Now about the European land. Geography of Europe, Map of Europe, Geography of the Land of Europe, History of Europe

Europe is a small part of the light, large mainland Earth - Eurasia.

It is traditionally for Europe to go to the Western and Zakhidna: at the same time, the term “Skidna Europe” rely on the respect of the territory of the European Union of the Kolishny Radiansky Union, and in the understanding of the “Zakhidna” registers for the whole of Europe However, it didn’t have any exact physical and geographic basis, since it’s administrative cordon, as a rule, it doesn’t stand out from the natural boundaries.

In the international statistical clerks, the following grouping of the territory of Europe is stagnated:

1. Pivnichna Europe- including Norway, Finland, Sweden and Iceland.

2. Zakhidna Europe- Ireland, Great Britain, France, Nimechchina, Belgium. Dania, Luxembourg, Austria and Switzerland.

3. central Europe- Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ugorschina, Rumunia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Albania.

4. Pivdenna Europe- Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Cyprus, Malta, Crete and the European part of Turechchini.

5. Skhidna Europe- in the center of the understander, the territory of the European part of the collegiate SRCP is included.

At the end of the robot's view, the territory of Europe is viewed without a common region (for the sake of visibility, the territory of Europe will be called “Europe”).

The peculiarities of the nature of Europe are richly explained by geographic differences - due to the nature of the region and the development of in the middle latitudesах Півніchnoї pіvkulі.

The specificity of rice in the landscape structure of Europe is a superb fragmentation and mosaicity, which is based on the tectonic fragmentation of the lithogenic basis of landscapes. The display of the change of the rural, mid-life, mountain and flat types of relfu and of the different classes and types of landscapes in the meaning of the world to explain the most powerful tectonically redeveloped І on private. in the regions of the European Seredzemnomorya, there is also an active change of lithogenic masses, which indicates the current activation of the tectonic regime.

The system of circulation of the atmosphere is based on the growth of Europe at 72 ° and 36 ° Mon. latitude, and the cyclonic movement of the mass of the world belt is changed. Cyclones, which come to Europe according to the system of retreat, originate over the warmer sector of the Eastern Atlantic, and the stench does not only allow it to smell, but it "warms up" the European territory. I will explain the rich features of the landscapes.

Orographic adjustment of the surface of Europe to the unrestrained penetration of vologic cyclones into the depths of the continent, and also on the whole territory of humane landscape systems. Abnormal growth in Europe natural areas, It goes to the western Atlantic sectors of the world and subtropical zones, - taiga, broad-leaved leaves and evergreen summer-dry leaves and chagarniks.

The assessment of the natural components and the landscapes themselves in the European region is indicative of a huge technogenic re-creation of the natural subsystem. The anthropogenic transformation, which is based on natural processes, dynamic and evolving landscapes, on their structures, the most popular view, the functional stage, is rotated in a different way in the Winter, Middle

EUROPE, Chastina svitla (approx. 10 million km2), which is spilno from Asia Eurasia mainland (about the land cordon of Europe, see Asia). To be surrounded by Atlantic and Sivshi. Lodovitim approx. and the seas. The area of ​​the islands 730 yew Km2. great p_vostrova: Kolsky, Scandinavian, Pireneysky, Apenninsky, Balkansky. Mid-height approx. 300 m, maximum - 4807 m (Mont Blanc). Perevazhayut Rivnini (great - Skhidno-Evropeyska, Serednoeuropeyska, Seredno-i Nizhnodunaiska, Parizky bass.), Gori occupy bl. 17% of the territory (mainly - Alpi, Carpathian, Pirene, Apennine, Ural, mountains of the Scandinavian and Balkan Peninsula). Diyuchi volcanoes in Iceland and Seredzemnomor.

