the other.
Pitannya: According to the specific natural component, what are the names of natural zones?
Type: Natural zone (geographic zone) - territory of land (part geographic zone) The best temperature and heat loss (heat recovery and health). Change to a uniform uniformity of grass and grass light and soil, the mode of falloff and runoff, the peculiarities of exogenous processes. The change of natural zones on land is in accordance with the laws of latitudinal (geographic) zonality, while natural zones on the plains naturally change one one, either in latitudinal direction (from the poles to adequate), or in the direction of the ocean. I will name the majority of zones according to the cross-sectional type of growth (for example, the tundri zone, the coniferous forest zone, the savan zone, etc.).
My geographic information:
Pitannya: On which continent has the greatest set of natural zones on which one is the least?
Suggestion: On the mainland of Eurasia, there is the greatest number of natural zones.
On the mainland, Antarctica has the most abundant natural zones.
Pitannya: What continents are close to each other in terms of a set of natural zones?
Suggestion: According to the set of natural zones close to the continents Eurasia and Pivnichna America.
Pitannya: On the other continents, is the growth of natural zones close to latitudinal?
Vidpovid: Dilyanok, in some natural zones and may be exactly the latitude of the area, it is not so rich and the stench takes on the surface of the Earth to reach the surrounding areas. In Eurasia, a part of the Western European Rivne and the Zakhidno-Sibirsky Rivnin are referred to before such delianoks. At the distribution of the Ural ridge, the latitudinal zonality will break down vertically. In between Wine of America Areas, in some natural zones, may be strictly latitude, even less, lower in Eurasia: the latitudinal zonality is rotated with a sufficient variability between 80 and 95 ° W. e. In the Equatorial African area with zones that are strictly connected from the approach to the skid, the stench occupies the western (great) part of the mainland, the distance does not extend to 25 ° sk. e. Near the first part of the mainland, the areas of zones, knotty along the way, stretch as far as the path. V Pivdenniy America There is no area in Australia with a clearly curved latitudinal zonality, and there are no boundaries between zones that are close in distance (in the northern part of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina, as well as in the central part of Australia). Also, the growth of natural zones in the midst of smogs, vigorous strictly from the approach to the skid, is promoted in the offensive minds: 1) on the ravines, 2) in areas of the continental continent, in the middle of the middle of advection, in the minds of heat 3) in areas where there are a few mid-range falloffs that change from one day to the next.
Mitzsevoes, which are suggested to such minds, may be broader on the surface of the Earth, and the latitudinal zonality in the clear view grows rather differently.
Pitannya: On some continents, natural zones may be close to the meridian level?
Suggestion: To get to the ocean and to the peculiarity of the atmospheric circulation - the main reason for the meridional change of natural zones, in Eurasia, de land reaches the maximum size, the meridional change of natural zones is easy to reach.
In the ward of the belt, the backward transfer can be easily brought to the vologue on the back of the coast. On the low-lying Uzbeks, there are monsoon circulations (woody and dry seasons). In Russia, in the depths of the mainland, the forest of the western Uzbeks came in steppes, like willows and heifers. The world is close to to the shady Uzbek I know a fox, ale of the other type.
Power supply and power supply:
Nutrition: What is the problem of the territory. What is the possibility of pouring into natural complexes?
Suggestion: Worrying of the territory to accumulate due to the number of fallen goods, heat recovery and inology. Chim is warmer than tim is more vologue.
Equivalent amount of fall in winter belts to produce up to new inheritance: for example 200 ml. fell in the cold subarctic belt nadlyshkova (you can lead to the approval of the pain), and in the tropical zanadto lack of (you can lead to the approval of the kestrel).
Pitannya: Why can't the natural zones on the continents skip lastly from week to day?
Suggestion: The growth of natural zones on the continents, to abide by the law of wide zoning, tobto. E. Smells to change from one to one day from one day to another from the number of sleepy radioacies. However, є і suttєvi vіdminnostі, explained by the minds atmospheric circulation over the mainland, deyaki natural zones change one one from the approach to the axis (along the meridian), even the western and western outskirts of the mainland, the most distant, and the inner regions of the land.
Pitannya: Want to see the natural complexes in the ocean and why?
