Small glybin of foreign Europe. Silske State Dignity of Foreign Europe

CHAPTER 12. macroregion.

12.1. Overseas Europe.

Zarubizhna (according to the history of the SND) Europe is one of the most densely populated and economically developed regions of the world. On the occasionally small territory (5.1 million sq. Km), 500 million people live, or close to 9% of the population of the world. Overseas Europe borrows the first place in the state government for the size of the industrial and agricultural sector, for the export of goods and services, for the development of international tourism.

Її to the state development of the spriyaє:

1. Overseas Europe will approve 39 sovereign powers, which will be developed beyond the scope of the territory (the middle of them are great, middle, small and so called "dwarf" powers - Monaco, San Marino, Liechtenstein, Andlenorra), Vaticania population of up to 10 million people), a form of sovereign rule (the majority of the territory of the region - republics and countries of Andorra, Belgium, Great Britain, Denmark, Spain, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland - constitution territorial annexe (Nimechchina, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Spain - federal states of the region - unified states), similar to economic development, structure of special government administration.
2. The socially and economically renowned state of the Foreign Europe has to share in the economically development of the land and the land with the transitional economy. powers Western Europe(On the 24th of the land, the population is close to 370 million people) for the value of GDP per capita, it is reported to the number of people in the world (occupy the middle of the country from the 2nd to the 44th). і Great Britain, according to the new classifications - great industrial development of the country (included in the "great family" of the country). The third powers of Western Europe shall be brought forward to the Malikh promises to the provinces of the land. Lands of European Europe (in all 15 countries with populations of 130 million people), go from the centralized planned economy to the market system and state donation. GDP per capita in the regions of Western Europe is two or three times less than in the regions of Western Europe.
3. There are a lot of insights from the countries to the region in the structure and specialization of the state. For example, in the economies of the FRN and Great Britain, the industry is growing rapidly, in Italy, Greece and Portugal to reach the top of the pitoma of the Silk state, and in Monaco, San Marino, Andorra and Liechtenstein after the domination of the sphere
4. The population of the Trans-European Europe is characterized by a distinct national uniqueness, as it is important for the majority of the people in the region to be referred to the Indo-European Moving Family. Panuyucha Religiya - Christianity. The natural growth rate of the population is even lower (close to 1.5%) and in the suburbs (FRN, Ugorshchyna, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, etc.) At the warehouse of the population, there is a number of specials of senior military groups. A large part (approximately 1/3) of economically active population is occupied in the sphere of services. An even higher level of strength (in the regions of ЄC, it is close to 11.5% of work force). The distribution of the population is in the main geography of the region (the level of urbanization in the countries of the region is 70-90%).

Natural resource changes and development

The natural resources of the foreign Europe can be supplied with useful resources, but the reserves of bagatokh from them are not large.

Great state values ​​\ u200b \ u200bmayut naphtha and natural gas (Great Britain, Norway, Netherlands, Rumunia), Kam'yane and Storm vugilya (Rursk and Saar basin near the FRN, Verkhnyo-Silezky in Poland, Se-vero-Ostyvinsky Czech and Slovakia), gold ore (Lotarinsky basin near France and Kiruna basin in Switzerland), boxity (Greece, France, Ugorschina, Yugoslavia), lead-zinc (Ireland, FRN), Italy FRN, Switzerland) ores, kalini salts (France, FRN, Poland).

Great stocks of valuable educational materials: granite and quartzite (Finland, Switzerland), marmuru (Italy, Grecia), trees of valuable conifers (the land of the Scandinavian pyvostrov, Shvetsia).

In general, Zarubizhna Europe is safe mineral syruvina nabagato girshe, below the great region of the world. Tsya obstavina obumovlyuє, in the first place, more modestly significant halluse of good industry, in a different way, - the abundance of industry from the import of mineral oil.

Foreign Europe is importing close to half of its energy resources, and there is a great number of other types of syruvina that have been brought into existence in the State.

The basis of the dignity of Foreign Europe is promiscuity. Providna galuz of industry - machinery. Foreign Europe is the Batkiv region of machinery and equipment, the most popular virobnik and exporter of machinery and industrial equipment in the world.

Machinery will focus here on the manifestation of a highly qualified work force, a scientific base and infrastructure.

Broad development was neglected by all the main halls of machine-building: virobiztv of verstativ and kowal-press machines (FRN, Great Britain, France, Italy, Switzerland, Czech Republic, etc.), Energy television, electronic і ін.), automobiles (France, FRN, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Czechia, Ugorshchina and ін.), shipbuilding (FRN, Switzerland, Great Britain, Spain, France, Nіland. Great razmіrіv up to the end of the vіyskove machinery buduvannya, in the wake of lіtakobuduvannya (seen by FRN, France, Great Britain).

Foreign Europe borrows its leading positions in light also from the export and production of chemical industries (plastic materials, synthetic and piece fibers, pharmaceuticals, nitrogen and high-quality goodies, varnishes and farbs).

The syrovin base of galusa stores naphtha and natural gas (both vlasny and imported), accompanying naphtha gases and naphtha processing products, resources of mussel genera of cam'ian and brown coarse, nutritious and kitchen salt.

There is a particularly large part of FRN, France, Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands among the export and export products of chemical industry.

One of the oldest galuses of the industry of Foreign Europe is metallurgy. Chorna metallurgy has taken out development in the provinces, such as by metallurgical firing and syruvina: FRN, Great Britain, France, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Poland and others. Great metallurgical combinations in seaports (Genoa, Naples, Taranto in Italy and in.)

Nayvazhlivіshі the Branch kolorovoї metalurgії - alyumіnієva, svintsevo-zinc i mіdna - takozh otrimali perevazhne rozvitok in kraїnah scho mayutsya dzherela mіneralnoї sirovini i deshevoї elektroenergії (Frantsіya, Ugorschina, Gretsіya, Іtalіya, Norvegіya, Shveytsarіya, Velikobritanіya spetsіalіzuyutsya on viplavtsі alyumіnіyu; NGF Frantsіya , Poland, Yugoslavia is seen by viplavtsi mіdі; FRN, Belgium - lead and zinc).

Galuzami of the international specialization є the Lisian industry, how to use dzherela sirovini (Sweden and Finland), sewing (Portugal) and bloated (Italy, cheap to work), Czech Republic, Slovakia.

In the fire and energy balance of the Foreign Europe, naphtha and natural gas are borrowed from the region itself, as well as imported from the districts of Near and Middle East (Africa), SND and

Great part of vidobutku naphtha i natural gas brought to the Pivnichne Sea (sectors of Great Britain and Norway) and Netherlands (the Groningen family at the pivnichna descent of the land). A vidobutk of vugil (kam'yanny and brown) is conducted in the Federal Reserve, Great Britain, Poland, Czech and Slovakia.

The role of TEC and AEC is great in the power engineering of the large regions of Foreign Europe (France, Belgium, FRN, Great Britain, Poland, Sweden and others). Vinyatok - Norway and Iceland, de HES - the main type of power plants.

Nature's change of mind, provincial galuzy of the Silskoy government

The position of a large part of Foreign Europe (beyond the Arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen) in the world and subtropical belts, positive temperature regimeі visoka moisture availability stretching all the way (vinyatok - the Seredzemnomor'ya region, de stiyke agriculture needs piece crops), the presence of natural onions and pastoral pleasures friendly for growing bagatokh species of grain technical grains

The main shortcoming in the complex of friendly minds is the obvious interconnection of the resources of the Silk and Gospodar lands.

The region will increase its consumption in the products of the Silskoy state gifts for the rakhunok of the vasy food, and for the other types (grain, meat, milk and dairy products, sugar, egg)

For Foreign Europe, in general, the characteristic tvarinnytsky profile of the Silskoy state dignity. Roslinnitstvo, as a rule, will serve as a service provider. This is the reason for the large areas of forage crops in Bagatyah lands, and a portion of grain crops (wheat, barley, corn) to grow thin.

Tvarinnystvo maє milk-and-meat uhil. Head yogo galuz - cattle breeding, over dairy and dairy-meat directly. In the surrounding regions, there is a great value of pig breeding (FND, Dania, Netherlands, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania) and breeding (Great Britain, Spain).

The main grain crops are wheat, barley, corn, rye. Approximately 1/3 of the grain harvest falls on a piece of France - the only great exporter in the region.

Among the other types of agricultural products, the role of virobiztv cartoplas (seen by France, FRN, Great Britain, Poland), red beetroots (France, FRN, Italy, Poland), grapes Czechia and Slovakia), Tyutyun, mountainous and ethnographic cultures (Greece, Italy, Spain).

The part of the region in the state of the art of fibrous cultures (bavovnik, lion) is insignificant.

Zarubizhna Europe is a region of rogue ribalism. The regions of the yogo land (Iceland, Norway, Portugal) are brought up to the number of leaders of maritime ribalism.

Due to the natural peculiarities in the territory of Foreign Europe, there are three districts and silskogospodarskoy specializations. For the Silskoy government of the Krajin of Pivnichnoy Europe (Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, Norway, Switzerland and Finland), it is not typical for the dairy production to be overpriced, and in the servicing culture of yoghivnitsy - feed

Lands of Zakhidnoy, Central and Eastern Europe (middle-European region), the order of the great horny thinness of dairy and milk-meat directly specializes in pigs and pets. In the cultivation of grains, technical and food crops (cartopla, vegetables, etc.), large areas of grain lands, feed crops are introduced. For the Silskoe statehood of the provinces of Pivdennoy Europe (regions of Seredzemnomor'ya), it is characteristic of a significant development of growth, to which the creation of a different role is played. The specialization of the Silskoy State Prize begins in front of the cultivation of fruits, citrus fruits, grapes, olives, migdal, gorіkhіv, tyutyunu, ethereal cultures.

Transport. The leading role in the transported vantages and passengers in the road transport is automobile transport (international highways: Lisbon - Paris - Stockholm, London - Frankfurt am Main - Week - Belgrade - Istanbul, etc.), Danube). thick hedgehog zaliznyts overflows the Zakordonnu Europe in latitudinal and meridional direction. Main latitudinal main lines: Lisbon - Madrid - Paris - Berlin - Warsaw (distant to Minsk and Moscow), London - Paris - Week - Budapest - Belgrade - Sofia - Istanbul (distant to Blizky Shid), Paris - Prague (distant to Kiev). Long-distance routes: Amsterdam - Brussels - Paris - Madrid - Lisbon, London - Paris - Marseille, Copenhagen - Hamburg - Frankfurt am Main - Zurich - Rome, Gdansk-Warsaw - Week - Budapest - Belgrade - Afini. Appointment of pipeline and turnover transport.

Internationally significant maritime transport and service ports: London, Hamburg, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Le Havre, Marseille, Genoa. The largest of them is Rotterdam, which is worth 250-300 million tonnes per river.

Zarubizhna Europe is the main center of international tourism. Naybilsh seen by tourists in the zone - Alpi and Seredzemnomor'ya.

12.2. Foreign Asia.

Foreign (according to the period of time to the provinces of the SND) Asia borrowing from the Asian continent, to the new to the new on the old, descending to the new island (Andamansky, Nikobarsky, Maldivs'k, Lakand ).

For the size of the territory (27 million square meters. Km) Foreign Asia moves only Afritsa, and in terms of the number of inhabitants (3.5 billion people) it has surpassed all the great regions of the world.

on political cards Region of representations by 38 sovereign powers;

In the international community, Zarubizhna Asia is a vistupa, the first for everything as a great leader in the world market of the mineral and silskogospodarskoy sirovini. Particularly large is the share of wine and export of naphtha, natural gas, tin, tea, jute and natural rubber.

deyakі geographic features region:

1. most of the countries Foreign Asia May the seaside position, which will secure all the views to the seas of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. I only Mongolia, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Laos are growing in the continent.
2. The nature of the physical and geographical position of the region outside latitudes, Інші - in the boundaries of the subtropical, tropical and equatorial zones) means a lot of safety with thermal resources, enough for that on the whole territory, with a blame pomirny belt, Know two, and in the paths - three vrozhaї on rіk.
3. Near the lands of Foreign Asia, 50% of all people live close to and a large part of the Silskoy population is concentrated. The number of choloviks is the same as the number of females. With a high degree of population (130 individuals per 1 sq. Km), the population is not distributed in the region unevenly. Mensh nіzh on 1/10 of the territory, 3/4 of the population of the region is occupied. A large part of the population of Foreign Asia lives in chotir regions: China, India, Indonesia and Japan. The most populated land - Mongolia and Saudi Arabia (the average population becomes 1 and 3 people per 1 sq. Km). Naybilsh is densely populated in the seaside districts and valleys of the great rivers (the area of ​​the population reaches 1500-2000 individuals per 1 sq. Km).
4. Viklyuchno folding ethnic and religious warehouse of the population of Foreign Asia. 1 yew is alive here. People, scho to lie down to the very young old families and groups (Indo-European, Semitska, Türkska and In.). Most of the countries are large-scale powers. Foreign Asia - Batkivshchyna of all religious religions, as they inhabit the nation and promote Islam (Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia and India), India, Korea, Thailand .). Iudaism (Israel), Christianity (Philipini, Lviv, Indonesia and In.), Confucianism (China) and in.
5. For the level of social and economic development of the land of Foreign Asia, they are growing among themselves. Among them (Japan, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait), the indicator of GDP per capita is one of the most popular (35-38 thousand dollars), in the north (Bangladesh, Myanma, Maldivska republic and in.) - very low (less than 200 dollars) in the light.