H and in a large part of the territory, the climate of pivnichnyh islands- subarctic і arctic, near the Pd. Europі - Mediterranean. On the islands of the Arctic, in Iceland, the Scandinavian mountains, the Alps - icy (area of ​​St. 118 thousand. Km2). Main rivers: Volga (3530 km), Danube, Dnipro, Don, Pechora, Sivshi. Dvina, Rhine, Visla, Elba, Odra, Rhone, Loire, Tahoe. Great lakes: Ladozke, Onezke, Chudskoe, Venern, Balaton, Zhenevske.

On the islands of the Arctic and the Uzbek coast of Sivsha. Freezing the ocean. - arctic wilderness and tundra, pivdennishe - lisotundri, taigov, green and broad-leaved foils, lis-steppe, steppe, subtropical mid-sea foils and chagarniki; at the first meeting - napivusteli.

The population of Europe is 728 million Cholovik (1993). In Europe, Austria, Albania, Andorra, Bilorus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican, Great Britain, Ugorshchina, Nimechchina, Gibraltar, Gretsia, Dania, Ireland, Kazakhstan Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russian Federation(Bl. 2/3 of the territory of Europe), Rumunia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, a part of Turechcini, Ukraine, Finland, France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Switzerland, Estonia, Yugoslavia (including China)

History of Europe.

The cob stage of Evropi (2 thousand years - 5 st. BC).

The history of vivchennya is Europe and the past. In the 16th-12th centuries. BC That is, the Christians went on sea voyages around the Peloponnese, reached the shores of the archipelagos near the northern part of the Aegean Sea. In the 15-13 centuries. BC That is, the Achaeans emerged from the mountains of Pind at the entrance of Greece, the Archipelago of the Pivnichni Sporadi in the Egeysk Sea, the Pivnichi Khalkidiks at the winter descent of Greece. Fіnіkіytsі in the process of colonization of the central and western Seredzemnomor'ya near the 9th century. BC That is, they drove the Apennine Peninsula, the islands of Malta, Sardinia, Sicily, the Balearic Islands, the stench also prevented you from entering the ocean through the Gibraltarska channel. However, there has not been a complete statement about the geography of the mainland in the whole period.

Another stage of the evolution of Europe is the revival of the ancient Greeks 5-3 st. BC e.

During the last few years, long-time Greek mandrivniks patrolled the winter of the Uzbek-Eastern Europe in the borders of modern France and Spain, including a handgrip, which fell into the Middle-earth Sea, swam in the Ligurian Sea, Tiryavilian Through the Marmurov Sea, the Dardanelli and the Bosphorus canals went to the Chorna Sea, they passed through the bottom of the Dniester, Danube and Dnipra rivers, through the Kerch canal they passed in the Azov Sea to the mouth of the Kuban and Don rivers.

Close to 325 BC e. Piteas is a great beast for his own hour floating uzdovzh Atlantic Uzbek Pіreneyskogo pіvostrova, dosyag island Uessan nearby ninіshnogo Brest obіgnuv Brittany i vzdovzh pіvnіchnih beregіv dіyshov to Kraina opіvnіchnogo Sontsya - Tulі, vіdkrivshi pid hour swimming island Zelandіya, Velikobritanіya, Іrlandіya, pіvostrova Brittany i Skandinavsky, Pіvnіchne i Іrlandske Sea duct Kattegat i Bіskayska Zatoka ... We went to the coast of Norway right up to the Polar stake, and, just, I’m the first time, hto talk about the ice ocean. Qia has risen to the price of wine by describing it in the work "About the Ocean" that has not come down to us.

218 BC e. the Carthaginian commander Hannibal with the great army defeated a long time ago without applying the passage through the western Alps, invaded Galia and Italy; yogo disappearance of the Vyyskiy mav and geographic significance. At 3 tbsp. BC e. the Carthaginians penetrated into the world of Pireneysky p_vostrov.

The third stage of the European advance - the hike and the message of the Romans of the 2nd century. BC e. - 2 tbsp.