Suggestion: In the ocean, there was a natural belts Abo zones, it is similar to rozpodil based on the principle of latitudinal zonality of natural land areas, only without seeing the types of climates.
Tobto arctic, subarctic, winter and winter sub-equatorial, winter and winter sub-tropical, winter and winter tropical, wine and winter sub-equatorial,
You can see alongside that great and large other natural complexes: most - oceans, more - seas, more others - inflows, channels, found - parts of inflows and so far.
In addition, in the ocean, the law of altitude on land, allowing the distribution of natural complexes in the ocean into complexes of littoral (coastal waters, mil water), pelagial ( surface water in the open sea), battles (mid-water areas of the ocean) and abissals (the most deep-water parts of the ocean).
For the number of fallen trees, it is still impossible to judge about the safety of the territory of the Vologo. It is necessary to provide more vaporization - vaporization. There is a lot of sleepy warmth: more than that, more than that, more than that, you can viparuvatisya, if you won’t. The evaporation rate can be great, but the vaporization can be small. For example, in Sugar, the vaporization (in the case of vologues can be varied at given temperatures) is 4500 mm / rik, and the vaporization (the vapors can be vaporized) are only 100 mm / rik. Judge about the perilousness of the territory for the spіvіdnoshennya viparovanosti and vipara. For viznachennya zvozhennya koristyutsya kofіtsієntom zvolozhennya. Rate of change - delivery of commercial drops to vaporization in one and the same period of an hour. Vіn swerve with a fraction at vіdsotkah. If there is a good value for money 1 - an allowance is sufficient, if it is less than 1, an inconvenience is insufficient, and if it is more than 1, then it is overwhelming. Behind the stage of growth, one can see the regions (humid) and dry (arid) regions.
Savtsova T.M. Zagalne zemleznavstvo, M., 2003 st. 94-112
Milko F.N. "Zagalne zemleznavstvo", M., 1990, side. 59-62
Lyubushkin S.G. Zagalne zemleznavstvo, M., 2004, st. 55-69
LZ 13-14 Circulation of the atmosphere
1.Factors scho to form the circulation of the atmosphere.
2. Circulation povitryan mas in equatorial-tropical latitudes
3. Circulation of winds in the post-Atlantic latitudes
1.Factors scho to form the circulation of the atmosphere.
The planetary circulation of the atmosphere is formed under the influx of three main officials: perche, the zonal rise of the sleepy radioactivity and the temperature and vice; in another way, the axial wrapping of the Earth and the view of the twisting flows connected with it from the gradient straight, in the third, the heterogeneity of the earth's surface - the manifestation of the continents and the oceans with the different physical characteristics of them. All factors accelerate the circulation of the atmosphere.
The Earth did not wrap around on a single earth, the temperature rose and the grip of the earth's surface was shown to thermal minds and a little latitudinal character: the temperature changed from low latitudes ("heating") to the poles ") (" refrigerator "). At the sound of the cym over the ekvator, it is warmer as it grows, and when the poles are colder, it sinks to the earth's surface. At the same time, at the upper troposphere, above the ekvator, a grip was added to the purchase, and the grip was lowered to the poles. Witnessing at a large vidtіkaє b at the height, in the same direction - from the ekvator to the poles, which would lead to a change in the vice over the ekvator and increase in the poles. Close to the earth's surface, I see the poles from the poles with a strong grip to the adequate in the meridional direction. In such a rank, the reason for the circulation is thermal: the temperature difference between the latitudes increases the visibility of the vice and the meridian before the backward circulation of the atmosphere. On the real Earth, it tends to rotate in the іnuvannі on the іvnі of the sea bіlya іvnі іvnі of the thermal belt in a low grip, and bіlya poles (especially in Pivdenniy) - areas in a twitching grip.
On the one-sided, the Earth turns at a height (near the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere); At the lower troposphere, in the sphere of grating (at a height of 1 km), going from the poles to the right and out of the way, becoming bi-skid, and in the sphere of grating - in the winter-skid. With such a rank, another reason for the circulation is dynamic: the wrapping of the planet envelopes the zonal pre-existing circulation of the atmosphere.
registration of the territory
registration of the territory
spivvidnoshennya between the number of fallen, which vipadayut and volatility (for the temperature of the drink, a few vapors are good for the rest). In case of overwhelming discomfort, it is possible to change the vaporization and excess water, which can be seen from the given microbiality of the ground and river runoff; often marsh occurs. With a lack of bloody fall, the drop is less, the lower it can be.