One can also see a group of powers, the economy of which in Denmark is developing especially dynamically (at a higher pace, lower in industrial rozvinenikh lands ah) and the development of the state's gratitude in the context of the group of the land, which is developing. Before them, the powers that have been referred to as "new industrial lands" - the Republic of (Pivdenna) Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Turechchina and the country of the transitional history.

Provided the galuz of the economy of the great countries of the Foreign Asia - the Silskoe statehood.

The distribution of the Silskoy state talent among the majesty in the area of ​​Foreign Asia is found in strong fallowness due to the factors of the natural environment.

A great part of the territory of Foreign Asia is occupied by the Gir systems, the land and the flat land, there is little access to farming. The area of ​​the lower reaches is not large in the large mountainous areas. Low-lying districts and Foreign Asia (all the stinks of the western, ancient and ancient outskirts) are kindly protected by the Vologo, as they are located in the monsoon zone (the middle and the middle of the Zakhidna chastina region) klimata. Visoka thermal and vologo-safety (amount of fallen to a distance of 1000-2000 mm per rik) in combination with the combustible soils of aluvial rivnas will allow it to develop here practically, be it straight from the Silskoy government. In this part of the region, 90% of this land is concentrated.

On the edge of a part of the territory of Foreign Asia, the climate is unfriendly for farming: it is busy in the near equatorial regions (the sum fell in the range of 3000 and more on pik). Successful conduct of the Silskoy government here can be deprived of the land melioration.

The head food culture of Foreign Asia is rice. The country (China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, etc.) Give 90% of the rice rice. Another for the value of grain is the culture of Foreign Asia - wheat. In the coastal, well-haired regions, they grow winter crops, in the arid continental part - yarns with wheat. Among the largest grain crops are corn and millet. I don’t care for those who are abroad Asia viroblyaє I will overload a part of rice and close to 20% of wheat, I will import a lot of grain from the country. The main export culture of Foreign Asia is tea, bavovna, jute, tsukrova canyon, natural rubber. Bavovnik and tsukrovy will trace the growth of the mayzhe everywhere, plantations of hevea growth in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. I will redefine a part of the light food tea from India, China and Shri Lanka, jute from India and Bangladesh.

Foreign Asia borrows a chilne mice in the light of soya bread, coconut (dried coconut pulp), kawi, tyutyun, tropical and subtropical fruits, grapes, sweet peppers, blackberries ...

The development of food in foreign Asia is lower, lower in other regions of the world. The head galusi of food is cattle-breeding and breeding, and in the lands of Muslim populations (China, Vietnam, Korea, Japan) - pig-breeding. They breed horses, camels, and yaks in the wilderness and high-mountainous regions. The export of the product is insignificant, and in the main warehouse it is stored outside, shkir and shkir. The maritime lands have a great value of ribalism.

Providnі galuzі promislovostі

In large regions, where Foreign Asia is developing, the industry is represented by overwhelmingly garnished shoes. The reason for this is good safety mineral resourcesі zagalny low level development of obrobnyh (quieter) virobnits.

Great is the role of Foreign Asia in the light videotape of Vugilla, gold and manganese ores (India and China are seen), tin (Malaysia, Indonesia, China and Thailand), bauxite Tu (India), chromium, Phytosa! polymetal, nickel and middle ores(China, Philippines, Indonesia and in.), Kaliynoy (Jordan) and kitchen (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) salt. However, the smartest sign of the meaning of the region in the international subdivision is the vidobutok and export of naphtha and natural gas. Nafta and gas add a lot of countries of Foreign Asia, ale the main areas and vidobutku - lands of Zakhidnoy (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Iran, Irak, OAE and іn.)

Part of Foreign Asia in the development of industry, especially important, is small. Ї provincial galuzi (black and color metallurgy, machinery manufacturing, Hong Kong and textile industry) are mainly represented by their enterprises in Japan and China, and in small groups of the country, they have time to develop, within an hour , Singapur, Turechchina, Іran, Іrak). Great metallurgical combinations of branches in India (in Bhila and Bokaro) and China (Anshansky combine and in.), Japan and Turechchini.

Color metallurgy is represented by high-temperature tin (China, Malaysia, Thailand), medium (Japan, Indonesia, Philippines), aluminum (India, Japan, Iraq), lead and zinc (Japan, China).

In the machine-audio complex, it is used by enterprises, specializing in the production of by-stage electrical engineering, radioelectronics (electronic production of radio devices, TV sets, magnetophones, control machines, calculators, calculators. A special role in the machine-building region is to be found in Japan, as it happens to be a global leader in the field of electronics, robotics and other technologies.

The chemistry complex has a variety of mineral goodness (in front of nitrogen), by-stream chemistry and pharmaceuticals, polymeric materials (Japan, India, China, naphtha and footwear of the country).

The head galuze of textile industry is bavovnyana and the production of seam fabrics

Transport. For the inner districts, the transport of a great deal of soil automobile roads, Richkovi shlyakhi. The length and density of the zaliznichny lines is not great, the countries of the country (Laos, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, etc.) International transport is carried out in the main place by sea transport. The Great Sea Fleet Mayut Japan (borrowing the first place in the world in terms of its tonnage) and naphtha and footwear of the country (Irak, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, etc.).

12.3. Africa.

Africa is at once included in the islands (the largest of them is Madagascar) with an area of ​​30.3 million square meters. km, the population is 750 million people.

For the size of the territory, Africa has overturned all of the great regions of the world, and behind the main indicators of economic and social development, it’s really done. Africa will be in the last place for the ryvnem of industrialization, transport safety, development of health protection and science, productivity of agricultural crops and productivity of food.

In the international community, Africa is represented by products of pre-industrialism, galuzei of tropical and subtropical farming. Particularly great is the share of gold and diamonds, uranium and bauxite, phosphorites, coconut in palm oil, kava and cocoa.

Geographical features of the region:

1. In the midst of the largest continents, Africa has a particularly geographic position. The equator retracts into the middle and extends into two parts, approximately the same way (for a week and a day) in near equatorial, tropical and subtropical latitudes. That is why it is great a bit of warmth to come over the entire territory of Africa, in equal measure, stretching out the rock, and sometimes in the first and foremost parts of the winter: at that hour in the winter, in summer, in winter.

The nature of the geographic location preserves the possibility of cyclonic shipfaring on the coast of Africa, as the sea does not freeze.

Of great importance for ship navigation may be the development of Africa and Europe, the Gibraltarsku channel (which is only 14 km away from the warehouse), and from the Seredzemne and Chervone of the Sea, the Suets Canal. Bagato krain of Africa is not far from the sea.

2. Africa is ahead of all other regions due to the rate of natural population growth (more than 3% in the region), and it seems to be a high society. At the same time Africa - the region of self high mortality... As a result, the structure of the population is growing in a high proportion (close to 45%) of children and adults up to 15 years.

With an average size of 25 individuals per 1 sq. km of the population is distributed across the territory of Africa even more unevenly. Naybilsh is densely populated in the sea of ​​Uzbekistan, coastal areas and PAR, Zambia, Zayiru and Zimbabwe. In these regions, the population density becomes 50 to 1000 people per 1 sq. km. On the majestic expanses of the Sahara, Kalahari, Namib the population density of the ice syagaє is 1 person per 1 sq. km.

Uninvolved in finding in the light of the pace of urbanization, Africa for a small part of the population (close to 30%) is sacrificed to the small regions.

For the linguistic acquaintance, half of the population of Africa goes to the Niger-Kordofan family, the third part - to the Afrozian family. Inhabitants of the European proclamation become only 1%.

3. Africa is characterized by a significant migration of the population (land and interior). The main centers of labor force from the African continent є Zakhidna Europe і Zahidna Asia(Especially the edge of the Persian outflow). In the middle of the continent, migratory streams of work force mainly go from the most popular lands near Bagatshi (PAR, Nigeria, Cote d "-Ivoire, Libya, Morocco, Egypt, Tanzania, Kenya, Zaver).

4. On the political map Africa is represented by 55 powers; By one land, to be recognized until the number of economically deceived, є PAR. In the middle of the country, there is a large number of republics (vignatoks - Morocco, Lesotho and Swaziland, such as constitutional monarchies). Administrative and territorial devices of the powers, with the blame of the PAR and Nigeria, is unitary.

5. In geopolitical and economical dating, Africa is divided into two parts: Pivnichnu Africa and Tropical Africa.

Pivnichna Africa includes a territory (with an area of ​​close to 10 million square meters. Km with a population of 160 million people), which adjoins Seredzemnomor, populated mainly by Arabs, who are associated with Islam. Lands, roztasovani in the whole territory (Algeria, Egypt, West. tropical Africa) is equal to the economic and industrial development, it is becoming more popular in the international business (export of naphtha, gas, phosphorite and in.). Tropical Africa includes the territory, roztashovanu on every day from the Sahari, in the borders of which to his own sight Zahidnu, Central, Shidnu and Pivdennu Africa. The part of the population of the country, which has been rooted in its territory, is important, it is referred to as the equatorial (non-national) race. The ethnic warehouse of the population grows into a great line (there are more than 200 nations), it is overwhelmed by many nations. The main sphere of activity of the population is the Sylske government (vinyatok - the land of the Holy Africa, in the government of which the primary role is played by the industry and the sphere of services). Tropical Africa is the most economical in the economy, the most industrialized and most urbanized part of the world, which is developing. From 49 lands, scho to be found in її mezhakh, 32 to the group "naymensh rozvinenikh lands svitu". Middle-spirit GNP in the provinces of Eastern, Western and Central Africa is much less (5-7 or more times) smaller than in the lands of Eastern and Eastern Africa.

Gospodstvo: korisny kopalini, providnі galuzі promislovostі

In the industrial area of ​​Africa, there are types of footwear, the part of the big ones is not large, there is a lot of room for the modern industry (more precisely, machinery, equipment, verstatobudding and other).

In the middle of the largest continents, Africa borrows the first place for reserves of diamonds, gold, platinum, manganese, chromium, bauxite and phosphorite. There are large reserves of vugil, naphtha and natural gas, middle, gold, uranium, cobalt ores.

The main galusies of good industrial development in the cities of the lagoon of the most great and well-developed Cinnamon copalins:

In Africa, there is a concentration of reserves and a form of vugilla (PAR), gold (PAR, Zaïr, Zimbabwe, Tanzania) and diamonds (Zaïr, PAR, Botswana), manganese, chromium (PAR), mines (Angola), PAR) and uranium (PAR, Namibia) ores;

Pivnichna Africa - phosphorite (Morocco, Algeria »Tunis), oil and natural gas (Algeria, Libya);

Western Africa - bauxite (Guinea, Ghana, Cameroon), naphtha (Nigeria), gold (Mauritania, Liberia, Gabon) and uranium (Niger) ores.

Girnichodobuvna industry in Africa is poorly tied to the state's talent, a great part of the product is to be transported. Non-numbered galusies of important industry (high-grade media, alumina and alumina, phosphorus and nitrogen goodness, girly standards, naftopererobny industry and economy.)

In the midst of a hall of industrial production, the greatest development was taken by textile and kharchova. Provincial galusies of textile industry - a variety of bovine fabrics (ARЄ, Sudan, Algeria), grub - a variety of rose oils (palm, arachis, olive), kava, cocoa, zucru, canned food.

Gospodarstvo: natural minds, provincial galusi of the Silskoy Gospodarstvo

Overwhelming rural area (mountain Atlas, Futa-Dzhallon, Cape and Draconic lichen growth on the outskirts of the mainland), safety of thermal resources (the sum of active temperatures becomes 6,000-10,000 ° C), the appearance of fertile soil (chervon soil ekvatorialnyh lisiv, Brown soil subtropics, aluvial soil river valleys), great natural pastures (the areas of savan, steppes and napivustels occupy almost half of the area of ​​Africa), which are friendly for the young species of the stronghold of the country.

However, think about the security of yourselves and quite well to cover the possibilities for the development of the Silskoy state dignity in the whole region. As far as 2/3 of the territory of Africa is concerned, farming is less likely when the land is meliorated. In the equatorial region of Africa, the de-sum of the fall becomes 1500 and more mm per ryk, the surplus of vologue is prevented, in the pustilles and hedges of the wine and the breeze (Sahara, Namib, Kalahari,.), - napolaki Nybilsh friendly for farming natural mind In the midst of the Atlas and Cape Mountains, the Seredzemnomorya districts, the lower outskirts of the Eastern Africa, the fall would become 800-1000 mm on the river.

Provincial galuz of the Silskoy Gospodarstvo in Africa There are two directions in the structure of growing production: the production of food crops for local living and the production of export crops.

Prior to crops that live on the edges of Africa, millet, sorghum, rice, wheat, corn, maniok (abo cassava), yams and licorice cartopla (sweet potato) are introduced.

Main grain crops of the African continent - millet and sorghum, they grow everywhere. Kukurudza is the food culture of the zoni shroud. Sow wheat for seedlings in Pivnichniy Afritsi and in PAR. Rice is mainly grown in the well-groomed regions of Central Africa (Nilu valley, in Madagascar and in.)