In the process of expansiveness of ancient Rome, the knowledge of the new lands was acquired. At 2 tbsp. BC e. The Roman commander Scipion Afrikskiy polished the rich little pirin of Pireneyskiy pivostrov. U 58-51 BC That is, Caesar, with his great history of the great territory of Ninish France (the rivers of Rhone, Garonne, Loire, Seine), the reach of the Great Britain in the area of ​​the river Thames, passing through the important part of the river. Roman commanders: Agrippa, Crassus, Tiberiy, penetrated with conquest goals in Central Europe, quilted the most European rivers - Danube, Rhine, Elba. Conquering Britain, the Romans drove to the east of Wales, the Isles of Wight, Maine, England and reached 57 ° N. NS. Roman merchants reached Baltic Sea... At 2 tbsp. Emperor Trayan went through the Transylvanian plateau and lay down a part of the Carpathians.

Quarter stage doslіdzhennya Evropi - 6-17 st.

The journey of the Romans, the development of the British Isles, was continued by the Irish, as well as Iceland and the Faroe Islands. In the 8th century Vikings traveled to the Scandinavian Peninsula and to the Distant Shores of the Biskayskoe Outlet and the Pireneyskiy Pyrostrov went to the Seredzemne Sea. Great prices in the Baltic Sea, the Vikings have seen all the important islands, lowering down into the New - Niman and Western Dviny. In the 8th-9th centuries. The Arabs, in the process of conquering campaigns, became aware of the European (Pirenei and іn.) and European-wandering Europe, on the descent of the stench they reached the lowlands of the rychok Emba, Yaik (Ural) drove along the Volzia up to the Volza.

In the 9-12 centuries. in skhіdnіy i pіvnіchnіy Єvropі ruskі knyazі, pragnuchi rozshiriti svoї volodіnnya, vivchili pools Dniester Basin, Don i Dnipra, Verhnoї Volga proyshli uzdovzh Zahіdnoї Dvіni, vіdkrili naybіlshі Lake Іlmen, Chud, Pskovske, Ladozke, Onezke, rіchki pіvnіchno-skhіdnoї Єvropi: Pechora, Mezen, Pivnichnu Dvina. Take care of pivdennaya Europe in 13-15 st. obsozhuvalis, the head rank, the Italian seafarers. In the 15-16 centuries. pomorians sailed along the coastal waters of Pivnichnoy Europe, sailing the distant polar islands Kolguv, Vaigach, Vedmezhiy, Nova Zemlya and Spitsbergen. The Dutch seafarer V. Barents, in the jokes of the passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific in 1594, reached the Uzbek New Land, having seen the passage of the Russian pomors. At 1596, in the middle of the sea (the sea of ​​pomor) in the island of Vedmezhiy and Western Spitsbergen, sklav detailed map News of the Earth, for the first time in the cycle of meteorological warnings. Barents died on the ring road, praise for Noviy Zemli. The work along the Zyomtsi shores of the Scandinavian Pivostrov, including the thi coastal areas, was carried out in 1603-46 by the Swedish topography under the authority of A. Bure. The shores and islands of Pivnichnoy Europe were also brought up by English and Dutch sailors. In 1635-39, the Nimetsky mandrivnik A. Oleariy went to Moscow, taking the Volza to the Caspian Sea to Persia; 1906).

P'yaty etap dlіdzhennya Evropi - 18-20 centuries.

At 18 st. Intensified robots of Russian geographers on the basis of the European part of Russia. Geographer and cartographer I. K. Kirilov in 1727 first gave a systematic economic and geographical description of Russia, including the European part. From 1720 to 1737, V.N. Of great importance for the economic geography of the Volga region, the Urals and the Caspian region of Mali, the robots of P.I. Richkova і І. Krasilnikov (1741-55).