Geography. The encyclopedia is now well illustrated. - M .: Rosmen. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
Wonderful for the same "perturbation of the territory" in the following dictionaries:
Territory, spіvіdnoshennya between the number of vapors due to the lack of atmospheric fall and evaporation. For the best characteristics of the allowance to serve the efficiency of the allowance, the index of the aridity and the humid. Ecological ... ... Ecological vocabulary
Pribatnі for vikorystannya vodi; practically all waters of the hydrosphere, i.e. waters, lakes, canals, watersheds, seas and oceans, underground waters, runtova vologa, water (ice) of sea and polar ice, water vapor of the atmosphere. At witness B ...
The reach is about 1,595 km long, making up approximately 46.9% of the Black Sea coastline. Thus, Turechchina gained the widest access to the Black Sea water area, controlling virtually the entire half of the entire Uzbek coast. Prote, ... ... Vіkіpedіya
Silske Settlement of Russia (AE 3rd Rivnya) Land ... Vikipedia
- (a. Balance of water; N. Wasserbilanz; F. Bilan d eau; I. Balance de agua) viraz the circulation of water in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, on the Earth as a whole, anyway. її p nah. It characterizes all forms to the arrival and vitrati of the city, ... ... geological encyclopedia
Aclimatization- - the process of attaching to the organisms of the people to the new klimatic-geographic minds (girskogo micevosti, the minds of hot or cold climate, etc.). Aclimatization in girskiy mіstsevostі. The main factors that are negatively infused into organism in ... ... encyclopedic vocabulary on psychology and pedagogy
Extreme S. Territory of the USSR and the island of Pivnichniy The icy ocean go to the arctic and subarctic climatic belts, Great part of the land roztashovana in the boundaries pomirny belt, Pivdenni districts and Krimu, Caucasus and Middle Asia in ... ... Velyka Radianska Encyclopedia
climat- (Climate) The main types of klimatu, zmіna klimatu, friendly climate... Encyclopedia of the Investor
natural zones, Yak change one of the poles to the correct, grow according to the types of soil. Polar zone (zone of arctic kestrels). The arctic land is the whole of the islands and the highlands of the mainland Uzbeks of Asia and the Pacific of America. arctic zone… … geographic encyclopedia
Until you see | May 29, 2008 leafy zones (Natural zones of Russia) There is a wide range of zones in the heat and vology on the surface of the Earth. To this, the soil rosiness and soil are also distributed zonally, setting the system one last time ...
The number of fallen trees, which can be seen without urahuvannya of landscape minds - the value is abstract, and that is not the origin of the minds of disturbed territory. So, in the tundra of Yamal and in the willows of the Caspian lower reaches of the valley, the same number of fallen leaves is close to 300 mm;
pid Terms of use the reason for the decrease in the number of atmospheric falloffs (/?) (E n) for one and the same period (ric, season, month). Such a set, bends around the sides, or in parts of the same, they call discount rate (Ku '= K / E n)(According to N. N. Ivanov). Coeffectiveness of disturbance is shown, or overwhelmingly disturbance (/ C uv> 1), if it is possible to fall off, it is more possible at the given temperature of the vaporization, for example, the stages of insufficient disturbance (/ C uv<1), если осадки меньше испаряемости.
The nature of the disturbance, that is, the distribution of heat and vology in the atmosphere, is the main reason for the growth of natural growth zones on the Earth.
For the hydrothermal minds there are a number of types of territories:
1. Territory with excess waste - / C uv more than 1, i.e. 100-150%. There are tundra and lisotundri zones, and with a sufficient amount of heat - the lisi of the lower, tropical and equatorial latitudes. Such overwetted territories are called humid, and swampy - extragum I lat. Ніт1 (1і8- vologii) 1.
2. Territory of optimal (sufficient) waste
- tse vuzki zones,
de K zv is close to 1 (approx. 100%). In їх pre
on the right side there is a tendency to be susceptible to loss and volatility. Tse vuzki smugas of broad-leaved leaves, ridkostіynі
Change-in-the-line-of-the-line and of the savan.
Mind here friendly for the growth of mesophilic roselin.