The main export cultures of Africa are kava, cocoa, tea, bavovnik, arachis, bananas, agave (sisal). A large part of the European Union is given by the Ethiopia and the Republic of Cote d "Ivoire, cocoa beans - Ghana and the Republic of Cote d" Ivoire, lads-orts - the provinces of Central Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Tanzarak) Nigeria, Senegal.

Africa is a great supplier of coconut kernels and palm oil and olives. Olijna palma - culture of Western and Equatorial Africa. Olive tree growing as a head in the country Pivnichnoi in Africa(Tunis ta in.). Lands of Pivnichnoy and Pivdennoy Africa vibrate citrus fruits (oranges, tangerines, lemon, grapefruit, etc.), Tea, tyutyun, grapes.

Triviality leads to low productivity. Perevazhak kochove, napivkochove and vidganyayuchi-pasovishne creation. Heads of food production - breeding (meat and wool straight), cattle breeding (directly meat), camel breeding.

Transport. The length of the area is small - motor vehicles are hunted for a larger area. For the doers of the regions of Central and Eastern Africa, the state significance of the internal water transport is great. According to the increase and intensity of the week, the pools of the Congo, Nilu and Niger are seen.

Zovnishnі transportations zdіysnyu sea transport. More than 90% of the export of African countries is stored in minerals and foodstuffs. Head of export statistics - naphtha (Nigeria, Livia, Algeria), medium (Zambia, Zaire), saline ore (Liberia, Mauritania), manganese ore (Gabon), phosphority (Morocco), uranium (Niger, Gabon) ( Sudan, Chad, Mali, Tanzania and in.), Kava (Ethiopia, Angola, Rwanda, Burundi and in.), Cocoa beans (Cote-d "-Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria and in.), Arachis (Senegal, Gambia , Sudan), olive olia (Tunis, Morocco), tyutyun (Malawi and in.), Citrus fruits, grape wines (Algeria, Tunis and in.).

Importing African lands as the head of the car and possession, promises, food.

12.4. Latin America.

Latin America is called the region of Western Pvkuly, the spread of the USA and Antarctica. New Mexico is included, the land of the Central Of America and the islands of the Caribbean Sea (or the West Indies). A large part of the population of Latin America speaks Spanish and Portuguese (Brazilian) languages, but one can refer to a group of Romans, or Latin languages. The name of the region is Latin America.

All the edges of Latin America - Colonies European countries(In the main Spanish and Portuguese).

The area of ​​the region is 21 million sq. km, population - 500 million, lyudin.

Proceeding Asia and Africa for the size of the territory and population, Latin America stands in front of the era of industrialization. On the basis of all regions of the world, a role in the economy is to lay down the development of industry.

Geographical features of the region:

1. All Latin American countries, behind the vignette of Bolivia and Paraguay, for example, may go to oceans and seas (Atlantic and Pacific oceans), or even islands. EGP Latin America is just as close to being close to the United States.
2. Viklyuchno folding ethnic warehouse of the population of Latin America. More than half of the population is the site of the wicked shlyubs: mestizo, mulati. In Haiti, Jamaican and Malich Antilles, the main part of the population is stocked by negroes. In most of the Andean regions, there are Indians, and in Brazil, in addition to mulattoes and negroes, there is a large part of "bilikh".
3. Latin America is one of the least populated regions of the world. The average size of the population becomes only 24 people per 1 sq. km. The order of densely populated areas (islands of the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Uzbek Brazil, most of the metropolitan areas and others.) A large part (72%) of the population is concentrated in places.
4. For the safety of water resources Latin America is going to be the first place of the middle of the great regions of the world. Richki Amazonka, Orinoko, Parana are considered to be the largest in the world. The great wealth of Latin America is the one that occupies more than 1/2 of the territory of the region.
5. In the fringes of Latin America, 53 sovereign powers and kylka were rocked fallow lands... All the independent states of the republic, as well as the states in the warehouses of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Beliz, Guyana, Grenada, Domynika, St. , Jamaica). Overwhelming the Unity Powers. Vinyatok - Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, I will arrange a federal form of administrative-territorial.
6. All regions of Latin America are regions that develop. At the pace and reached the level of economic development, they are borrowing in the light, and to develop in the midst of the situation - to turn upside down in the whole of the modern country, how Africa is developing and sacrificing to the countries of Asia. Argentina, Brazil and Mexico have sought the greatest successes in economic development, so that they can join the group of new industrial regions. They are affected by 2/3 of the industrial scale of Latin America and the style of its regional GDP. Chile, Venezuela, Columbia, Peru can also be brought to the new industrial lands. Prior to the development of the most recent regions, the name of the Haitian is recognized.
7. Within the framework of their region, the Latin American lands have created a number of economic integration groups, most of them - Pivdeno-American spilny market in the warehouses of Argentina, Brazil »Paraguay and Uruguay (MERCOSUR), which concentrates 45% of the population, 50% of the total GDP and 33% of the world's largest trade in Latin America.

Gospodstvo: provinі galuzі promislovostі

Girnichodobuvna promiscuity. Latin America is a prominent light wyrobnik and exporter of colore metal ores: bauxite (seen in Brazil, Jamaica, Surinam, Guyana), middle (Chile, Peru, Mexico), lead-zinc) (Peru, Mexico), tin Mexico) ores.

The great importance of Latin American countries in the form of the export of gold and manganese (Brazil, Venezuela), uranium (Brazil, Argentina) ores, native crimson (Mexico) "caly and sodium

Latin America is one of the oldest naphtha and gas producing regions in the world. Mexico, Venezuela and Ecuador are seen behind the sizes of vidbutku and export of naphtha and natural gas.

The main industry is machinery and equipment and is chemistry, in essence, developed in three countries - Brazil, Mexico and Argentina. The majority of these countries do not miss the machine-building and chemical industry.

Specialization of machine-building - automobiles, ship-building, air-handling, electric shoe attachments and machines (sewing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners) and others. The main areas of chemistry are naphtha, pharmaceutical and perfumery.

Naftopererobna industry is represented by its own enterprises in all naphtha and footwear regions (Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, etc.). There are some in the light (according to the effort) on the backwaters of the river on the islands of the Caribbean Sea (Virginsky, Bahamsky, Curacao, Trinidad, Aruba, etc.).

In close contact with the shoe industry, color and black metallurgy develop. Enterprises for high-temperature production are located in Mexico, Peru, Chile, lead and zinc - in Mexico and Peru, tin - in Bolivia, aluminum - in Brazil, steel - in Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico and Argentina.

The role of textile and food industry is great. Providnі galuzі of textile industry -Virobnіstvo bavovnіyh (Brazil), vvnyіh (Argentina and Uruguay) and synthetic (Mexico) textiles, kharchovoy - tsukrova, fruit canning, meat-processing, ribopreprocessing. The most popular in the region and in the world is the wild beetroot plant - Brazil.

Natural minds, providny galuzy of the Silskoy state dignity

Naturally think of Latin America as a whole friendly for the development of the Silskoy government. A large part of the territory is occupied by the lower reaches (La Plat-ska, Amazon and Orinoksky) and flat (Guianske, Brazilian, Patagonian plateau), which are handy for the Silk State Victory. The breeders have their own geographical position (even the entire territory of the region is located in tropical and subtropical latitudes) Latin America has gained a great amount of warmth and sleepy light. Oblastі of rіzkim nedolіkom vologi zaymayut porіvnyano small teritorіyu (Pivden Argentina, pіvnіchne Chilі, Tihookeanske uzberezhzhya Peru pіvnіchnі areas Meksikanskogo nagіr'ya) scho perevazhayut CHervonnye-burі, chornozemnі, chornі i korichnevі poєdnannі of soils in great heat kіlkіstyu i vologi figure out zdatnі high vrozhayi bagatokh prized tropical and subtropical cultures.

Great areas of savannah and subtropical steppes (Argentina, Uruguay) can be victorious for the past. The main difficulties for the rural community are represented by afforestation and boggy lowland areas (especially the Amazon lowland).

Provid a galuz of the Silskoy statehood of Latin America - roslinnitstvo. Vinyatok - Argentina and Uruguay, de golovna galuz - triviality.

Export culture - bavovna, tsukrova trostina, kava, cocoa, bananas - vyroshuyut, head rank, in the lands of tropical America. The main virobniki and exporters of bavovni - Brazil, Paraguay, Mexico, the country Central America(Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador), sugar bean - Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, regions of Central America, kava - Brazil and Colombia, cocoa beans - Brazil, Ecuador, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Colombia, Banana Panama.

In the subtropical regions (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile), the greatest development was taken away by the government grains, viticulture, and the production of red beetroots (Chile, Uruguay).

The main grain crops of Latin America are wheat, rice, corn. The largest wyrobnik and exporter of wheat and corn in the region is Argentina.

Providnі galuzі tvarinnitstva - cattle breeding (mostly meat directly), breeding (including meat and wool directly), pig breeding. Argentina and Uruguay are seen for the size of the population of great horny thinness and sheep, and Brazil and Mexico for pigs.

In the mountainous regions of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, they breed llamas. Holy value maribalism (seen Chile and Peru).

Transport. The most important role for internal transports is to arrange motor transport, in out-of-town transportations, sea transport, foreign and small transport is weak.

A large part of the export is stored by syrovinny comrades: naphtha, ores of black and color metals, bavovna, wool, shkirsyrovin and іn., Іmport - cars and possession.

12.5. Pivnichna America.

Pivnichna America includes the United States and Canada, as well as a number of islands that have grown into the Atlantic, Pacific and Pivnichny Ice-cold oceans... The largest of the islands is Greenland, with an area of ​​2 million sq. M. km.

Area Wine of America in the meantime between 21.9 million sq. km, population - about 300 million people.

Geographical features of the region:

1. Signs of historical-geographic, ethnical character are laid down in the basis of the interconnection between Pivne and Latin America. This significant world is tied to the ethnic warehouse of people who were settled in the last part of America. Ethnic warehouse of immigrants in the northern parts of America bv riznim. At Pivnichniy America until the middle of the XIX century. They quickly rewarded victories from the provinces of Pivnichno-Zakhidnoi Europe (in Persia from the British Isles), in Mexico and most of all Pivdenniy America - migrants from the Powers of the Pireneysky Porto.

Let's change my language in the USA and Canada by becoming English, and for the first time from the r. Rio Grande, on how to pass the cordon between the USA and Mexico, - spanska mov... As a result, the rise of America was brought together in two main social and cultural and ethnic regions. - Pivne America English movi(USA і Canada) і Latin America.

2. Mіzh Pіvnіchnoi and Latin America є іstotnі vіdminnostі and for natural minds. How great is the part of Latin America tropical belt That is the main part of Pivnichnoy America - in the world belt. Significant space with a suvorim climate (Alaska, a large part of the territory of Canada) is hardly suitable for the life of the people and may not be mastered (the development and the statehood may be of a mediocre character).

3. The development of the social and economic development of Latin America is even worse. The powers of the United States - the United States and Canada - are among (seven) of the most industrialized regions of the world.

The result of the State of America is not only the absolute leader of the whole of America, but of the world economy. The United States will transform all countries of the world for a number of goods and services and services to export, and may have a very high level of GDP in light (8 trillion dollars, Abo 21% of the total GDP of the world; GDP per capita will be close to 30 thousand dollars). overwhelming the sphere of services, a part of the country's GDP to become 76%, more than 20% fall on industry and business and close to 3% - on the products of the Silskoy government). The industry of the United States lives close to one third of all that is shod in the world. The United States may be in its own right to blame the machines for manufacturing, the most popular scientific products vendor (about 40% of the world's consumer products). The United States may have the greatest scientific and technical potential in the world, the basis of which is made up of a cadre of highly qualified students and engineers (I am going to Great Britain, Nimechchini, France and Japan at once recognized). The United States may have its own highly acclaimed agricultural sector, which has reached the level of productivity.

The largest land of the Indian American continent is Canada (area of ​​9.97 million sq. Km, population - 30 million people). USA). Canada is a federal power, which is based on provinces and territories. Economy of Canada in the big world, below the economy of the United States, is based on export products. The role of good business and the Silskoy dignity in new markets, now in the United States. In the international community, Canada is represented, first for everything, by the products of garnishing footwear, metallurgy and lissovosty, galuzei of the Silskoy government. There is one of the provincial light exporters of nickel, zinc, aluminum, mineral, gold ore, uranium, molybdenum, titanium, gold, naphtha, pilomaterials and paper, automobiles, wheat (close to 20% of the crop. The peculiarity of the Canadian economy is the greatest link to the US economy ... The United States has the United States to export more goods to Canada, but not to Canada (close to 25% of American export goes to Canada).

4. US Canada i, Zi time svoїm pіvdennim susіdom Mexico utvoryuyut on pіvnіchnoamerikanskomu kontinentі іntegratsіyne ugrupovannya - Pіvnіchnoamerikansku asotsіatsіyu vіlnoї torgіvlі (NAFTA), please about stvorennya yakoї bulo Signed mіzh tsimi troma kraїnami 1994 p lands peredbachaє formuvannya i rozvitok in furrows vsogo pіvnіchnoamerikanskogo the continent of the whole market space (zone of great trade) with a great deal of goods, services, capital, work force, etc.