The other half of the 18th century a number of expeditions organized by the Petersburg Academy of Sciences were held. In 1768-74, one of such expeditions, the establishment of which included the establishment of the central and the ancient-schemed part of the European part of Russia and the Volga region, ocholyovav P. S. Pallas, the ancestor of the Russian state"(T. 1-3, 1773-88) having made a great inflow on the development of geological and geographic phenomena. Academic expeditions Keruvali I. І. Lepekhin, who in 1768-72 the Uzbek coast of the White Sea, the orbits of the Western Dvina, Volga, Volga region (the "Denny Notes of the Rise ..." (v. 1-4, 1771-1805) made a significant contribution to the development of geography in Russia); N. P. Richkov (syn. P. I. Richkov), sclaudes described by Kazan, Ufim, Vyatka, Perm and Orenburz provinces. In 1781-82, V.F. Zuєv conducted a science expedition to the European part of Russia, describing in the book "Travel notes from St. Petersburg to Kherson in 1781 and 1782 rr." (1787). A number of highways (1773, 1785, 1806, 1814) for the establishment of Onezkoye, Ladozkoye and Ilmensky lakes and the upper Volga, N.Ya.

At 18 st. The preliminaries of the Gyrian systems of the early and early European Europe (Alpi, Pirenei, Apennin, French Array) were carried out by A. Vallisneria and L. Marsil, French geologists D. ... Ramon de Carbonniere (1751-95). Knowledge of the geology of the Carpathians and the Polish regions in 1789-1805 S. Stashits. In the middle and the other half of the capital J. Elia de Beaumont and E. Suess vivchali Girski Masivi Zakhidnoi Central Europe... Russian expeditions covered a significant part of the Urals (E. A. Eversman, N. I. Strazhevsky, A. P. Karpinsky) and visochini Skhidnoi Europe(V.M.Severgin, E.P. Kovalevsky and in.).

In 1801-18, the first instrumental zyomka of the shores of Iceland was carried out (H. Shel, H. Frisak). In 1832-35, the Russian navigator and hydrographer P.K. Pivdenny Islands News of the Earth, the Matochkin Shar channel. In 1837 K.M.Ber gave an expedition to new earth For the materials such a bucket has been written, a description has been laid, having patrolled a few islands near the Finsky Zatotsi, Kolsky pvostrov, Lake Peipsi, a chastkovo valley of the Volga, the Sea of ​​Azov. Until the middle of the century, the Zusillians of the English geologists U. Smit, Ch. Lyell, R. Murchison bully vivcheni basic elements of the relfu and geological budovia of Great Britain. The Austrian polar preliminaries Yu. Payer and K. Weiprecht in 1873, as a result of the ice drift of the expedition ship "Tegethof", vypadkovo vyvayli Franz Josip Land. In 1880-1905 the expeditions of L. Smit, F. Jackson, F. Nansen and I. The archipelago was mapped.

In 1907-11, the prelіdnik of the Arctic V.A. in 1912, we were able to take part in an expedition to the islands of Spitsbergen, having discovered a family of ancestors in the city. Yogo expedition disappeared when trying to pass the Pacific Ocean... At the beginning of ten years in the rural regions of Europe, there were carried out a developmental preliminaries with the addition of foodstuffs, tallness, and brown copalins.

Pivdenna Europe (area of ​​1696 thousand. Km2, 180 mln. Cholovik) є another region in Europe beyond the size of the territory (from the Eastern Europe) and for a number of population.

The majority of the territories of European Europe, with the blame of Spain, Italy, Rumunia, Bulgaria, Greece and Yugoslavia, are seen to the small countries of Europe, which occupy an area, a change in skin conditions. Km2.

The territory of the region is clearly divided into three great subregions at the viglyadi of the pianists - Pireneisky, Apenninsky, Balkansky.

Pivdenny Europe also has islands in the private part of the aquatorium. Midland Sea- Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, Balearic Islands and etc.

Pivdennaya Europe is in the middle of a bridle of parallels - to the distance, which extends 4000 km., I stispeed to the meridian, the ice overloads for 1000 km.