3. Territory of peacefully deficient (unstable) disturbance.
Vidіlyayut of the development stages of unsteady disturbance: teritorіyam z A "uv -1- 0.6 (100-60%)
the power of meadows of the steppe (lisostepu) and savan, s / Cv = 0.6-0.3 (60-30%) - dry steppe, dry savan. Їm luring dry season,
scho uzladnyuє hliborobske development z-
for frequent droughts.
4. Territory of inadequate waste.
Vidіlyayut arіdnі zones (lat. aridis-
dry) h K z = 0.3-0.1 (30 - 10%), here types K zv less than 0.1 (less than 10%) - empty.
On the territory of overwhelming disturbances, there is a great number of negatively associated with the processes of aeration (ventilation) to the soil, i.e., on the gas exchange of the soil to the atmospheric. Nestacha sourness in the ground, settling into a place filled with water, do not come through again. Tse porushuє biological aerobic processes in the ground, the normal development of the bagatokh roslin collapses or navit to creep. On such territories, the growth of the growth of the growth and the bag of the creature-hygrophilia, which are attached to the Siri and the
1 Termini "humid" and "aridny" proponated by nimetsky A. Penk.
data. To get the territories with over-excess water supply in the state, the first for all the over-the-top ones, the turnover of the necessary draining melioratsy, i.e.
Territory with the lack of problems on the Earth is larger, less over-allowed. In arid zones, farming without watering is ill-advised. The main meliorative entry into them є zroshennya- a piece of replenishment of stocks of vologs in the ground for normal development of roslin i flooding- stem dzherel vologi (rates, wells and waters) for daily and state needs and watering for thinness.
Natural minds grow dewlines in heaths and in heaths, stuck to dryness, - xerofity. Smell squeal to try to strain the root system, let the vitiagate vologue from the runt, some loose leaves, some transformed into thorns and thorns, less vyparovuvati vologues, stalks and leaves are not easy to scrub with wax nalot. To make a special group of Roslin among them succulenti, to accumulate vologue in stems or leaves (cactus, agave, scarlet). Suculenti grows only in warm tropical heaths, because there are no negative temperatures. Beast kestrel - xerophiles Alternatively, in a casual way, stuck to dryness, for example, fall into a jungle for the very dry period (hovrahi), be pleased with the vologo, to take revenge in the yizh (deyaki gryzuni).
Territories of the lack of permits of the lured dry land. At the hollows and nap_vpustels, there are tasty things. In the steppes, which are often called a dry zone, and in the forest-steppes of dry land, they trawl once in a decade of rock, and once the end of spring is thirsty - the ear of autumn. drought- a trivial (1-3 months) period without a board, for even a smaller number of fallen
temperature reduction and reduction of absolute and uniformity in health and soil. Rise atmospheric and primordial drought. atmospheric dry infused earlier. Through the high temperatures and the great deficiency in theology, the growth of the growth of the roslin grows, the root does not rise to give the leaf to the vologue, and the stench withers. ground dry turn around in the draining of the soil, through the normal life of the growths will break down and stench. The soil dryness is shorter than the atmospheric one for the spring stocks in the soil and groundwater. Droughts obumovlenі anticyclonic regime of the weather. In anticyclones, it goes down, adiabatically heats up and hangs. Along the periphery of anticyclones, there may be three - dry with high temperatures and low tolerable voltages (up to 10-15%), as vapors are boiled and even more teeth on the growing line.
In the steppes, it is most effective to grow with sufficient flow of richok. Serve with pre-entry visits snigonakopichennya- stubble is saved in the fields and the planting of chagarniks along the beams, so that no snow can be blown in them, and snow retention- acclimatization of the snow, the stem of the snow shafts, the improvement of the snow with straw and the improvement of the triviality of the snow and the renewal of the reserves of groundwater. effective also lisovy useful smog, to catch a glass of water from the sea and to catch up with a period of sleep. Vіtrozakhisnі (windbreaker-nі) lisov smuga great dinner, planted in a number of rows, weaken the speed of wine, including dry food, and by ourselves to change the wine industry.
In addition to the above-mentioned problem of abnormalities, it is used to describe the abnormalities of the conditions, in the meantime, there is a radioactive index of dryness, which will be said further in the context of the geographic envelope.