12.5.1. Received by the States of America.

USA - one most lands light. For the size of the territory (9.7 million sq. Km), the United States is in the fourth place in the world (sent to Russia, Canada and China), according to the number of inhabitants (270 million people) - the third (sent to China and India).

According to the sovereign way of the United States, it is a federal republic, which consists of 50 states and the Federal District of Columbia (the capital of the United States, Washington, was relocated on the first territory). The main 48 states have been relocated in the Indian part of the American continent, the State of Alaska is borrowed from the former part. The Hawaiian Islands, which represent the state of the Hawaiian state (Hawaiian), are located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean.

Economics and geography. The position of the main part of the United States between two oceans (Pacific and Atlantic) is friendly for the connection with other countries. Especially hand-held the United States on the way to Canada and the regions of Latin America, contacts with both land and sea.

Population. The modern American nation is the result of the change and evil of young ethnic and racial groups. Three quarters of the entire population of the United States will become more American (ie. Lands of immigrants from the world). A special group in the warehouses of the American nation is made up of black Americans (blacks, African Americans), a part of which in the population of the country becomes approximately 12%. Pitoma of the native inhabitants of the aborigines (Indians, Eskimos and In.) Small (less than 1%).

The average population of the United States is 28 per 1 sq. km, the most densely populated districts on the winter descent of the land (Atlantic Uzbek, Priozer'ya district), there are 350 people per 1 sq. km, naymensh - girski states (in the middle 4 people per 1 sq. km). In Alaska, the average population is less than 1 people per 4 square meters. km,

Three quarters of the population of the United States live in places. The main role in the development of people is to be found in great places, small towns and cities (New York, Los Angeles, Chykazka, Philadelphia, San Francisco and others).

Natural resource change and development of the government

Great part of the territory of the United States is friendly for the state development. Naybіlshu folding for the state viceroy to become deprived of Kordilєri, scho occupy mayzhe the entire invaded half of the country. Roztashovani in the center, at the descent and in the rural areas (Great and Central Rivnini, Mississippi, Priatlantichna, Florida and Mexican lowlands) will find warmth and vology in a number, sufficient for the entire Here, the soil (burnizem) is overwhelmed with a high degree of flexibility.

Dry steppes (breaks), polonini and mіzhgіrskі ugіdin can be a vikorystanі for pastoral purposes.

Large reserves of vugil, naphtha, natural gas, gold, miner, lead-zinc and uranium ore, Gold, silver, platinum, tungsten and molybdenum, phosphorites, sirka, high-value salts.

Bagata land and water (rivers Colorado, Columbia, Mississippi with tributaries, Missouri and Ohio, Lake Verkhny, Huron, Michigan, Eri, Ontario), long-distance (lithi borrow more than half of the area of ​​the United States) and

Gospodarstvo: providnі galuzі promislovostі, especially їх distribution

In the economy of the United States in the early world, the industry is highly developed and the state's gift, the galusa of the non-viral sphere.

For the structure of a promislovskiy virobniztva is characterized by the importance of perevazhannaya obrobny galuzei.

Provincial halls of the important US industry - machinery and chemical industry.

Machinery presented by all types of galuzes. Particularly great is the role of transport machine-building (automobile, locomotive and car-building, ship-building, litakobuvannya), verstato-building, agricultural machine-building, scientific halls - aviation and technical space. Most of the car-and-food centers have been installed in the rural areas of the country (Detroit, Chicago, Philadelphia, New York, etc.) and in the Pacific Uzbek coast of the USA (Los Angeles, San Francisco, Central.)

Chemistry(The production of plastic masses, chemical fibers, synthetic rubber, mineral goodies, barvniks, saplings, etc.) language from the visitor's entrance in the field of industryі metallurgical vyrobnitstv (enter the coking industry and іn.), і on the Uzbek coast of the Mexican inflow (H'uston, Beaumont, Port Arthur), rich in naphtha, natural gas and sirkoyu.

Metallurgy. The main areas of black metallurgy of the USA - Lakeside (most centers of Pitsburg, Chicago, Geri, Cleveland, Buffalo), which is based on the victorian power resources of the hard ore (the area of ​​Lake Upper) and coke Apolatians on victorian prized gold ore (head rank, from Canada, Venezuela and Brazil).

Color metallurgy (high-grade metal, lead and zinc, aluminum and aluminum.)

Burning-energy industry. There is a large share (close to 70%) of naphtha and natural gas in the energy sector of the United States. A great part of naphtha can be seen on the Uzbek coast of the Mexican inflow (the states of Texas and Luiziana), in California and in Alaska. Tsi zh districts (the territory of Alaska) provide a large part of a view of natural gas. The main vidobutku area of ​​Wugilla is the Appalachian Basin. I will rely on a part (close to 90%) of the power supply to the heat and power plants. The US AEC is taking the first place in the world for the total effort. The rivers Columbia and Colorado are prompted by the great GES. Naybilsha of them - Grand Kuli (4.1 million kW) is located on the village of Columbia.

Providnі lightweight (textile, sewing and іn.) І kharchovoy (boroshnomelna, meat, canned food, dairy and tsukrova)

Silske statehood: head galuzy and regions

For the viral structure of the Silskoy government of the United States, approximately equal development of growth and development is characteristic. Providna galuz roslinnitva - grain government. Heads of grain crops - corn and sorghum (fodder grain), wheat, rice. Corn is grown mainly in the states of the Central Plains (Iowa, Illinois, India), wheat (in winter) and sorghum - in the steppe regions of the Great Plains. The main rice zone is the Primo-Mexican lowland, the Misisipi valley, the Kalifornia.

The head of technical culture - bavovnik, tsukrovi beetles and tsukrova trostina, soybeans, tyutyun.

Development of vegetables, cartography, gardening.

Providnі galuzі tvarinnystva - cattle meat and dairy directly, pigs, breeding, poultry. For the Silskoy government of the United States is characterized by the area of ​​specialization virobnitstva.

Silske statehood pivnichno-skidny part of the land (Priozer'ya district), de zoserezheno bagato great places, Ma primish character and specialization on the production of milk, cartoons, vegetables, fruits and berries.

States, roztasovanі on weekday and on the west of the Great Lakes (winter Central Rivnines, Great Rivnin regions), є head grain worms (corn, wheat and sorghum). Specialization of food - a great horned thinness of meat straight, pigs and poultry.

The states of the first-class part of the country specialize in the variety of technical cultures (bavovnik, tsukrova trostina, tyutyun and in.).

In the states of Girskogo Sunset, the most significant value is pastoralism - meaty horns, thinness, vivcharstvo.

The states of California and Florida are the main areas of gardening and viticulture, and the cultivation of citrus crops.

Transport and economical connections

The internal transported vantages have a vital role to provide for the outbound transport. Automobile transport service staff for passenger transportation and transportation of vantages on short and middle distances. The main main pipelines connect the states of Pivdnya (Texas and Luiziani) with the industrialized states of the Lake District. There is a large part of internal water transportation services on the Great Lakes, along the "Mission and coastal canal systems. The current transportation of vantages to the main sea transport. New York ports of the United States - New York.

Unimportant on the majestic size of the view of the fire, and the mineral oil, the land is consumed in the fire and the oil is large, but the United States, with an one-hour delivery, is a great number of fire and oil to import. USA imports naphtha, natural gas and uranium concentrates, chromium and manganese ores, bauxite, tin, nickel, cobalt, diamonds and other.

There is a great part in the import and ready-made virobes - by-beam electronics, metal-working verstats, bloated, textiles, and others. In the structure of export, the loan is ready industrial products(In the main machine-technical products that comrade of the people's welfare) and products of the Silskoy government.

The main trade partners of the United States are the country-members of NAFTA, the powers of the Asia-Pacific region, Latin America, Western Europe.

12.6. Australia and Oceania.

Australia, New Zealand and the number of islands in the central and western-western part of the Pacific Ocean form a special region - Australia and Oceania.

Geographical features of the region:

1. Australia and Oceania is one whole neither in the natural, nor in the cultural, nor in the social and economic life. The ocean is set up by a series of thousands of islands that have been built on a great expanse (area of ​​60 million sq. Km) in the central and northern parts of the Pacific Ocean, between 29 ° N. NS. i 53 ° S NS. і 130 ° c. d. і 109 ° W etc. Zagalna square The land of the Ocean is somewhat small and the warehouse is close to 1.3 million square meters. km (in a number of times less area Australia). At the same time, two її largest islands- New Guinea (area 829 thousand sq. Km) and New Zealand (265 thousand sq. Km) occupy as much as 90% of the land area and only 10% (i.e., about 200 thousand sq. Km) thousand islands

2. The islands of the Ocean, which are in the tropical and subtropical zones of the Pivdennaya Pivkul, may be warm, a soft climate (one of the most comfortable earthly cool) With a temperature regime and a few atmospheric falloffs, sufficient for growing agricultural crops grown in these latitudes, - coconut palms, bananas, cocoa, kawi, tea, tyutiunu, sugarcane, broth, bavo ін. Natural mind allow you to know the grain of the vrozhaiv of the agricultural cultures in the ric.

The ocean of bagata and the versatile cinnamon copalins: the load kam'yanogo vugillya(New Zealand), combustible gas, gold ore, copper and manganese ores, platinum, silver (Nova Guinea), nickel (Nova Caledonia), gold (Fiji), phosphate rock (Nauru) and in.

3. Oceania - the area of ​​the growth of the Papuans, Melanesians, Microezians and Polynesians, the bullet of Europeans on the cob of the XVI century. (The Marian Islands in 1521 rots, the hour of Fernando Magellan's circumnavigation in 1519-1522 rr.). Numerous groups of the modern population are adopted by the Aborigines (the Papuan peoples and the people, speaking the Austronesian family) and the immigrant and the Ukrainian lands (the Anglo-Polish, the American, the American, ) - For the large lands of the Ocean, the characteristic features of the population are the people, the natural nature and the low mortality. In the majority of the regions, people are numerically overwhelmed by women, and in a small part of the young age, the main mass of residents are employed in the Silskoy government, household footwear industry, spheres of services (servicing tourists). Significant migratory flows of people between countries. For the average population size (8.1 people per 1 sq. Km) Oceania may have surpassed Australia four times. The population is unevenly distributed - an order of densely populated islands (Tuvaku, Nauru, Mbau, etc.), and deserted islands.

4. In the social and economic plan of all the land of the Ocean - the land, which grows, the leading rank of agrarian, from the specialization of the state - tropical farming (growing of young vegetables and fruits, caviar, cocoa waters. sheep, pigs, poultry). Industry is characterized by a domination of garnishes-making galuzei (on Nauru Island - a kind of phosphorite, on New Caledonia - nikel and in.) Promise and In.). The products of the large galuses of industry and the Silskoy government are of the nature and nature of the participation of the great oceanic powers in the international trade. According to the average indicator of the GDP of the Land of the Ocean, differentiation by state, the figure reaches 15 thousand. Dol. (Nauru), $ 1,500 (Fiji), 900 dollars. (Papua Nova Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu), from 400 to 600 dollars. (Zakhidne Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati, Tuvaku).

5. Australia bullet "vidkrita" European dvichі - for the first time on the cob of the XVII century. Dutch seafarer V. Yanszon (її північне Uzbek), cheaply, at the other half of the capital, English seafarer James Cook ( Shidne uzberezhzhya). The first hour of the continent became a place of convict settlement (zlochintsy from England) and deprived in the other half of the 19th century, when the richest genera of gold became known, becoming a region of mass cultural imperialism.

12.6.1. Australia (Australian Union).

Australia is a federal power, which is included in the warehouse of the Sp_vdruzhnosty, ocholyuvannoy Great Britain.

The Australian Union includes a number of states; New Winter Wales, Victoria, Winter Australia, Queensland, Western Australia and Tasmania, as well as doors - Private Territory and Territory of the capital.

The land was opened in the Second World War and borrowed the territory of the entire Australian continent and adjacent islands (Tasmania Island, King, Kenguru. Flinders, Barrow, etc.).

The area of ​​Australia is 7.7 million sq. km, population - 18.2 million people. The capital is Canberra. Derzhavna mova - English. The majority of the population is Christian.

Australia to enter before the number of economically developed countries, protest to the government in the main power. In the international community of Australia, there is a role for the export and export of wheat, meat, tsukru, vovni, and other types of mineral oil (bauxite, polymetals, gold ore, stone coal.

Geographic location... The peculiarity of the geographic position of Australia is a sign of the distance from the other continents. The land is otochened from each side by the waters of the Svitovoy Ocean, її ії ії іідні banks of Omyvа Pacific Ocean, Western and Eastern - Indian.

Population. The main core of the population of Australia is to become the Anglo-Australian (sites of Immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland) and Immigrants from rіznih lands light. Australian aborigines make up less than 1% of the population of the country.

For Australia is characterized by a significant imigratsiya, yak yesє up to 20% population growth. The average population density of Australia is 2 individuals per 1 sq. km. A large part of the population (about 23 inhabitants of the land) is located on the rural and ancient Uzbek coast, friendly in the natural environment (here there is a goodness in the vicinity of 10-50 people per 1 sq. Km). Rashta territory is poorly populated.

Australia is one of the most urbanized regions: more than 85% of the population is city dwellers. Most popular places- Sidney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaida, Perth, Newcastle. Mayzhe all stench - spoil.