In general, economically - geographic location European Europe is characterized by offensive features: 1) close to the region to Pivnichnoi in Africa... This culture is the initial inflow of not only natural specialties, but also the ethnogenesis of peoples, they live here, 2) close to the provinces of Pivdenno-Western Asia, a lot of fire-energy resources, which are not widespread) Atlantic Ocean, By the seas of the Seredzemomorskiy basin, zokrem Tirrenskiy, Adriatic, Yegeyskiy, as well as backward part The Black Sea, in a funny way infused and flowed into the state antiquity and the great economic links of the European Ancient Rome Mali is the initial inflow to the historical share of the country's and all Europe.

Otzhe, the macroregion of Pivdennaya Europe є with a special spirit, is not only the typical rice of the Mediterranean climate, but the similarity of the history of the culture, culture, traditions, and the growth of social and economic.

Ekonomiko - geographic assessment of natural minds and resources. Pivdenna Europe, I wish it is not teritorially compact, but with morphostructural and climatic signs it can be completed in one order.

Pivdenna Europe is the most mountainous in the middle of the European macroregions, occupying more than three quarters of the territory. sami high mountains It is important to be in the winter region, on the cordons from Western and Central European Europe. Thus, the Pirenei led to the Spanish from France, the high Alps to the natural cordon between Italy, France, Switzerland and Austria, and the New Carpathians to the Central schools of the city.

Internal districts and European Europe occupy the middle hundreds of mountain ridges - Iberisky mountains, Apenninsky girska system, Balkan mountains and flat mountains, as well as ryvnini.

The Girska system of the European Europe is located in the zone of alpine folding. About the great youth of the cichs geological processes, Yakі trivayut until our days. About the trick of making parts and strong earthquakes, as well as volcanic activity.

Girski massivi, covered with Mesozoic vapnyaks, often become naked, making chimeras form a relief at the view of steep peaks, jagged combs on the bottom. There are wider karst phenomena. There, on the surface, siege breeds (flash) appear on the surface, m'yaki form gir set in, but with rich growth.

One of the heads natural resources Pivdnya Evropi is a m'yaky klimat, even more friendly for the living of people. Here the wine is typical of the Middle Sea on a large part of the region - it's dry, hot summer, the winter is dry, early spring and the warmth of the autumn. Vegetation period in the region of Trivia 200-220 days. And on the occasion of the Pireneyskiy Piostrov and in Sicily - even better. here temperature regime spriy vegetation of roslin stretching out to all fate.

All this is a change of mind for growing two crops: in the winter season - low-heat crops (cereals, sheep crops), and a drink - different varieties of rice, tea, fig, olive, citrus.

The dryness of the climate is most pronounced - in the internal subregions, in the winter in the Central and Eastern Spain, in the world climatic belt Middle and Lower Danube lower reaches, at the descent of the macroregion.

The tax is overloaded with seafood povitryanі masi of latitudes. The stench is brought from the Atlantic warm ryasny boards.

In general, trocha fell. The level of disturbance of the surface of the macroregion tends to change in the general and general directions. Tse pidtverzhu growing continental climata.

The territory of the European Union is considered to be poorly safe water resources... The greatest deficiency is found in Greece, Italy, Spain. For the rest of the tsia, the problem turned into persochergova. Uninvolved in the price, deyakі gіrіskі teritorії, mayu povodnі striking rychki, volodіyut significant hіdroresursіv. Before them, there are rivers of the private Spanish - Ebro with tributaries, Duero, Tahoe, as well as the Dinarsky nagir, in the Balkans, and in ..

Land resources of the European Union are also located in the valleys of the river and in the middle regions. Vinyatka є Pireneyskiy pіvostrіv, I mean a part of a loan a large rivnina, ale vona vimagaє intensive growing.

In the Pivden-European macroregion, they overgrow brown (Middle-Sea) soil, rich reserves of mineral waters and are characterized by a significant amount of humus. Bigger cultivated areas, for example, Portugal, wine italy, brown soil, ale filled with carbonates, so for rejecting high crops and fertilization. The few resources of the European Union are insignificant. Lishe deyaki masivi mayut promise value... Thus, the Pireneyskiy pyrostriv of the fox of the bark oak, which allows Spain and Portugal to be the leading exporters of viruses in the world. The foxes were not badly guarded on the Balkan Peninsula, especially in the Dinarskiy Nagir'ya, in the Old Carpathians. But in general, the winter season is still low. In the outskirts of the country, I don’t change 15-20%, in Greece - 16%. Until then, lisovi masivi pivdnya often go down pozhezhy.

Even more valuable and promising for the victorious and recreational resources of the European Union. Natural mind And also the versatility of the dewline, the forms of the profile, the appearance of the sea beaches, the unique historical memories, and the development of new types of tourism and development.

mid mineral resources the greatest wealth of the European-European regions of black ore, color metals and non-hard materials. Main genera gold ores to be found in Spain, as Volodya has a strong zalizorudny base. Rudy of Spain has 48-51% of metal, and that of ore from Sweden and Ukraine - 57-70% of metal.

Significant reserves of aluminum sirovini are bauxite of Greece, reserves of medi - Spain, mercury - Spain, Italy, hot salts - Spain.

Energy resources of the European-European regions are represented by Kamyanim, Burim Vugilli (Spain, Italy), naphtha (Rumunia, Slovenia), uranium (Spain, Portugal), but not all of them.

Pivdenna Europe is famous throughout the world for its awakening materials, sprinkling with marmur, tuff, granite, clay, syruvina for cement industry and in ..

Population. Nearly 180 million people live in Pivdenny Europe, with a warehouse of more than 27.0% foreign number population of Europe. For a number of the population of won, it has borrowed another place in Europe. Among the European-European regions, the largest number of population is seen in three regions: Italy (57.2 million people), Spain (39.6 million people) and Rumunia (22.4 million people), and the third population 66.3% of the foreign citizens living in the region.

For the size of the population (106.0 individuals / km2), Pivdenna Europe outweighs the middle European indicators by 74%, but the middle of the inner European regions is more industrialized. Zakhidniy Europe The population density is 173 individuals / km2, in the regions of Central Europe the indicator is significantly lower - 94 individuals / km2. In the midst of the surrounding regions, the most populous population is seen promislovozvinenno long ago granted Italy (190 osib / km2), Albania (119.0 osib / km2). Such regions of the Balkan Peninsula, such as Croatia (85.3 individuals / km2), Bosnia and Herzegovina (86.5 individuals / km2), Macedonia (80.2 individuals / km2) and Spain (77.5 individuals / km2) ... Otzhe, the center of Pivdennaya Europe - Apenninsky pіvostrіv є most densely populated; Nimensh is highly populated in high-rise areas of Spain, with less than 10 individuals per km2.

The population of the European-European macroregion is the same as for the Western European macroregion - 11 children per 1000 inhabitants, and only children of the Russian Federation enter, the figure was 12% in 1999. Sered okremikh krayny for a tsim indicator of the pershe mіsce zaymaє Albania, de popuzhuvanіst reach 23 people per 1 yew. The inhabitants are near the river, and the natural nature is 18 individuals. On the other - Macedonia, the indicators are approximately 16 and 8, and on the third - fourth - Malta, Bosnia and Herzegovina. At promislovo deceived lands People's Day is much less significant. So, in Italy - 9% with minus increments (-1), in Slovenia - 10 specimens with zero natural increment. The child mortality of the trochus vyshcha in the European-European lands Pivnichnuyu Europe Ale is less likely to die in the fall, but fall on 1000 new-born women, in proportion to the Shidnoy Europe. In the middle of the borderlands of the region itself in the Adriatic-Chornomorsky subregion, in Albania, Macedonia, Rumunia and Yugoslavia, there are 33, 24, 23, 22 and 18 child deaths per 1000 people. So, mortality is the greatest in post-social lands with low living standards of the population.

per the rest of the rock The middle triviality of life of the population in the region has grown up to 70 years of the middle of the people and 76 years of the middle of women. More people live in Greece (75 rocks) and in Italy, Andorra, Malta, according to 74 rocks, and women - in Italy, Spain and Andorra, according to 81 rubles. According to the UN forecasts, the most ten years of the middle triviality of life of men and women in Europe is guilty of virginity up to 73 and 79 years.