Natural mind, їх gospodarska assessment

Relief of Australia is very rural. Gori occupy less than 5% of the territory of the mainland. Stretching across the distance of the yogo skidny outskirts of the Vododilny Ridge ( whish point- Mount Kostsyushko - 2230 m) is not a defiant pereshkodi for the state development. Climate on a large part of the territory of Australia is unfriendly for the Silskoy government. A sufficient number of fallen trees (500 mm per river) fall only on the mid-season and early-stage outskirts of the mainland. Areas of Great Kestrels (the stench occupies 2/5 of the land area) Central and Western Australia may have a lack of food and may be victorious as a pasture for sheep.

Richkova framing is weakly rooted. One river Murray from the Darling tributary.

Lordship. In the midst of a hall of industry, it is of the greatest importance for the economy of Australia that it is important for the economy, metallurgy and gourmet industry. The products of these galuzei are not only widely victorious in the middle of the country, but they have a great number of destinations for export.

Australia is borrowing a small place in the world for reserves and a type of bauxite, gold, lead, zinc, medium, manganese, tungsten and uranium ores, and cam'yany. Color and black metallurgy is tightly tied to the shoe industry;

Providnі galuzі kharchovoї promislovostі - meat, dairy, boroshnomelna, tsukrova, fruit - and canned vegetables - pereroblyayut mіstseve sіlskogospodarsku sirovin. Enterprises of cich galuzei in the main roztasovani in port places on the first descent of the country (Melbourne, Sidney, Newcastle, Adelaida).

Machinery (production of vantage and passenger cars, fabrics and clothing) Most importantly, the meaning is miscellaneous.

Silske the Kingdom of Australia Providnі galuzy food - breeding and animal husbandry of meat and dairy directly. The land is occupied by the first place in the world for the livestock of sheep, food and export to the country, mutton, yalovichini and veal. Rozvineni horse-breeding, camel breeding and poultry. At the connection with the creation of foodstuffs of the Silskoy government, in general, in Russia, the importance of growing forage crops is important (up to 49% of the area is occupied).

The main export culture of Australia is wheat, cucchet, bavovnik. The main area of ​​development is the early and early stage of the land. Australia borrowed one of the first months in the world for the export of wheat. Important galuzy growth is gardening, viticulture, vegetable production.

Transport. The transported vantazhiv have a great role (up to half of the vantazhiv) of sea transport, passengers - automobile and aviation transport. The length of the area is small. There is no internal water transport,

The head of export statistics is mineral syrovina (ore, ore, bauxite, etc.) and products of the Silskoy government (wool, food, meat, tsukor). Іmportu Australia overwhelming promises comrade. Internal visibility. The development of parts of the territory of Australia is being developed to develop and specialize in the economy. You can see the chotiri of the economical district:

1. Pivdenno-Skhidny (including the state of New Pivdenny Uels, Vіktorіyu and pіvdenny skіd of Pіvdennoi Australia, the territory of the federal capital) is the provincial district of the country. On this occasionally small territory (20% of the land area), there are over 70% of the population, close to 80% of the production of industrial industry, half of the household footwear, more than half of the national government, about a half of the length. The most important centers of Australia are located here - Sidney, Melbourne, Adelaide.
2. Pivnichno-Skhidny (the state of Queensland with the administrative center of Brisben), see the variety of fruits and tropical fruit crops (bananas, papaya, pineapples and іn.), і alumina, naphtha vidobutkom.
3. Zakhidno-Central (hunting for the states of Pivdenna (except for the first time) Private territory) - the largest for the area (half of the territory of the country) and the most dry (there is the Great Pishchana Kestrel, the Kestrel Gabson and the Great Kestrel Viktoria), the most populated (ten parts of the population of the country live) and the state-owned. To be seen as a shoe industry (borrowing from a small place in the country for a view of gold, gold ore, nickel, honey, uranium, manganese) and silsky government gratitude (production of wheat, eggs, textbooks) Great center - Perth (state of Western Australia) and Darwin (Private territory).
4. Tasmania, zavdyaky island situation, friendly climate (warm, ryvny, vologiy), abundance of hydro resources and brown copalins (min, tin, tungsten, zinc, zalizna ore, cam'yane vugodarlya. vegetables, fruits, dairy products), hydroenergetics and color metallurgy (production of honey, aluminum, zinc, etc.). The head center of the district and the administrative center of the state of Tasmania is Hobart.

12.7. Sp_vdruzhnost of the Independent Powers (Eurasian macroregion).

In a special region, the Union of Independent Powers (SND) is seen as a result of the fall of the USSR. Territory of Social Loan for a larger part of Western Europe and Eastern Asia, during the winter is washed by the waters of the Pivnichny Lodovite, at the outset - the Pacific, at sunset and early Atlantic - the Atlantic Ocean.

Beyond the size of the territory (22.25 million sq. Km), the region has overturned the Western Europe, Pivnichnu and Latin America, Australia and Oceania. In the majestic length of the region (from the approach to the skid - more than 10 thousand. Km, from the beginning of the day - 4500 thousand. Km) natural areas(Arctic Kestrels, Tundri, Lisotundri, Lisova, Lisostepovo, Steppe, for example, subtropical) and time zones (changes in 11 time zones - from another by two).

At the warehouse of the Spіvdruzhnostі 12 independent states - Russia, Ukraine, Bilorus, Moldova, Georgia, Virmenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan.

All the regions of Social Friendship, for the stifling of their sovereign independence, have acquired a single republican form of government.

There are 100 nationalities and ethnic groups living near the territories of Spіvdruzhnosti, which are developed according to their new and ethnic warehouse, culture and bybout.

The people who inhabit the SND are closely tied to the trivial period of the socially lived life. Gospodarske development of the majestic, if from one land, called to the territorial change of nationalities, the erasure of the sharp edges between them, to the integration of the national state gifts. Within the framework of the SND, it is unaffected by the emergence of international political cordons, by the development of a single geopolitical, informational and economic space, which includes in itself, except for the national, intellectual, proprietary

12.7.1. Republic of Bilorus.

The area of ​​the republic is 207.6 sq. km, population -10.3 million people, capital - Minsk. State-of-the-art specialization - machine-building, chemistry, easy and food industry, production of goods, lion-making and cartography.

Natural mind. Rivninny relєf, around the continental and vological climate, soddy-pidzolic runts, significant boggy and overwhelming lands (the main rank, in the first half of the republic - in Polissi).

Natural resources. kalіynі i cooking salts(Starobinske and Lyubansky genus), naphtha (Rechitske and Ostashkovsky genera in the Gomel region), syrovina for awakening materials (sklans and formal peas, vapnyaki, creida, marl, dolomit. 'yattyu, Zakhidna Dvina, Niman, Bug and іn.) і lіsovі (pine, yalina, oak, wilkha, birch, wasp) resources.

Population. More than 80% of the population is stocked by the Bilorussians, there are also Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Jews and others. The average area of ​​the population is 50 per 1 sq. km. The central part of the republic is most populated, the most populous is in Polissia.

Lordship. The specialization and structure of the state government of the republic is simply infused with labor resources, the territorial proximity to the provincial and industrial regions and the center of Russia and Ukraine, good transport links to them. The main halls of industry are machinery and equipment and are chemically located in strong fallowness from the import sector. Metal, naphtha, gas, vugilla, apatity too. Mainly imported from Russia and Ukraine.

Specialization of machinery and equipment - a variety of calculating technology, automatic lines and verstats, TV sets, radio devices, refrigerators and other devices. Byutovikh priladiv (Minsk, Vitebsk, Brest and іn.), Sіlskogospodarskoy technics (Gomel) and tractors (Minsk), large cars (Minsk, Zhodіino, Mogiliv), possession for a torrent , Baranovichi і ін.).

The main directions of chemistry industry are chemical fibers, plastics and synthetic resins (Mogiliv, Polotsk, Grodno), high-grade (Soligorsk), nitrogen (Grodno) and phosphoric (Gomel) good-quality, forest chemistry ...

Great naftopererobny backwaters in Novopolotsk and Mozira.

Providnі galuzy of light industry - textile (wicker, woolen, woolen, woolen fabrics) and wicked - wicked - wicker mice (lion, wicker, wicker fibers) and woolen Textile industry enterprises are located in the main in Vitebsk (Orsha, Vitebsk) and in the Minsk region (Minsk), shkirian-swollen - in Minsk, Mohyliv, Vitebsk, Gomel, Lіakhin.

In the midst of the profiluyuy galuzei of promislovosty, one is deprived of the grub by the strong syruvina. The warehouse is versatile, until the number of provinces, butter-making and food processing, processing of potatoes (into alcohol, starch and in.) Are carried out. m'yat, fruit and vegetable conserved, tsukrova.

Of great importance for the economy of the republic is also woodworking (plywood, cardboard, furniture, wood slabs), sklyana, cement industry.

Burning-energy industry. The burner balance of the republic is rewarded with firewood (naphtha and gas), the pitoma of the wood burner (peat, its own naphtha) is small. Thermal power plants (Lukomolskaya, Berezovska, Smolevichsky and IN. GRES) form the basis of power engineering.

Silske Gospodarstvo. Yogo providnі galuzі - breeding of the great horny thinness of milk and meat directly і pigs - otrimit development in the regions of the republic. In the farming area of ​​the pitoma, the grain and forage crops (root crops, corn for silage and in.) Livestock grows everywhere, make a lion of growth at winter and winter gatherings of the republic. The Grodno and Minsk regions are covered with red beet. One of the main strands of the Republic's Silk statehood is the viroshuvannya of cartoplas.

Transport. The republic is very thick, there is a lot of space, behind which, in the main and in the main, there are internal and external transportation of vantages. Through the territory of the republic, pass through the railways, automobile mainlines and pipelines, which connect Russia with the countries of Western Europe, Central and Western Europe (motorway Moscow - Warsaw, the Druzhba pipeline - the Yamrop gas pipeline)

12.7.2. Republic of Ukraine.

The area of ​​the republic is 603.7 sq. km, population - 52 million people, the capital is Kiev. For the size of the territory, Ukraine is the third land of the SND (sent to Russia and Kazakhstan), for the number of population and the widespread production of products, it should be done without Russia.

Galuzy state specialties. Everywhere, promote the statehood with the provincial roll of the industrial and metallurgical industry, the hallway of the machinery, chemical and agro-industrial complexes.

Natural mind. Important is the rural surface (mountains - the Carpathian and Krymsky, - occupy the western and eastern outskirts of the republic), warm and small climes (vinyatok - the first and foremost regions of Ukraine, land resources), The majestic areas of natural pastures and meadows (Carpathian, Poliska part of Ukraine) allow you to successfully engage in many types of agricultural activities, including subtropical farming (in the winter of the Crimean coast).

Near the borders of the republic, in the latitudinal direction, the last change of one of the lisov, or the polish summer period, Pidzolic and swampy soils), Listepova and Stepov (characteristic trivial warm period, siri lisov, black earth and chestnut soils) zones.

The region is especially natural for the warehouses of girski districts.

Natural resources. Typically, there are some other types of mineral resources: saline (kam'yane and boil, naphtha, gas), ore (saline, manganese, mercury and phosphorus) and non-ferrous , kreida, vapnyaki, kaolin, cement syruvina and in.).

Population. 75% the inhabitants of the republic - ukraine, the pitoma of the vaga, which is especially high in the back and central regions of Ukraine. Visoka is a part of the Russian population (21%), Jews, Bilorusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Moldavians. Population area - 86 individuals per 1 sq. km. Miske population - 69%.

The Lordship of Ukraine is a foldable galuzev and territorial structure.

Burning and energy complex. The main role is to establish in the industrial field (Donetsk and Lviv-Volinsky kam'yanovugilny and Pridniprovsky drilling basin) and energy. The coke and anthracite products of the Donetsk Basin are being distributed intensively. Velika Chastain elektroenergії viroblyayut teplovі elektrostantsії Donbas (Vuglegіrska, Starobeshіvska, Slov'yanska, Lugans'ka GRES іn i.) Gіdroelektrostantsії dnіprovskogo cascade (Dnіprovska, Dnіprodzerzhinska, Kahovska, Kremenchutska, Kiyivs'ka, Kanіvska HPP) i velikі AEC (Zaporizka, Khmelnytskyi, Rіvnenska) ... Nafta (Boryslavske and Drogobytske ancestry in Prykarpattya) and natural gas (Sheblinki district in Kharkivskiy oblast and Dashavi in ​​Prykarpattya) are added to the limits, far from conquering the consumer of the republic. There is a great quantity of oil and gas Ukraine will take away from Russia.

The metallurgical complex includes a videotube and the extraction of gold and manganese ores, a high-melting point of black and colore metals. Development of Black Metallurgy in Ukraine by the end of the Mineral Resources (Kryvoryzka, Kremenchutske and IN.) And Manganese (Nikopolske, Veliky Tokmak) genera, coke vugilya (Donbas), Djerovyi de Ore ta in.). Black metallurgy enterprises in Donbass (Donetsk, Makiyivka, Gorlivka, Kramatorsk and іn.) , magnesium and titanium in Zaporizhzhi) and Donbass (zinc hot melt in Kostyantynivtsi and mercury in Gorlivtsi).