Pivdenna Europe is the most urbanized on the European continent. Here, 56.1% of the population live in localities. most places the region of Afini (3662 yew.), Madrid (3030), Rome (2791), Belgrade, Zaragoza, Milan, Naples, Bucharest and other .. Most of the introduced cities were founded long ago, still in the pre-Christian era. Among them were preserved monuments of the ancient period and ancient epochs (Rome, Athens and dozens of other ancient cities).

Pivdenna Europe has the same racial status. The population of the region belongs to the Middle Sea or the European Great Race (Bilo). її characteristic signsє small growth, darker hairs and eyes. Mayzhe all the population of Pivdaya Evropi speak the movs of the IndoEuropean movable family. The population of Italy, Spain, Rumunia, Portugal is associated with the Romance peoples, who are growing by their movs, who were adopted from the old Latin. Some of the best groups - tse Italian, Spanish, Romani. In the high-mountainous Alpine regions of Italy, they live well, friuli, as they speak Romanian language, in Spain - Catalan and Galisia. Portugal is populated by Portuguese. On the Balkan pіvostrovі there are new words. They include Bulgarians, Serbs, Croatians, Slovenes and Macedonians. The Pivdennoslovian peoples are brought up to the Middle Sea race. Krim Slov'yan, Albanians and Greeks live here. The mov and the culture of the Albanians have a strong іpіvdennoslavic infusion. Ethnic Greeks є on the sites of the ancient Greeks - the Greeks, who knew a strong infusion of words. The anthropological type of modern Greeks comes from the ancient Greek language, the language changed.

Basques live from non-Roman peoples on Pireneysky Pivostrov, as they populate a small area of ​​Pivnichnoe Ispany. The site of the Iberians is an old-time population, for they have preserved their culture and culture. A large part of the population of Rumunia was to become Rumanians, which were formed into a single nation of two close peoples - Volokhiv and Moldavians.

Has played a major role in the formation of the modern world civilization, bulo amoused by both historical and natural factors. To the most significant natural factors, it is possible to include:

1. compactness, "miniature" (in scale earthly coo) Territory, scho lodged an exchange with a view to mid-term development and transcordon expansion of innovations on the territory of Europe in all stages of development;
2. the coast of the great part of the territory (the maximum distance from the sea to the inner regions of the Trans-European region is 800 km). The strong dismemberment of the Uzbeks, the appearance of the number of bays for navigation, have given rise to the development of seafaring and have become one of the leaders of the general planetary expansion of Europeans in the period and the colonial sublime of the world;
3. friendly and versatile forms, including rural and rural areas. Middle height - 300 m above sea level. m. More than half of the territory is roasted lower than 200 m above sea level. m.;
4. pomirniy oceanic and middle-sea types of climates, which have been taken care of for the development of the state-of-the-art business;
5. They were very friendly, a little overlapped for the area of ​​soil resources, in the same place, with a soft climate, they set up a good wash for development. The early cultivation of territorial opportunities for the extensive development of the agricultural sector stimulated the buzz of the nobles of the year;
6. versatility and in the distance for now. Growing up on altogether small territories, the stench pleased the people at the early stages of development right up to the era of adulthood.

Before the major historical changes, the formation of Europe as the most important civilization center of the second millennium can be attributed to:

1. the cultural and historical decline of the ancient civilizations of Seredzemnomor, the first for all antiquity;
2. Christianity, as it played a great role in the formation of the European civilization. Lutheranism, the development of ideas in the fight against Catholic fundamentalism, laid the foundations of the European democratic traditions and vital market;
3. the name of the expansion of provincial European regions, included in the sphere of the inflow of colonial powers in the New World, i.