Machine-building is represented by both metal-working and hard-working galuzes. Important machine-building (production of metallurgical, mine and energy facilities, important verstats, old and buoyancy-road vehicles, etc.) ї) anyway, not far from them (Kharkiv), more precisely machine-building (attachment, electrical engineering, electronics, etc.) - in great centers Western and Old Ukraine (Kiev, Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Poltava, Odessa, Simferopol, etc.),

Ukraine has all the types of transport vehicles: diesel locomotives (Lugansk), wagons (Kremenchuk, Dniprodzerzhynsk), passenger cars (Kremenchuk, Lutsk, Zaporizhzhia), buses (Lviv ships and a lot of types of silskogospodarsky machinery buduvannya ~ virobnytsvo tractors (Kharkiv), corn pickers (Kherson) and buryakosbralnyh (Dnipropetrovsk, Ternopil) combines,

Galuzy specialty of chemistry industry - type of kitchen (Sumy and Slovenian ancestry in Donbass) and caliber (Kaluske and Stebnik in Prykarpattya) salts, native sirka (Rozdische , Slov'yansk in Donetsk region), phosphorus (Odessa, Vinnytsia, Sumi and in.), Calic (Kalush, Stebnik) and nitrogen (Gorlivka, Dniprodzerzhynsk and in.) Kind, chemical fibers, plastic and synthetic resin , Kiev, Cherkasy, Chernigiv, Zhitomir, Odessa and in.).

Kharchova industry (boroshnomelna, tsukrova, butter-rich, meat, vegetable and canned fruit, wine-rich, etc.) It is based on the processing of mycetseous silky-sparse syruvin.

Outside of the industry halls, one can see cement, flaky, textile (variety of fabrics, linens and fabrics), sewing, shkiryano-swollen.

Silske Gospodarstvo. In the early world of good development, growth and development. More than half of the crop area is occupied by grain crops (winter and summer wheat, corn, rice, wheat, oats and barley, millet, buckwheat). At the warehouses of the pits of the pitoma of the technical (dormouse, tsukrovi beetroots, lion-dovgunets and іn.), Fodder (root crops and grass), sheep and turtle crops. Rozvineni cartography, gardening and viticulture.

Galusies of specialization of food - breeding of the great horny thinness of milk and meat directly, pig breeding, fine wool and napivonkorunne vivcharity, ptahivnitstvo. Due to the natural peculiarities in Ukraine, there was a small number of districts in the widespread specialization of the Silk state dignity.

Polissya is the head district of lion-growing and cartography, dairy production. The middle of the grains of the pitoma of the pitoma is vaga syrikh hlibiv (rye).

Lisostepova and steppe parts of Ukraine - the head region of grain government (winter and yar wheat, corn, rice, millet and іn.) in that-skidn_y, arid part of the steppe zone).

Transcarpathian and pivdenny coast of Krimu - head regions and gardening, viticulture, tyutyunnitstva, virobniztva ethereal cultures. Visokogirnі regions of the Carpathians - the region of rozvinennoe vіvchastvo.

Transport. The transport complex of Ukraine has a place to manage (for a large number of passengers - and passenger turnover) the transit transport.

Territorial organization of the government. The state complex of Ukraine sees three development, structures and specializations of the state government in the territorial part: Donetsk-Pri-Dniprovsky, Pivdenno-Zakhidny and Pivdenniy economic districts.

Donetsk-Prydniprovsky district (Donetsk, Luhanska, Dnipropetrovska, Zaporizka, Kirovohradska, Poltavska, Sumy and Kharkiv oblasts) borrowed a part of Ukraine, susceptible to Russia-Centrally In the middle of the largest economic districts of Ukraine, the district is seen according to energy resources; a hall of important industry - high-tech, thermal and hydroenergetics, black and color metallurgy, mechanical engineering. The regional district (Donetsk, Lugansk) is poorly supplied with water resources.

Pivdenno-Zakhidny district of the united region of central and western Ukraine (Vinnytska, Volinska, Zhytomyrska, Zakarpatska, Ivano-Frankivska, Kiev, Rivnenska, Ternopilska, Khmelnitska) Tsei district of Ukraine - the largest for the area (269.5 thousand square meters. , Tisa and ін.).

Pivdenno-Zakhidniy region is no worse than the abundance of korisny kopalyny (the great Donetsk region is less chemichesky sirovina - native sirka, culinary and salt cooks in Prikarpattya), not such a tough, energetic and energetic base. Vіdpovіdno to tsogo sklalisya structure i spetsіalіzatsіya Yogo Gospodarstwa - Accurate mashinobuduvannya, hіmіchna promislovіst (on svoєmu i privіznіy sirovinі) sіlske Gospodarstwa, the Branch legkoї i harchovoї promislovostі, pererobnі mіstseve sіlskogospodarsku sirovinu (area - naybіlshy virobnik in respublіtsі ozimoї pshenitsі, tsukrovih buryakіv, ovochіv , fruits, tsukru, boroshna, swollen, fabric and in.).

Pivdenny economic district (Mykolaivska, Odeska, Kherson oblast, Krim) borrowed a part of Azovskoe and all Chornomorske uzberezhzha Ukraine. The geographic position is injected into the development of the state's gift to the region - its part in the interdistrict subdivision of the workers of Ukraine starts with a type of gold ore, marmor and vapnyak, wine, wine, grapes, wine, wine, canning machines, grain One of the main functions of the district is organizing the provision of tourism, securing interregional and international transport links.

12.7.3. Republic of Moldova.

The area of ​​the republic is 33.7 yew. Sq. km, population - 4.4 million people, capital - Chisinau.

Galusies of the state specialization: production of vegetables, grapes, technical and food crops, food industry (especially wine-rich and fruit-vegetable canned food).

Natural mind (overwhelming rural landscape, trivial vegetation period, great amount of sleepy heat and light, winter warmth, black earth soil) are very friendly for the development of the Silskoy government.

The republic has been cultivated in the boundaries of two natural zones: the steppe and the steppe. Pivdenna - steppe part of Moldova (Pivdenno-Moldavska step) is insufficiently permissible (the average number of falls in the middle is 300-350 mm), pivnichna - Lisostepova (Balti step) mm).

Natural resources. The republic does not have any significant resources for the specialization of industry.

Population. Moldavians become the largest population (65%), the largest nationalities of Russia and Ukraine (in Transnistria), Gagauzians (in the first half of the republic). The average population of Moldova is about 130 people per 1 sq. km, finding the middle of the regions of Spivdruzhnost.

Lordship. The agro-industrial complex (AIC) will form the basis of the Moldovan government. The head of the lanka agro-industrial complex is the silske statehood.

In the Silskoe state darlings, farming is being carried out, and in the field of viticulture and fruitfulness. A large part of grape plantations is grown in the central regions (Codra) and Transnistria. Naturally, allow to grow small varieties of grapes (for wine-growing, living in a fresh vine). In the gardens, there are apples, pears, cherries, cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, etc. Great development of vegetables (tomatoes, eggplants, zucchini, malt pepper, ochirs, etc.) Sonnyashnik viroshuyut at pivdnі, red beet - at pіvnochі republic. The head of grain crops is winter wheat and corn. Moldova will grow up to bake its own grain.

Creativity. Yogo providnі galuzі - dairy and meat cattle directly, pigs and breeding. Vіvchastvo naybіlsh rozvinene in pіvdennyh, steppe regions of the republic.

Galusies of specialty food industry (wine production, fruit and vegetable canned food, tsukrova, tyutyunova, oil-bearing and in.) Enterprises of cich galuzes are located in Tiraspol, Bendery, Chisinau, Ribnitsa and other places.

At the warehouses of the agro-industrial complex - galleys of machinery and equipment (warehouses for garden and city tractors, refrigerators, grub possession in Chisinau, refrigerated trucks - Tiraspol, agricultural machines - Bults, refrigeration units - Horror.) metal krishok, oak barrel for wine).

Among the most galuzei of the state are the virobnies of the Bavovnians (Tiraspol) and the shovels (Bendery) fabrics, knitwear (Chisinau, Tiraspol, Soroki), blobs, khutras, kilims, sewing virobes.

Electroenergetics. Thermal power stations (Moldavska GRES, Chisinau and Balti thermal power station) started working on a private fire. Dubossarskaya HPP was established on the Dniester.

12.7.4. Republic of Georgia.

The area of ​​the republic is 69.7 yew. Sq. km, population - 5.4 million people, capital - Tbіlіsі.

Galusia of state specialties: brewing tea and citrus crops (mandarins, oranges, lemon), fruits and grapes, food and textile (shovkov) industry, type and processing of manganese ores, resort government.

Natural mind. Great part of the territory of Georgia - mountains (Great and Lesser Caucasus). The lower regions (Kolkhida, Alazanska) occupy small areas. Behind the character climatic minds Georgia is a ridge along two regions: subtropical vologue (Zakhidna Georgia) and continental subtropical (Skhidna Georgia).

Natural resources: manganese (Chiatura genus) і midnі (Madneul tribe) ores, Kam'yane and Bure vugilla (Tkibuli, Tkvarcheli), hydraulic resources (Riki Kura, Aragvi, Alazani, Rionі, Dzhybіla Tskhaltubo, Borjomi too.).

Population. The native inhabitants of Georgia are Georgians, Abkhazians and Adjarians, Ossetians, who live in a large population. Naybilsh is densely populated in a rural part of the republic.

Lordship. In front of its warehouse, one can see galusies, tied with a reprocessing of muscular silky-spirited syruvin: tea and tyutyunov, wine-making, production of shawty and external fabrics, swollen.

The lanka of the state-owned complex of Georgia is important - a view and processing of mineral syruin: manganese (Chiatura), medium and polymetallic ores (Madneulskiy ginnichozbagachuvalny combine near Tbilis, virobite ferrous)

Mashinobuduvannya Basically obslugovuє provіdnі the Branch Gospodarstwa respublіki: virobnitstvo machines that ustatkuvannya for chaynoї, vinorobnoї, konservnoї, silk weaving promislovostі (Batumі, Tbіlіsі i іn.) Gіrnicho-mine ustatkuvannya i vantazhnih avtomobіlіv (Kutaїsі) elektroustatkuvannya, elektrovozіv (Tbіlіsі) i іn ...

On the mountain vugili (Tkvarcheli) and grants zalizniy ore(Ukraine, Azerbaijan) industrial metallurgical combine in Rustavi. With the Rustavi Metallurgical Combine of dressings for the development of chemical industry (vicorist coke and free natural gas) - a variety of nitrogen good, chemical fibers and synthetic resins. Riznomanitna products of woodworking industry (collection of furniture, plywood, paperwork, sirnikiv and in.).

Electroenergetics. A great part of electric power is given by hydroelectric stations (Zemo-Avchal, Rion, Sukhum, Temple and іn.).

Silske Gospodarstvo Georgia has a rich-and-galuzevian character. The order of farming is of great importance for food (especially in the hirsky and arid regions of the republic).

The head of agriculture is a variety of labor-intensive subtropical and technical crops (tea, tyutyun, red beetle, dormouse), gardening and viticulture.

Plantation of tea, tyutyun, citrus fruits, subtropical crops (persimmon, іngir, pomegranate, etc.)

Vineyards and fruits planted (apples, pears, apricots, peaches) are widened everywhere.

Heads of grain crops - winter wheat і corn. Wheat is grown at Shidniy, corn in Zakhidniy Georgia. Heads of food production - cattle-breeding, breeding (girski and skidny regions), pig-breeding (western regions of Georgia).

Transport. I will play a role in the transportation of land-based transport. Great importance is the ma pipeline (naftoprovid Baku - Batumi and іn.) І sea transport.

12.7.5. Republic of Armenia.

The area of ​​the republic is 29.8 yew. Sq. km, population - 3.8 million, lyudin, capital - Yerevan.

Galus of state specialties: molybdenum industry, more precisely, machinery, viduvannya and processing of awesome materials (tuff, marmur, etc.) "Wine-brandy wines.

Natural mind. The mountainous surface (at a height of 1000 m and the height is 9/10 of the territory of the republic), continental and dry climate. Areas of animals for farming in the districts of the surrounding area (Ararat Rivnina) and can be used for living with a piece of agricultural land.

Natural resources. Мідні and мідно-міб given ores (Alaverdsky, Zangezursky, Kajransky and Agarak genera), awesome materials (tufi, graniti, marmur, pumice and іn.), Dzherela near mineral waters (Arznіrіnіr) ...

Population. In the yogh warehouse, the arch of the pitoma of the vag (mayzhe 90%) of the core nationality is virmen. Naybilshe is inhabited by the Ararat Valley.

Lordship. They redefine the galusies of important industries: mechanical engineering, color metallurgy, chemical industry.

Machinery specializes in production of non-metal-consuming, labor-intensive types of products - turbines and generators, EOM, attachments, electric lamps for years, possessed for food industry and in. Machine building centers - Yerevan, Leninakan, Kirovakan.

Color metallurgy is represented by high-temperature aluminum (Kanaker, bilya of Yerevan), type-box and smelting of copper-molybdenum ores (in Zangezur and Alaverd regions), noble and rare metals. Medium and molybdenum concentrates of Virmenia are transported to Russia (Ural).

The chemistry of the vicorist is derived from the colore metallurgy (the mineral components of the copper ores) and is taken from the syruvine (natural gas, apatity is too thin.). On this basis, there was a mixture of virgin acid, phosphoric goodness (Alaverdi, Hrazdan), chemical fibers, plastic, synthetic rubber and tires (Kirovakan, Yerevan) and іn.

Kharchova industry is represented by bagatma galuzi (tyutyunov, tsukrova, fruit and vegetable canned food, meat, butter-syrup and іn.), Golovna from them is wine-cognac.

More important is the value of the vidbutok and the tuff processing (Art-tek).

Electroenergetics. On the rivers Hrazdan and Vorotan, the cascades of the GES, Virmenska AES are mothballed. A great part of electricity is provided by thermal power stations (Hrazdanskaya GRES, Yerevan Thermal Power Station, etc.).

Silske Gospodarstvo. Specialization of the Silskoy State Priesthood The area occupied by crops of grain (wheat, corn, barley) and technical crops (bavovnik, tyutyun, red beet) is insignificant. Rozvinene vegetables. The main agricultural region is the cultivation of the land of the Ararat valley. Breeding a great horned thinness of milk and meat directly, sheep and kiz. Rozvinene shovkivnistvo.

Transport. The main types of transport are outdoor and automotive.

12.7.6. Republic of Azerbaijan.

The area of ​​the republic is 86.6 yew. Sq. km, population - 7.5 million people, capital - Baku.

Galuzi gospodarskogo special alizatsii: vidobotok and processing of oil and natural gas, wine production and grapes.

Natural mind. Closely half of the area of ​​Azerbaijan is occupied by the rural territories - the Kura-Araks and Lankaran lower regions. Climat of the Kura-Arakskaya lower course is dry subtropical, Lenkoranskaya is subtropical.

Natural resources. Nafta (Apsheronskiy pyvostrіv, Uzbek and the bottom of the Caspian Sea) і natural gas (Karadatskoe clan), zalizni (Dashkesan clan) and polymetal ores (Filizchayskoe clan), alunitera (Zaglik clan).

Population. Azerbaijanis (78%), the time and the Russian, are becoming a larger part of the republic. Most of the population is populated in the Absheron Peninsula and the Lankaran lower region.

Lordship. The state-owned complex of Azerbaijan has a great value of naphtha and gas industry. Bagato інshih galuzei promislovostі supervodzhuyut їm or mаyut a service attendant і dressing character. Nafta vidobuvayut on the Apsheronskiy pіvostrovі, from the bottom of the Caspian Sea. A vidobutok of gas will be led to the Apsheronsky pivostrovi (Karadagu region). The development of the oil refinery in Baku and chemistry (production of piece fiber, plastic, synthetic rubber and tires in Baku, Sumgait and Karadag), heat industry, energy ) і іnh galuzei, specialization of machinery and equipment (production of naphtha and gas supply in Baku and Kirovabadі) і black metallurgy (rental of pipes for naphtha industry in Sumgait).

More important is the mice of zaymaє kharchov (ribna, meat, wine-growing, canned food, tea, tyutyunov, oliynytsyu-sirovarna and іn.)

Silske Gospodarstvo. There is a large part of agricultural products in the republic and Russia. On the irrigated lands of the Kura-Araksian lower reaches, viroshuyut bavovna, rice, wheat, corn; in the front of the city of development of fruit, viticulture and shovkivnitstvo. On the Lankaran lower reaches there are plantations of tyutyunu, tea and citrus crops.

Creativity. Great significance is the breeding of coarse-wool and fine-wool sheep straight, great horny thinness of milk-meat straight.

Transport. Advanced all types of transport - private and marine (borrowing every first and every other transport), automobile, pipeline. Through the republic to pass the zaliznichna highway to Іran (to Tebriz). There is a good ferry between Baku and Turkmen-Bashi (Krasnovodsk) across the border of the land and Turkmenia.

12.7.7. Republic of Kazakhstan.

The area of ​​the republic is 2 717 yew. Sq. km, population - 16.5 million people, capital - Astana.

Galuze of the state specialization: bagatogaluse of the specialization of the state with the proviso role of the metallurgical, burning-energy and agro-industrial complex.

Natural mind. Kazakhstan is a very rural land. Gori, roztashovani in Pivdni (Tien Shan, Karatau, Dzhungarskiy Alatau) and descent (Tarbagatai, Rudny Altai) to Kazakhstan, occupy a small part of the territory of the republic. The climate is very continental and dry. Farming without irrigation is possible only in the wilderness (forest-steppe and steppe), front and mountain regions of the republic. The majestic expanse of Zakhidny, Central and Pivdenny Kazakhstan, occupied by pustels and clews (60% of the territory of the republic), through the state of the atmosphere in the region can be victorious deprived of pastoralism.

Natural resources. In addition, in the distance, there is a collection of resources in the mineral oil for the Black and Chromatic metallurgy, the chemical, the fire-energy and the industrial galuseys, the gold ore (Ka-Charskoy, Sokolivske, Aryatiske, Sarbaische (Aktyubinska oblast) і manganese ore (Mangishlak, Dzhezdi), mіdnі (Dzhezkazganskoe, Sayaksk, Kounradsk ancestry in Central and Mikolaivske ancestry in Shіdnom Kazakhstanі), polymetalіchny (Ziryanovsk, Belousovskoe) and nickel ore (Mugodzhari), bauxite (Arkalik), gold, titanium, molybdenum, and in. metal, phosphorites (Karatau and genera of the Aktyubinsk region), kitchen and kaliyna salt (Priaralye, Pribalkhash region and іn.), naphtha (Mangishlak, Buzachi, Tengiz, Ural-Embuz Basin), Kamilian vseyny , Maykyubinsky, Ubagansky Basin).

The coriances of large genera are not very easily accessible and available for the video in an open manner.

As a result of the dryness of the climate of the republic surface waters... Irygatsіyne and energetic meanings may be less than a rychka, how to take a cob in the mountains beyond the borders of the republic (Irtish, Sirdar'ya, Abo).

Population. Most of the population in Kazakhstan is owned by Russians (41%), Kazakhs (36%) and Ukrainians. Most of the population is populated in rural, modern and rural areas and in the republic.

The average population density (6.1 people per 1 sq. Km.) Is the middle of the territory of the SND.

Promise. In the її warehouses, we handle the galuzy of the important industry.

Metallurgical complex in Kazakhstan includes vidobutok, bagging and high-temperature melting, lead and zinc, aluminum and aluminum. Colored metals, black metallurgy.

Metallurgy mіdі rozvinen in Central (Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan іnіkazgan gіrnichі-metallurgіynі kombіnati і ін.) І Sіdnі Kazakhstanі (Glibok), lead and zinc - in Skіdnoe (Ust-Kamenogorsk, Іrtishsky, Zavodi, Achisay polymetal combine), aluminum - in Pivnichny Kazakhstan (a view of bauxite in Arkalik genera, alumina and aluminum in Pavlodar).

Chorna metallurgy is represented by a view and waste ore collection (Sokolovskiy, Sarbayskiy, Lisakovskiy, Kacharskiy GZK), recycled by a plant and metallurgical combine in Temir-Tau, by a ferroalloy in Aktubin.

Burning and energy complex. The main areas and vidobutku vugillya - Karaganda and Ekibastuzkiy basins. Karaganda vugilla - koksivne. For the Ekibastuz basin, the characteristic is not a lot of lagging and taut (up to 150-200 m) layers, a low quality and ash content of a vugillya. Nafta is seen in two districts - Mangishlatsky (Uzen, Zhetibay) and Embin-sky. Misceva naphtha is processed at the Guryevsky naphtha processing plant. Great refineries were also motivated in Pavlodar and Chimkent. On the vugilli open view of Ekibastuz and Karagandy and the small regions of the Great Heat of Kazakhstan (Ekibastuzka, Ermakovsk, Karagandynska GRES and in.) At the warehouse of power engineering and the nuclear power plant - Shevchenkivska AES.

Providni galuzy of chemical industry - a kind of food and mineral salts, phosphate-tukiv (Dzhambul, Chimkent, Aktyubinsk), nitrogen-tukiv (Karaganda), bioprocess of mineral water, acid phosphorites, salts) and from the sources of black and color metallurgy (coke and hot gas).

Machinery for the vison in the main service function; production of mine and metallurgical facilities (Ust-Kamenogorsk, Alma-Ata, Karaganda), ownership for the naphtha industry (Gur'ev), tractors (Pavlodar) and the Akolskogospodarskoy technology.

The head galuzi kharchovoy promislovosty - boroshnomelna, meat (meat processing plant in Semipalatinsk, Aktyubinsk, Petropavlovsk and іn.), Maslosirorobna, tsukrova, ribna; easy - shkiryan, swollen, ov-dignified-fur-coat, virobnitstvo in and out of fabric.

Silske Gospodarstvo. Kazakhstan is one of the largest grain and Tvarinnitsa regions of the SND.

The main grain crop is winter wheat, which occupies a large part of the republic's area. Vyroshuyut also winter wheat, rice and millet.

Of the technical cultures, the most significant are the dormouse, bavovnik, tsukrovi beetles and tyutyun.

Important galusa creation is animal husbandry, horse-making and camel breeding.

The head galuz tvarinnitstva - vivcharstvo. To breed sheep of fine-fleece and nap_fin-fleece straight, karakul and synthetic threads of fat-tailed sheep.

Rozvineni gardening and viticulture.

Areas of the virobnichoi specialization of the Silskiy state government:

• regions of steppe and steppe to Kazakhstan - the main region of grain government. In the case of grain crops (yara wheat, millet), grow dormouse and fodder crops, breed a large horned thinness of meat and milk straight;
• oblasts for pastoral and deserted Kazakhstan - an area of ​​pastoral creation - vivchary, camel breeding, horse-making;
• oblasts in front of Kazakhstan (valleys rychok Sirdar, Talas, Chu, Abo) - an area of ​​irrigated farming - rice, virobnitstva bavovnya, tyutyunu, red beet and іn. technical crops, gardening and viticulture.

Transport. Particularly important is the part of vantazhoobіgu of the country (95%) fall on the road transport, the part of the other types of transport (automobile, pipeline, river, aviatsіy) is small. The basis of the zaliznichnaya hedge is to become latitudinal (Transsiberian, Pivdenno-Sibirskaya, where you can pass your magistrates across Pivnichny Kazakhstan) and meridian (Orenburg - Tashkent, Semipalatinsk - Alma-Ata - Lugova - Chimandi ...

12.7.8. Republic of Uzbekistan.

The area of ​​the republic is 447.4 yew. Sq. km, population - 23 million people, capital - Tashkent.

State-of-the-art specialty galumen: bavovinstvo, shovkivnstvo and karakulivnstvo, color metallurgy, naphtha and gas industry.

Natural mind. The whole western and central part of Uzbekistan is occupied by great waterless plains - the Ustyurt plateau, the Kizilkum heestrel. At first and second high mountains Pamiro-Alai and Tien-Shan ice entered the territory of the republic. The climate is very continental and dry. For irrigated agriculture in the foothills of the foothills (the valley of the rychok Zeravshanu, Kash-Kadar, Surkhandarya and Sirdar, Fergana Valley) and Zakhid (lower Amu-Dar) Uzbekistan.

Natural resources. There are large reserves of naphtha (Fergana) and natural gas (Gazli), vugilya (Angren), medium and polymetallic ores (Almalik region).

Population. Most of the population is populated by Uzbeks (69%) and Russians (11%), Kazakhs, Tajiks and Tatars. Densely populated (up to 500 individuals per 1 sq. Km) of the republic's oasis.

Lordship. The leading one in the economy of Uzbekistan is the agro-industrial complex (AIC). The head of the Lanka agro-industrial complex is bavovnitstvo, which is directly or by-and-by the dressing of the development of the bagatokh are the first galuzei in the republic. Bavovnik borrowed a large part of the land. Yogo wandering on the irrigated lands of Karakalpak and Khorezm region (lower Amu-Dar), Fergana valley, Zeravshan and іn. Oasisiv. In the cikh areas, rice, jute, tyutyun, mulberry, forage (alfalfa) and bastan culture are cultivated, they are engaged in gardening and viticulture, silkworm breeding, and the cultivation of thin milk directly.

On the rainfed lands in front of the Pivdenniy and Skhidnyi zone of Uzbekistan, the head rank of grain crops - wheat (winter and yar), barley - is used.

The specialization of the Silk state donation of empty districts in Central and Western Uzbekistan is the introduction of the Karakul, fine-fleece and other strains.

For the processing of a bavovy of that іshy mint silky sirovnykh sirovini, without the middle tied galusa light and grub industry - cotton-ginning and oil-proofing, wipes for bovines (Tashkent, Fergana), canned fruits and vegetables winery and ін.

Before the warehouse of the agro-industrial complex, there are a number of machines and equipment for machinery and chemical industry - a variety of tractors, bovine-picking harvesters and other agricultural machinery, owned for the textile industry (Tashkent), and other industries.

For the economy of Uzbekistan, there is a great deal of vidobutok of naphtha (Fergani family), natural gas (family of Bukhara and in. Regions), vugilya (Angren basin), viplavka medi, lead and zinc (combinat in Almalik plant), chorobekan ...

Transport. Among the new types of transport are dominated by the field, in some other parts of the country an important role is played by the development of automobile transport. From the gas genera of the republic, laid pipelines to Kazakhstan and Russia (gas pipeline Serednya Asia - Center і ін.).