The geopolitical encampment of Europe on the zmіnyuvalosya. Repairing with a stretch a lot of the capital of Europe was the city of the world metropolis, and the whole world - the periphery.

Colonial empires on the cob XX century (1918 p)

metropolis	Zagalna area of ​​colonial volodin (million km 2)	The number of the population of the colonies (million people)
Great Britain	33,6	344.4
France	10,7	55,0
Nimechchina	3,0	12,4
Belgium	2,4	15,0
Portugal	2,1	8,8
Netherlands	2,0	47,6
Spain	0,3	0,6

Zahid of the Eurocentric Svit, Old Svit, instruction only in for example XIX in., if there is a fast development - "vidbrunkuvalisya" from Europe to the European civilization in the New World. In the other half of the XX century. European lands have lost all their colonial volodinia.

Terrible shocks, two radically diminished the geopolitical distribution of forces in Europe, became two new ones. persha svitova vіyna(1914-1918) praised three empires - Nimetsk, Austro-Ugorsk and Rossiysku, at the gathering of Europe, the first socialist state was declared (from 1922 r - SRSR).

Pislya Another Holy War (1939-1945) Europe has broken up into two parts. One was set up by the land, they continued the development along the capitalistic path, a friend - the land, went over to the path to encourage socialism.

Rozdil between blocks of projections in the main along the boundaries of the zones of occupation of allied vіysk i Radianskoi army... In a span of ten years Europe lived in the minds of the military prototype of two systems, formed in the tightly deployed NATO blocs and the Warsaw Pact.

In the first ten years of the Western European land, they went along the path of liberalization of the internal and intergovernmental economies, the result of which was the adoption and further expansion of the European speech of the EU. chimalu role In the development of that hour, the plan for economic assistance to the European regions was adopted, by the US Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, which had successfully implemented.

The Radiansky Union will greatly help the people of the state gifts of the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, the planned economic mechanisms of integration within the framework of the socialist camp were fighting a competitive struggle in the economy. The stench was blown away "greenhouses", they were washed away by thousands of enterprises, which were cleaned at once with the guaranteed power and energy by directively organizing stable channels for the production of products. Qia "stability" to finish quickly turned into gallows, and then stagnant in the development of socialist lands. At the same time, the development of political, ideological and economic development of Europe has inoculated to the development of traditional ties between Western European and European regions.

Significance of intercourse (in, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) or outside of the market mechanisms of the state, lack of support for planned and administrative regulation increased or increased low rіven To the good of the population of Skhidnoy Europe in the early days of the past. The price has become one of the main reasons for the fact that during the period of the weakening of totalitarianism in the USSR, in the era of "overwhelming", one after the other, all political regimes collapsed in the Western European regions, but it did not mark the great collapse of the socialist political regime.

In the 1990s, pp. v foreign Europe significant geopolitical changes were seen, the middle of the most significant:

• the transition of the territory of Europe from totalitarianism to democracy;
• vivedennya of radianskih vіysk s from kolishnіh socialist regions;
• the ear for the process of expanding the NATO bloc to Europe;
• ob'єdnannya;
• breakdown of economic integration (For the sake of economic mutual assistance) within the framework of the socialist camp;
• making it possible for the disintegration processes. "Oksamitovy Razluchennya" і Slovacchini, Crooked Rozpad of Yugoslavia;
• posilennya separatist rukhiv. Terrorism in (Basque separatism), federalization;
• іstotne loss of integration, persh for everything within the framework of the European Union;
• zaluchennya in the integration processes of the land of Skhidnoy Europe (Maastricht pleasing 1992 fate, Schengenska pleasing 1995);

Unimportant on serious problems, Europe crock by croc is advancing its geopolitical vagu in the light. The key strategizing on the whole road was the progressive destruction of the European integration.