12.7.9. Republic of Turkmenistan.

The area of ​​the republic is 488.1 yew. Sq. km, population - 4.5 million people, capital - Ashgabat.

Galuzy state specialties: naphtha, gas and chemical industry, variety of high-fiber grades of bavovnik, shovkivnistvo, karakulivnistvo.

Natural mind. An important part (90%) of Turkmenia is occupied by hedges (Karakumi). The climate is very continental and dry. Farming is possible in the bordering space - the Kopet-Dag ridge (de vipadaє the most fallen in the republic), the Tejen river basin, Murgab, Amu-Dar'ya and the Karakum canal zone. All the masses are the oases of the republic. Waterless areas, the hedgehog can be found just before the pastoral.

Natural resources. There are large reserves of naphtha (Cheleken, Kum-Dat, Nebit-Dag), natural gas (Shatlikske "Achakskoe and Mayske ancestry), sirka (Gaurdak), Glauberovoi (inflow of Kara-Bogaz-Gol), kitchen and high-grade salts (Zakhidna), ozokerite - girskogo wax, iodine, bromine (Cheleken).

Population. Turkmenistan becomes close to 70% of the entire population, far from Russians, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tatars, Virmen, Azerbaijanis. Population area 9.2 people per 1 sq. km. A large part of the population lives in oases;

Lordship. The state-owned complex of Turkmenia has a great value galuzei of important industry - fire and chemistry. Providnі galuzі of firing industry - naphtha and gas. Nafta is seen on the Cheleken river, on the sea of ​​the Uzbek coast and from the bottom of the Caspian Sea, on the other (refinery in Krasnovodsk) and outside the republic. The main areas and views of natural gas are the Central Karakumi and the Murghab valley. Gas, yak and naphtha, transported outside the republic.

Chemistry is represented by a view of sirka (Gaurdak), Glauber's salt (Kara-Bogaz-Gol inflow), iodine, bromine (Cheleken) and mineral goodness - nitrogen (m Mari) and phosphorus (Chardzhou).

Galusies of specialization of light industry -Virobnitsvo of the Bavanians (Ashgabat, Mari), Indoor and Shovkovy fabrics (Chardzhou), Kilimiv (Ashgabat); kharchovoy - fruit preservation, wine production, ribna.

Silske Gospodarstvo. Bavovnitsvo is the head of agricultural farming (Tedzhensky, Murghab, Chardzhoy and Karakum oases) and the entire agro-industrial complex of Turkmenistan. On the irrigated lands of the bavovnik, grain crops (rice, winter wheat, corn) and fodder (alfalfa) culture, shovkovits, are engaged in vegetable production, gardening, gardening and viticulture.

Small areas of dry land (in front of the land and grabbed the Kopet-Dag) are vicorious for grain culture (wheat, barley).

The main galuz of the creation of shepherd herders is the Karakul culture, the oases are the shovkivnitsvo and dairy cattle breeding. Camel breeding and horse breeding.

Transport. Heads of foreign magistrals - Turkmen-Vashi (Krasnovodsk) - Tashkent, Chardzhou - Makat, Tejen - Mashhad (Iran). The main part of the internal and external transportation is behind him. Rosvineni pipeline and sea transport.

12.7.10. Republic of Tajikistan.

The area of ​​the republic is 143.1 yew. Sq. km, population - 5.9 million people, capital - Dushanbe.

Galuzy state specialties: color metallurgy, bavovystvo, vivchardstvo, shovkivnitstvo.

Natural mind. Mayzhe whole Tajikistan is occupied by mountains (Pamir). The area of ​​the small valleys used for farming (Vakhsh, Gissarskaya, Fergana) is insignificant. Thermal minds (a long growing season, a large amount of sleepy light and heat) allow on the grown-up lands to cut off a lot of warmth-loving crops, including high-fiber varieties of bavovnik.

Natural resources: naphtha, vugilla, lead, zinc, hard metals, salt stones, syruvin for educational materials, hydraulic resources (Riki Pyandzh and Vakhsh).

Population. Crimean Tajiks (59%) are many Uzbeks (23%) and Russians. Shilnishe populated Fergana, Vakhsh and Hissar valleys.

Lordship. Heads in the agro-industrial complex of Tajikistan - bavovnitsa and halusi, processing of agricultural products (bavovna, cocoons of mulberry shovel, vegetables, fruits, grapes, etc.).

Bavovystvo, gardening, viticulture, rice and shovkivnitstvo are the main directly vicarious lands of all oases of the republic (Vakhsh, Gissar, Fergana). There is no roasting and processing of wines - cotton-ginning, oil-proofing, bavovnyana, silk-weaving and vovnyana, canning and wine-making industry.

Good earth and pasture in front of girskiy and girskiy ox vikorist for growing cereals (barley, wheat) and fodder crops, serve as a base for the development of food crops (to breed Karakul and Hissar) sheep,

Color metallurgy is represented by a type of polymetallic ore waste (Karamazor), aluminum oxide (Tursunzade) and magnesium (Yavan), mercury, tungsten concentrates.

Burning-energy industry. On the river Vakhsh, the cascade of GES - Nurekska, Ragunskaya, Golovna, perepadnі, Tsentralna. Vugilla, naphtha and gas vybuvayut in a small amount.

Cheeky prominence. Enterprises of the republic vyroblyayut nitrogen good (Vakhsh nitrogen fertilizer plant), chlorine, soda.

Transport. The main type of transport in the country is automobile. The Khujand - Dushanbe - Khorog - Osh highway is located in the main regions of the republic.

12.7.11. Republic of Kyrgyzstan.

The area of ​​the republic is 199.5 yew. Sq. km, population - 4.5 million people, capital - Bishkek.

Galus of state specialties: color and metallurgy, ginny-pasovischne creation, virobnity of technical cultures.

Natural mind. A large part of the republic is occupied by the mountains (Tien Shan and Pamiro-Alai). Visokogirny districts cannot be victorious for the cultivation of agricultural crops, ale viklyuchno plants (mountain steppes, subalpian and alpine bows) for the development of food. For farming, it is good to take natural resources (warm soil, soil) of the rychok Talas and Chu valleys, the Fergana valley and the Issikkul ulovein.

Natural resources. The genera of vugil, naphtha, natural gas, sirki and іn are revealed. There are large reserves of surmi and mercury, lead and zinc, hydro resources (river Narin).

The population of the warehouse is Kyrgyz (48%), Russians, Uzbeks, Ukrainians and in. People.

Population area 22.7 people per 1 sq. km. There is a large part of the population in the Chui and Fergana valleys. The significant areas of the territory of the republic (high-rise districts) do not conceal the permanent population.

Lordship. Providnі in the warehouses of the industry of the republic - type of collection and collection of mercury ores (Khaidarkenskiy combine), surmi and polymetals, vugilna (Osh region), electronic computing machines and automobiles (Bishkek), fabrics, canned goods

Electroenergetics. A great part of the electric power is being transferred to the power stations, roztashovani on the district Narin (Uch-Kurgan, Toktogulskaya, Kurpsay HPP).

Silske Gospodarstvo. Specialization of girsky districts - pastoralism (breeding sheep, horses and a great horned thinness of meat and milk directly); head agricultural districts of the republic (Chuiska, Talasska, Fergana valley and Іssikkul ulogovina) - vyrobnitstvo technical (red beet, tyutyun, bavovnik, grape poppy) and grain (winter wheat) crops, rice, rice clear straight.

Transport. The dominant role in transported vantages (close to 90% of all vantages) is automobile transport.

European Union (EU) - integration of Ukraine, economy, currency and political union of 15 states: FRN, France, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany more than 370 mln. Candidates for joining the Union are more than 11 states: Slovenia, Czechia, Slovakia, Ugorshchyna, Poland, Bulgaria, Rumunia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Cyprus with populations with 105 million people.

Countries-members of the European Association for International Trade (JAVT) - Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Malta.

From the roots of the manioca, the bulb yams can be boiled (or starch), the bulb yam should be boiled, baked and oiled. The head virobnik of cich cultures - Nigeriya.

The territory of the foreign Europe is about 5 yew. Km, from the approach to the skid - 3 yew. Km. Behind the size of the land of foreign Europe and Nevel

u1082? i. Їх economic and geographic provisions are based on two factors: according to the Pershe, the state of affairs of the land in relation to the relationship is one to one; in a different way, a seaside camp of a large land.

The Western Europe has a presence as a country with a constitutional monarchy, as well as a republic. In the main, they relate to the Unity Powers, but also to the Federal

Natural mind and resources create a friendly mind for the development of industry, the Silskoy government, transport, recreation and tourism.

In the midst of cinnamon copalins, there are especially reserves of kam'yanovogo, gold ore, bauxite and high-value salts.

Agroclimatic resources allow the cultivation of agricultural cultures of the world and subtropical zones. What's the best change for forest management 1085? Wow, the Lordship Mayut Sweden and Finland. Spain, Italy, France and ін. Mayut have more natural and recreational resources.

At the edges of Western Europe, the first type of population is growing. Behind the national warehouse, the population of Western Europe is one-year-old. Is it big? Your people are referred to as the Indo-European family, in the main - to the words of the Russian, German and Romance groups. On the settlement of the population, the great inflow is nadaє urbanization. The characteristic rice of urbanization є even more so is the concentration of the population in the towns and cities of the city.

Gentlemen to the region of the loan for the first time in the history of export and import of goods. Overseas Europe loans first place for reserves of gold and currency and development of the international market? People's tourism.

The economy of the region is based on the chotiri of the country: Nimechchina, France, Great Britain and Italy.

The Misce of Western Europe in the international context of the business begins to develop industry. In the її structures they see machine-building, chemistry industry, fire-energy industry, metallurgy industry and light industry.

The structures of the Silskoe State Prize have seen a great deal of specialty, high-quality products. Given the influx of natural and historical minds in the region, three types of the Silskoy government have been formulated: the wine-European type with the meat and milk production, the middle European type,

The framework of the transport network of the foreign Europe and to become the international mains of the meridian and latitudinal direction.

Western Europe has close to 400 metropolitan areas. The most significant of them are located in the boundaries of the central axis and stretch along the territory of 8 lands 73? Ole nіzh 15 thousand km. In the middle of the central axis, 120 million of them live and more than half of the economic potential of the region.

Economic districts of Western Europe and to play on chotiri groups:

1) high-growth districts, new economic economies are developing;

2) old industrial districts;

3) areas of new development;

4) in the form of agrarian districts.

At the border of foreign Europe, according to UN documents, we see the following subregion: go to Europe(Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ugorshchina, Rumunia and Bulgaria), Zakhidnu Єv

u1088? opu (three regions of the "Great House", Benilux, Austria and Switzerland), European Europe (Scandinavian regions, Dania, Finland and Baltic regions) and Northern Europe (Middle

The most important subdivision of foreign Europe to the subregion: Western and Central European Europe. Prior to the warehouse of Zakhidnoy, there are 24 lands, which have long since entered the route? market economy and the old terminology are called "capitalistic". Prior to the warehouse of Central Europe, there were 15 post-socialist regions, which until the 80s of the 20th century were part of the social system of socialism.

(The Arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen) in the inner and subtropical zones,

positive temperature regime і visok moisture availability stretching all the way (vinyatok - the Seredzemnomor'ya region, de stiyke farming requires a piece crop),

the appearance of natural onions and pastoral ages, friendly for growing bagatokh species of agricultural crops (grain, technical, subtropical and in.) development of food.

The main shortcoming in the complex of friendly minds is the obvious interconnection of the resources of the Silk and Gospodar lands.

The region will increase its consumption in the products of the Silskoy state gifts for the rakhunok of the vasy food, and for the other types (grain, meat, milk and dairy products, sugar, egg)

For the Foreign Europe, in general, the characteristic tvarinnytsky profile of the Silskoy state dignity, meat earned. Head yogo galuz - cattle breeding, over dairy and dairy-meat directly.

There are three main types of the Silskoy dignity from the natural and historical minds in the region:

1. Pivnichno-European type of characteristic for such lands, yak ,. For the whole type is characterized by the rearing of intensive dairy production, and in - the production of forage crops.
2. The middle-European type is used for dairy and milk-meat breeding, as well as pig breeding and poultry breeding. Dania, called "the dairy farm of Europe" - is one of the most popular vyrobniks and exporters of olia, milk, eggs in the world. Roslinnitsvo type does not only provide service staff, but it’s safe to consume the population in foodstuffs. The main grain crops are wheat, barley, corn, rye. Approximately 1/3 of the grain picking falls on a piece - the only great yogi exporter in the region. Of the other types of agricultural products, the role of cartopline (seen by France, FRN, Great Britain,), red buryaks (France, FRN, Poland) is very important.
3. The Pivdenno-European type (new Balkan lands) is seen to be significant in the growth of the development over the girnicho-pastoral. The most important place in the crop is to take grain crops, ale galuzzi of the international specialization є the variety of fruits, grapes, olives, migdal, tyutyun, ethereal crops. According to the collection of olives, the selection of grapes and the variety of wines in the world of Italy, from the export of oranges - Spain, from the export and export of horned oil - Bulgaria.

Zarubizhna Europe is a region of rogue ribalism. The regions of the yogo land (Iceland, Norway, Portugal) are brought up to the number of leaders of maritime ribalism.